Part 3

=Araucania=, Chili. 36-39S. 73W. The natives waged devastating warfare with the Spaniards from the first endeavour of the latter to subdue them; in 1773 independence was granted them by Spain; in 1858 M. de Tounens was made king by them; he was taken prisoner by the Chilians; fierce war raged with Chili, 1868-70; now nominally under Chili. An epic poem by Alonzo d'Ercilla commemorates the conflict of the 16th century in which the author himself took part.

=Arctic Regions.= Early explorers of 16th-18th centuries: Cabot, Sir H. Willoughby, Frobisher, Davis, Hudson, Baffin, Barentz, Bering, Phipps, Cook and Clerke; 19th century: Parry, Ross, Franklin, followed by many others, among the latest being Nansen ('Fram'), and Peary, who finally discovered the North Pole in the present century.

=Arena Islands.= 22N. 75W. So named by Columbus, 1492.

=Arequipa=, Peru. 16S. 71W. F. by Pizarro, 1536; Almagro and his Spaniards in, 1537; taken by Chilians, 1883.

=Argentine Republic= (La Plata), S.A. 35S. 65W. Revolted from Spain, 1810; republic established, 1816; war with Brazil, 1827-28; Rosas dictator, 1835-52; war with France and England, 1838-50; constitution drawn up, 1853; civil war continued till 1862; war with Paraguay, 1865-70.

=Arica=, Chili. 18S. 70W. Stormed by Chilians and taken from Peruvians, 1880.

=Arispe=, Sonora, Mexico. 30N. 109W. Count G. de Raousset Boulbon proclaimed a republic in 1853, but was taken and shot.

=Arizona=, U.S. 34N. 112W. Vasconcellos, follower of Cortés, in, 1526; mission established by Jesuits, 1687, later destroyed by Indians; sold by Mexicans to U.S. Government (Gadsden Purchase), 1850; explored by Lieut. Mowry, 1855; separated from New Mexico and made a territory of the U.S., 1863.

=Arkansas=, U.S. 35N. 92W. Discovered by De Soto, 1541; Father Marquette in, 1673; colonised by French, 1685; bought by U.S., 1803; admitted to Union, 1836; seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1868.

=Arkansas=, river. 35N. 92W. Explored by La Harpe, 1722.

=Astoria=, Oregon. 46N. 123W. Settled by Astor Company, 1810; captured by British and renamed Fort George, 1813; restored to U.S., 1818; boundary dispute settled, 1846. (See work by Washington Irving.)

=Asuncion=, Paraguay. 25S. 57W. First Spanish settlement in Paraguay f. by Mendoza, 1536 or 1537; Yrala and Cabeza de Vaca were in turn the first governors; overthrow of Belgrano, leader of Paraguayan revolutionaries, by Royalists, 1811 (S. A. W. Ind.). (See Paraguay.)

=Atacama=, desert of, Chili. 24S. 70W. Crossed by Almagro, the Spanish conqueror of Chili, 1536.

=Atlanta=, cap. of Georgia. 33N. 84W. Capitulated to Sherman, 1864 (Civil W.).

=Augusta=, Georgia. 33N. 81W. F. by British under Oglethorpe; surrendered to Americans, 1781 (W. of Ind.).

=Ayacucho= (formerly Huamanga), Peru. 13S. 74W. F. by Pizarro, 1539; Spaniards defeated by patriots and their power broken, 1824 (also known as battle of Candorcanqui) (S. A. W. Ind.).

=Ayohuma=, Argentine. Belgrano, leader of the Buenos Ayreans, defeated, 1813 (S. A. W. Ind.) (See Crichfield, 'Rise and Progress of S.A. Republics.')

=Baffin's Bay.= 72N. 67W. Named after the discoverer, 1616.

=Bahama Islands.= 25N. 77W. One of these (now identified as Watling Island) was the first land sighted by Columbus, and called by him San Salvador, 1492.

=Bahia.= 12S. 38W. Former cap. of Brazil; f. 1549 by Thomas de Souza. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')

=Bahia Blanca=, Argentine. 38S. 62W. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')

=Ball's Buff= (or Leesburg Heights), on the Potomac. 39N. 77W. Defeat of Federals 1861 (Civil W.).

=Baltimore=, Maryland, U.S. 39N. 76W. First settler on site of, 1682; f. 1729, and named in honour of Lord Baltimore; attacked unsuccessfully by the English, 1814; Federal volunteers attacked by citizens, 1861; finally joined the Federal cause. (See Fort MacHenry and North Point.)

=Barbadoes=, Windward Islands. 13N. 59W. Actual discoverers unknown, perhaps the Portuguese; sighted by English, 1605; in power of English since first colonised by them, 1625, in which year Jamestown was f.

=Bastimentos=, Boca Toro. 9N. 82W. Columbus at, 1502.

=Baylis's Creek=, James River, near Malvern Hill. 37N. 77W. Attack on driven back by Confederates, 1864 (Civil W.).

=Beagle= Channel, Tierra del Fuego. 54S. 67W. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')

=Belle Isle Strait.= 50N. 55W. J. Cartier in, 1534.

=Belmont=, on the Mississippi. 36N. 89W. Fierce indecisive encounter during Civil W., 1861.

=Bemis's Heights=, near Albany, N.Y. 42N. 72W. Battles Sept. and Oct., and final defeat of English, 1777 (W. of Ind.).

=Bennington=, Vermont, U.S. 42N. 73W. Victory of Stark and his New England farmers over part of Burgoyne's army, 1777 (W. of Ind.).

=Bentonville=, N. Carolina. 35N. 77W. Confederates defeated near, by Sherman, March 18-21, 1865 (Civil W.).

=Berbice=, S. America, 0N. 55W. Discovered by Pinzon, 1499; Dutch settlement, 1580; in English possession, 1796-1802; retaken by English, 1803, and ceded to them by treaty, 1814; now part of British Guiana.

=Bering Island=, N. Pacific. 55N. 166E. Bering died on, from exhaustion, having been wrecked off coast, 1741.

=Bering Strait.= 65N. 170W. Named after the Danish navigator who first explored it, 1728; Cook during his third and last voyage (1776-9) endeavoured to make his passage through, but failed.

=Bermudas, The=, islands. 32N. 64W. Discovered by Juan Bermudez, 1522; the first Englishman on was the shipwrecked navigator May, 1593; colonised by Sir George Somers (or Summers), who with Sir T. Gates was shipwrecked on, 1609 (the account of this storm by Strachey possibly furnished source for part of 'Tempest'). (See poem by Waller.)

=Big Bethel=, Virginia. 37N. 76W. Victory of Confederates, 1861 (Civil W.).

=Big Black River=, Mississippi. 32N. 90W. Defeat of Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Big Horn=, battle of, at junction of Big and Little Big Horn River. 44N. 106W. General Custer's force destroyed by the Sioux Indians under Sitting Bull, 1876.

=Bio-bio=, river, Chili. 38S. 72W. Fierce contests at, between Araucanians to the south, and Spaniards to the north, during the 16th century.

=Blackrock=, near Buffalo. 42N. 78W. Fort surprised by British, 1813.

=Blackstock's Plantation=, Charlotte, N. Carolina. 35N. 80W. Defeat of British by Sumter, 1780 (W. of Ind.).

=Blackwater=, river, Missouri. Surrender of Confederates, near Milford, 1861 (Civil W.).

=Bladensburg=, Maryland. 39N. 76W. Americans defeated by English, 1814.

=Blakely=, near Mobile, Alabama. 30N. 88W. Fort taken by Federals, 1865 (Civil W.).

=Block Island=, Connecticut. 41N. 71W. Taken by Endicott after murder of English traders by the Indians, 1636.

=Bloody Bridge=, near Detroit. 42N. 82W. Rout of English by Indians at Parent's Creek (Bloody Run) and death of Dalzell. (See Parkman, 'Conspiracy of Pontiac.')

=Boca del Sierpe.= 9N. 61W. So named by Columbus, 1498.

=Bogota=, cap. of Colombia. 4N. 74W. F. by the conqueror Quesada, and formerly known as Santa Fé, 1538; independence proclaimed at, 1811; taken by Spaniards, 1816; delivered by Bolivar, 1819 (S. A. W. of Ind.).

=Bolivia=, S.A. 18S. 68W. Formerly Upper Peru. Rise of natives under Tupac Amaru, descendant of the Incas, who was cruelly put to death by the Spaniards, 1780-2; sc. successive battles during S. American War of Independence, 1809-25; independence secured by victory of Ayacucho, 1824; republic named after the liberator Bolivar; Santa Cruz president of B. and Lower Peru, 1828-39; Peru-Bolivian war with Chili, 1879-83; sc. frequent civil war.

=Boonesboro=, Kentucky. 39N. 84W. On site of fort built by Daniel Boone, the explorer of Kentucky (1735-1820), who was several times attacked in it by the Indians, and once made prisoner.

=Booneville=, Missouri. 38N. 92W. Confederates defeated by Gen. Lyon, 1861 (Civil W.).

=Boothia Felix.= 70N. 94W. Northern extremity of the continent, discovered by Sir John Ross, 1829-30; named after Sir F. Booth, the financier of the expedition, during which Ross's nephew (James Clark Ross) discovered the magnetic pole.

=Borgne, Lake=, Louisiana. 30N. 89W. British naval victory, 1812.

=Boston=, Mass., U.S. 42N. 71W. Called Shawmut by the Indians and Trimountain by the English. In 1630 a settlement was made here by Winthrop, governor of Mass. Bay, and this year the present name was given, after the English town from which many of the colonists came; first congress of confederated colonies (Mass., Plymouth, Connect.,) 1643; seizure and expulsion of Andros, governor-general, 1688; seizure of the British sloop 'Liberty,' 1768, first action taken in the W. of Ind.; the Boston massacre, 1770; 'Boston tea party,' 1773; meeting in Faneuil Hall ('Cradle of American Liberty') denouncing the Boston Port Bill, 1774; warlike preparations begun by General Gage, 1774; besieged by Washington, 1775-6, when English evacuated; first charter, 1822. The city has suffered from several destructive fires, the latest in 1872. The 'Boston News Letter,' 1704, was the first newspaper printed in the U.S. Dr. Channing minister at Federal Street Church, 1803-40. Bp. Cotton Mather (1663-1728); T. Hutchinson, historian of Massachusetts (1711-80); Paul Revere, patriot (1735-1818) (see Longfellow's poem); W. Austin, A. of 'Peter Rugg, the Missing Man' (1778-1841); Ticknor, A. of 'History of Spanish Literature' (1791-1871); Parkman, historian (1823-93); R. Waldo Emerson (1803-82); Edgar Allan Poe (1809-49); Benjamin Franklin (1706-90); Francis J. Child, scholar (1825-96); Mrs. Craigie, novelist (1867-1906).

=Boston Bay.= Expedition to, under Miles Standish, 1621.

=Boyaca=, Colombia. 5N. 73W. Decisive victory by Bolivar, 1819 (S. A. W. of Ind.).

=Boydton Plank Road=, near Petersburg, Virginia. 56N. 78W. Battle, 1864 (Civil W.).

=Braceti= (Brazito), Texas. 30N. 109W. Mexicans defeated, 1846 (Mex. W.).

=Braintree=, near Quincy, Mass. 42N. 71W. Bp. John Adams, second president of the U.S. (1735-1826), and John Quincy Adams, sixth president of the U.S. (1767-1848).

=Brandywine Creek=, near Wilmington. 39N. 75W. Defeat of Washington by Howe, Lafayette wounded, 1777 (W. of Ind.).

=Brazil=, S.A. 10S. 52W. Discovered by the Spaniard Yañez Pinzon, 1500, and shortly after by the Portuguese Cabral; Vespucci reached the bay of Rio de Janeiro on New Year's Day, 1502 or 1504, and named it accordingly; Hawkins in 1528 and 1530, bringing a Brazilian king home with him from this latter voyage; traversed by Cabeza de Vaca, 1540-2; French colony of short duration planted at Fort Coligny by Villegagnon, 1555; Portuguese and Dutch in possession in turns; latter driven from, 1654; Portuguese court take refuge from Napoleon at Rio, 1807; independence declared and Pedro I. crowned emperor, 1822; war with Paraguay, 1865-70; emancipation of slaves, 1885; country revolts against Pedro's son and declares itself a republic, 1889; revolt of fleet and civil war, 1893-5; campaigns against Indians (Jaguncos), 1897; attempt to assassinate President Barros, 1897; disturbances continue. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of Beagle.')

=Brier Creek=, Georgia. 32N. 81W. Americans defeated by English under Gen. Prevost 1779 (W. of Ind.).

=British Columbia= (formerly New Caledonia). 49N. 114W. Cook off, 1778; coast explored by Vancouver during voyage of 1793-5; in 1858 it received its present name, and in 1871 was incorporated with the dominion of Canada.

=Brook Farm=, West Roxbury, near Boston, Mass. 42N. 71W. Association at organised by G. Ripley and Dr. Channing, 1841; among its members and the visitors to B. Farm were Hawthorne, Dana, Margaret Fuller, W. H. Channing, Emerson, Alcott, Brownson, Miss Peabody (the 'Miss Birdseye' of H. James's 'Bostonians'), etc.; Fourierism was adopted by the community in 1843, and in 1847 the community broke up. (See Hawthorne's 'Blithedale Romance.')

=Brooklyn Heights=, Long Island, N.Y. 40N. 73W. Occupied by British, 1776. (See Long Island, battle of.)

=Brown, Fort=, Rio Grande, Texas. 25N. 97W. Defended by Brown against attack on by Mexicans, 1846 (Mex. W.).

=Buena Vista=, near Saltillo, Mexico. 25N. 101W. Defeat of Santa Ana, 1846 (Mex. W.).

=Buenos Ayres=, province, Argentine. 34S. 58W. Independence proclaimed, 1816; separated from other provinces, 1853; rejoined, 1860; La Plata made the capital, 1882.

=Buenos Ayres=, cap. of Argentine Republic since 1882, formerly cap. of province. 34S. 60W. F. by Mendoza, 1535; Spaniards driven from by Indians, 1539; re-colonised, 1580; attacked by English and Portuguese, 1763; taken by English under Admiral Popham and Beresford, who were soon forced to surrender, 1806; two days' fighting in streets ending in defeat of English under Whitelocke, 1807; blockaded by French and English, 1835 (see Argentine). (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')

=Buffalo=, Erie, N.Y. 42N. 78W. Taken and destroyed by British and Indian allies, 1813; Pan-American Exhibition, 1901.

=Buffington Island= (St. George's Creek), Ohio. Capture of Confederate raiders under Morgan, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Bull Run=, near Manassas Junction, Virginia. 38N. 77W. Victories of Confederates, 1861 and 1862 (battle of Groveton).

=Bunker Hill=, Charlestown, Mass. 42N. 71W. First great battle of the W. of Ind., fought actually on Breed's Hill, in which the Americans gained a substantial victory, 1775.

=Burburata=, Venezuela. Sir John Hawkins at, trading in slaves, 1565.

=Burlington=, New Jersey. 40N. 74W. F. by Quakers, 1677. Bp. of James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851).

=Burnt Corn Creek=, near Pensacola. 50N. 37W. Victory of McQueen and his Indians over Caller's force, 1813 (Creek W.).

=Bushy Run=, about 25 miles from Fort Pitt (q.v.). Victory of Bouquet over the Indians, 1763. (See Parkman, 'Conspiracy of Pontiac.')

=Buzzard's Bay=, Mass. 41N. 70W. Early trading station of the Plymouth Fathers.

=Cabo de la Vela=, Colombia. 12N. 74W. Furthest point reached by Ojeda, who was the first to sight this cape, 1499.

=Cahokia=, St. Claire Co., Illinois. 38N. 90W. Pontiac, Indian chief, killed in wood near, 1769 (see Parkman, op. cit.); prehistoric mounds near.

=Caimanera=, Cuba. 19N. 75W. Engagement between Americans and Spaniards, latter finally driven from their camp, 1898.

=Cajamarca= (Caxamarca), Peru. 6S. 79W. The Inca Atahuallpa treacherously made prisoner and his followers massacred by Pizarro, 1532; the Inca executed, 1533. (See Prescott 'Peru,' op. cit.).

=California, Gulf of.= 28N. 112W. Expedition of Narvaez to, 1527; explored by Cortés and his generals, 1528-35; reached by Cabeza de Vaca and survivors of expedition, the first explorers to cross the American continent, during their nine years' wanderings, 1527-36; Ulloa in, 1539; Alarçon, 1540; Viscayno. 1596.

=California, Lower, Mexico.= 28N. 113W. Discovered by Grijalva, 1534; taken possession of by Spaniards, 1602; colonised by Jesuits, 1642; part of Mexico since 1823.

=California, Upper=, U.S. 37N. 120W. Coast explored by Cabrillo, 1542; taken possession of by Drake for Elizabeth, and named by him 'New Albion,' 1578; expedition to, under Viscayno, 1602-5; colony in settled by Spaniards, 1698; coast explored by Vancouver, 1793; revolted from Spain, 1823; exploring expedition under Frémont, 1844; ceded by Mexico to U.S., 1848; admitted to Union, 1850; decides against joining Confederates, 1860.

=Callao=, Peru. 12S. 77W. Known to early Spanish founders as Ciudad de los Reyes: former town destroyed by tidal wave, 1746: last stronghold in Peru held by Spaniards, who capitulated, 1826; Spanish fleet defeated off, 1866; bombarded by Chilians, 1882.

=Cambridge=, Mass. 42N. 71W. F. 1631, and originally named Newtown; Harvard University f. 1636; first printing press in U.S. set up by Day, 1638; the 'Bay Psalm Book,' first book printed in English America, 1640; first president of Harvard, Henry Dunster, 1640-54; theological constitution known as the 'Cambridge Platform' framed at synod, 1646-8; congress for re-organising army, at which Franklin and Washington assisted, 1775; Washington here took command of the continental army, 1775. Bp. R. H. Dana, poet and essayist (1787-1879); Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-94); James Russell Lowell (1819-91); res. Lowell, Longfellow (see Mount Auburn).

=Cambridgeport=, Mass. (now part of Cambridge). 42N. 71W. Bp. of S. Margaret Fuller (Marchioness d'Ossoli), drowned off Long Island (1810-50).

=Camden=, S. Carolina. 34N. 80W. English victory under Cornwallis, 1780; engagement near, between Gen. Greene and Lord Rawdon, 1781; evacuated by English, 1781 (W. of Ind.).

=Campbell's Station=, near Knoxville, Tennessee. 36N. 83W. Federals forced to withdraw from, after repelling Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Campeche=, Yucatan, Mexico. 19N. 90W. Discovered by Cordova, 1517; Spaniards settled at, 1539; taken by English, 1659; by the buccaneer Louis Scot, 1678; and again by buccaneers, 1685.

=Campeche Bay=, Gulf of Mexico. 20N. 93W. Cortés sails down, 1519.

=Canada= (New France). 46N. 55W. The Cabots discover Labrador and Newfoundland, 1497, 1498; further discoveries by the Cortereals, 1500, 1501; Verazzani in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1524; explored by Cartier, 1534, who was the first to sail up the St. Lawrence, 1535; small French colony planted by Roberval, 1541; voyages of exploration and discoveries by Champlain, founder of Quebec, 1602-35; taken by the English, 1759-60; finally ceded to, by Treaty of Paris, 1763; divided into Upper and Lower, 1791; in 1840 reunited and known as East and West; Confederate Dominion formed, 1867; original provinces joined in 1870 by the N.W. Territories; in 1871 by British Columbia, and in 1873 by Prince Edward Island.

=Canelas= (Land of Cinnamon). 25N. 105W. Gonzalo Pizarro in, during his expedition into Quito, 1540-2.

=Cape Breton Island.= 46N. 60W. Probably discovered by Cabot, 1497; settled by French, 1712; ceded to England by Peace of Paris, 1763; incorporated with Nova Scotia, 1819.

=Cape Desolation=, Greenland. 61N. 48W. So named by Davis, 1585.

=Cape Farewell=, Greenland. 60N. 44W. Davis off, 1585.

=Cape Horn=, S.A. 55S. 68W. Rounded by Magalhaes, 1520; sighted by Drake, 1578.

=Cape Mercy=, Cumberland, Baffin Land. 64N. 64W. So named by Davis, 1585.

=Carabobo=, Venezuela. 9N. 68W. Victory of Bolivar over Spaniards, 1821 (S. A. W. Ind.).

=Caracas=, Venezuela. 10N. 66W. Sighted by Columbus, 1498; f. by Spaniards, 1567; sacked by buccaneer Amyas Preston, 1595; and by French, 1679; revolted, 1810, and after being twice retaken by Spaniards, finally delivered, 1821; destroyed by earthquake, 1812; now capital of Venezuela. Bp. Miranda, revolutionary leader (or at Santa Fé, N. Granada) (1756-1816); Bolivar, the 'Liberator' (1785-1830).

=Carenas=, Port, Cuba. Name given by Ocampo, who here careened his vessels, 1508.

=Caribees=, N. and S. (or Windward and Leeward) islands, W. Indies. 16N. 62W.; 13N. 60W. Name derived from the aboriginal tribe.

=Carnifex Ferry=, near Summersville, W. Virginia. 38N. 80W. Federal victory, 1861 (Civil W.).

=Carolina=, N. and S. (called Albemarle by refugees from Virginia, 1660). 34N. 80W. Discovered by Ponce de Léon, 1512; explored by expedition sent by De Ayllon, 1521; by Verazzani, 1524; Raleigh landed on Roanoke Island, 1584; 1663 conceded by Charles II. to Lord Clarendon and other nobles, hence its present name; constitution drawn up by Locke, 1670; became crown colony, 1729; two of the 13 original United States; both N. and S. seceded, 1861; readmitted to Union, 1868. (See Roanoke and Fort Carolina.)

=Cartagena=, Colombia, S.A. 10N. 75W. F. by Pedro de Heredia, 1533; Hawkins at, 1568; taken by Drake, 1586; resisted English attack under Vernon, 1741; captured by Royalists, 1815; retaken by revolutionaries, 1821. (See Colombia.)

=Carthage=, Jasper Co., Missouri. Confederates force Gen. Lyon to retreat, 1861 (Civil W.).

=Cary Islands=, off Ellesmere Land. 76N. 83W. Name given by Baffin, 1616.

=Caseros=, near Buenos Ayres. 34S. 58W. Final defeat of Rosas, by forces of Brazil and Uruguay, 1852.

=Caxas=, Peru. 10S. 79W. De Soto at, when reconnoitring for Pizarro, 1532. Painful march of Blasco Nuñez through valley of, pursued by Gonzalo Pizarro. 1544. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

=Cayenne=, cap. of French Guiana. 4N. 52W. In possession in turns of French, English, and Dutch, 1604-76; restored to French and taken by English, 1809; French possession since Peace of 1814; formerly French penal settlement.

=Cedar Creek=, Virginia. 39N. 77W. Confederates defeated, 1864 (Civil W.).

=Cedar Mountain=, Virginia. 38N. 78W. Victory, and subsequent retreat, of 'Stonewall' Jackson, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Cempoalla=, Mexico. 19N. 96W. Cortés and his troops received in state by the cacique, 1519; Cortés destroys part of his fleet, 1519; his victory over Narvaez, envoy of Velasquez, Governor of Cuba, 1520. (See Prescott, 'Conquest of Mexico.')

=Cerrito=, near Montevideo. Spaniards defeated by Argentine revolutionaries, 1812.

=Cerro=, S.A. Victory of Montevideans by aid of Garibaldi over the forces of Rosas, 1846.

=Cerro-Cora=, Paraguay. 22S. 55W. The dictator F. S. Lopez surprised and killed by Lacerda (Chico le Diable), 1870, thus putting an end to war between Brazil and Paraguay.

=Cerro Gordo=, Mexico. 26N. 105W. American victory over Mexicans and flight of Santa Ana, 1847 (Mex. W.).

=Ceutla, Plains of=, Tabasco, Mexico. Defeat of Indians by Cortés, 1519. (Prescott, 'Conquest of Mexico.)

=Chacabuco=, Chili. 33S. 70W. Spaniards defeated by the Argentinians under San Martin and the allied revolutionaries, 1817 (S. A. W. Ind.).

=Chalco=, on lake of name, Mexico. 19N. 98W. Cortés marches along Lake of, on his way to Mexico, 1519; Mexicans defeated by Spaniards under Sandoval, 1521; noted for its 'floating gardens.' (See Prescott, 'Mexico,' op. cit.)

=Chaleur Bay.= 47N. 65W. So named by Cartier, 1534.

=Champion Hills=, Hind's Co., Miss. 32N. 90W. Confederates defeated by Gen. Grant, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Champlain, Lake.= 44N. 73W. Named after the explorer who reached the lake and there defeated the Iroquois, 1609; American fleet under Arnold defeated by English, 1776; English fleet by American, 1814.

=Chancellorsville=, near Fredericksburg, Virginia. 38N. 77W. Army of the Potomac defeated by the Confederates, and 'Stonewall' Jackson mortally wounded, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Chantilly=, near Washington, Virginia. 38N. 76W. Confederates driven back, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Chapultepec=, near the cap., Mexico. 19N. 99W. Ancient res. of kings of Mexico. Hill forts stormed by Gen. Scott, and Mexicans heavily defeated, 1847 (Mex. W.).

=Charcas=, Mexico. 23N. 101W. Gonzalo Pizarro at, to explore the Potosi mines, 1543.

=Charleston=, S. Carolina. 32N. 79W. The people of old Charlestown on the Ashley removed here, 1680; French and Spanish defeated, 1706; British fleet under Parker repulsed, 1776; surrendered to Clinton, 1780; evacuated by English, 1782; capture of Fort Sumter by S. Carolinians, 1861 (beginning of Civil W.); attacks on Forts Wagner and Sumter by Gen. Gillmore, 1863; town besieged till 1865, when evacuated by Confederates and national flag raised.

=Charlestown=, W. Virginia. 39N. 77W. John Brown, abolitionist, hanged, 1859.

=Charlestown=, Mass. 42N. 71W. Part of Boston; Bunker's Hill in; burnt by Gage, 1775; taken by British, 1779 (W. of Ind.).

=Chattanooga=, Tennessee. 35N. 85W. Victory of Confederates on Chickamanga Field, Sept. 20; defeat of Confederates by Grant (Look-out Mountain and Missionary Ridge), Nov. 23-25, 1863.

=Chesapeake Bay= (known to early explorers as Bay of St. Mary). 38N. 76W. Discovered by explorers sent by Q. V. de Ayllon, 1521; Verazzani off, 1524; De Ayllon in, 1526; expedition to, under Newport, in which John Smith took part, 1607; English Admiral Graves forced to retire, 1781 (W. of Ind.); sc. hostilities during war of 1814.

=Chiahuitzlan=, Mexico. 39N. 30W. Cortés at, with his troops, 1519. (Prescott, 'Mexico,' op. cit.)