CHAPTER XXXIX.

=PROGRESS OF THE EPOCH.=

SPREAD AND CHARACTER OF POPULATION.

=702. The Industrial Period.=—While it is always difficult for people to understand thoroughly the characteristics of their own age, it seems almost certain that the epoch of American history which begins with the readmission of the Southern states to the Union in 1870, and ends with the Spanish and Philippine wars in 1898–1901, will be known by some such name as the “Industrial Age.” As we have just seen, many interesting events occurred and many prominent men figured in it; but these are overshadowed by the enormous development of manufactures, trade, commerce, and farming,—that is to say, by the stupendous results that have followed the application of the nation’s mind and energy to almost every department of human industry.

=703. Growth of Population.=—The census of 1870 was inaccurate with regard to the population of the South. The corrected figures give a total of nearly forty million inhabitants (39,800,000) to the entire country. During the decade 1860–1870, no less than seven new territories were organized, showing a great gain of population in the far West. There was also a very considerable development of urban populations, New York City standing just below the million mark, Philadelphia nearing seven hundred thousand, and Chicago and St. Louis struggling for commercial supremacy in the West, the former city approaching three hundred thousand inhabitants. Ten years later, the population of the Union was 50,155,178. Colorado was the only new state admitted during the decade, but Florida, Texas, and the far West were being rapidly settled. The growth of the cities was not relatively very great, but New York showed, in 1880, upward of one million two hundred thousand inhabitants. By 1890 the population of the country had reached 62,622,250, six new states, all Western,—Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Washington, and Wyoming,—having been admitted. The organization of Oklahoma as a territory and the admission of Utah as a state (1896) made the Union proper in 1900 consist of forty-five states, four territories, and one District,—the total population in 1900 being slightly over seventy-six millions. In 1890 New York state and city still led in population, as also by the census of 1900; but Pennsylvania and Illinois proved formidable rivals. The annexation of various suburbs made Greater New York (3,437,202 in 1900) next to London the largest city on the globe. Other cities throughout the Union, especially in the north and central West have also, as a rule, grown remarkably. In 1900 there were seventy cities each containing a population of over fifty-three thousand.

=704. Immigration.=—The tendency of foreigners to seek our shores, which was very marked during the period 1830–1860, has increased, rather than diminished, since that time. Even in the distracted decade of the Civil War, over two million three hundred thousand immigrants were received; the next decade saw two million eight hundred thousand; while that ending in 1890 saw nearly five million two hundred and fifty thousand. A falling off took place in the ten years ending in 1900, owing to special legislation against pauper immigrants and to other causes; but the total for the decade was still enormous,—3,687,564. The character of the immigrants has somewhat changed,—a fact which is due to the increased influx from Austria, Hungary, Russia and Poland, and Italy, the last-named country leading all others during the decade. Many of the foreigners that have settled among us have made excellent citizens, who have contributed to the national wealth and industry in a way that can hardly be praised too highly. These immigrants have been mainly attracted to the northern half of the country. Many of them have settled in New England, in the great cities, especially New York and Chicago, and in the Northwest. In the South, with the exception of Texas, they form but a very slight part of the population, for the presence of the negroes as competitive laborers has kept them out of what would otherwise be an attractive region.

=705. The Negroes.=—On the whole, the negroes of the South have progressed since they were freed from slavery. Many of them are taking advantage of the school facilities afforded them, and some remarkable men, like Booker T. Washington, principal of the Tuskegee (Alabama) Institute, prove that the race is capable of great development, especially under the guidance of its own leaders. They appear to be successful as small farmers, and it seems likely that they will do well in certain industrial occupations. Meanwhile, they are being rapidly disfranchised, and it is hoped that the friction between them and the whites is subsiding. This friction is still kept up, however, by crimes and consequent lynchings which shock the better elements of the population everywhere.

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.

=706. Industrial Greatness.=—The industrial greatness of the United States cannot easily be described. A few statistics may be cited, however, to give a faint idea of what wonderful progress has been made. In the year ending June, 1901, we exported merchandise valued at the enormous sum of nearly $1,500,000,000—the largest figures in our history. After deducting imports and allowing for the export and import of gold and silver, the trade balance for the year was $670,000,000. Other statistics relating to banking, insurance, agriculture, shipbuilding, etc., help us to realize the power of the nation. The number of ships of all sorts built in 1901 was fifteen hundred and eighty, nearly double the number built in 1897. The tonnage increase of 1901 over 1900 was nearly ninety thousand. It is estimated that in 1901 there were forty-four shipyards, of $68,000,000 capital, employing forty-six thousand men. Railroad statistics are much more striking, while those compiled in connection with the great Steel Trust, and those covering the money spent upon our public schools and universities, would alone suffice to prove that we stand practically foremost in wealth and energy among the nations of the world. The total revenue of the general government for the year ending June 30, 1901, was $587,685,338; the total expenditures were $509,967,353. In 1900 no less than 2,105,103,000 bushels of corn and 552,230,000 bushels of wheat were gathered by American farmers. These stupendous figures strain even the most capable imagination. The late eminent statistician, M. G. Mulhall, wrote not long since that he knew nothing to compare with the United States “as regards the physical, mechanical, and intellectual force of nations.” This force is not equally distributed throughout the country, the census of 1900 showing that the Northwest is in many respects the predominant section of the Union. But the Middle states and New England still retain their lead in matters of culture, and are very progressive, while the Pacific states have developed wonderfully, as also the South, whose future is full of promise.

=707. Social Characteristics.=—As a matter of course, this great growth of wealth has affected in a marked way the character of the people of the United States. Never before has the American been so enterprising and so anxious to prosper in life. His interest in his private affairs is so great that he often neglects to work for good government, and so allows corrupt men to make fortunes out of the public treasury. A rich leisure class has been developed, whose manners and morals are not those of the well-to-do Americans of a hundred, or even fifty, years ago. Extremes of wealth and poverty are found confronting one another in the great cities, and the wealthy corporations are often accused of controlling legislation in their own interests. Nevertheless, it seems clear that the masses of the people live wholesome lives, and that the public conscience of America will not tolerate abuses when once these are made plain. The churches are very active, and no other people have ever had better school and library facilities or made fuller use of them. No other nation has ever shown such interest in organized charities or in reforms of various sorts, such as those directed against the evils of easy divorce and of intemperance. In morals, as well as in wealth and industry, the century just closed marks a great advance for America.

=708. Education and Literature.=—In general culture, also, a distinct advance has been made. There has been an educational renaissance. The great modern university has grown up out of the old-fashioned college; yet the college, whether in town or country, still continues to do a useful work. Public schools have increased in greater proportion than population, and are equipped and conducted on improved plans. There are also new agencies for reaching people who cannot go to school or college. Chautauqua and its kindred summer schools, university extension courses, lecture lyceums, and literary clubs are doing very valuable educational work. Many of the leading newspapers devote a portion of their increased space to the same purpose. The popular magazines have steadily improved and have been important agencies in making the American people the best educated and most wideawake in the world. There has also been a great increase in the number of books produced and in the cheapness with which classic literature can be secured. In recent years, no American author seems to have equaled in influence or general merit such great writers as Cooper, Hawthorne, Emerson, Poe, and Longfellow; but the average of literary talent has risen, and the mass of good poetry, fiction, and especially history and biography, has grown remarkably. Good historical romances have been widely sold; short stories have been made a distinct branch of art; the life of every section and almost every state has been described in one or more good novels. In criticism and scholarship, also, improvement has been shown. Finally, in such authors as “Mark Twain” (Samuel L. Clemens, born in 1835), William Dean Howells (born in 1837), Sidney Lanier (1842–1881), and Charles Dudley Warner (1829–1900), the great writers of the last generation have had worthy successors.

=709. Inventions and Science.=—An industrial period naturally puts a premium upon everything that ministers to its necessities. The last thirty years have seen many parts of the country knit by a wonderful system of electric street railways and of telephones. Various forms of electric lighting have also been introduced, and it seems impossible to set any limit to the discoveries of science in connection with this mysterious force. Capital has been accumulated by great corporations, known as “trusts,” which occupy gigantic buildings and use larger and more costly machinery than was ever before known. Even private life is affected in manifold ways by recent inventions. Not merely has the cost of manufactured articles been decreased and their numbers vastly increased, but correspondence, modes of locomotion, and other activities have been markedly affected. The typewriter is supplanting the pen, and the bicycle and automobile have made a triumphal entry into the remotest neighborhoods. Better still, there has been an enormous advance in medical science, particularly in surgery; while in engineering and photography, Americans have been notably successful. They have also fairly held their own in pure science, in astronomy and physics, in meteorology and geology. On the other hand, they have cultivated the beautiful as well as the useful arts, and have produced architects and painters and sculptors of whom the civilized world has taken much notice. If, therefore, industrial achievement and territorial expansion seemed to be the most salient features of American history at the close of the nineteenth century, it may nevertheless be believed that an epoch of great literary and artistic achievements awaits the country in the century that has just begun.[319]

[319] This chapter was written on the basis of the census of 1900, and it has seemed best to leave it intact for the present. The census of 1910 will doubtless furnish even more extraordinary evidence of the country’s growth in population and wealth, but the essential characteristics of the epoch can scarcely be held to have been materially modified. It may be noted that the admission of Oklahoma brought the number of the states up to forty-six.

APPENDIX A.

* * * * *

=DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.=

IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776.

A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED.

WHEN, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident:—That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature—a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only.

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people.

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasions from without, and convulsions within.

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands.

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers.

He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance.

He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our Legislatures.

He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power.

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitutions, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation:

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States;

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world;

For imposing taxes on us without our consent;

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury;

For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offenses;

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies;

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments;

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us.

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.

He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity; and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends.

We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And, for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.

The foregoing Declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed by the following members:—

JOHN HANCOCK.

NEW HAMPSHIRE. NEW JERSEY. Charles Carroll, Josiah Bartlett, Richard Stockton, of Carrollton. William Whipple, John Witherspoon, Matthew Thornton. Francis Hopkinson, VIRGINIA. John Hart, George Wythe, MASSACHUSETTS BAY. Abraham Clark. Richard Henry Lee, Samuel Adams, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, PENNSYLVANIA. Benjamin Harrison, Robert Treat Paine, Robert Morris, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Elbridge Gerry. Benjamin Rush, Francis Lightfoot Lee, Benjamin Franklin, Carter Braxton. RHODE ISLAND. John Morton, Stephen Hopkins, George Clymer, NORTH CAROLINA. William Ellery. James Smith, William Hooper, George Taylor, Joseph Hewes, CONNECTICUT. James Wilson, John Penn. Roger Sherman, George Ross. Samuel Huntington, SOUTH CAROLINA. William Williams, DELAWARE. Edward Rutledge, Oliver Wolcott. Cæsar Rodney, Thomas Heyward, Jr., George Read, Thomas Lynch, Jr., NEW YORK. Thomas M’Kean. Arthur Middleton. William Floyd, Philip Livingston, MARYLAND. GEORGIA. Francis Lewis, Samuel Chase, Button Gwinnett, Lewis Morris. William Paca, Lyman Hall, Thomas Stone, George Walton.

_Resolved_, That copies of the Declaration be sent to the several assemblies, conventions, and committees, or councils of safety, and to the several commanding officers of the continental troops; that it be proclaimed in each of the United States, and at the head of the army.

APPENDIX B.

* * * * *

=CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.=

PREAMBLE.

WE, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

ARTICLE I. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.

_Section I. Congress in General._

All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives.

_Section II. House of Representatives._

1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States; and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.

2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.

4. When vacancies happen in the representations from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.

5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment.

_Section III. Senate._

1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years, and each Senator shall have one vote.

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.

3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.

4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.

5. The Senate shall choose their officers, and also a president _pro tempore_, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States.

6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the chief justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.

7. Judgment in case of impeachment shall not extend farther than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law.

_Section IV. Both Houses._

1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the place of choosing senators.

2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

_Section V. The Houses Separately._

1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide.

2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member.

3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.

4. Neither house during the session of Congress shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.

_Section VI. Disabilities of Members._

1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to or returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place.

2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office.

_Section VII. Mode of Passing Laws._

1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills.

2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.

3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.

_Section VIII. Powers granted to Congress._

The Congress shall have power:

1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States;

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes;

4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures;

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States;

7. To establish post-offices and post-roads;

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries;

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;

10. To define and punish felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations;

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water;

12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years;

13. To provide and maintain a navy;

14. To make rules for the government and regulation of land and naval forces;

15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions;

16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;

17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased, by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings; and,

18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or office thereof.

_Section IX. Powers denied to the United States._

1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.

2. The privilege of the writ of _habeas corpus_ shall not be suspended unless when, in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it.

3. No bill of attainder, or _ex-post-facto_ law, shall be passed.

4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken.

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State.

6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.

7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.

8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.

_Section X. Powers denied to the States._

1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, _ex-post-facto_ law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts; or grant any title of nobility.

2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.

3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in times of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State or with a foreign power, or engage in war unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delays.

ARTICLE II. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.

_Section I. President and Vice-President._

1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows:

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.

3. [The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-President.][320]

4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they will give their votes, which day shall be the same throughout the United States.

5. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.

6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President; and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed or a President shall be elected.

7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.

8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:

“I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.”

_Section II. Powers of the President._

1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion in writing of the principal officer in each of the executive departments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session.

_Section III. Duties of the President._

He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them; and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.

_Section IV. Impeachment of the President._

The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

ARTICLE III. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.

_Section I. United States Courts._

The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior; and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

_Section II. Jurisdiction of the United States Courts._

1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States; between a State and citizens of another State; between citizens of different States; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States; and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.[321]

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.

_Section III. Treason._

1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.

2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.

ARTICLE IV. THE STATES AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.

_Section I. State Records._

Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

_Section II. Privileges of Citizens, etc._

1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.

2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.

3. No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.

_Section III. New States and Territories._

1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress.

2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and regulations respecting, the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States or of any particular State.

_Section IV. Guarantee to the States._

The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and, on application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence.

ARTICLE V. POWER OF AMENDMENT.

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first Article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.

ARTICLE VI. PUBLIC DEBT, SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION, OATH OF OFFICE, RELIGIOUS TEST.

1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the Confederation.

2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.

3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.

ARTICLE VII. RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION.

The ratifications of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same.

Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth.

* * * * *

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.

ARTICLE I.

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

ARTICLE II.

A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.

ARTICLE III.

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

ARTICLE IV.

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

ARTICLE V.

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in active service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.

ARTICLE VI.

In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

ARTICLE VII.

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law.

ARTICLE VIII.

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.

ARTICLE IX.

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

ARTICLE X.

The powers not granted to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively or to the people.

ARTICLE XI.

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State.

ARTICLE XII.

1. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately by ballot the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of death or other constitutional disability of the President.

2. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice.

3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.

ARTICLE XIII.

1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

ARTICLE XIV.

1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No States shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male members of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or holding any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void.

5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation the provisions of this article.

ARTICLE XV.

1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

2. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation the provisions of this article.

[320] Altered by the XIIth Amendment.

[321] Altered by XIth Amendment.

APPENDIX C.

* * * * *

=LIST OF PRESIDENTS AND VICE PRESIDENTS, WITH THEIR TERMS OF OFFICE.=

1789–1793 George Washington. John Adams. 1793–1797 George Washington. John Adams. 1797–1801 John Adams. Thomas Jefferson. 1801–1805 Thomas Jefferson. Aaron Burr. 1805–1809 Thomas Jefferson. George Clinton. 1809–1813 James Madison. George Clinton. 1813–1817 James Madison. Elbridge Gerry. 1817–1821 James Monroe. D. D. Tompkins. 1821–1825 James Monroe. D. D. Tompkins. 1825–1829 John Quincy Adams. John C. Calhoun. 1829–1833 Andrew Jackson. John C. Calhoun. 1833–1837 Andrew Jackson. Martin Van Buren. 1837–1841 Martin Van Buren. R. M. Johnson. 1841–1845 Wm. Henry Harrison. John Tyler (became President, 1841). 1845–1849 James K. Polk. George M. Dallas. 1849–1853 Zachary Taylor. Millard Fillmore (became President, 1850). 1853–1857 Franklin Pierce. William R. King. 1857–1861 James Buchanan. J. C. Breckinridge. 1861–1865 Abraham Lincoln. Hannibal Hamlin. 1865–1869 Abraham Lincoln. Andrew Johnson (became President, 1865). 1869–1873 U. S. Grant. Schuyler Colfax. 1873–1877 U. S. Grant. Henry Wilson. 1877–1881 R. B. Hayes. Wm. A. Wheeler. 1881–1885 Jas. A. Garfield. Chester A. Arthur (became President, 1881). 1885–1889 Grover Cleveland. T. A. Hendricks. 1889–1893 Benjamin Harrison. L. P. Morton. 1893–1897 Grover Cleveland. Adlai E. Stevenson. 1897–1901 Wm. McKinley. G. A. Hobart. 1901–1905 Wm. McKinley. Theodore Roosevelt (became President, 1901). 1905–1909 Theodore Roosevelt. Charles W. Fairbanks. 1909–1913 William H. Taft. James S. Sherman.

INDEX.

* * * * *

The References are to Sections, unless otherwise stated.

p. = page. (C.) = Confederate. n. = footnote. (U.) = Union.

=Abolitionists=, in the North, 359-360; refused right of petition, 360; publications prohibited in the South, 360, 391; form Liberty Party, 375.

=Aborigines=, 1.

=Acadia=, joined to Massachusetts, 60; the French in, 98, 104; inhabitants dispersed, 112.

=Adams, Charles Francis=, minister at London, 502, 511.

=Adams, John=, portrait p. 205, 275; biographical note, p. 205 n.; opposes Washington’s policy, 192; Vice President, 255; in first Congress, 266; elected President, 275; defeated by Jefferson, 281.

=Adams, John Quincy=, portrait p. 255, 333; biographical note, p. 255 n.; minister to Russia, 308; commissioner at Ghent, 312; Secretary of State, 320; negotiates treaty with Spain, 324; and the Monroe Doctrine, 326; elected President, 334; character of administration, 335; opposition to, 336-340; in Congress, 360.

=Adams, Samuel=, portrait p. 94, 127; biographical note, p. 93 n.; opposes Stamp Act, 127; demands removal of British soldiers, 132; organizes committees of correspondence, 138; opposes Washington’s policy, 192; opposes Constitutional Convention, 246.

=Agriculture=, chief occupation in 1789, 261; Department of, established, 500.

=Aguinaldo=, Philippine leader, 673, 674.

=Alabama=, admitted, 329; secedes, 440; readmitted, 574.

=_Alabama_, Confederate cruiser=, construction of, 502; defeat of, 541.

=Alabama Claims=, 585.

=Alaska=, purchase of, p. 502 n.; seal fisheries of, 641; territorial government established, 676.

=Albany Congress=, in 1690, 66; in 1754, 110.

=Albany Regency=, 342.

=Albemarle, N.C.=, founded by Virginia Dissenters, 72. See _Carolinas_.

=Alien and Sedition laws=, 277.

=Allen, Ethan=, takes Fort Ticonderoga, 145.

=Amendments= to the Constitution, ten, adopted, p. 198 n. 2; twelfth, 281; thirteenth, 546, p. 435 n., 568; fourteenth, 571; fifteenth, 583.

=America=, discovered by the Northmen, 4; discovered by Columbus, 5, 7; origin of name, 10.

=American flag.= See _Flag_.

=American party.= See _Know-Nothing_.

=American Policy=, 332.

=Amnesty Act=, 584.

=Anarchists=, 625.

=Anderson, Major Robert=, (U.), at Fort Sumter, 441, 442, 452.

=André, John=, meeting with Arnold, 217; arrest, 218; execution, 220.

=Andrew, John A.=, war governor of Massachusetts, 462.

=Andros, Sir Edmund=, portrait p. 50, 59; biographical note, p. 50 n.; royal governor of New England, 59; governor of New York, 65; in New Jersey, 68.

=Annexation=, of Texas, 375; of Hawaii, 672.

=Antietam= (or Sharpsburg), battle of, 505; official returns, p. 401 n. 1.

=Anti-Masons=, formation of party, 361, p. 284 n. 2.

=Anti-Monopoly Party=, in campaign of 1884, 617.

=Anti-slavery movement=, in colonial times, 327; development of, 359, 360, 390-392; Liberty Party formed, 375; in Kansas, 413, 414. See _Abolitionists_, _Slavery_, and _Fugitive Slave Law_.

=Appomattox Courthouse=, Lee’s surrender at, 551.

=Arbitration=, of the fisheries question, 641; of the Venezuelan dispute, 651.

=Archdale, John=, governor and proprietor of North Carolina, 76.

=Arkansas=, organized as a territory, 328; secedes, 453; readmitted, 574.

=Arlington, Lord=, received grant of Virginia, 43.

=Armstrong, General=, Secretary of War in War of 1812, 305, 306, 310; succeeded by Monroe, 311.

=Army, Continental=, established, 143, 144; reorganized, 176; mutiny in, 222.

=Army, United States=, in War of 1812, 300; in Mexican War, 386; in 1865, 555; in Spanish War, 669, 670.

=Arnold, Benedict=, portrait p. 113, 151; biographical note, p. 113 n.; leads expedition into Canada, 151; at Valcour’s Island, 161; at Saratoga, 181; at Fort Stanwix, 182; his treason, 215-217; aids Cornwallis in the South, 229.

=Arthur, Chester A.=, portrait p. 480, 609; biographical note, p. 480 n.; elected Vice President, 607; becomes President, 609; events of his administration, 610-617.

=Articles of Confederation=, framed, 239-241; weaknesses of, 242; abandoned, 248.

=Ashburton Treaty=, 372.

=Assistance, Writs of=, 129.

=Assumption of state debts=, 266.

=Atlanta=, capture of, 536, p. 428 n. 1.

=Atlantic cable=, laying of, 447.

=Australian ballot system=, introduced, 621.

=Bacon’s rebellion=, 44.

=Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de=, portrait p. 14, 11; biographical note, p. 14 n.; discovers the “South Sea” (Pacific Ocean), 11.

=Ball’s Bluff=, battle of, 468.

=Baltimore, Lord.= See _Calvert_.

=Baltimore, Md.=, founded, p. 39 n.; population in 1800, 262; riot in, 462.

=Bancroft, George=, 449.

=Bank, United States=, established, 266; fails of re-charter, 317; reëstablished, 317; opposed by Jackson, 361-366; later history, 364; opposed by Tyler, 372, 373. See _Banks_.

=Banks, Nathaniel P.=, in Congress, 416; in the Civil War, 491, 493.

=Banks=, state, 317, 364-366; “pet,” 364; “wild cat,” 365; national, established in 1863, 457; banking legislation in 1900, 677.

=Barbary States=, war with, 285.

=Barn-burners=, 389.

=Battle above the Clouds= (Lookout Mountain), 521.

=Battle of the Crater= (Petersburg), 532.

=Bayard, James A.=, supports Jefferson, 281; at St. Petersburg, 308; at Ghent, 312.

=Beauregard=, General, (C.), portrait p. 366, 467; biographical note, p. 366 n.; fires on Sumter, 452; at Bull Run, 467; succeeds A. S. Johnston, 478; succeeded by Bragg, 481.

=Belknap, W. W.=, impeachment of, 590.

=Bell, John=, nominated for the Presidency, 435.

=Bellomont, Earl of=, royal governor of New York, 66.

=Bemis Heights=, battle of, 181.

=Bennington=, battle of, 179.

=Benton, Thomas H.=, portrait p. 275, 355; biographical note, p. 275 n. 2; opposes Foote’s Resolutions, 355; on Polk’s administration, 378; proposed as commander in the Mexican War, 379.

=Bering, Vitus=, Russian explorer, 9.

=Bering Sea fisheries=, 641.

=Berkeley, Lord=, received grant of New Jersey, 67; sells to Quakers, 68.

=Berkeley, Sir William=, royal governor of Virginia, 42-45; receives grant of the Carolinas, 73.

=Berlin Decree=, Napoleon’s, 292.

=Bienville, Sieur de.= See _Le Moyne_.

=Black, Jeremiah S.=, 441.

=Black Hawk War=, p. 289 n. 1.

=Blaine, James G.=, portrait p. 486, 619; biographical note, p. 486 n.; Secretary of State for Garfield, 608; candidate for the Presidency, 619; Secretary of State for Harrison, 629, 632, 639-641.

=Blair, Rev. James=, founder of College of William and Mary, 45.

=Bland-Allison Silver Bill=, 604, 627.

=Blockade=, of the port of Boston, 136; in War of 1812, 292-294; of Southern ports, 455, 465, 474, 529, 540.

=Bonds=, government, 456, 457, 596, 627, 677; confederate, 458, 529.

=_Bonne Homme Richard_ and _Serapis_=, battle of, 211.

=Boone, Daniel=, portrait p. 154, 201; biographical note, p. 153 n.

=Booth, John Wilkes=, 552.

=Border States in the Civil War=, 453, 463, 474.

=Boston, Mass.=, founded, 38; siege of, 150; in 1800, 262; great fire, 587.

=Boston Massacre=, 132.

=Boston Port Bill=, 136; effect on the colonies, 138.

=Boston “Tea Party,”= 135.

=Boundary Disputes=, 93, 258, 272, 372, 377, 378, 586.

=Braddock’s defeat=, 111.

=Bradford, William=, second governor of Plymouth, 34; writings of, 84.

=Bradstreet, Mrs. Anne=, 84.

=Bragg, Gen. Braxton=, (C.), portrait p. 379, 480; biographical note, p. 379 n.; succeeds Beauregard, 481; his raid into Kentucky, 481; at Stone River, 482; in the Chattanooga campaign, 518-521.

=Brandywine=, battle of the, 186.

=Brant, Joseph=, Mohawk chief, at Oriskany, 182; education and travels, 204.

=Breckinridge, John C.=, elected Vice President, 417; candidate for the Presidency, 435.

=Brewster, William=, Pilgrim elder, 32.

=Brock, Gen. Isaac=, Canadian leader, 302; falls at Queenstown, 303.

=Brooks, Preston S.=, his assault on Sumner, 415.

=Brown, Gen. Jacob=, at battle of Ogdensburg, 303; given command in Canada, 309.

=Brown, John=, portrait p. 337, 432; biographical note, p. 336 n.; in Kansas, 413; raid on Harper’s Ferry, 432.

=Brownists=, 32.

=Bryan, William J.=, portrait p. 513, 655; biographical note, p. 512 n. 2; candidate of Democratic and Populist parties, 655, 678.

=Bryant, William Cullen=, 350.

=Buchanan, James=, portrait p. 330, 424; biographical note, p. 325 n.; candidate for Presidential nomination in 1852, 404; and the Ostend Manifesto, 408; elected President, 417; character of his administration, 423; attitude toward Kansas, 424; and the Mormons, 426; and secession, 440, 450.

=Buckner, Gen. Simon B.=, 655.

=Buell, Gen. D. C.=, commands Department of Ohio, 476; at Shiloh, 478; drives Bragg from Kentucky, 481.

=Buena Vista=, battle of, 383.

=Bull Run= (or Manassas), first battle of, 467; official returns, p. 367 n.; second battle of, 504.

=Bunker Hill=, battle of, 147.

=Burgesses=, Virginia House of, 27, 28, 43, 45, 95.

=Burgoyne, Gen. John=, portrait p. 138, 180; biographical note, p. 135 n.; joins British army in America, 146; checked by Schuyler, 178; surrenders at Saratoga, 181.

=Burke, Edmund=, opposes taxing the colonies, 126; opposes “Five Acts,” 137.

=Burns, Anthony=, fugitive slave, p. 311 n.

=Burnside, Gen. A. E.=, portrait p. 402, 506; biographical note, p. 401 n. 2; captures Roanoke Island, 487; supersedes McClellan, 505; defeated at Fredericksburg, 506; superseded by Hooker, 506; at Knoxville, 519.

=Burr, Aaron=, intrigues for the Presidency, 281; in election of 1804, 288; his conspiracy and trial, 289, 290; kills Hamilton in a duel, 289.

=Butler, Gen. Benjamin F.=, portrait p. 425, 533; biographical note, p. 425 n.; at New Orleans, 488; commands Army of the James, 530; at Bermuda Hundred, 533; nominated for the Presidency, 617.

=Cabinet=, President’s, organization of, 266, p. 197 n.

=Cable.= See _Atlantic Cable_.

=Cabot, John=, licensed by Henry VII. of England, 8; accounts of voyages unsatisfactory, 8.

=Cabot, Sebastian=, portrait p. 12, 9; biographical note, p. 11 n. 1.

=Calhoun, John C.=, portrait p. 227, 300; biographical note, p. 226 n.; member of “War-Hawk” party, 299; attitude toward internal improvements, 318, 338; Secretary of War, 320; Vice President, 333; attitude toward protective tariff, 316, 340; his “Exposition,” 341; alienation from Jackson, 352; and nullification, 358; Secretary of State for Tyler, 374; supports annexation of Texas, 374; advocates right of secession, 395; death of, 400.

=California=, question of acquisition, 378; influence on slavery question, 393; gold discovered, 394.

=Calvert, Cecilius=, second Lord Baltimore, portrait p.38, 40; founds Maryland, 39.

=Calvert, Charles=, Governor of Maryland, 40; becomes third Lord Baltimore, 40.

=Calvert, George=, first Lord Baltimore, portrait p. 37, 39; biographical note, p. 37 n.; secures charter for Maryland, 39.

=Calvert, Leonard=, his difficulties in Maryland, 40.

=Camden=, battle of, 214.

=Cameron, Simon=, Secretary of War, 451; succeeded by Stanton, 475; Minister to Russia, 475.

=Canada=, secured by Great Britain, 115; Arnold’s expedition into, 151; in the War of 1812, 300-302, 309; revolution in, 370; fishery troubles with, 586.

=Canals.= See _Internal Improvements_ and _Erie Canal_.

=Canning, George=, British Minister, and the Monroe Doctrine, 325.

=Carleton, Sir Guy=, expedition, 161.

=Carolinas=, the, Albemarle founded, 72; granted to Clarendon and Berkeley, 73; Clarendon settled, 73; Charleston founded, 75; surrender charters, 92. See _North Carolina_ and _South Carolina_.

=Carpet Baggers=, 575.

=Carteret, Philip=, first governor of New Jersey, 67.

=Carteret, Sir George=, receives grant of New Jersey, 67.

=Cartier, Jacques=, French explorer, portrait p. 18, 14; biographical note, p. 18 n. 1; discovers St. Lawrence, 14.

=Carver, John=, first governor of Plymouth, 34.

=Cass, Lewis=, candidate for the Presidency in 1848, 389; in Buchanan’s Cabinet, 423.

=Catholics=, in Maryland, 39-41; in Canada, 136.

=Caucus=, nomination by, 332, 345.

=Centennial Exposition=, 595.

=Cerro Gordo=, battle of, 384.

=Cervera, Admiral=, at Santiago de Cuba, 668, 669.

=Chambersburg, Pa.=, burning of, 533.

=Champlain, Samuel de=, French explorer, portrait p. 19, 15; biographical note, p. 20 n.; establishes permanent colony at Quebec, 16.

=Chancellorsville=, battle of, 523.

=Channing, William Ellery=, 350.

=Charles I.=, defied by Virginia Burgesses, 28; grants patent for Maryland, 39.

=Charles II.=, grants Virginia to Arlington and Culpepper, 43; recalls Berkeley, 44; conquers New Amsterdam, 56; interferes in Massachusetts, 56, 58; makes grant to Penn, 69; and the Carolinas, 73.

=Charleston, S.C.=, settled, 75, 76; population in 1800, 262.

=Charlestown, Mass.=, founded, 38.

=Charter Oak=, 59.

=Charters=, of the Virginia Company, 21, 22, 26; of the Dutch Company, 30; of Plymouth, 35; of Massachusetts, 37, 38, 47, 58, 60; of Connecticut, 56, 59, 60, 92; of Rhode Island, 49, 59, 60, 92; of the Carolinas, 92.

=Chase, Salmon P.=, portrait p. 340, 436; biographical note, p. 340 n.; anti-slavery leader, 400; candidate for Presidential nomination, 436; in Lincoln’s Cabinet, 451, 545; appointed Chief Justice, 545.

=Chase, Samuel=, impeachment of, 291.

=Chatham, Earl of.= See _Pitt_.

=Chattanooga=, battles of, 518-522; estimated forces, p. 414 n. 1.

=Cherokee Indians=, in Tennessee, 203; in Georgia, 339.

=Cherry Valley Massacre=, 205.

=_Chesapeake_ and _Leopard_=, battle of, 293.

=_Chesapeake_ and _Shannon_=, battle of, 304 (p. 233).

=Chicago=, the great fire, 587; World’s Fair at, 652.

=Chickamauga=, battle of, 518; official returns, p. 411 n.

=Chile=, difficulty with, 640.

=China=, Boxer uprising in, 680.

=Chinese immigration.= See _Immigration_.

=Chippewa=, battle of, 309.

=Churubusco=, battle of, 384.

=Cities=, in 1800, 262; in 1860–1870, 703.

=Civil Rights Bill=, p. 454 n.

=Civil Service Reform=, Jefferson’s attitude toward, 284; association formed, 592; attitude of Hayes, p. 473 n.; the Republicans and, 608; Pendleton Bill, 616; extended by Cleveland, 620; McKinley’s attitude toward, 656.

=Civil War=, beginnings of, 450-474; first war proclamation, 453; seat of, 459-461; foreign difficulties, 464, 472, 473, 502, 511; campaigns of 1861, 466-471; campaigns of 1862, 475-513; opposition to, in the North, 512, 513, 526, 542, 543, 547; campaigns of 1863, 514-529; campaigns of 1864, 530-546; efforts for peace, 547; campaigns of 1865, 547-551; magnitude of, 555-560; lessons of, 560.

=Claiborne, William=, opposes Lord Baltimore in Maryland, 40; commissioner in Virginia, 42.

=Clarendon, Earl of=, receives grant of the Carolinas, 73.

=Clark, George Rogers=, portrait p. 158, 208; biographical note, p. 158 n.; his conquest of the Northwest, 209.

=Clark, William=, explores Louisiana territory, 287.

=Clay, Henry=, portrait, early portrait (1847), 330, 395; biographical note, p. 252 n.; advocates war with England in 1812, 299; commissioner at Ghent, 312; frames second Missouri Compromise, 330; candidate for the Presidency, 333; Secretary of State, 334, 335; frames compromise tariff in 1833, 358; supports the Bank, 361; and the surplus, 363; Whig candidate for the Presidency in 1844, 375; and the Texas question, 374; frames Compromise of 1850, 395; and the Panama canal, 401; death of, 404.

=Clayton, John M.=, Secretary of State for Taylor, 401; negotiates treaty with England, 401.

=Clayton-Bulwer Treaty=, 401.

=Clemens, Samuel L.=, 708.

=Cleveland, Grover=, portrait p. 489, 621; biographical note, p. 487 n.; elected President, 619; character of his administration, 620; extends Civil Service regulations, 620; defeated by Harrison, 628; second election, 643; character of second administration, 644; intercedes for the Cubans, 659.

=Cliff-dwellers=, 2; illustration of dwellings, p. 4.

=Clinton, George=, 288.

=Clinton, Sir Henry=, joins British army in America, 146; failure of first Southern expedition, 162; in New York, 185; in command of British, 195; evacuates Philadelphia, 195; at Monmouth, 196; second campaign in the South, 197, 213, 214.

=Cobb, Howell=, 444, 450.

=Coinage.= See _Currency_.

=Cold Harbor=, battle of, 531; official returns, p. 424 n. 1.

=Colleges=, William and Mary founded, 45; Harvard founded, 46.

=Colonial Congress.= See _Congress_.

=Colonial Spirit= in the states, 263.

=Colonies, American=, at end of the 17th century, 77-90; development of, 91-116.

=Colonization=, theory of, 19, 20; American Society of, 327.

=Columbia, S.C.=, burning of, 548, p. 437 n.

=Columbia River=, discovery of, 323.

=Columbian Exposition=, 652.

=Columbus, Christopher=, portrait p. 7, 5; biographical note, p. 7 n. 1; his theories, 5; Toscanelli’s map, 5 (p. 8); his motives and difficulties, 6; voyages, 7; results of his discoveries, 7.

=Commerce=, in the colonies, 81, 87, 117; during the Napoleonic régime, 292; of the United States, 336; during the Civil War, 455; interstate, 623.

=Committee of Safety=, 138.

=Committees of Correspondence=, 138.

=Compromises=, in the Constitution, 252; first and second Missouri, 329-331; tariff, 358; of 1850, 395-398; Crittenden’s, 443.

=Concord=, battle of, 143.

=Confederacy, New England.= See _New England_.

=Confederacy, Southern=, established, 444; constitution of, 444; bonds of, 458, 529; recognized by Great Britain, 464.

=Confederation=, articles of, government under, 238-243.

=Congress=, Colonial, 66, 110, 127; provincial, 140; First Continental, 139; Second Continental, 144. See _Congress of the United States_.

=Congress of the United States=, established under the Constitution, 253; proceedings of first, 266; in the Civil War, 500; and Andrew Johnson, 567, 577-580; reconstruction policy of, 571.

=Conkling, Roscoe=, 609.

=Connecticut=, settlements in, 50, 51; adopts a written constitution, 51; joins New England Confederacy, 53; charter of, 56, 59, 60; in 1700, 77.

=Conscription=, in the North, 526; in the South, 527.

=Constitution=, conventions called, 244, 245; obstacles to, 248-251; compromises in, 252; characteristics of, 255; ratification of, 254; amendments to, p. 198 n. 2, 281, 546, 508, 571, 572, 583; “compact” theory of, 279, 356; and slavery, 418-420; text of, Appendix B, pp. 548-562.

=Constitution of the Confederate States=, 444.

=_Constitution_ and _Guerrière_=, battle of, 304.

=Continental Congress.= See _Congress_.

=Conventions=, constitutional, 244-252; state, 254, 358, 440; Hartford, 315; first nominating, 332, 345; Southern, 434, 435.

=Conway Cabal=, 193.

=Coode, John=, leads revolt in Maryland, 41.

=Cooper, James Fenimore=, 350.

=Cooper, Peter=, 596.

=Copyright law=, international, 643.

=Corinth=, taking of, 479.

=Cornwallis, Lord=, portrait p. 163, 214; biographical note, p. 163 n.; in New Jersey, 168; at the Brandywine, 186; moves to the South, 213; at Guilford Courthouse, 227; retreats to Yorktown, 229; surrenders, 233.

=Coronado, Francisco Vasquez=, Spanish explorer, 13.

=Corporations and trusts=, 617, 623, 707, 709.

=Correspondence, Committees of=, 138.

=Cortereal, Gaspar=, Portuguese explorer, 9.

=Cortez, Hernando=, Spanish explorer, conquers Mexico, 2, 13.

=Cotton gin=, invented, p. 224 n.; makes slavery profitable, 327.

=Cowpens=, battle of, 225.

=Crawford, William H.=, Secretary of the Treasury, 320; nominated for the Presidency, 333; framer of Tenure of Office Act in 1820, 351.

=Crédit Mobilier=, 590.

=Creek Indians=, 3; defeated by Jackson, 307; in Alabama, 307; in Georgia, 339.

=Crittenden, Senator=, proposes compromise on slavery, 443.

=Cromwell, Oliver=, and Maryland, 40; attitude of Massachusetts, 54; menaces New Netherlands, 64.

=Crown Point=, taken by English, 112.

=Cuba=, and the South, 402, 407; and the Ostend Manifesto, 408; Virginius affair, 594; and War with Spain, 658-670; independence of, 671, 695.

=Culpepper, Lord=, receives grant of Virginia, 43.

=Currency=, paper, 174, 221, 364, 456, 458, 529, 596, 605; gold and silver, 366, 456, 604, 605, 634, 635, 643, 646-648, 655, 677.

=Curtis, B. R.=, and Dred Scott decision, 418, 419.

=Curtis, Gen. S. R.=, (U.), at battle of Pea Ridge, 480.

=Curtis, George William=, abolitionist, 421; head of Civil Service Commission, 592; supports Cleveland, 619.

=Cushing, Caleb=, portrait p. 317, 405; biographical note, p. 317 n.; in Pierce’s Cabinet, 405.

=Custer, Gen. George A.=, portrait p. 467, 594; biographical note, p. 467 n.

=Dale, Sir Thomas=, royal governor, 27.

=Dana, Charles A.=, at Grant’s headquarters, 477.

=Dare, Virginia=, first white child born in America, p. 22 n.

=Davenport, John=, founder of New Haven, 51.

=Davis, Jefferson=, portrait p. 345, 444; biographical note, p. 345 n.; in the Mexican War, 383; pro-slavery leader, 400; in Pierce’s Cabinet, 405; frames resolutions on slavery, 433; opposes Crittenden’s compromise, 443; elected President of the Confederacy, 444; interference in military affairs, 535, p. 427 n. 2; capture and imprisonment, 565.

=Debt=, national, 266, 364, 627.

=Debts=, state, assumption of, 266.

=Decatur, Lieut. Stephen=, portrait p. 215, 285; biographical note, p. 215 n. 1; defeats Barbary pirates, 285; in War of 1812, 304.

=Declaration of Colonial Rights=, 139.

=Declaration of Independence=, R. H. Lee’s resolutions, 164; framed by Jefferson, 164; signed, 164; purport of, 165; text of, Appendix A, pp. 543-547.

=De Kalb=, offers services to Americans, 175.

=Delaware, Lord=, royal governor of Virginia, 27.

=Delaware=, settled by Swedes, 63; granted to Penn, 69, 70; becomes a separate province, 71.

=Democratic party=, rise of, 344, p. 284 n. 1; discredited by Van Buren, 370; supports annexation of Texas, 375; divides on slavery question, 389; favors Compromise of 1850, 404; in election of 1856, 417; divides on “Squatter sovereignty,” 435; in election of 1860, 435, 436; in the Civil War, 439, 513, 543; in election of 1872, 588; in 1876, 597; elects Cleveland, 619, 643; in 1896, 655.

=Democratic-Republican party=, led by Jefferson, 268; favors war with France, 271; in election of 1796, 275; in election of 1800, 281, 283; theories compared with Jackson’s, 344.

=D’Estaing, Count=, in charge of French fleet, 197; at Newport, 197; retires to West Indies, 197.

=Dewey, Admiral George=, portrait p. 519, 666; biographical note, p. 519 n.; his victory at Manila Bay, 666; created admiral, p. 519 n.

=Dickinson, John=, portrait p. 97, 131; biographical note, p. 97 n. 1; author of “Farmer’s Letters,” 131, p. 97 n. 2; in the Constitutional Convention, 246.

=Dingley Tariff=, 657.

=Dinwiddie=, royal governor of Virginia, 106, 108; sends Washington to the West, 106.

=Dix, John A.=, 441.

=Donelson, Fort=, construction of, 461, 476; capture of, 477.

=Dorchester Heights=, taking of, 149.

=Dorr’s Rebellion=, 373.

=Douglas, Stephen A.=, portrait p. 333, 428; biographical note, p. 333 n. 1; pro-slavery sympathies, 400; proposes Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 411; advocates “Popular sovereignty,” 411; opposes Lecompton Constitution, 425; debates with Lincoln, 428-431; his “Freeport Doctrine,” 430, 433; nominated for the Presidency, 435; supports the Union, 438, 453.

=Draft riots=, 526.

=Drake, Francis=, English explorer, portrait p. 20, 17; biographical note, p. 21 n. 1; his voyage round the world, 17.

=Dred Scott Decision=, 418-420.

=Dunmore’s War, Lord=, 202.

=Duquesne, Fort= (now Pittsburg), founded, 108; taken by Washington, 113.

=Dutch in America=, send out Hudson, 29; settle New York, 29, 30; found New Amsterdam (New York City), 30; troubles of, 55, 61-64; lose New Netherlands, 64.

=Duties.= See _Tariff_.

=Eads, James B.=, 612.

=Early, Gen. J. A.=, (C.), menaces Washington, D.C., 533; defeated by Sheridan, 533, 550.

=Eaton, Theophilus=, founder of New Haven, 51.

=Edmunds, George F.=, 614.

=Education=, in the colonies, 82, 87; and the Ordinance of 1787, 256; during the nineteenth century, 708. See _Colleges_.

=Edwards, Jonathan=, portrait p. 77, 103; biographical note, p. 77 n.; writings, 263.

=El Caney=, battle of, 667.

=Elections=, Presidential. See _Presidential Elections_.

=Electoral College=, 597.

=Electoral Commission=, chooses Hayes, 599.

=Electoral Count Act=, 622.

=Eliot, John=, apostle to the Indians, 57.

=Emancipation=, advocated in Virginia in 1829–1830, 359; desired by radical Republicans, 501; proclamation, 508.

=Embargo=, 293, 294, 298.

=Emerson, Ralph Waldo=, 350.

=Endicott, John=, leads colonists to Salem, portrait p. 34, 37.

=English, William H.=, 607.

=English discoveries and explorers=, 8, 9, 17, 18.

=Era of good feeling=, 321.

=Ericson, Leif.= See _Leif_.

=Ericcson, John=, portrait p. 384, 486; biographical note, p. 383 n.; invents the _Monitor_, 486.

=Erie Canal=, construction of, 319.

=Eutaw Springs=, battle of, 228.

=Evarts, William M.=, 436.

=Expansion policy.= See _Imperialism_.

=Exports=, of the Middle Colonies, 85; of the South, 87, 455; in 1901, 706.

=Fabian policy=, 192.

=Fair Oaks= (or Seven Pines), battle of, 495; official returns, p. 392 n. 1.

=Faneuil Hall=, Boston, 138.

“=Farmer’s Letters=,” 131, p. 97 n. 2.

=Farragut, Admiral D. G.=, portrait p. 385, 488; biographical note, p. 385 n.; at New Orleans, 488, 489; at Mobile, 540.

=Federal Election Bill=, defeated, 629.

=Federalist, The=, 254.

=Federalist Party=, led by Hamilton, 267; in election of 1796, 275; passes Alien and Sedition Laws, 277; in election of 1800, 281; in election of 1804, 288; opposes the War of 1812, 300, 313-315; decline of, 315.

=Fendall, Josias=, leads revolt in Maryland, 41.

=Ferdinand and Isabella=, 6.

=Field, Cyrus W.=, portrait p. 348, 447; biographical note, p. 348 n.; and the Atlantic cable, 447, p. 348 n.

=Fifteenth Amendment=, 583.

“=Fifty-four Forty=,” 376.

=Filibustering=, 402, p. 313 n., 407, 409.

=Fillmore, Millard=, portrait p. 310, 396; biographical note, p. 310 n.; elected Vice President, 389; succeeds Taylor, 396.

=Finances=, in 1789, 261; reformed by Hamilton, 266, 267; under Jefferson, 285; at beginning of War of 1812, 300; under Jackson, 361-366; during Civil War, 456-458, 529; during Grant’s administration, 589; in 1893, 645-649; reform of, 677.

=First Continental Congress.= See _Congress_.

=Fisher, Fort=, fall of, 539.

=Fisheries=, importance in New England, 46, 81; disputes over, 312, 586, 641.

=Five Acts of 1774=, 136.

=Five Forks=, battle of, 550.

=Five Nations=, 3.

=Flag, American=, first raised, p. 140 n. 2.

=Fletcher, Benjamin=, royal governor of New York, 66.

=Florida=, discovery of, 13; taken by the English, 115; Jackson in, 324; acquired by the United States, 324; Seminole War in, p. 289 n.; secedes, 440; readmitted, 574.

=Floyd, John B.=, 450.

=Foote, Senator=, resolutions on sale of public lands, 355.

=Foote, Rear Admiral A. H.=, takes Fort Henry, 477.

=Force Bill=, of 1832, 358; of 1870–1871, 584; name given the Federal Election Bill, 629.

=Fourteenth Amendment=, 571, 572, p. 454 n.

=Franchise.= See _Suffrage_.

=Franklin, Benjamin=, portrait p.125, 165; biographical note, p. 124 n.; his efforts for union, 110; signs Declaration of Independence, 164; commissioner at Paris, 175; in the Constitutional Convention, 246; his writings, 263.

=Franklin=, battle of, 536; official returns, p. 428 n. 2.

=Frayser’s Farm=, battle of, 498.

=Fredericksburg=, battle of, 506; official returns, p. 402 n.

=Freedmen’s Bureau=, p. 454 n.

=Freeman’s Farm=, battle of, 181.

=Freeport Doctrine=, 430, 433.

=Free Soil Party=, in election of 1848, 389.

=Frémont, John C.=, portrait p. 325, 417; biographical note, p. 324 n.; first Republican nominee for the Presidency, 417; in command in Missouri, 470; succeeded by Halleck, 471; in West Virginia, 491; defeated by Stonewall Jackson, 493.

=French and Indian War=, 110-115.

=French=, discoveries and claims, 9, p. 11 n. 2, 14-16, 19, 20, 98-100; wars with, 101-116, 276; in the Revolutionary War, 175, 194, 197, 230-232, 235; in Mexico, 561.

=Friends.= See _Quakers_.

=Frobisher, Martin=, English explorer, 17.

=Frontenac, Count=, terrorizes the English colonies, 101.

=Fugitive Slave Law=, first enacted, 327; not carried out, 391; in the Compromise of 1850, 398; frustrated, 398, p. 311 n.

=Fulton, Robert=, portrait p. 223, 296; biographical note, p. 223 n.; invents the steamboat, p. 223 n.

=Gadsden Purchase=, p. 307 n.

=Gage, Gen. Thomas=, royal governor of Massachusetts, 140; sends troops to Concord, 141; recalled, 147.

=Gaines’s Mill=, battle of, 497.

=Gallatin, Robert=, portrait p. 212, 283; biographical note, p. 213 n. 2; in Jefferson’s cabinet, 284; ambassador to Russia, 308; commissioner at Ghent, 312.

=Gama, Vasco da=, Portuguese explorer, 9.

=Garfield, James A.=, portrait p. 478, 608; biographical note, p. 478 n.; elected President, 607; assassinated, 609.

=Garrison, William Lloyd=, portrait p. 269, 350; biographical note, p. 269 n. 1; leader of the abolitionists, 350; establishes _The Liberator_, 359.

=Gates, Gen. Horatio=, portrait p. 148, 193; biographical note, p. 147 n.; with Washington in New Jersey, 169; loses Ticonderoga, 178; intrigues against Washington, 169, 192, 193; supersedes Schuyler, 180; at Saratoga, 181; in the South, 214.

=Geary Act=, p. 491 n.

=Genet, Edmond Charles=, French minister, 271; seeks to involve the United States in war, 271.

=Georgia=, colonization of, 97; and the Indians, 339, 354; secedes, 440; readmitted, 574.

=George I.=, and Governor Spotswood, 96.

=George II.=, Georgia named for, 97.

=George III.=, portrait, p. 88; biographical note, p. 89 n. 2; character of, 119; abandons American struggle, 234.

=Germans in America=, 95, 97.

=Germantown=, battle of, 187.

=Gerry, Elbridge=, and the X. Y. Z. affair, 276.

=Gettysburg=, battle of, 525; official returns, p. 418 n. 2.

=Ghent=, treaty of, 312.

=Giddings, Joshua R.=, anti-slavery champion, 374.

=Gilbert, Sir Humphrey=, English explorer, 17.

=Gladstone, William E.=, speech on the Civil War, 511.

=Gold=, discovered in California, 394. See _Currency_.

=Goldsboro, N.C.=, battle of, 548.

=Gourges, Dominic de=, French explorer, 15.

=Granges=, 596.

=Grant, Ulysses S.=, portrait, p. 375; biographical note, p. 373 n.; takes Cairo, 476; takes Fort Donelson, 477; complaints against, 477; at Shiloh, 478, p. 378 n. 2; at Vicksburg, 514-517; at Chattanooga, 520, 521; general in chief, 522; his strategy, 530; in Virginia, 531-533; receives surrender of Lee, 551; elected President, 580; re-elected, 588; political difficulties, 590; later life, p. 468 n.

=Grasse, Commodore de=, aids in the Yorktown campaign, 231.

=Gray, Robert=, discovers the Columbia River, 323.

=Great Britain=, makes peace with America, 234, 235; and the Monroe Doctrine, 326; and the Oregon question, 376, 586; attitude of, in the Civil War, 464, 472, 473, 502, 510, 511; and the Venezuelan dispute, 651.

=Greeley, Horace=, portrait p. 462, 588; biographical note, p. 462 n.; editorial on emancipation, 501; opposes Lincoln’s policy, 501, 542; nominated for the Presidency, 588.

=Greenback party=, 596.

=Greene, Gen. Nathanael=, portrait p. 115, 154; biographical note, p. 115 n. 1; at the Brandywine, 186; at Germantown, 187; recommended by Washington for command in the South, 214; given command in the South, 223; recovers the South, 228.

=Greenland=, discovered by the Scandinavians, 4.

=Grenville, Lord=, his scheme of taxation, 125.

=Guam=, Caroline Islands, ceded by Spain to the United States, 671; territorial government established, 676.

=Guilford Court House=, battle of, 227.

=Habeas Corpus, Writ of=, suspended by Andros, 59; in Virginia, 95; secured by Ordinance of 1787, 256; suspended by Lincoln, 512.

=Halleck, Gen. Henry W.=, portrait p. 398, 503; biographical note, p. 398 n. 1; supersedes Frémont in Missouri, 471; in command in the West, 476; complains of Grant, 477; general in chief, 503; superseded by Grant, 522.

=Hamilton, Alexander=, portrait p. 182, 246; biographical note, p. 182 n.; at Yorktown, 233; in the Constitutional Convention, 246; leader of the Federalists, 267; opposed to Jefferson, 268; intrigues for Pinckney, 275; supports Jefferson for the Presidency, 281; duel with Burr, and death, 289.

=Hamilton, Colonel=, British commander at Detroit, 208; surrenders to George Rogers Clark, 209.

=Hancock, John=, portrait p. 104, 141; biographical note, p. 103 n.; first president of the Continental Congress, 192.

=Hancock, Gen. W. S.=, portrait p. 477, 607; biographical note, p. 477 n.; nominated for the Presidency, 607.

=Harper’s Ferry=, scene of John Brown’s raid, 432; taken by Stonewall Jackson, 505.

=Harrison, Benjamin=, portrait p. 496, 630; biographical note, p. 493 n. 1; elected President, 628; character of his administration, 629; defeated by Cleveland, 643.

=Harrison, Gen. William Henry=, portrait p. 290, 371; biographical note, p. 290 n.; at Tippecanoe, 299; wins battle of the Thames, 305; candidate for the Presidency in 1836, 368; elected President in 1840, 371; death of, 372.

=Hartford Convention=, 315.

=Harvard, John=, founds university at Cambridge, 46.

=Harvey, Sir John=, royal governor of Virginia, 28, p. 29 n. 1.

=Haverhill, Mass.=, sacked by French and Indians, 101.

=Hawaii=, revolution in, 650; annexation of, 672; territorial government established, 676.

=Hawthorne, Nathaniel=, 350.

=Hayes, Rutherford B.=, portrait p. 470, 598; biographical note, p. 469 n.; nominated for the Presidency, 597; dispute over election, 598; character and events of his administration, 600-605; supports Civil Service reform, p. 473 n.

=Hayne, Robert Y.=, portrait p. 276, 355; biographical note, p. 276 n.; debate with Webster, 355.

=Hay-Pauncefote Treaty=, 680.

=Helper, H. R.=, author of _The Impending Crisis of the South_, 422.

=Hendricks, Thomas A.=, 597, 619, p. 490 n.

=Henry, Fort=, building of, 461, 476; fall of, 477.

=Henry, Patrick=, portrait p. 96, 129; biographical note, p. 94 n. 2; opposes Stamp Act, 127; opposes the Constitutional Convention, 246, 254.

=Herkimer, Gen. Nicholas=, at Oriskany, 182, p. 140 n. 1.

=Hessians=, 152, 169, 174, 179.

=Hobart, Garret A.=, 655 (p. 513).

=Hobson, Lieut. R. P.=, at Santiago, 668.

=Holy Alliance=, 325.

=Hood, Gen. J. B.=, (C.), portrait p. 428, 536; biographical note, p. 427 n. 3; supersedes Johnston, 535; at Nashville, 536.

=Hooker, Gen. Joseph=, (U.), portrait p. 415, 523; biographical note, p. 414 n. 2; at Williamsburg, 492; at Fredericksburg, 506; succeeds Burnside, 506; at Chattanooga, 519-521; at Chancellorsville, 523; superseded by Meade, 524.

=Hooker, Rev. Thomas=, framer of the Connecticut Constitution, 51; his writings, 84.

=Horseshoe=, battle of the, 307.

=Houston, Gen. Samuel=, portrait p. 293, 374; biographical note, p. 293 n.; Texan leader, 374.

=Howe, Admiral Lord=, reënforces General Howe, 153; at Newport, 197.

=Howe, Elias=, 449.

=Howe, Gen. William=, portrait p. 110, 147; biographical note, p. 110 n.; at Bunker Hill, 147; in command of British forces, 147; evacuates Boston, 150; in New York, 154; in New Jersey, 168, 169; fails to support Burgoyne, 183; moves on Philadelphia, 185-187; succeeded by Clinton, 195.

=Hudson, Henry=, portrait p. 30, 29; biographical note, p. 29 n. 2; discovers Hudson River, 29.

=Huguenots=, persecuted in France, 15; found colony in Florida, 15; their colony destroyed, 15; in New Netherlands, 62; in North Carolina, 76.

=Hull, Captain Isaac=, portrait p. 231, 304; biographical note, p. 230 n. 2; his victory over the _Guerrière_, 304.

=Hull, Gen. William=, surrenders Detroit, 302.

=Hutchinson, Mrs. Anne=, 48.

=Hutchinson, Governor=, portrait p. 98, 132; biographical note, p. 98 n.; withdraws troops from Boston, 132.

=Iberville.= See _Le Moyne_.

=Illinois=, admitted, 329.

=Immigration=, to West, 346; Chinese, 603, 624, p. 491 n.; 1830–1900, 704.

=Impeachment=, of Justice Chase, 291; of President Johnson, 579; of Belknap, 590.

=Imperialism=, opposition to, 675.

=Impressment=, of American sailors, 272, 292, 312.

=Income tax=, exacted in Civil War, 457; defeated, 649.

=Independent Treasury system=, established, 369.

=Indians=, early tribes, 1-3; origin of name, 2, 7; in New York, 98; allied with French, 101-114; reservations of, 116, p. 274 n., p. 289 n.; during the Revolution, 182, 202-207; defeated by Wayne, 270; in War of 1812, 302, 305.

=Indian Territory=, transfer of tribes to, p. 274 n.

=Industrial disturbances.= See _Strikes_.

=Industries=, growth of, during War of 1812, 316; during Civil War, 454, 529; in the South, 617; suspended during panic of 1803, 645; magnitude of, in the United States, 702.

=Internal improvements=, by the States, 317, 318, 364; Calhoun’s attitude toward, 318, 338; Madison’s attitude toward, 318; favored by John Quincy Adams, 338; liberality of the Fifty-first Congress toward, 637.

=Internal revenue.= See _Revenue_.

=International Copyright Law=, passed, 643.

=Interstate Commerce Act=, 623.

=Inventions=, 449, 709.

=Iroquois Indians=, 3.

=Irving, Washington=, 350.

=Italy=, difficulty with, 639.

=Jackson, Andrew=, portrait p. 238, 311; biographical note, p. 238 n.; at battle of the Horseshoe, 307; at New Orleans, 311; invades Florida, 324, p. 248 n. 2; candidate for the Presidency in 1824, 333; elected President in 1828, 342; character of his epoch, 343-350; his character, 353; and the nullification episode, 358; and the Bank, 361-366; issues “Specie Circular,” 366; his policy toward France, 367.

=Jackson, Gen. Thomas J.= (“Stonewall”), portrait p. 390, 493; biographical note, p. 390 n.; exploits in Virginia, 493; killed at Chancellorsville, 523.

=James I.=, encourages colonization, 21; charters Virginia Company, 26.

=Jamestown, Va.=, settled and named, 23; saved by Capt. John Smith, 24.

=Japan=, opened to commerce, 410.

=Jay, John=, portrait p. 202, 272; biographical note, p. 201 n.; negotiates treaty with England, 272.

=Jefferson, Thomas=, portrait p. 123, 164; biographical note, p. 123 n.; drafts Declaration of Independence, 164; his views on the Constitution, 253; leader of Democratic-Republicans, 268; Vice President, 275; author of “Kentucky Resolutions,” 279; elected President, 281; first inaugural address, 284, p. 213 n. 1; his character and policy, 268, 282, 296, 297; compared with Jackson, 344.

=Johnson, Andrew=, portrait p. 447, 564; biographical note, p. 446 n.; military governor of Tennessee, 477; elected Vice President, 543; becomes President, 562; his policy of reconstruction, 564, 566, 567; and Congress, 567, 577-580; impeachment of, 579.

=Johnson, Sir John=, 182, 204.

=Johnston, Gen. A. S.=, (C.), portrait p. 377, 478; biographical note, p. 377 n.; in Utah, 427; in Kentucky, 476; killed at Shiloh, 478.

=Johnston, Gen. J. E.=, (C.), portrait p. 389, 492; biographical note, p. 388 n.; evacuates Yorktown, 492; at Vicksburg, 517; and Sherman, 534; superseded by Hood, 535; reinstated, 548; surrender of, 551.

=Joliet, Louis=, French explorer, 98.

=Jones, John Paul=, portrait p. 160, 211; biographical note, p. 159 n.; defeats the _Serapis_, 211; effects of the victory, 212.

=Kansas=, struggle in, 413, 414, 424, 425; admission of, 425.

=Kansas-Nebraska Bill=, 411.

=Kaskaskia=, taken by George Rogers Clark, 209.

=_Kearsarge_ and _Alabama_=, battle of, 541.

=Kentucky=, settled, 200; admitted, p. 192 n.; in Civil War, 463, 481.

=Kentucky Resolutions=, 279.

=Kieft=, governor of New Netherlands, 61.

=King, Rufus=, 288.

=King George’s War=, 105.

=King Philip’s War=, 57.

=King’s Mountain=, battle of, 224.

=King William’s War=, 101.

=Kitchen Cabinet=, 352.

=Know-Nothing= (or American) party, 406.

=Kossuth, Louis=, Hungarian patriot, 403.

=Ku-Klux-Klan=, 576, 584.

=Lafayette, Marquis de=, portrait p. 132, 175; biographical note, p. 133 n.; joins American army, 175; in the South, 229, 232; makes tour of the United States, p. 256 n.

=La Salle, Robert de=, portrait p. 74, 99; biographical note, p. 74 n.; explores the Mississippi, 99.

=Laud, Archbishop=, persecutes the Puritans, 38; passes laws against Massachusetts, 47.

=Laudonnière, René de=, French explorer, founds colony in Florida, 15.

=Lawrence, Capt. James=, portrait p. 233, 305; biographical note, p. 233 n. 1; defeated by the _Shannon_, 304.

=Lecompton Constitution=, 424, 425.

=Lee, Fort=, capture of, 158.

=Lee, Gen. Charles=, his disobedience and capture, 167; his treachery, 183, 184; at Monmouth, 196; dismissed, 196.

=Lee, Gen. Robert E.=, (C.), portrait p. 393, 496; biographical note, p. 392 n. 2; in western Virginia, 466; given command of Confederate forces, 496; in the Seven Days’ Battles, 497, 498; at Antietam, 505; at Gettysburg, 525; and Grant in Virginia, 530-533; surrender of, 551.

=Lee, Richard Henry=, portrait p. 122, 164; biographical note, p. 122 n.; offers resolutions of independence, 164.

=Leif=, son of Eric the Red, discovers America, 4; in Iceland and Greenland, 4.

=Leisler’s Insurrection=, 66.

=Le Moyne, Jean Baptiste= (Sieur de Bienville), portrait p. 79, 106; biographical note, p. 79 n.; founder of New Orleans, 104.

=Le Moyne, Pierre= (Sieur d’Iberville), establishes French settlement in Mississippi, 104.

=Leon, Ponce de=, Spanish discoverer, portrait p. 16, 13; biographical note, p. 16 n.; discovers Florida, 13.

=Lewis and Clark=, explore the Northwest, 287, 323.

=Lewis, William B.=, 352.

=Lexington=, battle of, 143.

=Liberal Republicans=, 588.

=Liberty party=, in campaign of 1844, 375; in election of 1848, 389.

=Lincoln, Abraham=, portrait, p. 352; biographical note, p. 333 n. 2; in Congress, 379; debates with Douglas, 428-431; candidate for the Presidency, 436; elected, 439; his views on slavery, 445, 501; his Cabinet, 441, 443; first call for troops, 453; strategic plans, 469; circular letter, 499; reply to Greeley, p. 396 n.; his firmness toward Great Britain, 511; opposition to, 542; reëlected, 544; changes in Cabinet, 545; his efforts for peace, 547; policy toward the South, 554, 563; assassination of, 552.

=Literature, American=, in the 17th century, 84; in the 19th century, 350, 708.

=Livingston, R. R.=, negotiates purchase of Louisiana, 286.

=Locke’s Constitutions=, 75.

=Lodge, Henry Cabot=, 629.

=Logan, Gen. John A.=, 619.

=London Company=, formed, 22; founds Jamestown, 23.

=Longfellow, Henry W.=, 350.

=Long Island=, battle of, 155.

=Longstreet, Gen. James=, (C.), portrait p. 417, 525; biographical note, p. 417 n.; in the Peninsula campaign, 496, 497; at Bull Run, 504; at Chickamauga, 518; at Gettysburg, 525.

=Lookout Mountain=, battle of, 521.

=Lopez, Narciso=, filibuster, 402, p. 313 n.

=Louisburg=, erected, 104; captured and restored, 105; surrender of, 118.

=Louisiana=, early history of, 286; purchase of, 286, 287; map of purchase, 287; western boundary fixed, 324; secedes, 440; readmitted, 574.

=Lovejoy, E. P.=, abolitionist martyr, 360.

=Low, Seth=, 687.

=Lowell, James Russell=, 350.

=Lundy’s Lane=, battle of, 309.

=Lyon, Gen. Nathaniel=, portrait p. 368, 470; biographical note, p. 368 n.; in Missouri, 470.

=Macdonough, Commodore Thos.=, portrait p. 236, 309; his victory on Lake Champlain, 309.

=Macon’s Bill, No. 2=, 298.

=Madison, James=, portrait p. 183, 247; biographical note, p. 183 n.; in the Constitutional Convention, 247; in first United States Congress, 266; author of Virginia Resolutions, 279; in Jefferson’s Cabinet, 284; becomes President, 298; declares war against Great Britain, 299; vetoes internal improvements bill, 318, 319; and West Florida, 324.

=Magellan (da Magalhaens)=, =Fernando=, Portuguese explorer, portrait p. 15, 12; biographical note, p. 15 n.; voyage of, 12.

=_Maine_=, battleship, destruction of, 661.

=Maine=, failure of first settlement, 23; joined to Massachusetts, 52, 58, 60; in 1700, 77; admitted, 329; prohibition law, p. 314 n.

=Malvern Hill=, battle of, 498.

=Manassas= (or Bull Run), first battle of, 467; second battle of, 504.

=Manila Bay=, battle of, 666.

=Manufacturing=, in the colonies, 81; after War of 1812, 316; from 1870 to 1900, 706.

=Marcy, William L.=, 408.

=Marion, Gen. Francis=, 214, 223.

=Marquette, Père=, French missionary, 98.

=Marshall, James W.=, discovers gold in California, 394.

=Marshall, John=, portrait p. 213, 284; biographical note, p. 214 n. 1; envoy to France, 276; Secretary of State, 280; Chief Justice, 284; conducts Burr trial, 290; delivers celebrated opinions, 327; opposed by Jackson, 353.

=Maryland=, settlement of, 39, 40; charter granted to First Lord Baltimore, 39; rule of the Calverts, 39, 40; becomes a royal province, 41; in 1700, 77; in Civil War, 462, 463.

=Mason, Capt. John=, defeats Indians in Connecticut, 50; plants colonies in New Hampshire, 52.

=Mason, James M.=, Confederate commissioner, 472.

=Mason and Dixon Line=, 93.

=Massachusetts=, settled by Puritans, 37, 38; charters of, 37, 47, 58, 60, 136; legislature formed, 46; troubles with the Crown, 47; internal troubles, 48; and the New England Confederacy, 53-56; under Andros, 59; in 1700, 77; resists taxation, 127-139; in the Revolution, 140-150; in 1800, 260; in the War of 1812, 300, 313-315; in Civil War, 462.

=Massachusetts Bill=, 136.

=Massasoit=, 57.

=Mather, Cotton=, portrait p. 63, 83; biographical note, p. 63 n.; and the witchcraft delusion, 83; his writings, 84.

=Mather, Increase=, 84.

=Maximilian=, in Mexico, 561.

=McAllister, Fort=, taken, 538.

=McClellan, Gen. George B.=, (U.), portrait p. 387, 490; biographical note, p. 387 n.; early successes, 466; general in chief, 467, 477, 490; authority limited, 490; Peninsula Campaign, 492-498; restored to command, 505; superseded by Burnside, 505; candidate for the Presidency, 543.

=McDowell, Gen. Irvin=, at Bull Run, 467; protects city of Washington, 492, 493.

=McKinley, William=, portrait p. 515, 658; biographical note, p. 512 n. 1; frames tariff, 630; elected President, 655; character of administration, 656; efforts in behalf of Cuba, 663; proclaims war with Spain, 663; reëlected, 679; assassination of, 683.

=McKinley Tariff=, 630.

=Meade, Gen. George G.=, (U.), portrait p. 416, 524; biographical note, p. 416 n. 1; succeeds Hooker, 524; at Gettysburg, 525; commands Army of the Potomac, 530.

=Memphis=, taking of, 479.

=Menendez=, Spanish explorer, founds St. Augustine, Fla., 15.

=_Merrimac_=, Confederate ironclad, 485, 486.

=Mexican War=, 377-387; political results, 379.

=Mexico=, her claims on Texas, 377; relinquishes claim to Mexico and California, 387; the French in, 561.

=Mexico, city of=, captured, 385.

=Miles, Gen. Nelson A.=, portrait p. 523, 670; biographical note, p. 523 n.; in Porto Rico, 670.

=Mills Bill=, 627.

=Mims, Fort=, massacre, 307.

=Minnesota=, admitted, p. 332 n.

=Minuit, Peter=, governor of New Netherlands, 30; founds settlement for Swedes, 63.

=Minutemen=, 140; at Lexington and Concord, 143.

=Missionary Ridge=, battle of, 521.

=Mississippi=, settlement of, 104, 259; secedes, 440; readmitted, 574.

=Mississippi River=, discovery of, 13; explored by La Salle, 99; navigation of, 258, 286; in Civil War, 479, 488, 517.

=Missouri=, admission of, 328-331; in the Civil War, 470, 471.

=Missouri Compromise=, first, 329; second, 330; results of, 331; and California, 393; and the Dred Scott Decision, 418.

=Mobile=, taking of, 540.

=Modoc Indians=, 593.

=Molino del Rey=, battle of, 385.

=Money.= See _Currency_.

=_Monitor_ and _Merrimac_=, battle of, 486.

=Monmouth=, battle of, 196.

=Monocacy=, battle of, 533.

=Monroe, James=, portrait p. 246, 321; biographical note, p. 245 n.; envoy to France, 286; Secretary of War, 311; President, 319; character of his administration, 321; his famous “Doctrine,” 325, 326.

=Monroe Doctrine=, promulgated, 326; extended by Cleveland, 651.

=Montcalm, Marquis de=, portrait p. 83, 113; biographical note, p. 82 n. 2; defeated at Quebec, 114.

=Monterey=, Mexico, taken by Taylor, 381.

=Montgomery, General=, takes Montreal, 151.

=Morgan, Gen. Daniel=, portrait p. 171, 226; biographical note, p. 169 n.; defeated at Montreal, 151; in the South, 223; at battle of Cowpens, 225; his race with Cornwallis, 226.

=Mormons=, 426, 614.

=Morrill Grant=, 500.

=Morse, Samuel F. B.=, perfects the telegraph, 449.

=Morton, Levi P.=, 628.

=Morton, Thomas=, of Merrymount, 35.

=Moultrie, Gen. William=, portrait p. 120, 162; biographical note, p. 120 n.; defeats Clinton at Charleston, S.C., 162.

“=Mugwumps=,” 618.

=Murfreesborough= (or Stone River), battle of, 482.

=Napoleon I.=, agrees to sell Louisiana, 286, 287; Berlin Decree, 292; Milan Decree, 292; accepts Macon’s Bill, 298.

=Narvaez, Panfilo de=, Spanish explorer, 13.

=Nashville=, battle of, 536; official returns, p. 429 n.

=National debt.= See _Debt_.

=Navigation Acts=, in Virginia, 43; extended, 117.

=Navy=, in Revolutionary War, 210; reduced by Jefferson, 285; weakness of, in 1812, 304, p. 230 n. 1; substitution of ironclads, 484-486; increase of, under Arthur, 610; work in Spanish War, 666, 668, 669.

=Negroes=, first brought to America, 27; legislation for, 584; condition of, 696, 705.

=Nevada=, admitted, 546.

=New Amsterdam= (New York City), founded, 30; taken by English, 64.

=New England=, confederation of, 53-56; in 1700, 77-84; in War of 1812, 313-315; and the tariff of 1828, 340; and the anti-slavery movement, 350, 398; opposes sale of Western lands, 355.

=Newfoundland=, early settlement in, 9, 14, 17.

=New France=, 98, p. 73 n. 2.

=New Hampshire=, colonies in, 52; incorporated with Massachusetts, 52, p. 45 n.; becomes a royal province, 58; separated from Massachusetts, 60; in 1700, 77.

=New Jersey=, settlement of, 67; sold to Quakers, 68; disturbances in, 68; becomes a royal colony, 68; in 1700, 77.

=New Mexico=, ceded by Mexico, 387; and the Gadsden purchase, p. 307 n.

=New Netherland=, settled by Dutch, 29, 30; disturbances in, 55, 61, 62; Council established, 62; taken by English, 64; named New York, 64. See _New York_.

=New Orleans=, battle of, 311; capture of, 488; Butler in, 489.

=Newport=, R.I., archæological remains at, p. 6 n. 1; founded, 49; attack on, 197.

=New York=, settlement of, 29, 30; naming of, 64; early English government, 65; in 1700, 77.

=New York City=, population of, 262, 347, 447, 690; capital of the United States, p. 196 n.; draft riots in, 526; corruption in, 406, 592, 654, 687.

=Nicolls, Colonel=, royal governor of New York, 64.

=Nominating conventions.= See _Conventions_.

=Non-intercourse Act=, 293.

=North, Lord=, English Prime Minister, 137.

=North Carolina=, colonized by Raleigh, 18; settled, 72-76; troubles with governors, 76; in 1700, 77; surrenders charter, 92; secedes, 453; readmitted, 574.

=Northmen=, first discoverers of America, 4.

=Northwest Territory=, ordinance for governing, 256.

=Nova Scotia=, early settlements in, 16; in French wars, 104.

=Nullification=, in the Kentucky Resolutions, 279; theory expounded by Calhoun, 341; doctrine advanced by Hayne, 355; opposed by Jackson, 357; ordinance passed by South Carolina, 358; repealed, 358.

=Oglethorpe, James=, portrait p. 72, 97; biographical note, p. 72 n. 2; settles Georgia, 97.

=Ohio=, the French in, 106; admitted, p. 192 n.

=Oklahoma Territory=, opened to settlement, 631.

=Olney, Richard=, 651.

=Orders in Council=, 293; revoked, 301.

=Oregon=, controversy over, 323, 376; admitted, p. 332 n.

=_Oregon_=, battleship, p. 521 n. 2.

=Orinoco River=, discovered by Columbus, 7.

=Oriskany=, battle of, 182.

=Ostend Manifesto=, 408.

=Otis, James=, portrait p. 95, 128; biographical note, p. 94 n. 1; on disunion in the colonies, 120; opposes the Stamp Act, 127.

=Pacific Ocean=, discovery of, 11; named 11.

=Palma, Thomas Estrada=, first President of Cuba, 695.

=Palmer, Gen. John M.=, 655.

=Palmerston, Lord=, 473, 510.

=Palo Alto=, battle of, 380.

=Panama Congress=, 337.

=Pan-American Congress=, 632; exposition, 682.

=Panics=, financial, of 1817, p. 243 n.; of 1837, 369; of 1873, 589; of 1893, 645.

=Parker, Theodore=, portrait, p. 270; biographical note, p. 269 n. 2; abolition orator, 421.

=Parliament=, interferes in Maryland, 40; in Virginia, 42; power of, 124, 125, 128.

=Parties=, political, beginnings of, 345. See under the names of the parties.

=Patroons=, estates of, 30; difficulties with, 62; form an aristocracy, 78, 85.

=Pea Ridge=, battle of, 480.

=Pemberton, Gen. J. C.=, (C.), at Vicksburg, 517.

=Pendleton Bill=, 616.

=Peninsula Campaign=, 492-498.

=Penn, William=, portrait p. 55, 68; biographical note, p. 55 n.; acquires lands in New Jersey, 68; secures grant from Charles II., 69; founds Philadelphia, 69.

=Pensions=, Cleveland’s attitude toward, 626; Dependent Pension Bill, 626, 636.

=People’s Party.= See _Populist_.

=Pequot War=, 50.

=Persecution=, in Massachusetts, 48, 56; of witches, 83.

=Perry, Commodore M. C.=, secures treaty with Japan, 410.

=Perry, Captain Oliver H.=, portrait p. 234, 305; biographical note, p. 233 n. 2; his victory on Lake Erie, 305.

=Petersburg=, attack on, 532.

=Philadelphia=, founded, 69; taken by the British, 185; population in 1800, 262; temporary capital of the United States, p. 196 n. 1.

=Philippine Islands=, purchased by the United States, 671; revolution in, 673, 687.

=Phillips, Wendell=, portrait p. 282, 360; biographical note, p. 282 n.; abolition orator, 360, 421.

=Phips, Sir William=, 101.

=Pickering, Timothy=, 280.

=Pickett, Gen. George E.=, portrait p. 418, 525; biographical note, p. 418 n. 1; at Gettysburg, 525.

=Pierce, Franklin=, portrait p. 316, 404; biographical note, p. 315 n.; elected President, 404; favors the South, 405.

=Pilgrims=, persecuted in England, 32; flee to Holland, 32; settle at Plymouth, 33-35.

=Pinckney, Charles C.=, portrait p. 207, 276; biographical note, p. 206 n.; envoy to France, 276; candidate for Vice Presidency, 281; candidate for the Presidency, 288.

=Pinckney, Thomas=, 275.

=Pinkney, William=, 292.

=Pitt, William=, Earl of Chatham, portrait p. 84, 114; biographical note, p. 83 n.; his policy during French and Indian War, 110, 113, 114; opposes taxing the colonies, 137.

=Pitt, William=, the Younger, portrait p. 220, 292; and the “Rule of 1756,” 292.

=Pittsburg Landing= (or Shiloh), battle of, 478; official returns, p. 378 n. 1.

=Pizarro, Francesco=, Spanish explorer, 2, 13.

=Plattsburg=, battle of, 309.

=Plymouth=, founded by Pilgrims, 34; incorporated with Massachusetts, 60.

=Plymouth Company=, formed, 22; failure of Maine Colony, 23; issues patent to Pilgrims, 35; issues patent to Puritans, 37; breaking up of, 47.

=Pocahontas=, portrait p. 27, 25; biographical note, p. 27 n.

=Poe, Edgar Allan=, 350 (p. 270), 449.

=Political Parties.= See _Parties_.

=Polk, James K.=, portrait p. 297, 378; biographical note, p. 294 n.; elected President, 375; declares war on Mexico, 377; character of his administration, 378.

=Polygamy=, 426, 614, 681.

=Pontiac=, conspiracy of, 116.

=Pope, Gen. John=, portrait p. 399, 504; biographical note, p. 398 n. 2; commands army of Virginia, 503; at second battle of Bull Run, 504.

=Popular Sovereignty.= See _Squatter Sovereignty_.

=Population=, in 1700, 77; rapid increase of, 91; in 1789 and 1800, 257; movement of, 259, 346, 581; in 1830, 346; of the West in 1870, 581; from 1870 to 1900, 703.

=Populist= (or People’s) =party=, rise of, 642; platform of, 642; in election of 1896, 655 (p. 513).

=Porter, Admiral=, at Vicksburg, 517.

=Porter, Gen. Fitz John=, at Gaines’s Mill, 497; at second battle of Bull Run, 504, p. 399 n.

=Port Hudson=, fall of, 517.

=Porto Rico=, taken by the United States, 670; ceded by Spain, 671.

=Port Republic=, battle of, 493.

=Port Royal=, taken by the English, 101.

=Portuguese=, explorations and discoveries, 6, 9.

=Powhatan=, 25.

=President of the United States=, powers of, 252; method of election, 275, 281.

=Presidential election=, of 1789, 255; of 1796, 275; of 1800, 281; of 1804, 288; of 1824, 333; of 1828, 342; of 1840, 371; of 1844, 375; of 1848, 389; of 1852, 404; of 1856, 417; of 1860, 435-439; of 1864, 542-544; of 1868, 580; of 1872, 588; of 1876, 597; of 1880, 607; of 1884, 618, 619; of 1888, 628; of 1892, 642, 643; of 1896, 655; of 1900, 678.

=Presidential Succession Act=, 622.

=Presidents and Vice Presidents=, list of, Appendix C.

=Press=, freedom of, 278.

=Princeton=, battle of, 172.

=Privateers=, fitted out by Genet, 271.

=Proctor, Colonel H. A.=, 305.

=Providence, R.I.=, founded, 49.

=Provincial Congress.= See _Congress_.

=Public lands=, ceded by the states, 241; Foote’s resolutions on sales of, 355; sale affected by “Specie Circular,” 366.

=Pueblo Indians=, 2, 13.

=Putnam, Gen. Israel=, biographical note, p. 115 n. 2; at battle of Long Island, 154, 155; at Saratoga, 181.

=Quakers=, in Maryland, 40; in Massachusetts, 55; acquire New Jersey, 68; settle Pennsylvania, 69.

=Quebec=, founded, 16; expeditions against, 102; fall of, 114.

=Quebec Act=, 136.

=Queen Anne’s War=, 102.

=Queenstown Heights=, battle of, 303.

=Quincy, Josiah=, 313.

=Quo warranto=, writs of, 68.

=Railroads=, 402, 448, 581, 589, 623, 653, 693.

=Raisin River=, battle of, p. 234 n.

=Raleigh, Sir Walter=, portrait p. 21, 18; biographical note, p. 21 n. 2; his expeditions and colonies, 18.

=Randolph, John=, portrait p. 253, 331; biographical note, p. 253 n.; in Chase trial, 291; opposes Tariff of 1816, 316; attacks Jackson and Clay, p. 257 n.

=Ratification=, of the Articles of Confederation, 241; of the Constitution, 254.

=Reciprocity=, McKinley’s attitude toward, 683; with Cuba, 687.

=Reconstruction=, various policies of, 563-573; effects of, 574-576; policy of Congress discredited, 597, 601.

=Reed, Thomas B.=, modifies rules of the House, 633.

=Reid, Whitelaw=, 643.

=Religion=, in the colonies, 32-34, 38, 39, 40, 48, 49, 51, 54; and the Ordinance of 1787, 256.

=Representation=, demanded by the colonies, 123; of slaves, 249.

=Representative government=, first in America, 27; the colonies, 36, 38, 46, 53.

=Republican party=, formation of, 416; platform of, 416; in campaign of 1856, 417; in campaign of 1860, 436-439; in the Civil War, 501, 513, 542; controls reconstruction, 570-573; elects Grant, 580; division of, in 1872, 588; factions in, 608; elects Harrison, 628; in campaign of 1896, 655.

=Republicans=, National, p. 284 n. 1.

=Resaca de la Palma=, battle of, 380.

=Resumption of specie payments=, 605.

=Returning boards=, 598, 599.

=Revenue=, system established in colonies, 117; internal revenue, 266, 273, 285, 627; in Civil War, 457, 458.

=Revere, Paul=, 142.

=Revolution=, American, causes of, 117-139; the war, 140-237.

“=Revolution of 1801=,” 283.

=Rhode Island=, founded, 49; charter of, 49, 59, 60; in 1700, 77; opposes the Constitution, 245, 254.

=Ribaut, Jean=, French explorer, founds Huguenot colony in Florida, 15.

=Richmond, Va.=, Confederate capital, 453.

=Right of Search=, 292, 312, 472.

=Riots=, draft, 526. See _Strikes_.

=Robertson, James=, Tennessee pioneer, 200.

=Robinson, John=, pastor of the Pilgrims, 32.

=Rochambeau, Count=, 217, 230.

=Rockingham, Lord=, protests against “Five Acts,” 137; conducts peace negotiations, 234.

=Roosevelt, Theodore=, portrait p. 529, 678; biographical note, p. 529 n.; at Santiago, 667; his public services, 678; elected Vice President, 679; becomes President, 683; administration of, 684.

=Rosecrans, Gen. W. S.=, (U.), portrait p. 380, 482; biographical note, p. 380 n.; at Stone River, 482; in Chattanooga campaign, 518, 519; superseded by Grant, 520.

=Rush, Richard=, and the Monroe Doctrine, 325.

=Russell, Lord John=, 502, 510, 511.

=Russia=, in the Northwest, 325; sells Alaska, p. 502 n.

=St. Augustine, Fla.=, founded, 15.

=St. Clair, Gen. Arthur=, defeated by the Indians, 269.

=St. John’s River, Fla.=, settlements on, 15.

=St. Leger, Colonel=, plan of expedition, 177; his defeat, 182.

“=Salary Grab=,” 591.

=Salem, Mass.=, founded, 37; the witchcraft delusion, 83.

=Salmon Falls, N.H.=, burned by Indians, 101.

=Sampson, Admiral William T.=, portrait p. 521, 668; biographical note, p. 521 n. 1; at Santiago, 667-669; controversy with Schley, 686.

=San Antonio=, battle of, 384.

=San Domingo question=, 582.

=San Juan Hill=, battle of, 667.

=Santa Anna=, Mexican general, defeated by Houston, 374; outwits Polk, 378; at Buena Vista, 383; at Cerro Gordo, 384.

=Santiago de Cuba=, investment and battle of, 667-669.

=Savage’s Station=, battle of, 498.

=Savannah, Ga.=, founded, 97; capture of, 538.

=Schenectady=, massacre of, 101.

=Schley, Admiral W. S.=, portrait p. 534, 685; biographical note, p. 534 n.; at Santiago, p. 522 n.; court of inquiry, 686.

=Schofield, General=, (U.), at battle of Franklin, 536.

=Schuyler, Gen. Philip=, portrait p. 136, 178; biographical note, p. 136 n. 1; checks Burgoyne, 178; superseded, 180.

=Scotch-Irish=, in the West, 259.

=Scott, Dred.= See _Dred Scott Decision_.

=Scott, Gen. Winfield S.=, portrait p. 302, 385; biographical note, p. 300 n.; in War of 1812, 303; Presidential aspirations, 379, 384; in Mexican War, 382-386; candidate for the Presidency, 404; general in chief, 462; succeeded by McClellan, 467.

=Search, Right of=, 292, 312, 472.

=Secession=, threats of, 289, 313-315; advocated in Southern conventions, 434; Ordinance passed by South Carolina and other states, 440.

=Sedition Law.= See _Alien and Sedition Laws_.

=Selma, Ala.=, destruction of, 549.

=Seminoles=, meaning of name, p. 4 n.; in Florida, 324; war with, 370, p. 289 n.

=Semmes, R. S.=, (C.), captain of the _Alabama_, 541.

=Senate=, United States, established, 253.

=Separatists=, 32.

=_Serapis_=, Paul Jones defeats, 211.

“=Seven Days’ Battles=,” 497, 498; official returns, p. 394 n.

=Seven Pines= (or Fair Oaks), battle of, 495; official returns, p. 392 n. 1.

=Seven Years’ War=, 118, 121.

=Sevier, John=, Tennessee pioneer, 200, 203.

=Seward, William H.=, portrait p. 309, 396; biographical note, p. 309 n.; opposes compromise of 1850, 396; his doctrine of the “higher law,” 420; candidate for Presidential nomination, 436; optimism on the war, 446; in Lincoln’s Cabinet, 451, 501; on election of 1864, 543; attack on, 552; mildness toward Confederate leaders, 565; purchases Alaska, p. 502 n.

=Seymour, Horatio=, portrait p. 456, 580; biographical note, p. 456 n.; candidate for the Presidency, 580.

=Shafter, Gen. William R.=, portrait p. 520, 667; biographical note, p. 520 n.

=_Shannon_ and _Chesapeake_=, battle of, 304, p. 233 n. 1.

=Sharpsburg= (or Antietam), battle of, 505; official returns, p. 401 n. 1.

=Shays’ Rebellion=,243.

=Shenandoah, Valley of=, discovered by Spotswood, 96; importance of, p. 72 n. 1; in the Civil War, 460, 491, 493, 533, 550.

=Sheridan, Gen. P. H.=, portrait p. 438, 550; biographical note, p. 438 n.; defeats Early in Virginia, 533, 550.

=Sherman, Gen. W. T.=, portrait p. 413, 521; biographical note, p. 413 n.; at Shiloh, 478; at Vicksburg, 517; at Chattanooga, 521; given command in the West, 530; Atlanta campaign and march to the sea, 534-538; march northward, 548; receives surrender of Johnston, 551.

=Sherman Law=, 635; repealed, 648.

=Shiloh= (or Pittsburg Landing), battle of, 478; official returns, p. 378 n. 1.

=Shirley, William=, governor of Massachusetts, 105.

=Sigel, Gen. Franz=, (U.), biographical note, p. 369 n. 1; at Wilson’s Creek, 470; at Pea Ridge, 480; defeated by Early, 533.

=Silver.= See _Currency_.

=Sioux= (or Dakota) =Indians=, 3; trouble with, 593.

=Six Nations=, p. 3 n. 2; aid the Tories, 204; destroyed by Sullivan, 206, 207.

=Slavery=, introduced in America, 27; a check to industry, 77; in the colonies, 88; prohibited by the Ordinance of 1787, 256; political importance of, 327, 331, 374, 407, 411-414, 418-421; in Missouri, 328-330; work of abolitionists, 359, 360; influence on territorial extension, 374; Wilmot Proviso, 388; Lincoln’s attitude toward, 445, 501; emancipation, 508, 509.

=Slaves=, representation of, 249; number in 1800, 257; in Civil War, 454, 470, 501, 508, 509.

=Slidell, John=, Confederate agent, 472.

=Smith, Capt. John=, English adventurer, portrait p. 26, 24; biographical note, p. 25 n.; at Jamestown, 24, 25.

=Smith, Joseph=, Mormon leader, 426.

=Social life=, in the colonies, 78, 85, 86, 88.

=Soto, Hernando de=, Spanish explorer, portrait p. 17, 13; discovers Tennessee and Mississippi rivers, 13.

=Soulé, Pierre=, 408.

=South, the=, and the Missouri Controversy, 328-331, 348; desires the annexation of Texas, 374; in the Mexican War, 377, 387; bitterness against the North, 391; encourages attempts to secure Cuba, 402; and the Kansas Bill, 411; growth of secession ideas, 434; misunderstanding between North and South, 446; population in 1860, 447; wealth of, 448; industries of, 455; preparation for war, 465; reconstruction of, 562-566; withdrawal of troops from, 601; industries in, 617; negroes in, 696, 705.

=South Carolina=, settled, 72; in 1700, 77; surrenders charter, 92; advocates state sovereignty, 341; nullification in, 358; secedes, 440; readmitted, 574.

=South Mountain=, battle of, 505.

=Spain=, secures Louisiana, 115; cedes Florida to Great Britain, 115; restores Louisiana to France, 286; and Cuba, 408, 594, 658-659; war with, 658-670; results of the war with, 671-676.

=Spanish discoveries=, in America, 5-13, 19, 20.

=Spanish War.= See _Spain_.

=Speaker of the House=, importance of, p. 197 n.

=Specie.= See _Currency_.

=Specie Circular=, 366.

=Specie payments=, resumption of, 605.

=Spoils system=, introduced, 351; accredited to Van Buren, 370.

=Spotswood, Governor Alexander=, 95; crosses the Blue Ridge, 96.

=Spottsylvania=, battles about, 531; official returns, p. 424 n.

“=Squatter Sovereignty=,” advocated by Cass, 389; by Douglas, 411; and the Dred Scott Decision, 420; Douglas’s “Freeport Doctrine,” 430; opposed by Southern Democrats, 435.

=Stamp Act=, 125; resisted by colonies, 127; repealed, 128.

=Standish, Capt. Miles=, portrait p. 33, 35; at Plymouth, 35.

=Stanton, Edwin M.=, portrait p. 373, 476; biographical note, p. 372 n.; in Buchanan’s Cabinet, 441, 475; becomes Secretary of War, 475; opposed by Johnson, 578; resigns, 579.

=Stanwix, Fort=, siege of, 182.

=Stark, Gen. John=, portrait p. 137, 179; biographical note, p. 137 n.; at Bennington, 179.

=_Star of the West_= episode, 442, 452.

=State debts.= See _Debts_.

=States’ Rights Doctrine.= See _State Sovereignty_.

=State Sovereignty=, theory of, in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 279; advocated by the Hartford Convention, 315; in Georgia, 339; and nullification, 355-358.

=Steamship lines=, in 1852, 402.

=Stephens, Alexander H.=, portrait p. 346, 445; biographical note, p. 346 n.; pro-slavery leader, 400; opposes secession, 434; explains Southern standpoint, 445; negotiates for peace, 547.

=Steuben, Baron von=, portrait p. 146, 190; biographical note, p. 146 n.; joins American army, 190.

=Stevens, Thaddeus=, portrait p. 451, 571; biographical note, p. 451 n.; his policy of reconstruction, 571.

=Stevenson, Vice President Adlai E.=, 643, 678.

=Stirling, General=, at battle of Long Island, 154, 155.

=Stone River= (or Murfreesborough), battle of, 482.

=Stony Point=, taken by Wayne, 198.

=Stowe, Harriet Beecher=, portrait p. 329, 423; biographical note, p. 329 n.; author of _Uncle Tom’s Cabin_, 422.

=Strikes=, 602, 625, 638, 653, 688.

=Stuyvesant, Peter=, governor of New Netherlands, portrait p. 52, 63; biographical note, p. 51 n.; surrenders to the English, 64.

=Sub-Treasury system=, established, 369.

=Suffrage=, creates disturbance in Maryland, 39; extension of, 332.

=Sullivan, Gen. John=, portrait p. 157, 207; biographical note, p. 156 n.; at battle of Long Island, 154, 155; in command of Northern forces, 167; at the Brandywine, 186; at Germantown, 187; at Newport, 197; leads expedition against the Six Nations, 206, 207.

=Sumner, Charles=, portrait p. 322, 415; biographical note, p. 322 n.; anti-slavery orator, 400; and the Kansas question, 415; assault on, 415; bitterly opposes Grant, p. 322 n.

=Sumner, Gen. Edwin V.=, (U.), at Fair Oaks, 495; at Fredericksburg, 506.

=Sumter, Fort=, fall of, 452.

=Sumter, Gen. Thomas=, harasses British in the South, 214, 223.

=Supreme Court=, powers of, 253; decision on the Ordinance of 1787, 256; in Dred Scott Decision, 418-420; in Reconstruction cases, 584; on income tax, 649.

=Surplus=, distribution of, 364.

=Swedish settlements=, in Delaware, 63.

=Taft, William H.=, portrait p. 548

=Tallmadge, James=, proposes amendment to the Missouri Compromise, 328.

=Tammany Society=, beginning of, 332; governs New York City, 592.

=Taney, Roger B.=, portrait p. 327, 419; biographical note, p. 326 n.; removes deposits from the Bank, 362; renders Dred Scott Decision, 418; death of, 545.

=Tariff=, first protective, 266; of 1816, 316; of 1824, 322; of 1828, 340; of 1830 and 1832, 357; of 1833, 358; of 1862, 455; of 1883, 615; McKinley Tariff, 630; Wilson Bill, 649; Dingley Bill, 657.

=Tariff of Abominations.= See _Tariff, of 1828_.

=Tarleton, Col. Banastre=, portrait p. 169, 224; biographical note, p. 168 n.; at battle of the Cowpens, 225.

=Taxation=, in early colonial times, 59, 87, 94, 95; English principle of, 122; colonial views on, 123; Grenville’s scheme, 125; resisted by the colonists, 127-132; on tea, 133-135; under the Confederation, 242; on banks, 457; income tax, 649.

=Taylor, Gen. Zachary=, portrait p. 299, 380; biographical note, p. 298 n.; in the Mexican War, 377, 379-383; nominated for the Presidency, 389; attitude toward California, 388, 396; elected, 389; death of, 396.

=Tea=, tax on, 133-135.

=Tecumseh=, 302, 305.

=Telegraph=, spread of, 402; perfected by Morse, 449.

=Temperance=, 403, p. 314 n., 707.

=Tennessee=, settled, 200; war in, 202; admitted, p. 192 n.; secedes, 453; readmitted, 569.

=Tenure of Office Act=, of 1820, 351; of 1867, 578; repealed, p. 455 n.

=Territorial expansion=, desired by slave states, 374, 411. See _Imperialism_.

=Territories=, slavery in, 411, 416, 417-420, 430.

=Texas=, annexation of, 374, 375; boundary dispute with Mexico, 377; and the war with Mexico, 377-387; secedes, 440; readmitted, 574.

=Thames River=, battle of, 305.

=Thirteenth Amendment=, 546, p. 435 n.; accepted by Southern states, 568.

=Thomas, Gen. George H.=, (U.), portrait p. 411, 518; biographical note, p. 412 n.; at Chickamauga, 518; at Nashville, 536.

=Thompson, Jacob=, 442, 450.

=Ticonderoga, Fort=, taken by the English, 115; captured by Ethan Allen, 145; retaken by the British, 178.

=Tilden, Samuel J.=, portrait p. 471, 599; biographical note, p. 471 n.; nominated for the Presidency, 597.

=Tippecanoe=, battle of, 299.

=Tobacco=, in Virginia, 27; in Maryland, 40.

=Tories=, in the Revolutionary War, 160; treatment of, after the Revolution, 236.

=Toscanelli’s map=, 5.

=Town meetings=, 82.

=Townshend Acts=, 129; partially repealed, 133.

=Transportation Bill=, 136.

=Treasury, Independent=, established, 369.

=Treaty=, of Greenville, with the Indians, 270; of Utrecht, 102; of Paris, 115, 235; with France, 194, 280; with Spain, 258, 671; of Ghent, 312; Ashburton, 372; of annexation (Texas), 375; of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 387; Clayton-Bulwer, 401; with Japan, 410; of Washington, 585; Hay-Pauncefote, 680.

=Trent Affair=, 472.

=Trenton=, battle of, 170.

=Trist, N. P.=, 385.

=Trusts=, 623, 692, 706, 709.

=Tryon=, Tory governor of New York, 160.

=Turner, Nat=, leads rebellion in Virginia, 359.

=Tweed, William Marcy=, Tammany leader, 592, p. 466 n.

=Twelfth Amendment=, 281.

=Tyler, John=, portrait p. 292, 373; biographical note, p. 291 n. 2; elected Vice President, 371; becomes President, 372; incidents of his administration, 372-376.

=Underground Railway=, 399.

=Underhill, Capt. John=, in the Pequot War, 50.

=Union Pacific Railroad.= See _Railroads_.

=United States Bank.= See _Bank_.

=Upshur, A. P.=, p. 291 n. 1.

=Utah=, settled by Mormons, 426; trouble in, 426, 427.

=Vaca, Cabeza de=, Spanish explorer, 13.

=Valcour’s Island=, battle of, 161.

=Vallandigham, Clement L.=, arrested for treason, 528.

=Valley Forge=, Washington’s winter at, 188-193.

=Van Buren, Martin=, portrait p. 272, 352; biographical note, p. 271 n.; leader of “Albany Regency,” 342; Secretary of State, 352; elected President, 367; his administration, 368-370; introduces Independent Treasury system, 369; candidate of Liberty and Free Soil parties, 389.

=Vane, Sir Henry=, the Younger, portrait p. 42, 46; biographical note, p. 42 n.

=Van Rensselaer, General=, defeated at Queenstown Heights, 303.

=Venezuelan dispute=, 651.

=Vera Cruz=, battle of, 382.

=Vermont=, becomes a separate state, 93, 260.

=Verrazano, Giovanni da=, Italian explorer, 14.

=Vespucci, Amerigo= (Latin form, _Americus Vespucius_), Italian explorer, portrait p. 13, 10; biographical note, p. 13 n.; publishes account of his voyages, 10; his name given to the “New World,” 10.

=Veto power=, 253.

=Vicksburg campaign=, 514-517; official returns, p. 410 n. 2.

=Vincennes, Ind.=, taken by Clark, 209.

=Vinland=, 6.

=Virginia=, named by Raleigh, 18; settled, 23; slavery introduced, 27; its governors, 27, 28; becomes a royal province, 28; Burgesses, 28, 45, 72, 95; under Berkeley, 42-45; in 1700, 77; under Governor Spotswood, 95, 96; in 1800, 260; secedes, 453; readmitted, 574; state debt agitation in, 617.

=Virginia Company=, chartered, 21; the sub-companies, 22; charters annulled, 26; records preserved, 26, p. 28 n.

=Virginia Resolutions=, 279.

=Virginius Affair=, 594.

=Voting=, by ballot, introduced in Massachusetts, 46; Australian ballot introduced, 621.

=Waldseemüller, Martin=, gives America its name, 10.

=Walker, Robert J.=, governor of Kansas, 424.

=Walker, William=, filibuster, 409.

=Wallace, Gen. Lew=, (U.), at Monocacy, 533.

=Warner, Gen. Seth=, at Ticonderoga, 145; at Bennington, 179.

=War of 1812=, beginnings of, 299, 300; declared, 301; naval exploits in, 304, 305; developed national spirit, 347.

=Warren, Gen. Joseph=, portrait p. 109, 147; biographical note, p. 109 n.; killed at Bunker Hill, 147.

=Washington, D.C.=, capital of the United States, p. 196 n., 266; capture and burning of, 310; defence of, in the Civil War, 462.

=Washington, Fort=, capture of, 158.

=Washington, George=, portrait p. 134, _frontispiece_; biographical note, p. 107 n.; carries message to the French, 106, 107; at Fort Necessity, 109; aide to General Braddock, 111; appointed commander in chief, 144; takes command of American army, 148; his difficulties, 148; besieges Boston, 149; in New York, 153-158; in New Jersey, 166-173; at the Brandywine, 186; at Germantown, 187; at Valley Forge, 189-193; sends expedition to the Northwest, 204; his plans against Cornwallis, 230, 231; elected first President, 255; as a statesman, 265; his Cabinet, 266; leans to Federalism, 267; retirement, 274.

=Washington monument=, 611.

=Watling’s Island=, probable landing place of Columbus, p. 9 n.

=Wayne, Gen. Anthony=, portrait p. 152, 199; biographical note, p. 152 n.; takes Stony Point, 198; subdues the Indians in the Northwest, 270.

=Webster, Daniel=, portrait p. 274, 354; biographical note, p. 275 n. 1; opposes tariff of 1816, 316; sustains Adams, 339; debate with Hayne, 355, 356; his theory of the Constitution, 356; leader of Whig party, 368; in Tyler’s Cabinet, 372; secures Ashburton treaty, 372; opposes Mexican War, 379; supports Compromise of 1850, 395; his “Seventh of March speech,” 395; Secretary of State for Fillmore, 396; seeks nomination for Presidency, 404; death, 404.

=West=, settlement of, 104, 106, 200, 259, 346; development, 343, 344, 346-349; transportation facilities increase settlement, 346, 581.

=Western lands=, 241. See _Public Lands_.

=West Indies=, discovered by Columbus, 7; trade with, lost by J. Q. Adams, 336; recovered by Jackson, 367.

=West Virginia=, admitted, 463.

=Weyler, Captain-General=, 659.

=Wheeler, Vice President William A.=, 597.

=Whig Party=, rise of, p. 283 n., p. 284 n. 1; led by Clay and Webster, 368; principles of, 368; in 1840, 371; and Tyler, 372, 373; in 1844, 375; elects Taylor, 389; divides on the slavery question, 404; decline of, 406.

=Whiskey Rebellion=, 273.

=Whitefield, George=, 103.

=White Plains=, battle of, 157.

=Whitney, Eli=, portrait p. 224, 297; biographical note, p. 224 n.

=Whittier, John G.=, 350.

=Wilderness campaign=, 530-532; official returns, p. 424 n.

=Wilkinson, Gen. James=, 289, 306.

=Williams, Roger=, driven from Salem, 48; founds Providence Plantation, 48; his writings, 84.

=Wilmot Proviso=, 388.

=Wilson, Gen. J. H.=, 549, 565.

=Wilson, William L.=, 649.

=Wilson’s Creek=, battle of, 470.

=Wilson Tariff Law=, 649.

=Winslow, Capt. John A.=, (U.), defeats the _Alabama_, 541.

=Winthrop, John=, portrait p. 35, 38; biographical note, p. 36 n.; first governor of Massachusetts, 38; writings, 84.

=Wirt, William=, Attorney-general, 320.

=Witchcraft delusion=, 83.

=Wolfe, Gen. James=, portrait p. 85, 114; biographical note, p. 84 n. 2; captures Quebec, 114.

=Writs of Assistance=, 129.

=Writs of quo warranto=, 68, p. 56 n. 1, 92.

=Wyatt, Sir Francis=, royal governor of Virginia, 27, 42.

=Wyoming=, admitted, 629.

=Wyoming Valley massacre=, 205.

=X. Y. Z. affair=, 276.

=Yancey, William L.=, pro-slavery leader, 400; opposes Douglas, 435; leads Southern Democrats, 435.

=Yorktown=, surrender of Cornwallis at, 233.

=Yorktown campaign=, 231; in the Civil War, 492.

=Young, Brigham=, Mormon leader, 426.

HISTORY

* * * * *

=The Ancient World=

By Professor WILLIS MASON WEST, of the University of Minnesota. Forty-one Maps, numerous Illustrations. 12mo, half leather, 650 pages. Price, $1.50. Also in two volumes:

Greece and the East. 12mo, cloth, 288 pages. Price, $1.00. Rome and the West. 12mo, cloth, 384 pages. Price, $1.00.

THE Ancient World is intended for young students in high schools and academies and will be found well within the scope of their abilities.

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Most stress is laid on those periods of history which were most important to the development of civilization. In following this plan two general features are noteworthy:—

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=Modern History=: From Charlemagne to the Present Time

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THIS volume, beginning where the author’s Ancient World ends, shows the development of the various forces which the ancient world had brought together and which had been partially welded in the empire of Charlemagne. In time it covers eleven centuries; but as much space is given to the last hundred years as to the preceding thousand.

Beginning with the outbreak of the momentous French Revolution, the book is remarkably full; for the author believes it wise to treat with comparative briefness the ephemeral phases of the Middle Ages in order to gain adequate space for a full treatment of the marvellous nineteenth century, and so for an intelligent introduction to the twentieth.

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THIS is the cheapest Class Register published. It is ruled for five recitations a week for twenty weeks, with space for summary each week, and for average each month. It will hold the names of eleven classes of twenty-seven pupils each. Names need be written only once during a term of twenty weeks. The paper is so finished that either ink or pencil may be used.

=The Academy Series of English Classics=

THE works selected for this series are such as have gained a conspicuous and enduring place in literature; nothing is admitted either trivial in character or ephemeral in interest. Each volume is edited by a teacher of reputation, whose name is a guaranty of sound and judicious annotation. It is the aim of the notes to furnish assistance only where it is absolutely needed, and, in general, to permit the author to be his own interpreter.

All the essays and speeches in the series (excepting Webster’s Reply to Hayne) are printed without abridgment. The plays of Shakespeare are expurgated only where necessary for school use.

The series is handsomely bound in blue cloth, the page is open and clear, and the paper of the best quality.

=ADDISON. De Coverley Papers.= Edited by Samuel Thurber. Cloth, 35 cents. This volume contains thirty-seven papers of which twenty have Sir Roger as the main theme, and seventeen mention him in such a way as to throw further light on his character.

=ARNOLD. Essays in Criticism.= Edited by Susan S. Sheridan. Cloth, 25 cents. The essays are those on The Study of Poetry, on Keats, and on Wordsworth. =Rugby Chapel.= Edited by L. D. Syle. (In _Four English Poems_. Cloth, 25 cents.) =Sohrab and Rustum.= Edited by G. A. Watrous. (In _Three Narrative Poems_. Cloth, 30 cents.)

=BURKE. Conciliation with the Colonies.= Edited by C. B. Bradley. Cloth, 30 cents. This book contains the complete speech, and a sketch of the English Constitution and Government.

=BURNS. Selections.= Edited by Lois G. Hufford. Cloth, 35 cents. The selections are forty-five in number and include The Cotter’s Saturday Night, Tam O’Shanter, The Vision, The Brigs of Ayr, and all the more familiar short poems and songs.

=BYRON. The Prisoner of Chillon.= Edited by L. D. Syle. (In _Four English Poems_. Cloth, 25 cents.)

=CARLYLE. Essay on Burns.= Edited by H. W. Boynton. Cloth, 25 cents. =Essay on Boswell’s Johnson.= Edited by H. W. Boynton. Boards, 20 cents.

=COLERIDGE. The Ancient Mariner.= Edited by G. A. Watrous. (In _Three Narrative Poems_. Cloth, 30 cents.)

=COWPER. John Gilpin’s Ride.= Edited by L. D. Syle. (In _Four English Poems_. Cloth, 25 cents.)

=GEORGE ELIOT. Silas Marner.= Edited by W. Patterson Atkinson. Cloth, 30 cents. The introduction contains a brief life of George Eliot, an account of the writing of Silas Marner, and a short list of works on the author.

=EMERSON. Select Essays and Poems.= Edited by Eva March Tappan. Cloth, 30 cents. The Essays are those on Compensation, Self-reliance, and Manners. There are also nine of the best-known poems. A feature of the book is the suggestive questions at the bottom of each page which keep the pupil’s attention on the alert and at the same time aid in the interpretation of the text.

=GOLDSMITH. The Vicar of Wakefield.= Edited by R. Adelaide Witham. Cloth, 40 cents. The introduction to the work contains a Bibliography of the Life of Goldsmith, a Bibliography of Criticism, a Life of Goldsmith arranged by topics, a Table of Masterpieces published during his life, and an appreciation of Goldsmith’s style. =The Traveller and The Deserted Village.= Edited by George A. Watrous. (In _Selected Poems_. Cloth, 30 cents.)

=GRAY. Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard and The Progress of Poesy.= Edited by G. A. Watrous. (In _Selected Poems_. Cloth, 30 cents.)

=IRVING. Life of Goldsmith.= Edited by R. Adelaide Witham. Cloth, 40 cents. The editor has furnished a life of Irving arranged by topics, with references to Pierre Irving’s life of his uncle. There is also an arrangement of the text by topics, for convenience in assigning the reading. The book has a useful list of the works of Irving side by side with Contemporary American Literature. =Selections from the Sketch-Book.= Edited by Elmer E. Wentworth. Cloth, 35 cents. This book contains The Voyage, The Wife, Rip Van Winkle, Sunday in London, The Art of Bookmaking, The Mutability of Literature, Christmas, The Stage Coach, Christmas Eve, Christmas Day, Stratford-on-Avon, To My Books, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.

=LOWELL. Selections. The Vision of Sir Launfal and Other Poems.= Edited by Dr. F. R. Lane. Cloth, 25 cents. There are fourteen poems in all, including such passages from the Fable for Critics as refer to prominent American men of letters.

=MACAULAY.= Edited by Samuel Thurber. =Essay on Addison.= =Essay on Lord Clive.= =Essay on Warren Hastings.= =Essay on Milton.= Cloth, each, 25 cents. There is a map of India in the essays on Clive and Hastings. =Essay on Chatham.= =Essay on Johnson.= Boards, each, 20 cents. =Essays on Milton and Addison.= One volume, cloth, 35 cents.

=MACAULAY. Essay on Warren Hastings.= Edited by Joseph V. Denney. Cloth, 40 cents. This edition will be found especially useful to pupils in composition who are studying Macaulay for structure. The essay affords conspicuously excellent illustrations of all four forms of discourse—narration, description, exposition, and argumentation. The book has a map of India, a sketch of Macaulay’s life, and a bibliography.

=MILTON. Minor Poems.= Edited by Samuel Thurber. Cloth, 30 cents. L’Allegro; Il Penseroso; Comus; Lycidas; Arcades; On the Nativity; On Shakespeare; At a Solemn Music; Sonnets. =Paradise Lost, Books I and II.= Edited by Henry W. Boynton. Cloth, 30 cents. This edition has the first two books of Paradise Lost complete and a résumé of the rest of the epic, with quotations of notable passages. The introduction has two plans and a description of the Miltonic universe.

=POPE. The Rape of the Lock.= Edited by L. D. Syle. (In _Four English Poems_. Cloth, 25 cents.) =An Essay on Criticism.= Edited by George A. Watrous. (In _Selected Poems_. Cloth, 30 cents.)

=SCOTT. The Lady of the Lake.= Edited by G. B. Alton. Cloth, 30 cents. =Marmion.= Edited by Mary E. Adams. Cloth, 30 cents.

=SHAKESPEARE.= Edited by Samuel Thurber. =As You Like It.= =Julius Cæsar.= =Macbeth.= =Merchant of Venice.= Cloth, each, 30 cents. =The Tempest.= Boards, 20 cents; cloth, 30 cents. =Hamlet= (with Pearson’s _Questions on Hamlet_). Cloth, 35 cents.

=TENNYSON. Enoch Arden.= Edited by G. A. Watrous. (In _Three Narrative Poems_. Cloth, 30 cents.) =Idylls of the King: Selections.= Edited by H. W. Boynton. Cloth, 30 cents.

=WEBSTER. Reply to Hayne.= Edited by C. B. Bradley. Cloth, 25 cents.

=Four English Poems.= Edited by L. D. Syle. Cloth, 25 cents. The Rape of the Lock, John Gilpin’s Ride, The Prisoner of Chillon, and Rugby Chapel.

=Selected Poems from Pope, Gray, and Goldsmith.= Edited by George A. Watrous. Cloth, 30 cents. The poems included are Pope’s Essay on Criticism, Gray’s Elegy and Progress of Poesy, and Goldsmith’s Traveller and Deserted Village.

=Three Narrative Poems.= Edited by G. A. Watrous. Cloth, 30 cents. The Ancient Mariner, Sohrab and Rustum, and Enoch Arden. A feature of this book is a map, which makes plain the geography of Sohrab and Rustum.

* * * * *

=The Literature Note-Book=

By Professor F. N. SCOTT, of the University of Michigan, and =F. E. Bryant=, of the University of Kansas. Price, each, 6 cents; per dozen, 60 cents; per hundred, $5.00.

THIS is a blank-book for book reviews and reports on home reading. On the front cover are seventeen numbered questions, each suggesting a possible treatment for the book review. The purpose of these is to enable the teacher with the least labor to prescribe the scope of the essay he wishes the pupil to write. The teacher indicates a question, or series of questions, by number, and the pupil understands that his review is to answer these questions. There are directions for both teacher and pupil. On the back cover is a list of books for home reading.

=Journeys in Fiction=

By ALFRED M. HITCHCOCK, High School, Hartford, Conn. Paper, 42 pages. Price, 10 cents.

=Thirty Sterling Songs=

Edited by HENRY T. FINCK, of the New York _Evening Post_, and ALYS E. BENTLEY, Director of Music in the Public Schools of Washington, D.C. 8vo, cloth, 125 pages. Price, $1.00.

THE thirty songs in this collection (intended to be sung in unison by the whole class) introduce the students to eleven of the greatest song-writers. The songs are:—

SCHUBERT: │LISZT: 1. The Wild Rose. │ 16. The King of Thule. 2. Hark! Hark! The Lark! │ 17. A Flower Thou Resemblest. 3. Who is Sylvia? │ 18. The Loreley. 4. The Linden Tree. │ 5. Faith in Spring. │SCHUMANN: 6. The Erlking. │ 19. Loreley in the Forest. 7. The Almighty. │ 20. The Lotus Flower. │ 21. O Sunshine. MENDELSSOHN: │ 22. Moonlight. 8. Alone. │ │JENSEN: CHOPIN: │ 23. My Heart’s in the Highlands. 9. The Maiden’s Wish. │ │BRAHMS: FRANZ: │ 24. Cradle Song. 10. Request. │ 25. Love Song. 11. The Rose Complained. │ 12. Marie. │GRIEG: 13. Dedication. │ 26. The Primrose. │ 27. On the Way Home. RUBINSTEIN: │ 28. A Summer Evening in Norway. 14. The Asra. │ 29. Oh, Beware. 15. The Dewdrops Glitter. │ │MACDOWELL: │ 30. The Swan Bent Low to the Lily.

Besides the words and music, there are sixteen pages of comments on the songs and their makers. These supply a few biographic touches that will give the student an interest in the composers as actual persons and will make him eager to learn more about them and their works.

TRANSCRIBER NOTES

Misspelled words and printer errors have been corrected. Where multiple spellings occur, majority use has been employed.

Punctuation has been maintained except where obvious printer errors occur.

Some illustrations were moved to facilitate page layout.

A cover was created for this eBook and is placed in the public domain.

[The end of _A History of the United States_, by Charles Kendal Adams and William Peterfield Trent.]