Part 21

[457] Charts on a larger scale, but of a later date, are available, and enable us to trace the physical features of the coast, but their nomenclature is not always that of the original discoverers. Nor are we so fortunate as to possess such full descriptions of the coast as are to be found in the “Africa Pilot”, for the _Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis_ (1505) of the famous Duarte Pacheco Pereira stops short at the Rio de Infante; whilst works such as Linschoten’s _Itinerarium ofte Schipvaert_, belong either to a much later epoch, or are of too general a nature to prove of use when attempting to identify the more obscure place-names. I think it was Admiral Ignacio da Costa Quintella, the author of the _Annaes da marinha Portugueza_, who regretted that the task of writing the history of Portuguese exploration should have devolved almost exclusively upon landsmen, who neglected to give satisfactory accounts of the routes followed by the early navigators. This regret we fully share.

[458] See, for instance, A. Mori, in _Atti IIº Congresso Geogr. Italiana_, Rome, 1895, who describes maps by him in a “Ptolemy” in the Biblioteca Nazionale at Florence.

[459] The late Dr. Kohl published a facsimile of this map in the _Zeitschrift für Erdkunde_, I, 1856, but it is not very accurate. That portion of the map which lies between the Guinea islands and Dias’s furthest accompanies my Paper on “Cão, Dias and Behaim”, in the _Geographical Journal_.

[460] A legend (near the southern tropic and on the meridian of Lisbon) refers to Santa Cruz as “ysla descubierta por portugal”.

[461] There are flags at Abaran, c. etiopico and quinonico.

[462] A fine facsimile of this map was published at Madrid, in 1892, by Antonio Cánovas Vallego and Prof. Traynor, together with a biographical sketch of Juan de la Cosa by Antonio Vasáno.

[463] A. Galvano, _The Discoveries of the World_, London (Hakluyt Society), 1862, p. 98; and _The Letters of Vespucci_, translated by Sir C. R. Markham, _ib._ 1894.

[464] This carries us almost to Hawaii.

[465] The words “questo avemo visto”, to the south of Moçambique, point to the use of an original sailing chart.

[466] Reproduced in Sir Clements R. Markham’s _Journal of Christopher Columbus_, London, 1893, where also see Cantino’s letters.

[467] _Die topographischen Capitel des Indischen Seespiegels Mohit_, von Dr. M. Bittner, Vienna, 1897, with thirty maps by Dr. Tomaschek.

[468] Even Ptolemy seems to have been in possession of some of these Indian sailing charts, and Dr. Tomaschek suggests that the monstrous size of his Taprobana, or Ceylon, is due to his having mistaken the horizontal lines crossing these charts for parallels drawn at intervals of a degree.

[469] Africa to the north of Mozambique measures 28° across on Canerio’s chart, and 25° on Cantino’s, the actual breadth being 26°.

[470] _Le Portulan de Nicolas de Canerio_ (Bulletin de la Soc. de Géogr. de Lyon, 1890).

[471] _Geographie du Moyen Age_, ii, p. 143.

[472] In Nordenskiöld’s _Atlas_ will be found facsimiles of these maps.

[473] Instead of a full translation of the two documents on this subject, which are printed as an appendix to the original edition of the _Roteiro_, we have given abstracts of all the available documents bearing upon it. Most of these will be found _in extenso_ in Teixeira de Aragão’s _Vasco da Gama e a Vidigueira_ (Boletim, Lisbon Geogr. Soc., 1886, pp. 541-702); Luciano Cordeiro’s _De come e quando foi feito Conde Vasco da Gama_ (Boletim, 1892, pp. 257-303); and Cordeiro’s _O Premio da Descoberta_, Lisbon, 1897.

[474] The original document bestowing this title is not available, but the King makes use of it in his Order of Nov. 19th, 1501.

[475] Compare Document 18 at end of this Appendix.

[476] See also Documents 10 and 11.

[477] Peragallo, _Carta de El-Rei D. Manuel ao Rei Catholico_, Lisbon, 1892, p. 89. Leonardo Masser describes the Admiral as being ill-tempered and unreasonable, and as exhibiting but little gratitude in return for the favours conferred upon him by the King.

[478] Peragallo, _loc. cit._, p. 92. The highest incomes were enjoyed by the Duke of Coimbra (16,000 cruz.), the Duke of Bragança (16,000 cruz.), the Bishop of Evora (12,000 cruz.), the Marquis of Villa Real and the Archbishop of Lisbon (10,000 cruz. each).

[479] Cordeiro, _Boletim_, 1892, p. 285.

[480] Quoted by teixeira de Aragão, p. 572, from a document in the Torre do Tombo.

[481] teixeira de Aragão, p. 573.

[482] This document was first printed as an Appendix to the second edition of the _Roteiro_, and has since been published as an Appendix to Lord Stanley of Alderley’s _Vasco da Gama_, and in _Alguns Documentos_, p. 127. Its provisions were confirmed in favour of D. Francisco da Gama by King John III, May 4th, 1526 (Cordeiro, _O Premio da Descoberta_, pp. 48-55.)

[483] In 1434 (not 1433) Gil Eanes doubled Cape Bojador.

[484] In 1482 Diogo Cão discovered the Congo. We ought evidently to read 1488, for the Congo is only 1,240 leagues from Lisbon, whilst the 1,885 leagues actually carry us to the Rio do Infante. The name is thus spelt in this document as if the river had been named in honour of Prince Henry, and not after João Infante, the companion of Dias.

[485] Published _in extenso_ in the 2nd edition of the _Roteiro_, p. 175.

[486] Departure from Lisbon, February 10, 1502; return, September 1, 1503.

[487] About _£_900. The King had this gold converted into a “custodia”, which he presented to the church of Belem.

[488] Cordeiro, Boletim, 1892, p. 287.

[489] Teixeira de Aragão, p. 675.

[490] Leonardo da Chá Maser calls him “discreet and experienced, although quite illiterate” (see Peragallo, _Carta de El-Rei D. Manuel_, Lisbon, 1892, p. 89).

[491] This Gama was the third son of the first Vasco, and consequently an uncle of the Admiral. He was Comptroller of the Revenues (“casa da fazenda”) of the Order.

[492] Cordeiro, _Boletim_, 1892, p. 287.

[493] A town on the Tejo, 20 miles above Lisbon.

[494] Cordeiro, _Boletim_, 1892, p. 288. This _Alvaró_ was confirmed by King John, June 17, 1522 (Cordeiro, _O Premio da Descoberta_, p. 45).

[495] Cordeiro, _O Premio da Descoberta_, p. 46.

[496] _Roteiro_, Appendice, p. 175.

[497] Niza, a town in the district of Portalegre, about 100 miles to the N.E. of Lisbon. When the 5th Count da Gama was raised to the dignity of a “Marquis” in 1648, he took his title from this town.

[498] Cordeiro, _Boletim_, 1892, p. 289.

[499] Cordeiro, _Boletim_, 1892, p. 292.

[500] Cordeiro, _Boletim_, 1892, pp. 278, 291.

[501] Cordeiro, pp. 274, 295.

[502] Cordeiro, _Boletim_, p. 295.

[503] Cordeiro, p. 280.

[504] Cordeiro, _O Premio da Descoberta_, p. 46.

[505] _Cordeiro_, p. 302. I.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

+Açoutado+, ilha do (Kiziwa, 12° 35´ S., 400° 40´ E., Map III), 32, 218

+Adarga+ (Arabic _el darakah_); according to Jubinal (_Armeria Real_, Madrid, Plate 3), a short spear with a target-like handguard, and a dagger projecting at right angles; compare Burton’s _Camoens_, xiv, p. 571.

+Affonso, Martin+, interpreter, 12, 17, 176; Boa Gente, 17

+“Africa Pilot,”+ quoted, 32, 93, 197

+Agonia+ (Arabic _El Jumbiyeh_) a crooked dagger worn in the waist waist-belt, 30

+Agostinho+, Cabe de, Brazil (8° S., 35° W.), 205

+Agulhas+, Cabo das (34° 50´ S., 20° E., Map II), 168, 169, 215

+Agulhas+ current, xviii, 15, 195

+Ailly, Pierre d’+ (b. 1350, d. 1419), xvii

+Albertis, E. A. D’+, quoted 161, 174

+Albuquerque, Affonso de+ (Governor of India, 1509-15), 179, 191

+Alcacer do Sal+, Portugal (38° 20´ N., 8° 30´ W.), 159

+Alcaide+ (Arabic _Al Kadi_), a judge, 35 In Portuguese it means the governor of a province, town, or castle. _Alcaide-mór_ governor in chief; _Alcaideria_, the district or office of an alcaide.

+Alcochete+ (38° 46´ N., 80° 57´ W.), town, Portugal, 46

+Alenquer, Pero d’+, 175; at S. Helena Bay, 5; at the Cape, 9; Cross Island, 14

+Alexander VI+, Pope (1492-1503), 115

+Alexandria+, Egypt, 78

+Algoa Bay+ (33° 50´ S., 26° E., Map II), 15, 221

+Aljofar+ (from Arabic _Jauhar_ or _Gohar_ i.e., “Jewel”). In Portuguese it means seed-pearls.

+Alliacus+, _see_ +Ailly, Pierre d’+.

+Almadia+ (Arabic _El Maziyah_), a ferry-boat, dug-out, 20

+Almanach perpetuum+, 167

+Almeida, D. Francisco de+ (Viceroy of India, 1505-9); at Mombaça, 38, 39; at Malindi, 44; at Anjediva, 80

+Almoxarife+ (Arabic), a receiver of customs or taxes.

+Almude+, a measure of capacity, holding 29½ pints.

+Aloes+, 99, 104, 213

+Alvares, Gonçalo+, master of the _S. Gabriel_, 176

+Alvarez, Francisco+ (Chaplain of Portuguese mission in Abyssinia, 1520-27), 24, 167

+Ambergris+, 135, 213, 219

+Ameixoeira, João de+, 177

+Anafil+ (Arabic _El Nafir_), a sort of trumpet, 22, 42

+Anchovies+, 92

+Andaman+ Islands (12° N., 93° E., Maps I and VI), 220, 214 L.

+Anjediva+ Islands (14° 45´ N., 74° 5´ E., Map IV), 80, 200

+Antonio, Nicoláo+, quoted, xxv

+Arabian Sea+, 46, 87, 123, 130, 135, 198, 200

+Aragão, Texeira de+, quoted, xxi, 91, 94, 95, 111, 112, 147, 148, 173, 175, 176, 178, 225

+Ascension+ Island, or Conçeicão (80° S., 14° 10´ E., Map I), 190, 191

+Ascençao menor+, or Trinidad (20° 20´ S., 29° 20´ W., Map I), 191

+Astrolabes+, 167

+Atambur+, or Betel-nut, 56, 96

+Badger, Rev. G. P.+, quoted, 61, 138

+Bahar+, a weight, at Calcutta equal to 268.16 kilo = 459 pounds. It was divided into 20 farazolas (farzilas) of 100 fens each, and roughly accepted as equal to 4 quintals.

+Bahrein+ islands, Persian Gulf (26° N., 50° 30´ E., Map I), 139

+Balandrau+, a coat, 41

+Balasci+ (rubies), 130

+Baldelli Boni+, quoted, 121, 179

+Bale+ (Arabic _Wale_), governor, 51

+Baltasar+, a Moor of Calecut, 181

+Bananas+, 57

+Bandini. A.+, quoted, 120

+Baqua+, stone of (bezoar), 96

+Barbosa, Duarte+, quoted, 32, 98, 99, 100, 103, 130, 139

+Barca+, a term vaguely applied by the author to sailing boats, where others make use of the more definite terms of “_fusta_”, or “_zambuk_”.

+Barros, João de+, quoted, xx, 8, 9, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 31, 38, 40, 45, 48, 51, 92, 94, 98, 99, 157, 161, 164, 169, 175, 178, 179, 180

+Bastos, E. Pinto+, 161

+Bastos, José+, xxxvi, 118

+Bees+, 6

+Behaim, Martin+, (b. 1459, d. 1506), 165

+Belnos+, quoted, 54

+Benapa+, Mtapwa (3° 56´ S., 39° 40´ E., Map III), 40

+Bengal+ (24° N., 100° E, Map I), 100, 101, 220

+Bent, Theodore+, quoted, 139

+Benzoin+, 99, 101, 103, 213

+Berchet, Prof. Guglielmo+, xxxvi, 119, 157, 158

+“Berrio”+, enters Rio dos bons Signaes, 19; at Mombaça, 37; at Anjediva, 84

+Berrio+, name of a pilot, 158

+Betel-nut+ (atambur), 56, 96

+Bezoar+ (Stone of Baqua), 96

+Biagi, Prof.+, xxxvi, 119

+Birch, Dr. Walter de Gray+, quoted, 145, 146, 149

+Bisarma+, a two-edged battle-axe, 67

+Bittner, Dr. M.+, quoted, 208, 216

+Bombards+, 3, 164

+Boni+, _see_ +Baldelli+.

+Bons signaes, Rio dos+ (18° S., 37° E., Map III), 19, 124, 146, 173, 196

+Braça+, or fathom, as used by seamen, equal to 8 palmas or 5.76 feet

+Braga, Alvaro de+, clerk of the _Berrio_, 67, 176

+Bragança, Duke of+, agrees to sell Vidigueira, 228

+Braz+, _see_ +São Braz+.

+Brazil wood+, 99, 102, 104

+Breech-loaders+, 164

+Bretschneider, E.+, quoted, 132

+Buchanan, Claudius+, quoted, 137

+Bull+ of Alexander VI (1497), 115

+Burton, Sir R.+, quoted, 20, 23, 33, 36, 44, 52, 53, 79

+Cabaya+, a silk robe reaching to the ankles.

+Cabral, Jorge+ (governor of India, 1549-50), 159, 160

+Cabral, Pedro Alvarez+, the navigator, 18, 38, 44, 178, 179, 190, note 2 (supposed discovery of Tristão da Cunha), 205

+Caçadilho+, Cazadillo, village near Salamanca, Spain. _See_ +Vilhegas+.

+Cael+ (8° 40´ N., 78° 5´ E., Map I), 98

+Cairo+, Egypt, 78, 113

+Caldwell, Rev. Dr.+, quoted, 98

+Calecut+ (11° 15´ N., 75° 45´ E., Map IV); arrival, 48; description, 49, 125; pagodas, 52, 126, 137, 139; royal palace 55; the Zamorin or King, 57, 127, 132; Portuguese sailors visit the city, 69; a Padrão set up, 74, 75; commerce, 77, 96, 115, 127, 135, 142; Sernigi’s account, 125, 142; legend on Canerio’s map, 213

+Çamatarra+ (Sumatra, 0°, 110° E., Map I); 98, 101, 213, 220

+Cambay+ (22° 20´ N., 72° 35´ E., Map IV), 47, 213 A.

+Camoens+, quoted, 26, 178

+Çamolim+, _see_ +Zamorin+.

+Campo, Antonio de+, in Delagoa Bay, 18

+Cananor+ (11° 50´ N., 75° 20´ E., Map IV), 79, 146, 200

+Canaries+ (29° N., 140° W., Map I) sighted, 2

+Canerio’s Map+, 16, 18, 21, 32, 210, 212

+Canestrini+, quoted, 119

+Cantino, Alberto+, his chart, xix, 208, 212

+Cão’s+ padrão at Cape Cross, 169

+Cape of Good Hope+ (34° 20´ S., 18° 32´ E., Map II) doubled, 8, 92, 192, 215

+Cape Verde+ islands (10° N., 24° W., Map I), 2, 94, 141, 142

+Capua+, or +Capocate+ (11° 20´ N., 75° 44´ E., Map IV), 48, 52

+Caputo, M. C.+, xxxvi, 208

+Caravels+, 157, 158

+Carneiro, Antonio+ (King Manuel’s secretary), 233, 235

+Carvalho e Vasconcellos, Capt. E. J. de+, _see_ +Vasconcellos+.

+Casa da Mina+, the “House”, or office, charged with the affairs of the “mine” on the Gold Coast.

+Castanheda, Lopez de+, quoted, xx, xxiv, 1, 5, 6, 9, 21, 23, 26, 39, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 67, 77, 79, 94, 157, 161, 164, 166, 169, 173, 175, 178, 183; his signature, xxii

+Castro, João de+, (Governor and Viceroy of India, 1545-48), 159, 168

+Catalan Chart+, 211

+Catena a poppa+, 165

+Çatiguam+, Sadigam, or Shadigam (Satgaon on Hugli, 22° 15´ N., 88° 5´ E., Maps I and VIII), 220, 213 D

+Cattle+ among the Hottentots, 11, 12

+Catual+ (Kot-Wal), governor of a fort, 51

+Çeitil+, a small copper coin, worth one-third of a farthing, 7

+Ceylon+, (Çillan, 8° N., 80° E., Map I), 77, 98, 115, 135, 136, 144, 214 K.

+Chãos+, ilhéos; _see_ +Ilhéos+.

+Charton+, quoted, 53; _see_ +F. Denis+.

+Charts+ of Indian pilots, 26

+Chinese+ at Calecut, 131

+Chomandarla+ (Choromandel, on south-east coast of India), 98

+Christians+ at Mombaça, 35, 36, 39; at Malindi, 40, 44, 45; in India, 24, 114, 115, 125, 231; at Calecut, 49, 53, 137

+Cidadym+, of Harar, 78, note 5

++Çillan+, _see_ +Ceylon+.

+Çinguapura+, Singapore (1° 20´ N., 104° E., Maps I and VII), 18, 196

+Cinnamon+, 77, 81, 86, 98, 103, 113, 213, 214; boughs, 113

+Cipangu+ (Japan), xvii

+Cloves+, 77, 100, 103, 113, 213

+Cobilhões, Pedro de+ (Cobillones), _see_ +Covilhã+.

+Cobre, Rio de+ (24° 50´ S., 34° 25´ E., Map III), 18, 196

+Cochin+ (10° N., 76° 12´ E., Map IV), 146

+Coco-nut+ palm, 27

+Coelho, Nicolau+, captain of the _Berrio_, 175; at St. Helena Bay, 5; crossing Kilimani Bar, 196; lost sight of, 14; alleged ascent of river in South Africa, 193; at Moçambique, 22, 27, 29, 197; at *Malindi, 44; at Calecut, 51, 66; at Anjediva, 83, 84; at Rio Grande, 152; return to Lisbon, 93, 94, 201

+Çofalla+, _see_ +Sofalla+.

+Coge+ (Arabic, _Khojah_), lord, master

+Coimbra+ (40° 10´ N., 8° 25´ W.), xxii

+Coimbra, João de+, 30, 175

+Coins+ at Calecut, 128

+Coleu+, Coulão, Coulam (9° 10´ N., 76° 30´ E., Map IV), 98

+Columbus, Bartholomeu+, map of world, xix

+Columbus, Christopher+, compared with Gama, xv; his first voyage, 189; his latitudes, xviii; his journal, xix

+Compass+, Mariner’s, 26

+Compass+, equinoctial and variation, 168

+Conimata+, Sumatra? a corrupt spelling of, 101

+Convicts+, _see_ +Degradados+.

+Copper+, 18, 96

+Cordeira, Luciano+, quoted, xxi, 2, 168, 225

+Cormorants+, 6

+Coromandel+ (south-east coast of India), 98

+Corongolor+, Crangalor (10° 10´ N., 76° 10´ E., Map IV), 97

+Correa, Gaspar+, his untrustworthiness, xx, 56, 193, 194; Herculano’s eulogy, xxxiii; Vasco’s ships, 164; his padrões, 169; his portrait, 150; number of men, 173; convicts, 48, 178; Gaspar da Gama, 179; Monçaide, 180; Davane, 21 note 4, 41, 181; departure from Lisbon, 185; doubling the Cape, 193; alleged mutiny, 194; transactions at Cananor, 79; concoction of a letter to the Zamorin, 58

+Correa, Manuel+, 178

+Correa, Ayres+, 158

+Cosa, Juan de la+, his chart, xix, 205

+Costa, D. Jorge da+, 112

+Costa, P. Antonio Carvalho da+, xiii

+Coulão+ (Coulam, 9° 10´ N., 76° 30´ E., Map IV), 98

+Covilhã, Pedro de+, a priest, 177

+Covilhão, Pero de+, 24, 167

+Crangalor+, Quorongoliz (10° 10´ N., 76° 10´ E., Map IV), 97

+Cross-bows+, 10, 12

+Cross-staff+, 26

+Cruz+, ilha da, Brazil (5° S., 40° W., Map I), 14, 15, 205

+Cruz+, ilhéo da, Algoa Bay (33° 48´ S., 25° 45´ E., Map II), 15, 195

+Cruzado+, a Portuguese gold coin, weighing 71.25 grãos (4,608 grãos = 1 marc = 229.5 grammes) of fine gold, and consequently worth 9_s._ 8_d._ It retained this value up to 1555, when, being coined of gold having a fineness of 22⅝ carat only, its value was reduced to 9_s._ 2_d._

Up to 1499, 380 réis were accepted as the equivalent of a cruzado; between 1499 and 1517 the rate of exchange was 390 réis, and after that date 400 réis. This shows that the relative value of gold to silver was assumed to have been as 1:10 (in England about the same time the rate of exchange was as 1:11).

The value of 100 réis was consequently 30.5_d._ up to 1499, 29.82_d._ from 1499 to 1517, and 29.08_d._ after 1517 (see Nunes, _O livro dos Pesos, 1555_, published at Lisbon in 1868; and M. B. Lopes Fernandes, _Memoria das moedas correntes em Portugal_, Lisbon, 1856).

+Dalla Vedova, Prof.+, xxxvi, 133

+Dameiroeiro, João+, 177

+Davane+, the Moor, 21, 41, 181

+Declination+ of the sun, 167, 168

+Degradados+ (convicts or banished men), 174

+Delagoa Bay+ (26° S., 34° E.), its discovery, 19, 221

+Dely+, Eli, Mount (12° N., 75° 15´ E., Map IV), 47. 198

+Denis, Ferd.+, quoted, xxxiv, 53, 78

+Dias, Bartholomeu+ sails to Elmina, 2; his conflict at the bay of S. Braz, 10; his last padrão, 14, 15, 195; builds Gama’s ships, 159

+Dias, Diogo+, 176; factor at Pandarani, 67; carries a message to the Zamorin, 70; his imprisonment, 71, 73; liberated, 74

+Dias, Pedro+, a convict, 178

+Dogs+ of the Hottentots, 6

+Dress+ at Calecut, 133

+Elephants+, how they are captured, 102; at Mossel Bay, 11; in India, 98, 99, 100, 133, 140

+Eli+, Dely, mount (12° N., 75° 15´ E., Map IV), 47, 198

+Empoli, Giovanni da+, quoted, 6, 99, 191

+Escolar, Pero+, pilot of the _Berrio_, x, 148, 175; _see_ +Escovar+.

+Escovar, Pero+, was associated with Santarem in the discovery of the Gold Coast, 1471; another Pero Escovar went as pilot to the Congo, 1490; Barros and Resende call the pilot of the _Berrio_ Esolar and not Escovar.

+Esphera+ de ouro, a coin, 170

+Esteves, Pero+, a convict, 178

+Evora+ (38° 33´ N., 7° 55´ W.), 235, 236

+Falcão, Luiz de Figueiredo+, 119, 147, 157

+False Bay+, South Africa (34° 15´ S., 18° 30´ E., Map II), 9, 215

+Fanão+, a coin, at Calecut worth 7.45_d._ (_see_ p. 69 _n._).

+Farazola+, Frasila, weight, at Calecut, equal to 10.4 kilos., or 22 lbs.

+Faria, Manuel de+, 170

+Faria, Severim de+, quoted, 175

+Faria e Figueiredo, Francisco de+, xxx, 177

+Faria e Figueiredo, Pedro de+, 177

+Faria y Sousa+, quoted, xxi, 46, 157, 173, 175, 177, 178

+Ferdinand, Valentin+, 178

+Fernandez, M. B. Lopez+, 170

+Figueiredo+, _see_ +Faria+ and +Falcão+.

+Figueiro, João+, a priest, xxxi, 177

+Fish+, 133

+Flutes+, 11

+Food+ at Calecut, 132

+Foot, Captn.+, view of Mombasa, 35

+Foster, William+, xxxvi

+Fowls+, 17

+Fracanzio di Montalboddo+, editor of _Paesi novamente retrovati_, q. v.

+Francisco de S. Maria+, quoted, 177

+Frankincense+, 104, 213

+Fumos+ (25° S., 32° E., Map III), 17, 217

+Fusta+, a galley, 83

+Gabriel+, _see_ São +Gabriel+.

+Gallois, Prof. L.+, xxxvi, 210

+Galvão, Antonio+, quoted, 173, 198, 206

+Gama, Estevão da+, nephew of Vasco, Voyage to India, 191

+Gama, Gaspar da+, at Anjediva, 84, 152; tortured, 86; information on countries to the south, 95, 115, 121; his history, 179, 180

+Gama, Paulo da+, offered the command of the expedition, xiii; captain of the _S. Raphael_, 1; loses the flagship, 2; rejoins his brother, 3; at St. Helena Bay, 8; tends the sick, 21; at Moçambique, 26, 31; his ship aground at Malindi, 44; at Calecut, 51, 65; at Anjediva, 85; his ship burnt, 91, 153; alleged breaking-up of his ship, 146, 147; his death, 94, 147, 148

+Gama, Vasco da+; His birth, xiii; qualification as a navigator, xiv; compared with Columbus, xv; his observations for latitude, xviii; authorities on his first voyage, xix; his death, xiv

_First Voyage._—The ships, 147, 151, 157-160; muster-roll, 173; despatch by King Manuel, 185, 230; Lisbon, dep., 1, 123, 146, 148, 151, 153, 185; Cape Verde, 3, 186; across the Southern Atlantic, xvii, 3, 142, 186; first landfall, 5, 189; St. Helena Bay, 5, 192; doubling the Cape, 8, 192; S. Braz Bay, 9, 192; alleged mutiny, 194; a gale, 14, 194; ilhéos chãos, 14, 195; Ilhéos da Cruz, 15, 195; Dias’ furthest, 15, 195; the Agulhas current, viii, 15; Rio do Cobre, 16, 196; Rio dos bons Signaes, 19, 146; Mozambique, 22, 146, 151, 197; false start for the north, 28, 197; the _S. Raphael_ aground, 33, 197; Mombasa, 34, 198; Malindi, 40, 146, 151, 198; across the Arabian sea, 46, 198; landfall near Mount Eli, 47, 198; at Capocate, 48, 199; royal audiences, 56, 61, 126; capture of hostages, 72, 115, 180

Departure from Calecut, 76; supposed visits to Cochin and Cananor, 146, 147, 200; S. Maria islands and Anjediva, 80, 200; across the Arabian Sea, 87, 200; Magadoxo, 88, 200; Malindi, 89, 200; the _S. Raphael_ burnt, 91, 201; Mozambique, 92, 201; S. Braz Bay, 92, 201; doubling the Cape, 92, 201; Rio Grande, 93, 201; return to Lisbon, 94, 113, 122, 124, 148

Loss of life during the voyage, 124, 141, 231

Second Voyage to India, 1502-3, 191, 233

Honours and rewards bestowed upon Vasco da Gama, 225-232 Instructions to Cabral, 190.

+Garnett, Dr. R.+, 119

+Gazelles+, 6

+Genoese+ needles, 26

+George+, _see_ +São Jorge+.

+Germanus, Henricus Martellus+, his Map, 204

+Ghats+, Western, in India, 199

+Ginger+, 77, 103, 113

+Giovanni da Empoli+, 6, 99, 191

+Goa+ (15° 25´ N., 73° 50´ E., Map IV), 219

+Goes, Damião de+, quoted, xx, 5, 8, 18, 19, 21, 26, 40, 45, 50, 53, 56, 57, 94, 112, 159, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180

+Gold+ of Sofala, 33, 113, 124

+Gonçalves, André+, 176

+Greiff, Dr. G.+, 121

+Guillen, Felipe+, 168

+Gujarat+ (Guzerat, 22° N., 72° E., Map IV), F 45, 63

+Gulf-weed+, 4

+Gulls+, 8

+Guzerate+ (Gujarat, 22° N., 72° E., Map IV), 45, 63

+“Guzerati”+, a merchant of Guzerat, or Gujarat, at Calecut, 63

+Hamy, Dr. E. T.+, quoted, 18, 19, 21, 32, 206

+Harar+, Cidadym of, 78

+Harrisse, Mr.+, 205

+Helena+, _see_ +Santa Helena+.

+Hellmann, G.+, quoted, 169

+Herculano+, quoted, xxiv, xxxiii, 41, 65, 195

+Herons+, 4

+Heyd, W.+, 130

+Hirth, F.+, 132

+Horsburgh, Captain+, 188

+Horses+, 133

+Hostages+ taken at Calecut, 72, 115; carried to Portugal, 76

+Hottentots+, meeting with, 11-13

+Hour-glasses+, 168

+Hulot, Baron+, xxxvi

+Ilha da Cruz+, _see_ +Cruz+.

+Ilhas primeiras+ (17° S., 39° E., Map III), 21

+Ilhéos chãos+, low islets, Algoa Bay (33° 50´ S., 29° 18´ E., Map II), 4, 195, 216

+Images+, worshipped by Portuguese and Indians, 24

+Incense+, 104, 213

+Infante, Rio de+ (_i.e._, River of J. Infante), frequently called Rio _do_ Infante, _i.e._, River of the Infante, Prince Henry (33° 30´ S., 27° 8´ E., Map II), 14, 216

+Ivory+, 18

+Jack-fruit+, 57

+Jaus, Rev. J. J.+, quoted, xxxvi, 52, 54, 97

+Java+, on Canerio’s Map, 211

+Jeronymo de São José+, 177

+Jews+ at Calecut, 137