letter I kept my courage. I cannot endure the thought that I am to be

separated from you, and God knows for how long! I am following your counsel; I shall go to-morrow to Navarre. I have only sixteen men in my guard here, and they are all wounded. I shall keep them; but as a matter of fact, I do not need them. I am so wretched at being separated from my children that I am indifferent about what happens to myself. Try to send me word how you are, what you will do, and where you will go. I shall try to follow you from afar, at least.”

Early on March 29th, the little household started through rain and mud. Josephine’s terror was complete. She fancied she would be waylaid by Cossacks; and once when she saw a band of soldiers approaching, she jumped from her carriage, and fled across the fields alone. It was with difficulty that her attendants convinced her that the strangers were French, not foreign soldiers.

Once at Navarre, she spent much of her time alone—a practice quite unlike her,—reading and re-reading Napoleon’s letters. One of them she carried always in her bosom. It had been sent from Brienne, only a short time before the abdication, and contained the most touching expressions of his affection for her to be found in any of his later letters: “I have sought death in numberless engagements; I no longer dread its approach; I should now hail it as a boon.... Nevertheless, I still wish to see Josephine once more.”

* * * * *

A few days after Josephine’s arrival at Navarre, Hortense joined her, and there the two learned of Napoleon’s abdication and of the return of the Bourbons. After the first paroxysm of grief was over, they began planning for the future. Hortense would go to America, with her children, she declared. There she could rear them so that they would be fit for any future. But Josephine was not for renouncing her position. She began to write feverishly in every direction, apparently hoping to interest her friends in saving something for her in the general overthrow. The allies had no disposition, however, to take from Josephine either her rank or all her income. The Emperor Alexander, who was the real umpire of the game, believed it wise to look after the material interests of the Bonaparte family, and in the treaty arranged that Josephine should have an annual income of 1,000,000 francs and that she should keep all of her property, disposing of it as she pleased. Alexander showed a strong desire to win Josephine’s favor, in fact. Learning that she was at Navarre, he invited her to Malmaison, giving her every assurance that she would be safe there. Before the end of April, she came with Hortense, and here Eugene joined them. Alexander soon came to Malmaison to see the Empress. His attentions to her set the vogue for the court, and repeated assurances came from all sides to Josephine that her position and that of her children was safe with the new _régime_. But Josephine could not believe it so. Her days and nights were full of foreboding—of laments over the fate of the Emperor. One day, after dining with Alexander at the Chateau of St. Leu, she returned to her room in complete collapse.

“I cannot overcome the frightful sadness which has taken possession of me,” she said. “I make every effort to conceal it from my children, but only suffer the more. I am beginning to lose my courage. The Emperor of Russia has certainly shown great regard and affection for us, but it is nothing but words. What will he decide to do with my son, my daughter and her children? Is he not in a position to do something for them? Do you know what will happen when he has gone away? Nothing he has promised will be carried out. I shall see my children unhappy, and I cannot endure the idea; it causes me the most dreadful suffering. I am suffering enough already on account of the fate of the Emperor Napoleon, stripped of all his greatness, sent into an island far from France, abandoned. Must I, besides this, see my children wanderers? Stripped of fortune? It seems to me this idea is going to kill me.... Is it Austria who opposes my son’s advancement? Is it the Bourbons? Certainly they are under obligations enough to me to be willing to pay them by helping my children. Have I not been good to all of their party in their misfortunes? To be sure, I never imagined they would come back to France; nevertheless, it pleased me to be their friend; they were Frenchmen, they were suffering, they were former acquaintances, and the position of those princes that I had seen in their youth touched my heart. Did I not ask Bonaparte twenty times to let the Duchess of Orleans and the Duchess of Bourbon come back? It was through me that he succored them in their distress, that he allowed them a pension which they received in a foreign country.”

The attention paid her by the allies seemed to leave no ground for any of these anxieties. The King of Prussia and his sons, the grand-dukes of Russia, every great man in Paris, in fact, sought Josephine repeatedly. She distrusted it all, and one moment wept over the fate of herself and children; the next over Napoleon alone on his island—repeatedly she declared she would join him if she did not fear it would cause a misunderstanding between him and Marie Louise, and so prevent the latter from going to Elba, as Josephine thought she ought to do. In her nervous state she searched for signs of the neglect and discourtesy which she believed were in store for her. She planned to sell her jewels. Everyone in the household became thoroughly disturbed over her condition. “My mother is courageous and amiable, when she is receiving,” Hortense said one day; “but as soon as she is alone, she gives up to a grief which is my despair. I am afraid that the misfortunes which have fallen upon us have affected her too deeply and that her health will never reassert itself.”

Josephine was in this nervous condition when she took a severe cold, and on May 25th her condition was so serious that the best physicians of Paris were summoned. The Emperor of Russia sent his private physician, and went himself frequently to Malmaison. Everything that could be done was done, but poor Josephine’s power of resistance was at an end. Restlessly tossing hour after hour on her pillow, murmuring at intervals—“Bonaparte”—“Elba”—“Marie Louise”—she lay for four days. On the morning of the 29th, it was evident to Hortense and Eugene, evident to Josephine herself, that she could not live long. The priest was summoned, and alone with him she confessed for the last time, while in the chapel below her children knelt and listened to the mass said for their mother. After the confession, the members of the household gathered about her bed while the sacrament was administered. A few moments after the last words of the solemn service were said, the Empress was pronounced dead.

* * * * *

The news of the death of Josephine produced a profound impression in Paris. She had died of grief, they said, grief at Napoleon’s downfall. Even those who had no sympathy for her in life were moved by the tragic circumstances of her end and hastened to pay a last tribute to her memory. For three days the body of the Empress lay on a catafalque in the vestibule of the chateau at Malmaison, and in that time over 20,000 persons looked upon it.

At the funeral, which took place on June 2nd, in the little church at Reuil, near Malmaison, royal honors were accorded Josephine; though the really touching feature of the procession and service was the presence of hundreds of people—soldiers, peasants, old men, children—who came to pay the only tribute possible to them to the “good Josephine,” the “Star” of the Emperor.

The Empress still lies in the little church at Reuil, where she was laid eighty-six years ago, and her grave and the Chateau of Malmaison have remained until to-day, places of pilgrimage for those who knew and loved her in life as well as for many thousands whose hearts have been touched by the melancholy story of her life of adventure, glory, and sorrow. In June, 1815, before departing for Waterloo, Napoleon visited the chateau. Hortense, who had not been there since her mother’s death, received him. For an hour he walked in the park talking of Josephine; then he went over the chateau, looking at every room, at almost every article of furniture. At the door of the room where Josephine had died, it is told that he stopped and said to Hortense, “My daughter, I wish to go in alone.” When he came out his eyes were wet.

Scarcely more than two weeks later he returned to Malmaison. Defeated at Waterloo, he was an outcast unless France rallied to him. That the country could not do. It was thus from the home of Josephine that Napoleon went into captivity.

In 1824, Eugène and Hortense, both exiles from France since 1815, bought one of the chapels in the church at Reuil and placed in it the beautiful monument to Josephine which is to be seen there to-day. In 1831, Hortense crossed France incognito with Louis-Napoleon, and the two then, for the first time, saw the monument. From Reuil they went to Malmaison, but only to the gates. Five years before, the chateau had been sold to a Swedish banker, and the porter refused Hortense admission because she had no pass from the proprietor.

Seven years after this sad visit, Hortense was brought to Reuil to be laid beside her mother. But it was not until twelve years later, when her son, Josephine’s beloved _Oui-oui_, Louis-Napoleon, had become emperor, that a monument was placed in the church to her memory. With the return of the Bonapartes to power, the memory of Josephine became a cult. It was she alone of all the women who for seventy years had ruled France, Napoleon III. told his people, who had brought them happiness. Her statue was reared in Paris; her name was given to a grand avenue; Malmaison was bought, made more brilliant than ever, and thrown open to visitors. On every hand her life was extolled, her character glorified. As a result of this attempt at canonization, Josephine became for the world a pure and gentle heroine, the victim of her own unselfish devotion to the man she loved. With the passing of the Napoleonic dynasty, it has become possible to study her life dispassionately. The researches show her to have been much less of a saint than Napoleon III. wished the world to believe.

Josephine was by birth and training the victim of a vicious system. Her nature was essentially shallow, her strongest passions being for attention, gaiety, and the possession of beautiful apparel and jewels. Nothing in her early surroundings showed her that there were better things in life to pursue. None of the hard experiences of later life dimmed these passions. To gratify them she was willing to adapt herself to any society, and freely give her person to the lover who promised most. It would be unjust to judge her by the orderly standards of present-day Anglo-Saxon morality—she, an eighteenth century creole, cast almost a child into the chaotic whirl of the French Revolution. What purity or dignity could be expected of a child of her nature when her chief protectors, her father, her aunt, and her husband, were all notoriously unfaithful to the most sacred relations of life! If Josephine, when abandoned by her husband and later thrown on her own resources in a society which was honey-combed with vice, went with her world, one can only pity.

There is little doubt that if she had been faithful to Napoleon from the beginning of their married life, her future with him would have been different. The fatal disillusion he suffered in 1797 made the divorce possible for him. So long as Josephine was true, no other woman could have existed for him. Such is the strange exclusiveness in love, of a nature, brutal, sweet, and strong like Napoleon’s. It should never be forgotten, however, that when the poor little creole realized, that to keep her position she must be faithful, she never after gave offense, and that as the years went on her devotion to her husband became a cult. Nothing indeed in the history of women is more pathetic than the patience, the sweetness, with which Josephine performed all the exacting and uncongenial duties of her position as Empress.

Although Josephine possessed none of those qualities which make a heroic soul, knew nothing of true self-denial, was a coward in danger, never lost sight of personal interest, was an abject time-server, few women have been loved more sincerely by those surrounding them. There was good reason for this. No word of malice ever crossed her lips, she took no joy in seeing an enemy suffer, she never intrigued, she never flagged in kindly service. If she was incapable of heroic deeds at least her days were filled with small courtesies, kind words, generous acts. A candid survey of her life destroys the heroine, but it leaves a woman who through a stormy life kept a kindly heart towards friend and enemy and who at last attained rectitude of conduct.

And this is the most that can be said for her. It touches the woman Josephine only. As for the Empress Josephine, she is only a name. She held her throne by the accident of her marriage and never took it seriously. She never comprehended the ideas it stood for in the mind of the great tyrant who established it. The prosperity of the French people—the glory of French arms, the spread of just laws, the establishment of a stable system, all those notions for which Napoleon was struggling, meant nothing to her save as they affected the tenure of her own position. The one distinguished opportunity she had of serving the Napoleonic idea—the divorce—she accepted only when she realized that she could not escape it. That her graciousness and her kindly spirit smoothed Napoleon’s way in the difficult task of manufacturing a court and a nobility is unquestionable. But this was the service of a tactful woman of the world rendered to a husband, not of an Empress to her people. The French people indeed meant no more to her than her throne. They merely filled the background of the stage where she played her part. She was an Empress only in name, never in soul.

Autographs of Napoleon from 1785–1816[3]

In the year 1785, Napoleon left the Military School at Paris, and was admitted as a Second Lieutenant in the regiment of La Fère. At this time he signed like his father: “Buonaparte, younger son, gentleman, at the Royal Military School of Paris.”

Napoleon obtained a company in 1789, and in 1792 he was sent at the head of a battalion of Volunteer Infantry, which was to take part in an expedition against Sardinia. On returning from this expedition, he commanded the artillery at the siege of Toulon. His signature then was as follows:

After the capture of Ollioules, the 3rd of December, 1793, Napoleon was made General, and in 1794 he commanded the artillery of the Army of Italy. At the commencement of the year 1795 he was ordered to join the Infantry in the Vendée, but he refused and remained in Paris, where he was attached to the Minister of War. The 5th of October of this year, he commanded under Barras, the Army of the Convention, against the Sections of Paris, and became, thanks to him, General of Division.

A little later Barras gave him the Commanding Chief of the Army of the Interior.

Up to this time Napoleon had not changed the spelling of his name. The heading of his letters read “_Buonaparte, general en chef de l’armée de l’interieur_,” and he signed “_Buonaparte_.”

The next signature is at the end of a note on the Army of Italy dated January 19, 1796, _Le Général Buonaparte_.

In the Memorial from St. Helena, Napoleon says that in his youth he signed _Buonaparte_ like his father, and having obtained the command of the Army of Italy, he changed this spelling, which was Italian, but some years later, being among the French, he signed _Bonaparte_.

Napoleon was made General-in-Chief of the Army of Italy, the 23rd of Feb., 1796, and he signed _Buonaparte_ up to the 29th of the same month. He left Paris to join the Army towards the middle of the following month, and in the first letter he addressed to the Directory, dated Nice, the 28th of March, from his headquarters, he informed them that he had taken command of the Army the day before, and he signed himself _Bonaparte_.

From this time the change was generally adopted, and the official letters bear the signature “_Bonaparte, General-in-Chief of the Army of Italy_.”

From his headquarters at Carcare, Napoleon addressed to the Directory at Paris his reports on the battle of Montenotte, which opened the Italian campaign. This letter was dated April 14, 1796, and signed _Bonaparte_.

In his celebrated proclamation from Milan, the 20th of March, 1796, Napoleon thus addressed his army: “Soldiers, you have precipitated yourselves like a torrent from the top of the Apennines, Milan is yours!” and he signed _Bonaparte_.

As General-in-Chief of the Egyptian Expedition, Napoleon signed as follows:

From Cairo, the 30th of July, 1798, he signed himself _Bonaparte_.

When he first became Emperor, he signed himself _Napoleon_.

The above is one of the first signatures of the Emperor. It was given at Saint Cloud, the 25th of May, 1804. The first three letters NAPoleon, and exactly like this in the middle of his signature when he was accustomed to signing himself BuoNAParte. Up to 1805 he continued to sign his whole name. The 18th of September, 1805, he signed:

After the battle of Austerlitz, which ended the campaign of 1805, the proclamation of Napoleon, dated from the Imperial Camp of Austerlitz, the 3rd of December, 1805, was signed _Napoleon_.

Beginning with the campaign of 1806, he signed only the first five letters of his name, thus, _Napol_.

The 26th of October, 1806, at Potsdam, the Emperor signed himself thus,

The 29th of October, 1806, from Berlin, as follows:

The 27th of January, from Varsovia,

From the Imperial Camp at Tilsit, the 22nd of June, 1807, the Emperor signed only his initial, as below, and very rarely after that his entire name: _N_.

The 7th of December, 1808, he signed from Madrid, thus, _N_.

At the commencement of the campaign of 1809, in writing to Marshall Masséna, he signed himself as follows:

From the Imperial Camp of Ratisbonne, the 24th of April, 1809, the Emperor addressed a proclamation to the Army, ending thus, “Before a month has passed, I shall be at Vienna,” and he signed

Less than three weeks afterwards, the French Army was at Vienna, and the Emperor signed his decrees from the Palace of Schoenbrunn, 13th of May:

The same variety of signatures is found in the orders dated Moscow, the city which he had entered as a Conqueror, the 12th of September, 1812.

The 21st of Sept., 1812, at 3 o’clock in the morning, the Emperor signed himself as follows:

During the campaign of 1813, the Emperor sent an order from Dresden to the Major-General, dated October 1st, at noon. General Petit relates that he reflected some time before sending it, for the signature had been scratched out twice, and written a third time.

One of the next extraordinary signatures of the Emperor’s, is the following, which he gave at Erfurt, October 13, 1813:

The 4th of April, 1814, Fontainebleau, thus, _N_.

The 9th of September, 1814, from the Isle of Elba, he writes thus: _Nap_.

On July 14, 1815, the Emperor wrote to the Prince Regent of England and signed himself

At Longwood, St. Helena, on Dec. 11, 1816, the Emperor wrote to Count Las Cases a letter of condolence on the order the Count had received to leave the island. It was his first signature at St. Helena.

Footnote 3:

This collection of signatures is reproduced from “Napoléon raconté par l’Image” by Armand Dayot.

TABLE OF THE BONAPARTE FAMILY.

CHARLES BONAPARTE. MARIE LÆTITIA RAMOLINO. (1746–1785) (1750–1836.)

MARRIED IN 1765.

_From this marriage_:

* * * * *

1. _Joseph_ (1768–1844), married in 1794 to Marie Julie Clary.

_From this marriage_:

(1) Zénaïde Charlotte (1801–1854), married in 1832 to her cousin, Charles Bonaparte, Prince de Canino.

(2) Charlotte (1802–1839), married in 1831 Napoleon Louis, her cousin, second son of Louis. * * * * *

2d. NAPOLEON I. (1769–1821), married

(1) Marie Josephine Rose Tascher de la Pagerie in 1796.

(2) Marie Louise, Archduchess of Austria, in 1810.

_Adopted the first wife’s two children_:

(1) Eugène (1781–1824), who married the Princess Augusta Amelia, daughter of the King of Bavaria.

_From this marriage_:

(_a_) Maximilian Joseph, Duke of Leuchtenberg, who married in 1839 a daughter of the Czar Nicholas.

(_b_) Josephine, married in 1823 to Oscar Bernadotte, since King of Sweden under the name of Charles XIV.

(_c_) Eugénie Hortense, married in 1826 to Prince Frederick of Hohenzollern Hechingen.

(_d_) Amélie Augusta, married in 1829 to Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil.

(_e_) Auguste Charles, married in 1835 to Donna Maria, Queen of Portugal.

(_f_) Théodeline Louise, married in 1841 to William, Count of Würtemberg.

(2) Eugénie Hortense (1783–1827), married to Louis Bonaparte. (See Louis.)

_From second marriage_:

François Charles Joseph (NAPOLEON II.), King of Rome, afterwards Duke of Reichstadt (1811–1832). * * * * *

3d. _Lucien_ (1775–1840), married:

(1) in 1794, Christine Eleonore Boyer.

(2) in 1802, Madame Jouberthon.

_From first marriage_:

(1) Charlotte, married in 1815 to Prince Mario Gabrielli.

(2) Christine Egypta, married in 1818 to Count Avred Posse, a Swede, and in 1824 to Lord Dudley Coutts Stuart.

_From second marriage_:

(1) Charles Lucien Jules Laurent, Prince of Canino, married to elder daughter of Joseph Bonaparte. Charles Lucien had eight children: Joseph, who died young; Lucien a cardinal in 1868; Napoleon, served in French army; Julie, married to the Marquis de Boccagiovine; Charlotte, who became the Countess of Primoli; Augusta, afterwards the Princess Gabrielli; Marie, married to Count Campello; Bathilde, married to Count Cambacérès.

(2) Lætitia, married to Sir Thomas Wyse.

(3) Paul, killed in 1826.

(4) Jeanne, died in 1828.

(5) Louis Lucien, known as Prince Lucien, and distinguished as a writer.

(6) Pierre Napoleon, known as Prince Pierre, married to a sempstress, and refused to give her up. The oldest son of Prince Pierre is the Prince Roland Bonaparte. He would now be the chief of the House of Bonaparte, if Lucien had not been cut off from the succession.

(7) Antoine.

(8) Marie, married to the Viscount Valentini.

(9) Constance, who took the veil. * * * * *

4th. _Marie Anne Eliza_ (1777–1820), married to Felix Bacciochi in 1797.

_From this marriage_:

(1) Charles Jerome Bacchiochi 1810–1830.

(2) Napoleone Eliza, married to Count Camerata. * * * * *

5th. _Louis_ (1778–1846) married in 1802 to Eugénie Hortense de Beauharnais, daughter of Josephine.

_From this marriage_:

(1) Napoleon-Charles, heir-presumptive to the throne of Holland, died in 1807.

(2) Charles Napoleon Louis, married his cousin Charlotte, daughter of Joseph; died in 1831.

(3) Charles Louis Napoleon, Emperor of the French in 1852, under the title of NAPOLEON III, married in 1857 to Eugénie de Montijo de Guzman Countess of Teba.

_From this marriage_:

Napoleon Eugène Louis Jean Joseph Prince Imperial, born in 1856; killed in Zululand in 1879. * * * * *

6th. _Marie Pauline_ (1780–1825), married

(1) in 1801 to General Leclerc.

(2) in 1803 to Prince Camille Borghese. No children. * * * * *

7th. _Caroline Marie Annonciade_ (1782–1839), married Joachim Murat in 1800.

_From this marriage_:

(1) Napoleon Achille Charles Louis Murat (1801–1847), went to Florida where he married a grand-niece of George Washington.

(2) Lætitia Josèphe, married to the Marquis of Pepoli.

(3) Lucien Charles Joseph Francois Napoleon Murat, married an American, a Miss Fraser, in 1827. From this marriage there were five children.

(4) Louise Julie Caroline, married Count Rospoli. * * * * *

8th. _Jerome_ (1784–1860), married:

(1) in 1803 to Miss Eliza Patterson of Baltimore; and

(2) in 1807 to the Princess Catharine of Würtemberg.

_From first marriage_:

Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte-Paterson (1805–1870) married in 1829 to Miss Suzanne Gay. Two children were born from this marriage:

(1) Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte (1832–1893).

(2) Charles Bonaparte, at present a resident of Baltimore.

_From second marriage_:

(1) Jerome Napoleon Charles, who died in 1847.

(2) Mathilde Lætita Wilhelmine, married in 1840 to a Russian, Prince Demidoff, but separated from him: known as the Princess Mathilde.

(3) Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul, called Prince Napoleon, also known as Plon Plon, married in 1859 the Princess Clotilde, daughter of King Victor Emmanuel of Italy. On the death of the Prince Imperial, in 1879, became chief of the Bonapartist party. Died in 1891. Prince Napoleon had three children:

(a) Napoleon Victor Jerome Frederick, born in 1862, called Prince Victor and the present Head of the House of Bonaparte.

(b) Napoleon Louis Joseph Jerome.

(c) Marie Lætitia Eugénie Catharine Adelaide.

CHRONOLOGY OF THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

AGE. DATE. EVENT.

1769. Aug. 15.—Napoleon Bonaparte born at Ajaccio, in Corsica. Fourth child of Charles Bonaparte and of Lætitia, _née_ Ramolino.

9. 1778. Dec.—Napoleon embarks for France with his father, his brother Joseph, and his Uncle Fesch.

9. 1779. Jan. 1—Napoleon enters the College of Autun.

9. 1779. April 23.—Napoleon enters the Royal Military School of Brienne.

15. 1784. Oct. 23.—Napoleon enters the Royal Military School of Paris.

16. 1785. Sept. 1.—Napoleon appointed Second Lieutenant in the Artillery Regiment de la Fère.

16. 1785. Oct. 29.—Napoleon leaves the Military School of Paris.

16. 1785. Nov. 5 to Aug. 11, 1786.—Napoleon at Valence with his regiment.

17. 1786. Aug. 15 to Sept. 20.—Napoleon at Lyons with regiment.

17. 1786. Oct. 17 to Feb. 1, 1787.—Napoleon at Douai with regiment.

17. 1787. Feb. 1 to Oct. 14.—Napoleon on leave to Corsica.

18. 1787. Oct. 15 to Dec. 24.—Napoleon quits Corsica, arrives in Paris, obtains fresh leave.

18. 1787. Dec. 25 to May. 1788.—Napoleon proceeds to Corsica and returns early in May.

18–19. 1788. May to April 4, 1789.—Napoleon at Auxonne with regiment.

19. 1789. April 5 to April 30.—Napoleon at Seurre in command of a detachment.

19–20. 1789. May 1 to Sept. 15.—Napoleon at Auxonne with regiment.

20–21. 1789. Sept. 16 to June 1, 1791.—Napoleon in Corsica.

21–22. 1791. June 2 to Aug. 29.—Napoleon joins the Fourth Regiment of Artillery at Valence as First Lieutenant.

22. 1791. Aug. 30.—Napoleon starts for Corsica on leave for three months; quits Corsica May 2, 1792, for France, where he has been dismissed for absence without leave.

23. 1792. Aug. 30.—Napoleon reinstated.

23. 1792. Sept. 14 to June 11, 1793.—Napoleon in Corsica engaged in revolutionary attempts; having declared against Paoli, he and his family are obliged to quit Corsica.

23. 1793. June 13 to July 14.—Napoleon with his company at Nice.

24. 1793. Oct. 9 to Dec. 19.—Napoleon placed in command of part of artillery of army of Carteaux before Toulon, 19th Oct.; Toulon taken 19th Dec.

24. 1793. Dec. 22.—Napoleon nominated provisionally General of Brigade; approved later; receives commission, 16th Feb., 1794.

24. 1793. Dec. 26 to April 1, 1794.—Napoleon appointed inspector of the coast from the Rhone to the Var, on inspection duty.

24. 1794. April 1 to Aug. 5.—Napoleon with army of Italy; at Genoa 15th–21st July.

24–25. 1794. Aug. 6 to Aug. 20, 1794.—Napoleon in arrest after fall of Robespierre.

25. 1794. Sept. 14 to March 29, 1795.—Napoleon commanding artillery of an intended maritime expedition to Corsica.

25. 1795. March 27 to May 10.—Napoleon ordered from the south to join the army in La Vendée to command its artillery; arrives in Paris, 10th May.

25–26. 1795. June 13.—Napoleon ordered to join Hoche’s army at Brest, to command a brigade of infantry; remains in Paris; 21st Aug., attached to Comité de Salut Public as one of four advisors; 15th Sept., struck off list of employed generals for disobedience of orders in not proceeding to the west.

26. 1795. Oct. 5 (13th Vendémiaire, Jour des Sections).—Napoleon defends the Convention from the revolt of the Sections.

26. 1795. Oct. 16.—Napoleon appointed provisionally General of Division.

26. 1795. Oct. 26.—Napoleon appointed General of Division and Commander of the Army of the Interior (_i. e._, of Paris).

26. 1796. March 2.—Napoleon appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Army of Italy; 9th March, marries Madame de Beauharnais, _née_ Tascher de la Pagerie.

26. 1796. March 11, leaves Paris for Italy.

26. 1796. First Italian campaign of Napoleon against Austrians under Beaulieu, and Sardinians under Colli. Battle of Montenotte, 12th April; Millesimo, 14th April; Dego, 14th and 15th April; Mondovi, 22d April; Armistice of Cherasco with Sardinians, 28th April; Battle of Lodi, 10th May; Austrians beaten out of Lombardy, and Mantua besieged.

26. 1796. July and August.—First attempt of Austrians to relieve Mantua; battle of Lonato, 31st July; Lonato and Castiglione, 3d Aug.; and, again, Castiglione, 5th and 6th Aug.; Wurmser beaten off, and Mantua again invested.

27. 1796. Sept.—Second attempt of Austrians to relieve Mantua; battle of Calliano, 4th Sept.; Primolano, 7th Sept.; Bassano, 8th Sept.; St. Georges, 15th Sept.; Wurmser driven into Mantua and invested there.

27. 1796. Nov.—Third attempt of Austrians to relieve Mantua; battles of Caldiero, 11th Nov., and Arcola, 15th, 16th., and 17th Nov.; Alvinzi driven off.

27. 1797. Jan.—Fourth attempt to relieve Mantua; battles of Rivoli, 14th Jan., and Favorita, 16th Jan.; Alvinzi again driven off.

27. 1797. Feb. 2.—Wurmser surrenders Mantua with eighteen thousand men.

27. 1797. March 10.—Napoleon commences his advance on the Archduke Charles; beats him at the Tagliamento, 16th March; 18th April, provisional treaty of Leoben with Austria.

28. 1797. Oct. 17.—Treaty of Campo Formio between France and Austria to replace that of Leoben; Venice partitioned, and itself now falls to Austria.

28. 1798. Egyptian expedition. Napoleon sails from Toulon, 19th May; takes Malta, 10th June; lands near Alexandria, 1st July; Alexandria taken, 2d July; battle of the Pyramids, 21st July; Cairo entered, 23d July.

28. 1798. Aug. 1 and 2.—Battle of the Nile.

29. 1799. March 3.—Napoleon starts for Syria; 7th March, takes Jaffa; 18th March, invests St. Jean d’Acre; 16th April, battle of Mount Tabor; 22d May, siege of Acre raised; Napoleon reaches Cairo, 14th June.

29. 1799. July 25.—Battle of Aboukir; Turks defeated.

30. 1799. Aug. 22.—Napoleon sails from Egypt; lands at Fréjus, 6th Oct.

30. 1799. Nov. 9 and 10 (18th and 19th Brumaire).—Napoleon seizes power.

30. 1799. Dec. 25.—Napoleon, First Consul; Cambacérès, Second Consul; Lebrun, Third Consul.

30. 1800. May and June.—Marengo campaign. 14th June, battle of Marengo; armistice signed by Napoleon with Melas, 15th June.

31. 1800. Dec. 24 (3d Nivôse).—Attempt to assassinate Napoleon by infernal machine.

31. 1801. Feb. 9.—Treaty of Lunéville between France and Germany.

31. 1801. July 15.—_Concordat_ with Rome.

32. 1801. Oct. 1.—Preliminaries of peace between France and England signed at London.

32. 1802. Jan. 26.—Napoleon Vice-President of Italian Republic.

32. 1802. March 27.—Treaty of Amiens.

32. 1802. May 19.—Legion of Honor instituted; carried out 14th July, 1814.

32. 1802. Aug. 4.—Napoleon First Consul for life.

33. 1803. May.—War between France and England.

33. 1803. March 5.—Civil Code (later Code Napoleon) decreed.

34. 1804. March 21.—Duc d’Enghien shot at Vincennes.

34-35. 1804. May 18.—Napoleon, Emperor of the French people; crowned, 2d Dec.

34. 1805. May 26.—Napoleon crowned king of Italy at Milan, with iron crown.

36. 1805. Ulm campaign; 25th Sept., Napoleon crosses the Rhine; 14th Oct., battle of Elchingen; 20th Oct., Mack surrenders Ulm.

36. 1805. Oct. 21.—Battle of Trafalgar.

36. 1805. Dec. 2.—Russians and Austrians defeated at Austerlitz.

36. 1805. Dec. 26.—Treaty of Presburg.

36. 1806. July 1.—Confederation of the Rhine formed; Napoleon protector.

37. 1806. Jena campaign with Prussia. Battles of Jena and of Auerstadt, 14th Oct.; Berlin occupied, 27th Oct.

37. 1806. Nov. 21.—Berlin decrees issued.

37. 1807. Feb. 8.—Battle of Eylau with Russians, indecisive; 14th June, battle of Friedland, decisive.

37. 1807. July 8 and 9.—Treaty of Tilsit signed.

38. 1807. Oct. 27.—Secret treaty of Fontainebleau between France and Spain for the partition of Portugal.

38. 1808. March.—French gradually occupy Spain; Joseph Bonaparte transferred from Naples to Spain; replaced at Naples by Murat.

39. 1808. Sept. 27 to Oct. 14.—Conferences at Erfurt between Napoleon, Alexander and German sovereigns.

39. 1808. Nov. and Dec.—Napoleon beats the Spanish armies; enters Madrid; marches against Moore, but suddenly returns to France in January, 1809, to prepare for Austrian campaign.

39. 1809. Campaign of Wagram. Austrians advance, 10th April; Napoleon occupies Vienna, 13th May; beaten back at Essling, 22d May; finally crosses Danube, 4th July, and defeats Austrians at Wagram, 6th July.

40. 1809. Oct. 14.—Treaty of Schönbrunn or of Vienna.

40. 1809. Dec.—Josephine divorced.

40. 1810. April 1 and 2.—Marriage of Napoleon, aged 40, with Marie Louise, aged 18 years 3 months.

41. 1810. Dec.—Hanseatic towns and all northern coast of Germany annexed to French Empire.

41. 1811. March 20.—The King of Rome, son of Napoleon, born.

43-43. 1812. War with Russia; June 24, Napoleon crosses the Nieman; 7th Sept., battle of Moskwa or Borodino; Napoleon enters Moscow, 15th Sept.; commences his retreat, 19th Oct.

43. 1812. Oct. 22-23.—Conspiracy of General Malet at Paris.

43. 1812. Nov. 26-28.—Passage of the Beresina; 5th Dec., Napoleon leaves his army; arrives at Paris, 18th Dec.

43-44. 1813. Leipsic campaign. 2d May, Napoleon defeats Russians and Prussians at Lützen; and again, on 20th-21st May, at Bautzen; 26th June, interview of Napoleon and Metternich at Dresden; 10th Aug., midnight, Austria joins the allies; 26th-27th Aug., Napoleon defeats allies at Dresden, but Vandamme is routed at Kulm on 30th Aug., and on 16th-19th Oct., Napoleon is beaten at Leipsic.

44. 1814. Allies advance into France; 29th Jan., battle of Brienne; 1st Feb., battle of La Rothière.

44. 1814. Feb. 5 to March 18.—Conferences of Chatillon (sur Seine).

44. 1814. Feb. 11.—Battle of Montmirail; 14th Feb., of Vauchamps; 18th Feb., of Montereau.

44. 1814. March 7.—Battle of Craon; 9th-10th March, Laon; 20th March, Arcis sur l’Aube.

44. 1814. March 21.—Napoleon commences his march to throw himself on the communications of the allies; 25th March, allies commence their march on Paris; battle of La Fère Champenoise, Marmont and Mortier beaten; 28th March, Napoleon turns back at St. Dizier to follow allies; 29th March, empress and court leave Paris.

44. 1814. March 30.—Paris capitulates; allied sovereigns enter on 1st April.

44. 1814. April 2.—Senate declares the deposition of Napoleon, who abdicates, conditionally, on 4th April in favor of his son, and unconditionally on 6th April; Marmont’s corps marches into the enemy’s lines on 5th April; on 11th April, Napoleon signs the treaty giving him Elba for life; 20th April, Napoleon takes leave of the Guard at Fontainebleau; 3d May, Louis XVIII. enters Paris; 4th May, Napoleon lands in Elba.

45. 1814. Oct. 3.—Congress of Vienna meets for settlement of Europe; actually opens 3d Nov.

45. 1815. Feb. 26.—Napoleon quits Elba; lands near Cannes, 1st March; 19th March, Louis XVIII. leaves Paris; 20th March, Napoleon enters Paris.

45. 1815. June 16.—Battle of Ligny and Quatre Bras; 18th June, battle of Waterloo.

45-46. 1815. June 29.—Napoleon leaves Malmaison for Rochefort; surrenders to English, 15th July; sails for St. Helena, 8th Aug.; arrives at St. Helena, 15th Oct.

51 yrs. 8 mos. 1821. May 5.—Napoleon dies, 5.45 P. M.; buried, 8th May.

1840. Oct. 15.—Body of Napoleon disentombed; embarked in the “Belle Poule,” commanded by the Prince de Joinville, son of Louis Philippe, on 16th Oct.; placed in the Invalides, 15th Dec., 1840.

INDEX

A

Abdication of Napoleon, 263.

Aboukir Bay, 91, 93.

Adige, 68, 71, 72.

Alexander I., Emperor of Russia, 168, 175, 201, 203, 235.

Alvinzi, 71, 72.

Amiens, treaty of, 103.

Amiens, treaty of, broken, 103, 143.

Anna Paulowna, 225.

Arcola, bridge of, 72, 78.

Armstrong, U. S. Minister to France, 195, 196.

Army of Egypt, 91.

Army of Italy, 61, 62, 81.

Art acquisitions from Italy, 82, 83.

Aspern, 215.

Augereau, 62, 63, 259.

Austerlitz, battle of, 167, 168, 169.

Austria, Emperor of, 17.

Austrian army, 67, 68, 69.

Austrian army, driven from Italy, 73.

Austrians, 64-66.

Austrians at Rivoli, 73.

Autun, 19, 21, 31.

B

Bacciochi, Mme., 89.

Baden, Grand Duchess of, 407.

Baden, Prince Auguste of, 389.

Bank of France, 107.

Barras, Paul, 47, 48, 53, 54-55, 340, 341, 342, 344, 345.

Bassano, 69, 71.

Battle of Austerlitz, 167, 168, 169.

Battle of Bautzen, 253.

Battle of Borodino, 243.

Battle of Eylau, 173.

Battle of Friedland, 173, 175.

Battle of Hohenlinden, 103.

Battle of Jena, 171, 172.

Battle of La Favorita, 73.

Battle of Lodi, 65, 66.

Battle of Lützen, 253.

Battle of Marengo, 98, 99, 101.

Battle of Pyramids, 90.

Battle of Rivoli, 73.

Battle of Wagram, 216, 217, 219.

Battle of Waterloo, 273.

Bautzen, battle of, 253.

Bay of Aboukir, see Aboukir Bay.

Baylen, 198.

Beauharnais, Alexander de, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338.

Beauharnais, Eugène de, 89, 94, 179, 216, 222, 331, 332, 336, 340, 341, 342, 378, 390, 415, 418, 419, 421, 422, 437, 449.

Beauharnais, Hortense de, 89, 222, 332, 337, 340, 372, 373, 378, 390, 401, 407, 408, 409, 415, 417, 431, 433, 449-450.

Beaulieu, 63, 65, 75.

“Belle Poule,” 303, 305, 307, 308.

“Bellerophon,” 279, 283.

Benningsen, 173.

Berlin decree, 193, 195, 233.

Bernadotte, 47, 171, 233, 235, 255.

Bernard, Postmaster-general, 135.

Berthier, Gen., 99, 187.

Bertrand, 309, 318, 320.

Bonaparte, Caroline, 31, 179.

Bonaparte, Charles Marie de, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 31.

Bonaparte, Eliza, 31, 179, 287.

Bonaparte, Jerome, 31, 35, 37, 153, 154, 179, 181, 183, 320.

Bonaparte, Joseph, 19, 21, 31, 32, 89, 179, 197, 198, 302, 320.

Bonaparte, Louis, 31, 153, 179.

Bonaparte, Lucien, 31, 43, 89, 148, 149, 154, 201.

Bonaparte, Mme., 43.

Bonaparte, Mme. Louis, 373, 374.

Bonaparte, Pauline, 31, 179, 185, 391, 392.

Borghese, Princess, 179.

Borodino, Battle of, 243.

Botanical garden at Malmaison, 366, 367.

Boulogne, fête of, 155, 156.

Bourbons of Spain, abdicate, 198.

Bourrienne, 25, 37-38, 222.

Boyer, Christine, 43, 89.

Brenta, 69, 71.

Bridge of Lodi, 66.

Brienne, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 28, 31.

Broglie, Duc de, Marshal, 35.

Brunswick, 172.

C

“Cabinet noir,” 135.

Cabrera, Island of, 198.

Cadiz, French fleet at, 198.

Cadoudal, Georges, 143, 151, 152.

Cambacérès, 153.

Campan, Mme., 154, 340, 372, 373.

Campo Formio, treaty of, 74.

Carmes, les, 337, 338, 340.

Castiglione, 68.

Catholic Church re-established, 120, 121, 123, 124.

Chardon, Abbé, 21.

Charles, Archduke of Austria, 213, 217.

Charles IV., King of Spain, 197.

“Chemin d’Angleterre,” 145.

Cherbourg, 308.

Cisalpine Republic, 74, 98.

Clary, Désirée, 45-46.

Clary, Julie, 44.

“Code Napoleon,” 125, 127, 128.

Colombier, Mlle., 29.

Colombier, Mme., 29.

“Concordat” signed, 121, 123.

Conscription, resentment against, 231.

Constituent Assembly, 334.

“Continental blockade,” 193, 195.

Coronation of Josephine, 381, 382-385.

Coronation of Napoleon, 156, 157, 159, 160.

Corsica, 22, 34.

Corsicans, revolt of, 18.

Courbevoie, 309.

Croissy, 54, 55, 336.

D

Dantzic, siege of, 173, 177.

Danube, crossing of by French army, 216, 217.

Davoust, 171, 172.

d’Abrantès, Duchess, 45.

d’Enghien, Duc, 151, 152.

d’Orleans, Duc, 28-29.

De Kéralio, 25, 26.

De Molleville, 128.

de Ségur, 156, 199, 200.

Decree of Berlin, see Berlin decree.

Decrès, Gen., 62.

Denmark, 195.

Denon, 138.

Desaix, 99, 101.

“Description de l’Egypte,” 91.

“Directory,” in regard to Italian campaign, 69, 72.

“Directory,” 77.

Donauwörth, 213.

Duc d’Enghien, see d’Enghien, Duc.

Duroc, Marshall, 253, 320.

E

Ecole militaire, 27, 28.

18th Brumaire, 94, 103.

Elba, 265.

Elysée Palace, 423.

“Émigrés,” 119, 120.

Essling, 215.

Eylau, battle of, 173.

F

Ferdinand, heir apparent of Spain, 197.

Finland, 203.

Fontainebleau, 379, 381.

Fort Royale, 327.

Fouché, 134, 211, 275, 401, 402.

French army, in Italy, 69.

Friedland, battle of, 173, 175.

Fulton, Robert, 145, 147.

G

Gaëte, Duc de, 107.

“Garde-Meuble,” 203.

Gaudin, Mon., 107.

Geoffroy-St.-Hilaire, 91.

Girondins, 336.

Goethe, 203.

“Grand army,” 237, 239, 247.

Great Britain, decree against, 193, 195.

H

Hesse-Cassel, 177.

Hippolyte, Charles, 94, 354.

Hoche, Gen., 337, 340.

Hohenlinden, battle of, 103.

Holland, King of, 179, 183, 233.

Hôtel des Invalides, 311, 313, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320.

I

Institute of Egypt, 91.

Island of Cabrera, see Cabrera, Island of.

Italian campaign, 61.

J

Jena, battle of, 171, 172.

John, Archduke, 216.

Joinville, Prince de, 295, 303, 306, 307, 309, 313, 317, 318.

Jomini, 256.

Josephine, Vicomtesse de Beauharnais, 54-55, 57.

Josephine, notre dame des victoires, 85.

Josephine, in Italy, 86, 87.

Josephine, Empress, 159, 160.

Josephine, divorced, 221, 222, 223.

Josephine, at Malmaison, 225.

Josephine, at Evreux, 228.

Josephine, childhood, 326, 327.

Josephine, at school, 327.

Josephine, goes to France with her father, 330.

Josephine, married Alexander de Beauharnais, 331.

Josephine, divorced from Alexander de Beauharnais, 332.

Josephine, in Paris, 334-336.

Josephine, imprisoned in les Carmes, 337, 338.

Josephine, at functions given by Directory, 340.

Josephine, meets Napoleon, 342.

Josephine, courted by Napoleon, 343.

Josephine, feelings towards Napoleon, 343-345.

Josephine, married to Napoleon, 345.

Josephine, goes to Italy, 347-349.

Josephine, at Milan, 347-349, 351-352.

Josephine, Napoleon’s letters to, 348, 349.

Josephine, returns to Paris from Italy, 353.

Josephine, attitude towards the Bonapartes, 354-355.

Josephine, buys Malmaison, 355.

Josephine, letter to Napoleon, 356-358.

Josephine, as wife of First Consul, 361-363, 365.

Josephine, her appearance, 362, 363.

Josephine, fondness for flowers and dogs, 366, 367.

Josephine, at St. Cloud, 375, 376.

Josephine, proclaimed Empress, 377.

Josephine, religious marriage to Napoleon, 381.

Josephine, journey through Italy as Empress, 388, 389.

Josephine, graciousness to others, 392, 393.

Josephine, fondness for her toilet, 395-397.

Josephine, her jewels, 397, 398.

Josephine, crowned Empress, 381-385.

Josephine, hears rumors of divorce, 401, 406, 414.

Josephine, at Bayonne, 404, 405.

Josephine, at Plombières, 409, 411.

Josephine, told of the divorce, 417, 418.

Josephine, officially divorced, 419-422.

Josephine, retires to Malmaison after divorce, 422-426.

Josephine, at Navarre, 427, 428.

Josephine, at Malmaison, 430.

Josephine, fondness for her grandchildren, 437.

Josephine, position in France, 440.

Josephine, learns of Napoleon’s abdication, 446.

Josephine, and the Emperor Alexander, 446, 447.

Josephine, dies at Malmaison, 448, 449.

Jouberthon, Mme., 154.

Junot, 41, 42, 45, 61, 196, 198, 347.

K

Kellermann, 77.

“King of Rome,” 227, 228, 235, 261, 266, 435.

Königsberg, 173.

L

La Favorita, battle of, 73.

Landgrafenberg, 171.

Lannes, 155, 207, 215.

Las Cases, 283, 285, 303.

“La Vendée,” 95.

Le Brun, 153.

Leclerc, Mme., 89.

Lefebvre, Marshall, 173.

“Legion of Honor,” 125.

“Legitimists,” 302.

Leipsic, 256.

Ligny, 273.

“Little Corporal,” 78.

Lobau, Island of, 213, 215, 216.

Lodi, 65, 66.

Lodi, bridge of, 78, 83.

Lombard Republic, 66.

Lonato, 68.

Longwood, 285-287.

Louis XVIII., 269.

Louis Philippe, 295, 300, 302, 318.

Louise, Queen of Prussia, 177.

Louisiana, sale of, 147, 148.

Lowe, Sir Hudson, 285-287.

Lyons, 269.

Lucques, Princess of, 179.

Lunéville, treaty of, 103.

Lützen, battle of, 253.

M

“Madame Mère,” 18, 153, 266.

Magdeburg, 177.

Maintenon, Mme. de, 27.

Malet conspiracy, 248.

Malmaison, 223, 225, 275, 355, 365-367, 369-370, 374-375, 411, 422-426, 428, 449-450.

Mantua, siege of, 66-69, 71, 73.

Marbœuf, Count de, 19, 23, 29.

Marbot, 205.

Marengo, battle of, 98-99, 101.

Marie Louise, 17, 37, 225, 227-228, 266, 271, 289.

Marmont, 62, 263.

Marrac, castle of, 404, 405.

Martinique, Island of, 325, 326.

Masson, 338.

Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Prince of, 403.

Melas, Gen., 97, 98.

Méneval, 222, 223.

Metternich, 253, 255.

Mincio, 66.

Minim Brothers, 22.

Mion-Desplaces, Mlle., 31.

Moldavia, 203.

Moncey, Marshal, 317.

Monge, 91.

Mont Cenis, 160.

Montenotte, 63.

Montesson, Mme. de, 28-29.

Montholon, 287.

Montmorency, Mme. de, 200.

Moreau, Gen., 95, 151-152, 255, 256.

Moscow, 243, 245.

Muiron, Col., 78.

Murat, 197, 212, 258.

Murat, Mme., 377.

Museum of Paris, 81.

N

Naples, King of, 179, 181, 258.

Napoleon, as a youth, 18, 19.

Napoleon, at school, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26.

Napoleon, First Consul, 29.

Napoleon, second lieutenant at Valence, 28-29.

Napoleon, literary projects, 33, 34.

Napoleon, in regard to finances, 35, 37.

Napoleon, in Paris, 38, 39.

Napoleon, command, Second Regiment of Artillery, 41.

Napoleon, prisoner, 1794, 44.

Napoleon, Committee of Public Safety, 48.

Napoleon, General in chief of army of interior, 49, 51.

Napoleon, defends the Tuileries, 48, 49.

Napoleon, in salon of Barras and Mme. Tallien, 54.

Napoleon, courtship and marriage, 57, 58.

Napoleon, love letters, 58, 59.

Napoleon, General, army of Italy, 61-63.

Napoleon, speech to his soldiers, 64.

Napoleon, at Bridge of Lodi, 65, 66.

Napoleon, enters Milan, 66.

Napoleon, concludes peace with Naples, 67.

Napoleon, at Lonato, 68.

Napoleon, defeats Wurmser, 69.

Napoleon, letter to Directory, 69, 71.

Napoleon, Rivoli, 73.

Napoleon, signs with Pope treaty of Tolentino, 73.

Napoleon, signs treaty of Campo Formio, 74.

Napoleon, rules of warfare, 75.

Napoleon, fertility in stratagem, 75, 77.

Napoleon, answer to Directory, 77.

Napoleon, soldiers’ adoration of, 77, 78.

Napoleon, addresses to soldiers, 79, 81.

Napoleon, belief in signs, 83.

Napoleon, letters to Josephine, 85, 86, 87.

Napoleon, returns to Paris from Italy, 89.

Napoleon, commander in chief, army of Egypt, 90.

Napoleon, in Egypt, 90, 91, 93.

Napoleon, failure of Syrian expedition, 93.

Napoleon, returns to Paris from Egypt, 93, 94.

Napoleon, Dictator of France, 94.

Napoleon, crossing the Alps, 97.

Napoleon, addresses his soldiers, 98.

Napoleon, at Marengo, 98.

Napoleon, First Consul, 105, 106, 107.

Napoleon, in regard to taxes, 108, 109, 110.

Napoleon, his policy of protection, 110, 111.

Napoleon, improvements made in Paris, 113.

Napoleon, his vast industrial achievements, 113-115, 117.

Napoleon, his amnesty to the Émigrés, 119, 120.

Napoleon, reëstablishes the Catholic Church in France, 120, 121, 123, 124.

Napoleon, establishes school, 124, 125.

Napoleon, codification of the laws, 125, 127, 128.

Napoleon, preparations for war against England, 144, 145.

Napoleon, sells Louisiana, 147, 148.

Napoleon, First Consul, plot against his life, 151.

Napoleon, Emperor, 153.

Napoleon, Emperor, in matters of etiquette, 155.

Napoleon, Emperor, crowned at Notre Dame, 156, 157, 159, 160.

Napoleon, addresses to his soldiers, 165.

Napoleon, King of Italy, 160.

Napoleon, marches against the Austrians and Russians, 164, 165, 167.

Napoleon, at Austerlitz, 167, 168, 169.

Napoleon, at Jena, 171.

Napoleon, Museum of Paris, 172.

Napoleon, at battle of Jena, 172.

Napoleon, at battle of Eylau, 173.

Napoleon, at battle of Friedland, 173, 175.

Napoleon, at Tilsit, 175.

Napoleon, treaty of Tilsit, 177, 178.

Napoleon, advice to his brothers, 179, 181, 183.

Napoleon, hatred against England, 191.

Napoleon, policy towards Great Britain, 193, 195.

Napoleon, attitude towards Spain, 197, 198.

Napoleon, founds a new nobility, 200.

Napoleon, tries to reconcile Lucien, 201.

Napoleon, meets Alexander I. at Erfurt, 203.

Napoleon, Spanish campaign, 205, 206, 207, 209.

Napoleon, charge against Talleyrand, 212.

Napoleon, at battle of Wagram, 216, 217, 219.

Napoleon, divorces Josephine, 221, 222, 223.

Napoleon, marries Marie Louise (by proxy), 225.

Napoleon, imprisons the Pope, 229.

Napoleon, preparing for Russian campaign, 237.

Napoleon, at Moscow, 243.

Napoleon, retreat from Moscow, 243, 245, 247.

Napoleon, campaign of 1813, 253, 255, 256, 257.

Napoleon, campaign of 1814, 258, 261, 262.

Napoleon, encamped at Fontainebleau, 262.

Napoleon, abdication at Fontainebleau, 263.

Napoleon, at Elba, 265, 266, 267.

Napoleon, returns from Elba, 267, 269, 271.

Napoleon, his happiest period, 271.

Napoleon, at Waterloo, 273, 275.

Napoleon, abdicates anew, 275.

Napoleon, plan to escape to United States, 275, 276, 277.

Napoleon, gives himself up to English, 279.

Napoleon, at St. Helena, 283, 285, 286, 287.

Napoleon, dies at St. Helena, 287, 289.

Napoleon, loved by his men, 293.

Napoleon, body brought back to France, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 311, 312.

Napoleon, funeral in Paris, 312-315, 317, 318.

Napoleon, Charles, 374, 376, 377, 401.

Napoleon, Louis, 401, 433.

National Assembly, 34.

“Nautilus,” Fulton’s diving boat, 147.

Navarre, 423, 427, 428, 433, 435, 445.

Nelson, Lord, 91.

Newspaper criticisms on Napoleon’s return from Elba, 269.

Ney, Marshal, 269.

“Northumberland,” 283.

Notre Dame, 379.

Notre dame des victoires, 85, 347.

O

O’Connell, 299, 300.

Olmütz, 166, 167.

O’Meara, 285.

“Opera plot,” 133, 134.

“Orleanists,” 302.

Orleans, Duke of, see d’Orleans, Duc.

P

Paisiello, 141.

Palmerston, Lord, 299, 300.

Panthemont, Abbey de, 333, 340.

Paoli, Pascal, 18, 19, 22.

Papal States, 67, 73.

Paris capitulates, 261.

Patterson, Miss Elizabeth, 154.

Permon, Mme., 53.

Permons, 27, 28, 51.

Pichegru, 151, 152.

Pius VII. a prisoner, 229.

Placentia, 65.

Plombières, 353, 409, 411.

Plot of the 3rd Nivôse, 133, 134.

Plymouth, 279.

Po, crossing of the, 65.

Poland, 172, 173.

Ponte-Corvo, Prince of, 235.

Pontécoulant, Monsieur de, 51.

Portugal, 195, 198.

Portugal divided, 196.

Portugal forced to close ports, 196.

Presburg, treaty of, 169.

Press censorship, 135.

Provera, 72, 73.

Prussia, King of, 175.

Pyramids, battle of, 90.

Q

Quasdanovich, 67-68.

“Quatre Bras,” 273.

R

Rambouillet, 403.

Ramolino, Lætitia, 17, 18.

Ratisbonne, 213.

Raynal, Abbé, 33.

Rémusat, Count de, 303.

Rémusat, Mme. de, 154, 155, 362, 392, 424.

Renaudin, Mon., 328.

Renaudin, Mme., 328, 329, 330, 331, 333.

Reuil, 449.

Revolution of 1789, 34.

Rivoli, battle of, 73.

Robespierre, the elder, 43-44.

Robespierre, the younger, 43, 339.

Rouchefoucauld, Duc de la, 329, 334.

Rouen, 308.

Russia, Emperor of, 201, 203.

S

Saale, 171.

St. Cloud, 223, 374, 375.

St. Cyr, 31.

Saint-Germain, Comte de, 35.

St. Helena, 283, 285, 286.

St. Pierre, town of, 325.

Salon, 138.

Saragossa, siege of, 206, 207, 209.

Sardinians, sue for peace, 64.

Sannois, Mlle. Rose-Claire des Vergers de, 326.

Savona, 229.

Saxony, King of, 177.

Schönbrunn, Castle of, 216.

School of Fine Arts, 28.

Second revolution, 37-38.

Ségur, Mon. de, see de Ségur, Mon.

Serbelloni, Duc de, 348, 349, 351.

Sieyès, Abbé, 105, 106.

Smolensk, 241, 243, 247.

Soult, 168.

Spain, Government of, 197, 198.

Spain, King of, 196, 198, 257.

Spanish campaign, 205, 206, 207, 209.

Staël, Mme. de, 135, 137, 431.

Sweden, 233.

Syrian expedition, 93.

T

Tagliamento, crossed, 74.

Talleyrand, 211, 212, 262, 275, 301, 399, 401.

Tallien, Mme., 54, 55, 338, 339, 340, 342, 347, 358.

Talma, 369.

Tascher de la Pagerie, Joseph, 325, 326, 328, 330.

Théâtre Français, 203.

Thiers, Mon., 300, 301.

Tilsit, treaty of, 175, 177, 178.

Tolentino, treaty of, 73.

Toulon, 41.

Treaty of Amiens, 103.

Treaty of Campo Formio, 74.

Treaty of Lunéville, 103.

Treaty of Presburg, 169.

Treaty of Tilsit, 175, 177-178.

Treaty of Tolentino, 73.

Trieste, 219.

Trois Ilets, 325, 326, 327.

Tuileries, 381.

U

Ulm, capitulation of, 165.

United States not allowed to remain neutral, 196.

“Unnatural alliance,” 235.

V

Valence, 29.

Verona, 71-73.

Volta, 138, 139.

Vienna, 213, 216.

Vimeiro, 198.

Visconti, Mme. de, 187.

Vittoria, 198.

W

Wagram, Austrians’ position, 216.

Wagram, battle of, 216, 217, 219.

Walewski, Mme., 401, 403, 404, 412.

Wallachia, 203.

Warsaw, 177.

Waterloo, battle of, 273.

Westphalia, 177.

Westphalia, King of, 179.

Wieland, 203.

Wilder, S. V. S., 276.

William, Prince of Prussia, 203.

Wurmser, Gen., 67, 68, 69, 72.

Wurmser surrenders, 73.

Transcriber’s note:

1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.

2. Retained anachronistic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed.

3. Footnotes have been re-indexed using numbers and collected together at the end of each chapter.