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EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY EDITED BY ERNEST RHYS

REFERENCE

A LITERARY AND HISTORICAL ATLAS OF NORTH & SOUTH AMERICA

THE PUBLISHERS OF _EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY_ WILL BE PLEASED TO SEND FREELY TO ALL APPLICANTS A LIST OF THE PUBLISHED AND PROJECTED VOLUMES TO BE COMPRISED UNDER THE FOLLOWING THIRTEEN HEADINGS:

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London: J. M. DENT & SONS, Ltd. New York: E. P. DUTTON & CO.

A LITERARY & HISTORICAL ATLAS OF AMERICA

J G. BARTHOLOMEW LL.D

LONDON: PUBLISHED by J·M·DENT & SONS LTD AND IN NEW YORK BY E·P·DUTTON & CO

INTRODUCTION

When General Hamilton spoke in the _Federalist_ over a century ago of "an empire, in many respects the most interesting in the world," meaning the United States of America, he did not, he could not, foresee the vast growth of his country and its northern and southern neighbours which this book portrays. The volume is the third in a series of small atlases, meant to cover in turn the whole globe, and to do it in a way to knit up geographical and historical knowledge with the facts of commerce and the literary record of each land or region. One chief purpose of these maps is to trace clearly the development of the United States, beginning with "the most remarquable parts" of the New England of the Pilgrim Fathers, described by Captain John Smith in 1614, and not forgetting the territories of the old American-Indian nations. Some inkling too is given in facsimile of the early charts, views, and maps by the explorers and cartographers who made a survey of the first settlements. For example, we have an old map of Guiana invaluable as a Sir Walter Raleigh record, giving the mouths of the Oronoke, or Orinoco, where his men tugged against the stream, and stretching southward to the Amazon itself, and we get from the map of Peru at the period of the Conquest a clear idea of the country in the time of Pizarro.

As with the great rivers, so with the great American cities. You can compare "old New York," as represented in one page, with the new New York and its environs which are a world's wonder to-day. Then again you can take the chart of the Early Highways that ran westward into the wilderness and estimate how the power of the engineer has, since the railway came, caught the States in an iron network and rearranged the Americas. Battlefields and sieges, by which the right of the new country to its national life and individuality was "wrenched," as Tennyson said in his address to the old country,[1] are not forgotten.

Note among the less familiar documents that we are able to include, the rare map of the territory in Virginia and North Carolina traversed by John Lederer in his three marches. Lederer was sent out by Governor Berkeley in 1669-70, and journeyed west as far as the top of the Apalatoean mountains. It seems doubtful how far he went in South Carolina. He did not penetrate far enough, according to Professor W. J. Rivers, to meet "the new-comers who were about founding the Commonwealth of Locke."

As for the local associations that have become familiar in American literature, you have a chart of the Concord neighbourhood showing Walden Pond, Forest Lake, Lexington, and Punkatasset Hill, associated with the name and fame of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and H. D. Thoreau. Fenimore Cooper recalls the old Indian Territory as it was in the wild prime of the Red Men; and you travel from the land of "Hiawatha" in Longfellow's poem southwards to the Mexico and Peru of Prescott, and then pause over something more amazing than any record in imaginative verse or prose—the plain statistics figured in the map of South America, and the emergence of Buenos Ayres with its million and a quarter inhabitants, Rio de Janeiro with its 860,000, San Paulo with 350,000, and Santiago with 330,000. Here are the elements of an immense new Latin civilisation which is going to count, and count enormously, just as China and its millions are bound to count enormously in the twentieth century.

We might have spoken at large of Canada and its huge dominion; of Newfoundland, New Brunswick, New "Scotia," and the chain of the Great Lakes in the North. But an Atlas speaks for itself with the accent of a world-bearer if one treats its pages as they ought to be treated, with a sense of the great perspective of history and of men and nations advancing along it to their fulfilment in the world. The Old World and the New have lately been drawn closer by the mysterious nerves that underrun the Atlantic and the understanding of a true world polity; and it is hoped that this volume will do something to foster that amity between states and nations.

We have again to acknowledge very gratefully the indispensable help given to our enterprise by Dr. Bartholomew with his unfailing knowledge and skill. Also to thank Miss Edwardes for her working gazetteer which makes reference easy, and Mr. G. C. Brooke of the Department of Coins and Medals at the British Museum for his notes on the coinage, and for his arrangements of the specimens which serve so vividly to illustrate the historical side of the atlas.

[1] "Be proud of those strong sons of thine Who wrenched the right thou wouldst not yield."

CONTENTS

COLOURED MAPS

PAGE

Atlantic Ocean, Toscanelli, 1474 1

Discoveries of Columbus 2

Discoveries of the Norsemen 3

America, 1492-1522 3

America, 1522-1700 4, 5

North American Colonies, 1643 6

North America, 1740 7

North American Colonies, 1755-1763 8, 9

North American Colonies, 1783 10, 11

Canada, 1791 12, 13

United States, 1801 14

United States, 1845 15

United States—Civil War, 1861-65 16, 17

Cortes in Mexico, 1519 18

Mexico and West Indies, 1650 19

Mexico and West Indies, 1763 20

Mexico and West Indies, 1855 21

South America—Political Formation 22, 23

The World on Mercator's Projection, showing Routes to America 24, 25

America—Commercial Routes on Mercator's Projection 26, 27

America—January Temperature 28

America—July Temperature 29

America—Rainfall and Winds, January 30

America—Rainfall and Winds, July 31

Sketch Chart of the North Atlantic on Mercator's Projection 32, 33

Arctic Regions 34

Antarctic Regions 35

North America—Orographical 36

North America—Vegetation 37

North America—Political 38

North America—Population 39

Dominion of Canada 40, 41

Canada—Railways and Economic 42, 43

Newfoundland and Gulf of St. Lawrence 44

New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, etc. 45

Quebec 46, 47

Ontario 48, 49

Manitoba and Part of Saskatchewan 50, 51

British Columbia, etc. 52, 53

United States—Political Acquisitions 54, 55

United States—Railways and Economic 56, 57

New York, Pennsylvania, and New England States 58, 59

New York and Environs 60, 61

Chicago 62

St. Louis 62

Boston 63

Philadelphia 63

Atlantic States 64, 65

Central States 66, 67

Southern States 68, 69

Western States 70, 71

The Yosemite Valley 71

California, etc. 72

Vancouver 73

San Francisco 73

Alaska 74

Philippine Islands 75

Mexico 76, 77

West Indies and Central America 78, 79

Cuba, Jamaica, etc. 80

Panama Canal 81

South America—Orographical 82

South America—Vegetation 83

South America—Political 84

South America—Population 85

South America—Railways and Economic 86, 87

Brazil and Guiana 88, 89

Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru 90, 91

Chile, Argentina, etc. 92, 93

Rio de Janeiro 94

Monte Video 95

Buenos Ayres 95

Patagonia 96

A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE COINAGE OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA, by G. C. Brooke, B.A., Department of Coins and Medals, British Museum 97

LINE MAPS

MAPS AND PLANS OF NOTABLE BATTLES AND DISTRICTS CONNECTED WITH FAMOUS AUTHORS AND THEIR BOOKS

Battle of Bunker Hill, 17th June, 1775 117

Siege of Charleston, 1776 118

Battle of Long Island, 1776 118

Battle of Brandywine, 1777 119

Battle of Freemans Farm 119

Plan of West Point, showing Forts and Batteries, 1780 120

Siege of Yorktown 120

Maps showing Principal Battles of the War of Independence 121

A Plan of the Operations at the taking of Quebec and the Battle 122 fought near that City, September 13th, 1759

Port Royal, 1613 123

A Map of New England in 1631, as observed and described by 124 Captain John Smith

A Map of the Whole Territory traversed by John Lederer in his 125 Three Marches, 1672

A Map of the American Indian Nations adjoining to the 126 Mississippi, West and East Florida, Georgia, South and North Carolina, Virginia, etc., 1775

New Amsterdam about 1650 127

New York about 1730 128

Plan of New York in 1746 129

Early Highways, showing expansion westwards 130

The Boston District 130

The Concord Neighbourhood—Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, etc. 131

Virginia in American Fiction 131

The El Dorado of Sir Walter Raleigh, 1595 132

Map of Peru at the Period of the Conquest 133

Growth of Trade of the United States 134

Growth of Population of the United States 134

Immigration—United States, Canada, Argentine, Brazil 135

A Gazetteer of Towns and Places in America having a Literary or 137 Historic Interest

Index 169

A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE COINAGE OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA

By G. C. BROOKE, B.A.

Department of Coins and Medals, British Museum.

The discovery of America by Columbus in 1492 was made under the flag of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain whose portraits appear on the remarkably fine gold coin (a Quadruple Escudo) figured on Plate I., No. 1; and it was therefore to the empire of Spain that the West Indian Islands on which he landed were annexed. The money circulated in these islands was Spanish, and after 1535 coins were struck specially for currency in these islands and other American colonies of Spain at the mint of Mexico which was established in that year (see Plate I., No. 6, and Plate VI., No. 2). This is the reason why countermarked Spanish "Pieces of Eight" or fractions of them were the regular currency in these islands during English and French occupation even so late as the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. English settlement in the West Indies began with Drake, Hawkins and Raleigh and continued through the first half of the seventeenth century; in many cases (_e.g._, St. Lucia, Dominique and Guadeloupe) their possession was long disputed with France and was not finally settled before the Napoleonic wars. All this time these countermarked Spanish pieces formed almost the only currency; on Plate I. are shown such pieces made current for Tortola (Fig. 2), St. Lucia (Fig. 3), Dominique (Fig. 4), and Guadeloupe (Figs. 5 and 6). The two last pieces of Guadeloupe are especially interesting as showing how a fraction was cut out of a "Piece of Eight" (_i.e._, 8 reals), and the remainder of the original coin also put into circulation; it was originally struck by Ferdinand VII. at the Mexican mint in the year 1811. In 1816 Guadeloupe became French and such pieces were put out of circulation in favour of regular issues of French colonial coins. The Bermuda Islands, discovered by Bermudez in 1515, were not inhabited till Sir G. Somers (from whom they were also called Somers islands) was wrecked there in 1609, and a colony was sent from Virginia a few years later; here were struck the first coins of any English colonies in America; shillings, sixpennies and threepennies were issued bearing on the obverse a hog and on the reverse a ship; a threepenny piece is figured on Plate I., Fig. 7; they are now commonly known, from the obverse type, as Hog-money; these coins were probably struck between 1616 and 1618, certainly before 1624 in which year John Smith published his _Historie of Virginia_, etc., in which he mentions their use during the government of Daniel Tucker; the type of the hog, says John Smith, is in memory of the abundance of hogs found at the first landing in the islands. At the end of the eighteenth century copper coins were issued for Barbadoes; a penny of 1788 is figured on Plate I., No. 8; the types are mercantile—a negro's head and a pine-apple; the slave trade was abolished in 1806, and a later halfpenny token bears the motto "Freedom without Slavery."