CHAPTER XVI.

GENERAL IMPRESSIONS OF BRAZIL.

Religion and Clergy.—Education.—Law, Medical, and Scientific Schools.—High and Common Schools.—Public Library and Museum in Rio de Janeiro.—Historical and Geographical Institute.—Social and Domestic Relations.—Public Functionaries.—Agriculture.—Zones of Vegetation.—Coffee.—Cotton.—Timber and other Products of the Amazons.—Cattle.—Territorial Subdivision of the Great Valley.—Emigration.—Foreigners.—Paraguayan War. 495–517

APPENDIX.

I. The Gulf Stream 519

II. Flying-Fishes 522

III. Resolutions passed on board the Colorado 525

IV. Dom Pedro Segundo Railroad 527

V. Permanence of Characteristics in different Human Species 529

VI. Sketch of Separate Journeys undertaken by different Members of the Expedition 533

LIST OF WOODCUTS.

COCOEIRO PALM FRONTISPIECE

A species of Attalea common in the Serra d’Estrella. It bears two or three large bunches of olive-like berries, hanging immediately below the crown of leaves. The upper part of the stem is often overgrown with parasites, as in the specimen represented here.

From a photograph by G. Leuzinger.

Page

TREE ENTWINED BY SIPOS 54

There are a great many parasites, the stem and roots of which are attached to larger trees; this woodcut represents one of those strange “tree-killers,” as they are called by the natives, belonging to the family of the Fig-trees, which, beginning their growth among the upper branches of trees, gradually descend to the ground, throw out branches around the stem they attack, and in the end kill it in their embrace. On the right are Lianas, from which hang parasitic flowers.

From a photograph by G. Leuzinger.

SIDE VIEW OF THE ALLEY OF PALMS 60

Part of the Botanical Garden in Rio de Janeiro. In the foreground a Pandanus covered with fruits. The Palms standing in pairs in the great alley are commonly called Palma Real. Their botanical name is Oreodoxa oleracea. The peak of Corcovado forms the background.

From a photograph by Messrs. Stahl & Wahnschaffe.

VISTA DOWN THE ALLEY OF PALMS 61

The objects are the same as in the preceding woodcut, only seen at right angles, to afford a view down the alley.

From a photograph by Messrs. Stahl & Wahnschaffe.

BOTAFOGO BAY 81

The great southeastern bay in the harbor of Rio de Janeiro. The highest peak in the centre is the Corcovado, at the foot of which stand the Insane Asylum and the Military School. On the left are the Gavia and the Sugar-Loaf; on the right, Tijuca. A beach runs all round the bay.

From a photograph by G. Leuzinger.

MINA NEGRESS 83

From a photograph by Messrs. Stahl & Wahnschaffe.

MINA NEGRESS AND CHILD 84

From a photograph by Messrs. Stahl & Wahnschaffe.

FALLEN TRUNK OVERGROWN BY PARASITES 91

A comparison with the woodcut facing p. 54 will show how parasites growing upon living trees differ from those springing from dead trunks.

From a photograph by G. Leuzinger.

FAZENDA DE SANTA ANNA, IN MINAS GERAES 103

The level grounds in front of the buildings are used for drying the coffee.

From a photograph by Senhor Machado.

ESPERANÇA’S COTTAGE 179

From a water-colored painting by Mr. J. Burkhardt.

VERANDA AND DINING-ROOM AT TEFFÉ 214

From a drawing by Mr. J. Burkhardt.

HEAD OF ALEXANDRINA 245

Extraordinary as the head of hair of this girl may seem, it is in no way exaggerated; it stood six inches beyond the shoulders each way.

From a sketch by Mr. Wm. James.

DINING-ROOM AT HYANUARY 258

The palm on the left is a Pupunha (Guilielma speciosa); the large-leaved trees back of the building are Bananas, and the Palm on the right a Javari (Astrocaryum Javari).

From a water-colored painting by Mr. J. Burkhardt.

MAUHES RIVER 304

The Palm in the foreground is a Mucaja (Acrocomia lasiospatha); near the fence stand Banana-trees, and in the distance on the right a Tucuma Palm (Astrocaryum Tucuma).

From a water-colored painting by Mr. J. Burkhardt.

MUNDURUCU INDIAN; male 313

From a photograph by Dr. Gustavo, of Manaos.

MUNDURUCU INDIAN; female 314

Also from a photograph by Dr. Gustavo, of Manaos.

FAN BACCÁBA 335

This Palm, called Œnocarpus distychius by botanists, is remarkable for the arrangement of its leaves, which are placed opposite to each other on two sides of the trunk, and higher and higher alternately, so that, seen from one side, the two rows of leaves are equally visible, and have the appearance of a wide fan; seen in profile, they look like a narrow plume.

From a drawing by Mr. J. Burkhardt.

SUMAUMEIRA 391

This colossal tree is known to botanists under the name of Eriodendrum Sumauma, and may be seen everywhere in the basin of the Amazons.

From a photograph presented by Senhor Pimenta Bueno.

GARRAFAŌ, among the Organ Mountains 486

This peak is called the Finger by the English residents of Rio. The Brazilians liken it to a bottle.

From a photograph by G. Leuzinger.

ORGAN MOUNTAINS 490

The loose boulder alluded to in the text stands on the fourth peak from the left.

From a photograph by G. Leuzinger.

A JOURNEY IN BRAZIL.