CHAPTER XXI. PEACE.

{346}

_The Treaty of Ghent--Treatment of Prisoners--Losses and Gains by the War--Conclusion._

|Had there been an Atlantic cable, or even a transatlantic steamer, with land telegraphs, in those days, the slaughter before New Orleans might have been prevented; for a treaty of peace had been signed at Ghent on the 24th of December, 1814. It made the usual stipulations for the exchange of prisoners and the return of property, guaranteed peace to the Indians, and provided for a settlement by commissioners of questions as to boundary and the islands in Passamaquoddy Bay,--and it provided for little else. The negotiations had been going on for five months, and more than once were in danger of being broken off on account of the insolent and supercilious bearing of the English Commissioners. So says Adams in his diary.

At the outset, the British Commissioners had insisted that the Indians should have a territory set off to them, as neutral ground between the British and the American possessions, and that the United States should have no armament on the great lakes {347}and no fortifications on their shores, while Canada was not to be restricted. On the other hand, the American Commissioners had insisted on formal abrogation of the right of search and impressment. But all these points were ultimately given up. As early as June the American Commissioners had been instructed by the President that they might omit any stipulation on the subject of impressment, if it was found indispensably necessary to do so in order to terminate the war; and acting under this instruction they yielded to the argument that, as Europe was now at peace, there was no longer any occasion for exercising the right, and therefore no practical necessity for mentioning it.

The treaty was severely criticised and mercilessly ridiculed as a meaningless document. It might have been answered that the Federalists at least had no right to complain, since they had clamored only for peace, and the treaty brought peace. Better than this, it might have been answered that when a point has been practically settled by war, it is of little consequence whether it is conceded on paper; since every nation is likely to heed a lesson taught by force of arms, and equally likely, when interest dictates, to abrogate a treaty; and, whatever might be said of the campaigns on land, it could not be denied that American mariners had abundantly vin{348}dicated their right to an unmolested navigation of the high seas--a right which British cruisers have never since interfered with.

There had been no exchange of prisoners during the war, though many had been paroled, and there were bitter complaints of the treatment received by Americans in British prisons. This was especially true of those confined at Dartmoor, the most unhealthful spot in the dreary highlands of Devonshire. These men were not only not released, but were not even informed that peace had been concluded, till three months after the treaty was signed. There seemed to be a special spite against them because they were mostly American sailors, who had audaciously and successfully disputed England's sovereignty of the seas.

If it be a matter of pride, as an English poetess appears to think, for a nation to strew its dead over the face of the globe, * then Great Britain certainly won fresh laurels in this war; for her soldiers who fell in it found graves six thousand miles apart: in the depths of Lake Erie, about the great falls of Niagara, and along the Thames and St. Lawrence; in the Atlantic, both near the American coast and almost within sight of their own shores; in Long Island Sound, =

``` * Wave may not foam, nor wild wind sweep,

````Where rest not England's dead.

`````--Mrs. Hemans=

{349}in the Chesapeake, and beyond the western edge of civilization; before the defences of Baltimore and New Orleans, and in the waters of the South Pacific. And her expeditions had been especially fatal to their commanders: Gen. Brock had fallen at Queenstown, Gen. Tecumseh at the Thames, Ross and Sir Peter Parker before Baltimore, Pakenham and Gibbs at New Orleans, with many of lower rank but hardly less responsibility; while seven commanders of her men-of-war--Lambert, Downie, Dickenson, Manners, Peake, Barrette, and Blythe--had all died on their bloody decks. But by her sacrifice of life and property she had gained absolutely nothing. She had not acquired an inch of territory, or established any principle of international law, or purchased for herself any new privilege, or secured any old one. The war had cost the United States a hundred million dollars in money, and thirty thousand lives; and a large portion of both the money and the lives had been squandered, when with ordinary skill and care they might have been saved. But she had something to show for it. If she had not fully relieved her from tier of the atrocities of the Indians, she had at least cut off their supplies from British sources, and possessed herself of all the western posts; she had put an end to the systematic violation of her rights on {350}the ocean, and in so doing had demonstrated the superiority of American seamanship; she had completely established her national independence.

It is to be hoped that no American youth who reads this little history will cherish any feeling of resentment or hatred toward the people whose fathers were so grievously unjust to ours. The day for that--if ever there was a day for it--has gone completely by. England has evidently passed the zenith of her power and glory; America is still rising toward hers, and how great she shall ultimately become, will be measured mainly by the breadth and generosity of the American mind. In the past sixty years we have lived down the most celebrated sneer in history. Five years after this war, the Rev. Sydney Smith wrote in the _Edinburgh Review_: "In the four quarters of the globe, who reads an American book? or goes to an American play? or looks at an American picture or statue? What does the world yet owe to American physicians or surgeons? What new substances have their chemists discovered, or what old ones have they analyzed? What new constellations have been discovered by the telescopes of Americans? What have they done in mathematics? Who drinks out of American glasses, or eats from American plates, or wears American coats or gowns, or sleeps in {351}American blankets? Finally, under which of the old tyrannical governments of Europe is every sixth man a slave, whom his fellow citizens may buy and sell and torture?" If Mr. Smith were now living, he might be answered--if it were worth while to answer him at all--that the most widely circulated of all novels was written by an American woman; that the poet most read in England was an American; that our two standard dictionaries of the English language are both American; that several American magazines count their subscribers in Great Britain by tens of thousands; that the world owes its use of anaesthetics to an American physician; that American sculptors, painters, and actors hold their own with those of other nations; that America has the largest telescopes, and the most successful astronomers; that American reapers cut the world's harvests, and American sewing machines make its garments; that the telegraph and the telephone are American inventions; that the first steamboat was built in America, and it was an American steamship that first crossed the Atlantic, while our country contains more miles of railway than all Europe; that those who eat from American plates, eat the largest and best dinners in the world; and as for American glasses, altogether too many people drink out of them. Unless we mercifully left his final {352}question unanswered, we should be obliged to say, that the United States had gotten rid of slavery, while to-day five million British subjects, all within two days' journey of the throne, tell us they find themselves virtually slaves.

Yet with all our material and intellectual progress, we have hardly a right to be proud. For we have enjoyed peculiar advantages. The _Mayflower_ did not land her pilgrims on a narrow island, but on the edge of a great continent. Of that continent we have the most productive zone, stretching from ocean to ocean, and a thousand miles in breadth; while within that zone our Government has given us, for the support of educational institutions, as much land as the entire area of Great Britain and Ireland. At the same time, we have not been loaded down with a standing army, an established church, a vast landed aristocracy, and all the rubbish of royalty. In America labor receives its highest wages, and pauperism finds its least excuse. It will be no special credit to us if we become in the next half century the most powerful and prosperous and generous of nations; but it will be a great shame to us if we do not.

As we read the history of our country's early struggles, it may help us to avoid any unworthy feeling of resentment if we bear in mind the fact {353}that there is a wide and peculiar discrepancy of character between the English people and the English Government. That people perhaps at present the most enlightened on earth, are justly noted for their innate love of fair play; for their continual struggles toward liberty, and their development of the great principles of jurisprudence; but that Government, in its dealings with other powers, has been for centuries arbitrary, selfish, barbarous, and inconsistent to the last degree. Priding itself upon legitimacy, it has befriended a bloody usurpation in France, because it hated the alternative of French republicanism. It has opened the ports of China with its cannon, for the purpose of selling there a narcotic drug of which it holds the monopoly. It boasted its abolition of the slave trade; yet when our country was at war over the slavery question, its sympathies were all with the slaveholders. Seventy years ago, as we have seen, its cruisers cared nothing for the neutrality of any harbor in which a hostile ship of fewer guns was riding at anchor; but twenty years ago it could not offer its neutral hospitalities too lavishly to privateers that had not a port of their own to hail from or sail to, and were burning all their prizes at sea without adjudication. It witnessed the dismemberment of Denmark with scarcely a protest, but has {354}sacrificed thousands of English lives to maintain the Turk in Europe. It has stood for years at the head of a great conspiracy to keep Russia shut up in the centre of a continent long after her industrial growth and commercial importance have entitled her to a broad and unobstructed outlet to the highway of nations. It has eaten India into famine, and is now laying its kleptic fingers on the great island of Borneo, and apparently making ready to consume the continent of Africa.

We must blush for these things while we execrate them; for we ourselves are Englishmen. That famous little island, with its green lanes and waving woodlands, its busy towns and historical hamlets, was the home of our ancestors, and must ever have for us the highest romantic interest of any spot on earth; and we cannot too warmly sympathize with those who are still bearing burdens of feudal days, when the bravery of feudal leadership has long since passed away. Let us never forget how near of kin we are to the English people; but God forbid that we should inherit the vices of the English Government, or copy its crimes!

If the story of a war like that we have been reading of teaches anything, it teaches the broad wisdom of dealing justly, and the ultimate folly of all chicanery, violence, and wrong.

INDEX

Adams, John Quincy, American minister at St. Petersburg, 225.

Alexandria, capitulation of, 283.

Allen, Capt. W. H., killed, 202.

Allen, Col., 85; killed, 88.

Alwyn, Master, 69.

Angus, Capt., 169.

Appling, Major, at Sandy Creek, 256; at Plattsburg, 262.

Armistead, Major George, in command at Fort McHenry, 288.

Armstrong, Gen. John, made Secretary of War, and plans Wilkinson's expedition, 149.

Austill, J., in canoe fight, 190, 191.

Autosse, battle of, 187.

Backus, Lieut.-Col. Electus, at Sackett's Harbor, 113; killed, 115.

Bailey, Capt., at Fort Mims, 181.

Bainbridge, Com. William, 24; cruise in the Constitution, 78.

Ball, Col., his fight with Indians, 44.

Barclay, Capt. R. H., on Lake Erie, 128.

Barney, Com. Joshua, in the defence of Washington, 275.

Barrette, Capt. G. W., killed, 220.

Barron, Capt. James, in command of the Chesapeake, 10.

Bayard, James A., made a peace commissioner, 225.

Beasley, Major Daniel, killed, 181.

Beatty, Col., at Craney Island, 173.

Beaver Dams, fight at, 122.

Beckwith, Sir S., at Hampton, 173.

Bennett, Major, at Lewiston, 164.

Biddle, Capt. James, 75; in the Hornet, 325.

Bisshopp, Lieut.-Col., attacks Black Rock, 124; killed, 125.

Bissley, a sailor, his heroism, 318.

Black Rock, N. Y., attack on, 124; fight at, 165, burned; 166.

Bladensburg, battle of, 278.

Blakely, Capt., in the Wasp, 320.

Blakeslie, Lieut.-Col., at Black Rock, 165.

Blockades, 12, 172.

Blue-Lights, origin of the term, 205.

Blythe, Capt. Samuel, killed, 204.

Boerstler, Lieut.-Col. C. G., captures batteries on the Niagara, 99; captured at Beaver Dams, 123.

Boothbay, fight at, 273.

Bounties, 224.

Boyd, Gen. J. P., at Fort George, 108; at Chrysler's Field, 154.

Boyle, Capt., in the Comet, 216.

Brody, Col., at Lundy's Lane, 239; killed, 244.

Brant, John, at Beaver Dams, 122.

Bridgewater, battle of, 244.

British Government, character of, 353.

Brock, Gen. Isaac, assumes command at Malden, 34; receives surrender of Detroit, 36; at Queenstown, 54; death, 55.

Broke, Capt. Vere, 65; captures the Chesapeake, 179.

Brown, Gen. Jacob, at Ogdensburg, 47; at Sackett's Harbor, 113; in Wilkinson's expedition, 152; his campaign on the Niagara, 231.

Brownstown, fight at, 31.

Buffalo burned, 166.

Bum, Col., at Fort George, 111.

Burnt Corn Creek, fight at, 179.

Burrows, Lieut. Wm., killed, 204.

Bush, Lieut., 69.

Caller, Col. James, in Creek campaign, 179.

Canada, invasion of planned, 26. Canoe-fight, Dale's, 188.

Carronades described, 76.

Cass, Col. Lewis, in Detroit campaign, 032; to 037; made provisional governor of Michigan, 148.

Castine, Me., captured, 269.

Castlereagh, Lord, quoted, 15.

Champlin, Capt. Guy R., his fight in the Armstrong, 218.

Chandler, Gen., at Stony Creek, 118.

Chapin, Maj., at Beaver Dams, 124.

Charlotte, N. Y., stores captured at, 121; bombarded, 225.

Chateaugua, battle of, 157.

Chauncey, Com. Isaac, on Lake Ontario, 98; pursues Yeo, 125; captures four vessels, 148.

Chesapeake, frigate, attacked by the Leopard, 10.

Chicago, battle of, 33.

Chippewa, battle of, 233.

Chrysler's Field, battle of, 154.

Chrystie, Lieut.-Col. John, at Queenstown, 51.

Claiborne, Gen. F. L., in Creek campaign, 187; governor of Louisiana, 333.

Clay, Gen. Green, relieves Fort Meigs, 91.

Clay, Henry, made a peace commissioner, 226.

Cochrane, Admiral, in the burning of Washington, 282.

Cockburn, Admiral, ravages the coasts of the Chesapeake, 170; in the campaign against Washington, 277.

Cocke, Gen. John, in Creek campaign, 183.

Coffee, Col. John, in Creek campaign, 183; at Horseshoe Bend, 228; at New Orleans, 335.

Coombs, Leslie, 84.

Cooper, Capt., at Hampton, 175.

Cost of the northern campaigns, 160.

Covington, Gen. L., killed, 155.

Cowell, Lieut. J. G., his heroic death, 317.

Craney Island, fight at, 172.

Creek Indians supplied with arms by British agents, 178; Jackson's campaign against them, 179.

Crockett, David, in Creek campaign, 183.

Croghan, Major, at Fort Stephenson, 94; at Michilimackinac, 259.

Crutchfield, Major, at Hampton, 174.

Dacres, Capt., loses the Guerriere, 70.

Dale, Col., killed, 344.

Dale, Gen. S., his canoe-fight, 188.

Darnell, Elias, his journal, 39.

Dartmoor, prisoners at, 348.

Davis, John, his heroism, 216.

Dearborn, Fort, 32.

Dearborn, Gen. Henry, placed in command of United States army, 23; enters into an armistice, 49; on the Niagara, 118.

Decatur, Com. Stephen, his cruise in the United States, 76; driven into New London, 204; in the President, 325.

Decrees, the Berlin and Milan, 12, 15.

De Haren, Major, at Beaver Dams, 123;

Dennis, Capt., at Queenstown, 52.

Deserters, reclamation of, 007, to 010.

Desha, Capt., wounded, 259.

Diron, Capt., in the Decatur, 220.

Dorchester, Lord, calls a council of Indians, 3.

Douglass, Major, at Fort Erie, 246.

Downes, Lieut. J., with Porter, 295.

Downie, Com. George, at Platts-burg, 262; killed, 267.

Drummond, Gen., takes revenge for the burning of Newark, 162; besieges Fort Erie, 244.

Drummond, Lieut.-Col., at Fort Erie, 246; killed, 247.

Dudley, Col., at Fort Meigs, 91.

Eastport, Me., captured, 268.

Econochaca, battle of, 187.

Elliott, Lieut. Jesse D., his exploit on the Niagara, 48; in battle of Lake Erie, 132.

Embargo, 13; of 1813, 206.

Emucfau, fight at, 227.

Enotachopco Creek, fight at, 227.

Erie, Fort, captured by the Americans, 232; beseiged by the British, 244.

Erie, Lake, building vessels on, 127; battle of, 130; Indian battle on,

136.

Eustis, Hon. Wm., 26.

Fanning, Lieut., at Sackett's Harbor, 115.

Farragut, David G., in battle of Essex and Phoebe, 314; extracts from his journal, 314.

Fitzgibbon, Lieut., at Beaver Dams, 123.

Floyd, Gen. John, in Creek campaign, 187.

Forsyth, Capt., at Gananoqui, 46; at York, 100; at Fort George, 108; in Wilkinson's expedition, 152.

Fort Wayne, siege of, 40.

Franklin, Benj., his prediction, 1.

Fredericktown, Md., ravaged, 171.

Frenchtown, battle of, 85.

Gaines, Gen., takes command on the Niagara, 244; disabled, 249.

Gallatin, Albert, made a peace commissioner, 225.

Gamble, Lieut., in Typee campaign, 300.

Gananoqui, fight at, 46.

Gattanewa, Happah chief, 298.

George III. quoted, 2.

George, Fort, capture of, 107.

Georgetown, Md., ravaged, 171.

Ghent, Treaty of, 346-7.

Gibbs, Gen. Samuel, at New Orleans, 339; killed, 344.

Gleig, Lieut., quoted, 336, 338.

Gray, Col., at Sackett's Harbor, 115.

Hall, Gen., at Buffalo, 164.

Hamilton, Lieut., at Fort Madison, 44.

Hampden, Me., captured, 270.

Hampton, Va., destroyed, 173.

Hampton, Gen. W., his connection with Wilkinson's expedition, 150; defeated by De Salaberry, 139.

Hancock, Major, at La Colie, 232.

Hanson, Alexander, mobbed, 21.

Hardy, Sir Thomas, his expeditions on the eastern coast, 268.

Harrison, Fort, fight at, 41.

Harrison, Gen. Wm. H., in command in the West, 38, 55, 84; his campaign on the Thames, 140.

Hartford Convention, 326.

Havre de Grace destroyed, 370.

Heald, Capt. Nathan, in battle of Chicago, 32.

Henley, Lieut., at Plattsburg, 266.

Hillabee towns, fight at, 186.

Hillyar, Capt. James, sent out in search of the Essex, 310; captures her, 373.

Hindman, Capt., at Fort George, 108; in Brown's campaign, 232.

Hislop, Gen., captured, 80.

Holmes Major, killed, 239.

Hoophole Creek, fight at, 137.

Horseshoe Bend, battle of, 228.

Hough. Lieut., at Stonington, 273.

Houston, Sam, in Creek campaign, 183, 228.

Hull, Capt. Isaac, his race in the Constitution, 66; captures the Guerriere, 68.

Hull, Gen. William, his campaign, and surrender of Detroit, 028, to 037.

Indians, armed for depredation by the British, 3.

Irvine, Capt. Armstrong, at Chrysler's

Field, 156.

Isaacs, Midshipman, 313.

Izard, Gen. George, on the Chateaugua, 159; succeeds Wilkinson, 253; fiasco on the Niagara, 258.

Jackson, Gen. Andrew, takes command of Tennessee volunteers, 183; campaign against the Creeks, 383; second campaign against the Creeks 227; his campaign on the Gulf coast, 332; his victory at New Orleans, 343.

Jesup, Major, his plan to invade Canada, 26; at Chippewa, 233; at Lupdy's Lane, 239.

Johnson, Lieut.-Col. James, at battle of the Thames, 144.

Johnson, John, his heroism, 216.

Johnson, Col. R. M., in Harrison's campaign, 140; kills Tecumseh, 145.

Jones, Capt. Jacob, sails in the Wasp, 73.

Keane, Gen., at New Orleans, 343; wounded, 344.

Kerr, Capt., at Beaver Dams, 722.

Key, Francis S., how he wrote the "Star-Spangled Banner," 288.

King, Major, at York, 101.

La Colle Mill, fight at, 251.

Lafitte, Jean, in Jackson's campaign, 332.

Lambert, Capt., killed, 80.

Lambert, Gen. John, at New Orleans, 341.

Lang, John, his exploit, 74.

Larrabee, Lieut., at La Colie, 252.

Lathrop, Lieut., at Stonington. 273.

Lawrence, Capt. James, sails in the Hornet, 79; defeats the Peacock, 195; defeated in the Chesapeake, 197; killed, 199.

Lawrence, Maj. W., at Mobile, 334.

Leavenworth, Major, at Chippewa, 235; at Lundy's Lane, 239; killed, 244.

Lee, Gen. Henry, assists Hanson against rioters, 22.

Leonard, Capt., at Fort Niagara, 163; at Plattsburg, 262.

Lewis, Col., 83.

Lewistown, Del., bombarded, 168.

Lewiston, N, Y., burned, 764.

Lingan, Gen. James M., killed, 22.

Long-log Lane, battle of, 287.

Lundy's Lane, battle of, 239.

McArthur, Col., in Detroit campaign, 32.

McClure, Gen. George, his performances on the Niagara, 161.

McDonall, Lieut.-Col., at Michilimackinac, 259.

McDonell, Lieut.-Col., at Queenstown, 55.

McDonough, Lieut., at Fort Erie, 247.

Macdonough, Lieut. Thomas, at Plattsburg, 264.

McDougall, Capt., at New Orleans, 344.

McFarland, Major, killed, 244.

McHenry, Fort, bombarded, 287.

McKnight, Lieut., in Typee campaign, 305.

McNeil, Major, at Chippewa, 235; at Lundy's Lane, 239; killed, 244.

Macomb, Gen. Alexander, at Fort George, 108; in Wilkinson's expedition, 152; at Plattsburg, 261.

McPherson, Capt., at La Colie, 252.

Madison, Fort, fight at, 43.

Madison, James, President of the United States, recommends a declaration of war, 16; at Bladens-burg, 278.

Madison, Major, at Frenchtown, 88.

Maguaga, fight at, 32.

Malden, Hull's forces at, 29, 30.

Manchester, N. Y., burned, 164.

Manners, Capt., killed, 321.

Manowa, Chief, his exploit, 230.

Martin, sloop-of-war, fight with, 169.

Meigs, Fort, siege of, 90.

Melville, Capt., at Sandy Creek, 257.

Michilimackinac captured by the British, 30; American expedition against, 258.

Miller, Col. James, at Maguaga, 31; at Lundy's Lane, 242.

Miller, Col. John, at Fort Meigs, 91.

Mills, Col., killed, 114.

Mims, Fort, massacre at. 179.

Mitchell, Lieut.-Col., at Oswego, 254.

Mobile, battle at, 334.

Monroe, Jas., at Bladensburg, 278.

Montgomery, Major L. P., at Horseshoe Bend, 229; killed, 230.

Moorfields, fight at, 285.

Moravian Town destroyed, 147.

Morris, Capt., at Hampden, 269.

Morris, Lieut., 69.

Murray, Col., at Fort Niagara, 163.

Naval Battles: Argus and Pelican, 202. Armstrong and Queen, 214; and an English frigate, 218; destroyed at Fayal, 322. Chesapeake and Shannon, 197. Comet against four vessels, 216. Constitution and Guerriere, 67; and Java, 79; and Cyane and Levant, 325. Decatur and Dominica, 220. Dolphin and two vessels, 217. Enterprise and Boxer, 202. Essex and Alert, 65; and Phoebe and Cherub, 310. Globe against two packets, 221. Grampus and a sloop, 221. Hornet and Peacock, 195. Hornet (another) and Penguin, 325. Lake Erie, Perry's victory, 130; an Indian, 136. Lottery against barges, 218. Peacock and Epervier, 320. Plattsburg, Macdonough's victory, 263. President and Belvidera, 64; and Endymion, 325; and Little Belt, 62. Saratoga and Morgiana, 221. Tompkins and a frigate, 215. United States and Macedonian, 75. Wasp and Avon, 321; and Bream, 220; and Frolic, 73; and Reindeer, 320. Yankee and Eagle, 222.

Navy, British, size of, 23.

Navy, U. S., size of at opening of war, 23; proposal to lay up, 23.

Negro sailors, protection denied to, 206.

Newark, burned, 162.

New London, Conn., American vessels blockaded at, 204.

New Orleans, British forces appear before, 336; first battle, 337; second battle, 342.

Newspapers, English, cited, 6, 71, 72, 78, 211, 222, 225, 284, 285, 337.

Niagara, battle of, 244.

Niagara, Fort, capture and massacre, 162.

North Point, battle of, 286.

Ogdensburg, expedition against, 47.

Old Ironsides, 81.

O'Neill, at Havre de Grace, 170.

Orders in Council, 12, 16.

Oswego, Yeo's expedition against, 253.

Pakenham, Gen. Sir Edward, in command before New Orleans, 339; killed, 344.

Parker, Sir Peter, killed, 286.

Patterson, Com., sent against Lafitte, 333; at New Orleans, 341.

Peace negotiations, 223.

Peake, Capt., killed, 195.

Pearce, Col., at York, 103.

Pearson, Lieut.-Col., at Chippewa, 232.

Percy, Capt., at Mobile, 334.

Perry, Capt. O. H., at Fort George, 108; exploits on Lake Erie, 127; in Thames campaign, 141.

Perry, Capt., commands a battery on the Potomac, 284.

Pensacola, occupied by Jackson, 335.

Pettigrew, Lieut., captures stores, 107.

Pike, Gen. Zeb. M., in expedition against York, 101; death, 103.

Plattsburg, battle of, 261.

Poinsett, Joel R., United States Consul at Valparaiso, demands protection for the Essex, 313.

Political parties, explanation, 16.

Porter, Capt. David, commands a battery on the Potomac, 284; his cruise in the Pacific, 290.

Porter, Col.M., at Fort George, 109.

Porter, Gen. Peter B., at Black Rock, 125; in Brown's campaign, 231; at Charlotte, 255. Poultneyville, N. Y., fight at, 256.

Prairie du Chien captured, 258.

Prevost, Gen. Sir George, attacks Sackett's Harbor, 112; his invasion of New York, 260.

Prisoners, twenty-three of them held for trial, 59; treatment of, 348.

Privateers, 207; Jefferson's opinion of, 208; abolished by the Treaty of Paris, 210; some of their captures, 212; some of their battles, 215.

Proctor, Col. Henry, in Detroit campaign 31; at Frenchtown, 86; in Thames campaign, 141.

Pryor, Capt., at Hampton, 174.

Purdy, Col., on the Chateaugua,158.

Putnam, Major, at Lastport, 268.

Queenstown, battle of, 49.

Race, a celebrated naval, 66.

Raisin, massacre at the, 89.

Randall, Col., at Stonington, 273.

Red Jacket at Chippewa, 234.

Reid, Capt. Samuel C., in the General Armstrong, 322.

Rhea, Capt., at Fort Wayne, 40.

Riall, Gen., bums villages on the Niagara, 164; at Chippewa, 232; at Lundy's Lane, 239; captured, 241.

Riddle, Lieut., at York., 103; at Buffalo, 166.

Riot in Baltimore, 21.

Ripley, Gen. E. W., succeeds, and at Lundy's Lane, 243.

Rochester, N. Y., 231.

Rodgers, Com. John, naval battles, 62-64.

Ross, Gen., his expedition against Washington, 274; killed, 286-87.

Rottenberg, Gen. de, attacks Wilkinson's expedition, 153.

Ruff, negro boy, drowned, 318.

Rule of 1756, 11.

Russell, Jonathan, made a peace commissioner, 226.

Russian Government offers mediation, 225.

Sackett's Harbor, attack on, in.

St. Clair, Commander Arth., his expedition to Michilimackinac, 258.

St. Leonard's Creek, fight in, 275.

Salaberry, Lieut.-Col. de, defeats Hampton, 157.

Sandy Creek, fight at, 256.

Scalps, bounty offered for, 3, 179.

Scituate, Mass., shipping burned at, 273.

Scott, Lieut.-Col. Winfield, at Queenstown, 52; his repartee, 82; at Fort George, 108; at Hoophole Creek, 157; march from Plattsburg to Buffalo, 231; at Chippewa, 233; at Lundy's Lane, 239; his bad memory, 330.

Seamen, impressment of, 8, to, 10.

Servant, Capt., at Hampton, 174.

Shaler, Capt. N., his sea-fight, 215.

Shead, Sailing Master, in fight with sloop Martin, 169.

Sheaffe, Gen. Roger H., at Queenstown, 54; at York, 100.

Shelby, Gov., in Harrison's campaign, 140.

Sheldon, Lieut., at La Colle, 252,

Short, Lieut.-Col., his ideas about quarter, 95.

Smith, Sydney, quoted, 350.

Sodus, N. Y., burned, 121.

Southcomb, Capt., his fight in the Lottery, 218.

Springs, definition of, 313, note.

Stafford, Capt. W. S., his cruise in the Dolphin, 217.

Stansbury, Gen., at Bladensburg, 279.

"Star-Spangled Banner," how it was written, 288.

Stephenson, Fort, siege of, 94.

Stewart, Capt. Charles, 24; in the Constitution, 325.

Stone, Col., bums St. Davids, and is court-martialed, 238.

Stonington, Conn., bombarded, 270.

Stony Creek, battle of, 118.

Strieker, Gen., at North Point, 286.

Swartwout, Gen. Robert, at Chrysler's

Field, 154.

Swift, Gen. J., at Poultneyville, 256.

Talladega, battle of, 185.

Tallnschatches, battle of, 184.

Tar-cha-chee, death of, 192.

Taylor, Gen. Robert R., at Hampton, 177.

Taylor, Capt. Zachary, at Fort Harrison, 41.

Tecumseh, at Maguaga, 32; his scheme, 38; at Fort Meigs, 92; his rebuke of massacre, 93; in Thames campaign, 144; killed, 145.

Thames, battle of the, 140.

Thornton, Col., at N. Orleans, 342.

Thornton, Dr., saves the Patent Office, 282.

Towson, Capt., in Brown's campaign, 235; at Fort Erie, 245.

Tuscarora, N. Y., burned, 164.

Tuttle, Lieut.-Col., at Sackett's Harbor, 116.

Typee Valley, Porter's campaign in, 297. J

Upham, Lieut.-Col., at Chrysler's Field, 156.

Van Horne, Major Thomas B., at Brownstown, 31.

Van Lloyd, Capt., at Fayal, 323.

Van Rensselaer, Lieut.-Col. Sol. at battle of Queenstown, 50.

Van Rensselaer, Gen. Stephen, in command on the Niagara, 49.

Vincent, Gen., at Stony Creek, 117.

Wadsworth, Gen. William, at Queenstown, 56.

Walbach, Adjt.-Gen., at Chrysler's Field, 156.

War, its issue determined by the battle-ground, 24.

Wareham, Mass., raid on, 273.

Warren, Admiral, joins Cockburn in the Chesapeake, 171.

Warrington, Capt. Lewis, in the Peacock, 320.

Washington, Ross's campaign against, 274; burned, 282.

Weathersford, Wm., at Fort Mims, 180; at the canoe-fight, 189.

Whinyates, Capt., loses the Frolic, 73.

White, Gen. in Creek campaign, 186.

Whitley, Col., killed, 147.

Wilkinson, Gen. James, his expedition toward Montreal, 149; his last invasion of Canada, 251.

Wilmer, Lieut., killed, 318.

Winchester, Gen., his expedition, 84.

Winder, Gen. Wm. H., at Stony Creek, 118; in command before Washington, 276.

Wood, Capt., quoted, 93.

Wool, Capt. John E., at Queenstown, 52; at Plattsburg, 262.

Woolsey, Lieut.-Com., in the Oneida, 98; at Sandy Creek, 256.

Worth, Lieut., Wm. J., at Chrysler's Field, 156.

Yeo, Sir James Lucas, attacks Sackett's Harbor, 112; at Charlotte and Sodus, 121.

York, expedition against, 100, 122.

Youngstown, N. Y., burned, 164.