CHAPTER X

THE ADMINISTRATION OF RAYMOND POINCARÉ

February, 1913

M. Fallières' term expired on February 18, 1913. The two leading candidates were Raymond Poincaré, head of the Ministry, and Jules Pams, who was supported by the advanced Radicals. M. Poincaré's election was looked upon, because of his personal vigor, as a triumph of sound conservative republicanism, and it was predicted that he would prove a strong leader, able to give prestige to the Presidency and to bring order out of chaos. The early months of his Administration were less productive of results than had been hoped, but the European War came too soon to make definitive judgment safe.

After M. Poincaré's election, M. Fallières made M. Briand President of the Council during the last weeks of his term, and M. Poincaré kept the same Cabinet. M. Briand, like M. Poincaré, advocated proportional representation. As the Chamber failed to take a vigorous position in support of the measure, and defeated the Ministry on a vote of confidence, the latter withdrew (March, 1913).

Louis Barthou next became Prime Minister, and the important legislative measure of the year was the new military law. The Germans having largely increased their army, it was deemed necessary, in spite of the violent opposition of the Socialistic Radicals and the Socialists and the attempts of the syndicalists of the _Confédération générale du travail_ to work up a general strike, to abrogate the Law of 1905 and to return to three years of military service without exemption. M. Barthou pushed the three-years bill already supported by the Briand Cabinet. France took upon herself an enormous financial burden, coupled with a corresponding loss of productive labor, yet events soon proved the wisdom of the step.

The opposition to the Cabinet was virulent. There were now two great groupings of the chief political parties.[18] The Radicals and Socialistic Radicals, under the name of "Unified Radicals" waged war against the President and the Ministry. They were under the inspiration of men like Clemenceau and the active leadership of Joseph Caillaux and tried to revive the methods of the old _Bloc_ of Combes. They declared their intention of repealing the three-years law and proclaimed the tenets of their faith at the Congress of Pau. The Briand-Barthou-Millerand group, supporters of Poincaré, soon formed a Moderate Party with a programme of conciliation and reform known as the "Federation of the Lefts."

The Barthou Cabinet had been overthrown early in December, 1913, after a vote on a government loan. President Poincaré had to call in a Radical Cabinet led by Gaston Doumergue, the programme of which Ministry was, after all, less "advanced" than the Pau programme, especially as to the three-years bill. M. Caillaux, the master-spirit of the Radicals, was the Minister of Finance and the object of the hostility of the Moderates. They claimed that he used his position to cause speculation at the Stock Exchange, and accused him of "selling out" to Germany in the settlement after Agadir. The _Figaro_, edited by Gaston Calmette, began a violent campaign. Among the charges was that during the prosecution in 1911 of Rochette, a swindling promoter, the then Prime Minister Monis, now Minister of Marine, had, at Caillaux's instigation, held up the prosecution for fraud, during which delay Rochette had been able to put through other swindles.

In the midst of the public turmoil over these charges Caillaux's wife went to Calmette's editorial offices and killed him with a revolver. Caillaux resigned and, the Rochette case having come up for discussion in the Chamber, when Monis denied that he had ever influenced the law, Barthou produced a most damaging letter. A parliamentary commission later decided that the Monis Cabinet _had_ interfered to save Rochette from prosecution.

It was under such circumstances that the Deputies separated for the general elections. Three chief questions came before the voters, the three-years law, the income tax, and proportional representation. The results of the elections were inconclusive and the new Chamber promised to be as ineffective as its predecessor. On the second ballots the Socialists made a good many gains.

The Doumergue Ministry resigned soon after the elections which it had carried through. President Poincaré offered the leadership to the veteran statesman Ribot, who with the co-operation of Léon Bourgeois, formed a Moderate Cabinet with an inclination toward the Left. This Ministry was above the average, but its leaders were insulted and brow-beaten and overthrown on the very first day they met the Chamber of Deputies. So then a Cabinet was formed, led by the Socialist René Viviani, who was willing, however, to accept the three-years law, though he had previously opposed it. But this victory for national defence was weakened by parliamentary revelations of military unpreparedness.

In mid-July President Poincaré and M. Viviani left France for a round of state visits to Russia and Scandinavia. Paris was engrossed by the sensational trial of Madame Caillaux, which resulted in her acquittal, but this excitement was suddenly replaced by the European crisis, and President Poincaré cut short his foreign trip and hastened home. France loyally supported her ally Russia, and, on August 3, Baron von Schoen, the German Ambassador, notified M. Viviani of a state of war between Germany and France.

Indeed, no sooner had the Moroccan question been settled than danger had loomed in the Orient, in which France was likely to be involved through her alliance with Russia. Moreover, Germany had not got over the Agadir fiasco and was furious with England as well as France. Thus the European balance of power had long been in danger through the hostility of the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente. It is beyond the scope of the present volume to analyze in detail the Balkan question. The rôle of France was consistent in the interest of peace by helping to maintain the balance of power, but obviously she was loyal toward her partners of the Triple Entente and acted in solidarity with them.

So far as the outbreak of the war in 1914 is concerned, France stands with a clear conscience. She had nothing to do with the disputes between Austria and Serbia, or between Austria, Germany, and Russia. Once war proved inevitable France faithfully accepted the responsibilities of the Russian alliance. Against France, Germany was an open aggressor. Germany's strategic plans for the quick annihilation of France, before attacking Russia, are well known to the world. Everybody is aware how scrupulously France avoided every hostile measure, and, during the critical days preceding the war, withdrew all troops ten kilometres from the frontier to prevent a clash. The Germans were obliged, in order to justify their advance, to invent preposterous tales of bombs dropped by aeroplanes near Nuremberg or of the violation of Belgium neutrality by French officers in automobiles. France had no idea of invading Belgium. All the French strategic plans aimed at the protection of the direct frontier, and they were dislocated by the dishonest move of Germany through Belgium.

In 1914 France was not even prepared for war. The pacification of Morocco immobilized thousands of her troops. Revelations in Parliament as late as July 13 showed, as mentioned above, great deficiencies in equipment. Public attention was taken up by the Caillaux trial and by political strife apparently reaching the proportions of national weakness.

Since Agadir it is true that France, conscious of the constantly provocative attitude of Germany, had seen the folly of plans for disarmament. Love for the army had grown again, through realization of its necessity. But no nation ever looked forward with more horror and dread to military conflict than the French. They had been the last victims of a great European war, of which the memories were still alive. However much the loss of Alsace-Lorraine rankled in their hearts, they knew too well the madness of war to seek it again. A new generation had grown up reconciled to fate and willing to let bygones be bygones.

But Germany would not. The new Empire, a _Bourgeois gentilhomme_ among nations, but without even the breeding of the _parvenu_, dreamed of world-supremacy. As the boor in society makes himself conspicuous, so it was one of the tenets of Pan-Germanism to let no international agreement take place without German interference.

Some people, reading the annals of forty-four years since the Franco-Prussian War, have been disposed to sneer at France. Some have called the country degenerate because of its small birth-rate, its fiction sometimes brutal, sometimes neurotic, its inefficient Parliament, its vindictive political and religious contests. Such critics should remember that the French Government is the result of tactical compromise in presence of the Monarchical Party. Nobody denies that it might be improved. As to religious persecution, Americans might remember their own righteous feelings toward fellow citizens with "hyphenated" allegiance, when they rebuke the French for fighting vast organizations working against their Government under foreign orders.

In 1914 France, bearing on her shoulders proportionably the greatest burden of all the Allies, presented to the world a spirit of firmness, unity, and national resolve that won the admiration of neutral nations. Religious persecution and clerical manoeuvre were alike put aside. France forgot all lassitude and discouragement. Atheist, Protestant, and Catholic felt a great wave of spiritual as well as of patriotic fervor, and took as symbol of love of country the heroic peasant girl of Lorraine, Jeanne d'Arc, who, coming from the people and leading the nation's army, sought to drive from the soil its foes and invaders.

FOOTNOTES:

[18] It must be obvious to the reader, after following all the changes in nomenclature recorded in this volume, that in France party-names give little hint of party-views: "In French political parlance 'Progressivs' ar retrograde, 'Liberals' ar conservativ, 'Conservativs' ar revolutionary in aim and methods, 'Radicals' ar trimmers and time-servers, whilst one of the most reactionary administrations of recent years was heded by three 'Socialists.'" A.-L. Guérard in _Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. of America_, vol. xxx, p. 624. Compare also the following: "Suivant les régions de la France, c'est-à-dire selon la moyenne de l'opinion locale et les termes de comparaison ou les traditions propres à chaque province, les mots changent de signification. Dans le Var un radical passe pour un modéré, dans l'ouest un républicain est considéré par certains comme un révolutionnaire, ailleurs les candidats qui ne sont pas au moins radicaux-socialistes ne sont pas tenus pour de bons républicains." L. Jacques, _Les partis politiques sous la troisième république_, p. 429.

THE END

APPENDIX

PRESIDING OFFICERS OF FRENCH CABINETS

VICE-PRÉSIDENTS DU CONSEIL

_Administration of Thiers_

Feb. 19, 1871, Jules Dufaure. May 18, 1873, Jules Dufaure.

_Administration of Mac-Mahon_

May 25, 1873, Duc de Broglie. Nov. 26, 1873, Duc de Broglie. May 22, 1874, Général de Cissey. {Louis Buffet. March 10, 1875,{ {Jules Dufaure.

PRÉSIDENTS DU CONSEIL

_Administration of Mac-Mahon (continued)_

March 9, 1876, Jules Dufaure. Dec. 12, 1876, Jules Simon. May 17, 1877, Duc de Broglie. Nov. 23, 1877, Général de Rochebouët. Dec. 13, 1877, Jules Dufaure.

_Administration of Jules Grévy_

Feb. 4, 1879, William-Henry Waddington. Dec. 28, 1879, Charles de Freycinet. Sept. 23, 1880, Jules Ferry. Nov. 14, 1881, Léon Gambetta. Jan. 30, 1882, Charles de Freycinet. Aug. 7, 1882, Eugène Duclerc. Jan. 29, 1883, Armand Fallières. Feb. 21, 1883, Jules Ferry. April 6, 1885, Henri Brisson. Jan. 7, 1886, Charles de Freycinet. Dec. 11, 1886, René Goblet. May 30, 1887. Maurice Rouvier.

_Administration of Carnot_

Dec. 12, 1887, Pierre-Emmanuel Tirard. April 3, 1888, Charles Floquet. Feb. 22, 1889, Pierre-Emmanuel Tirard. March 17, 1890, Charles de Freycinet. Feb. 27, 1892, Emile Loubet. Dec. 6, 1892, Alexandre Ribot. Jan. 11, 1893, Alexandre Ribot. April 4, 1893, Charles Dupuy. Dec. 3, 1893, Jean Casimir-Perier. May 30, 1894. Charles Dupuy.

_Administration of Casimir-Perier_

July 1, 1894, Charles Dupuy.

_Administration of Félix Faure_

Jan. 26, 1895, Alexandre Ribot. Nov. 1, 1895, Léon Bourgeois. April 29, 1896, Jules Méline. June 28, 1898, Henri Brisson. Nov. 1, 1898, Charles Dupuy.

_Administration of Emile Loubet_

Feb. 18, 1899, Charles Dupuy. June 22, 1899, René Waldeck-Rousseau. June 7, 1902, Emile Combes. Jan. 24, 1905, Maurice Rouvier.

_Administration of Armand Fallières_

Feb. 18, 1906, Maurice Rouvier. March 14, 1906, Ferdinand Sarrien. Oct. 25, 1906, Georges Clemenceau. July 23, 1909, Aristide Briand. March 2, 1911, Ernest Monis. July 27, 1911, Joseph Caillaux. Jan. 13, 1912, Raymond Poincaré. Jan. 21, 1913, Aristide Briand.

_Administration of Raymond Poincaré_

Feb. 18, 1913, Aristide Briand. March 21, 1913, Louis Barthou. Dec. 2, 1913, Gaston Doumergue. June 9, 1914, Alexandre Ribot. June 13, 1914, René Viviani. Aug. 26, 1914, René Viviani. Oct. 29, 1915, Aristide Briand.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ALBIN, PIERRE. _D'Agadir à Sarajevo (1911-1914)._ 1915.

ANDRÉ, GÉNÉRAL L. _Cinq ans de ministère_. 1907.

_Annual Register_. Yearly volumes.

BARCLAY, THOMAS. _Thirty Years. Anglo-French Reminiscences (1876-1906)._ 1914.

BEYENS, BARON. _L'Allemagne avant la guerre. Les causes et les responsabilités._ 1915.

BODLEY, J. E. C. _The Church in France._ 1906.

BODLEY, J. E. C. _France._ 2 vols. 1898.

BRISSON, H. _Souvenirs._ 1908.

_Cambridge Modern History._ (Vol. XII, _The Latest Age._ 1910.)

CHUQUET, A. _La Guerre, 1870-1871._ 1895.

COUBERTIN, P. DE. _L'Evolution française sous la troisième république._ 1896.

DANIEL, ANDRÉ (ANDRÉ LEBON). _L'Année politique._ Yearly volumes, 1874-1905.

DAUDET, E. _Souvenirs de la Présidence du maréchal de Mac-Mahon._ 1879.

DEBIDOUR, A. _L'Eglise catholique et l'Etat sous la troisième République._ 2 vols. 1909.

DENIS, SAMUEL. _Histoire contemporaine._ 4 vols. 1897-1903.

DESPAGNET, FRANTZ. _La République et le Vatican (1870-1906)._ 1906.

DIMNET, E. _France Herself Again._ 1914.

DUTRAIT-CROZON, H. _Précis de l'Affaire Dreyfus._ 1909.

FIAUX, LOUIS. _Histoire de la guerre civile de 1871._ 1879.

GEORGE, W. L. _France in the Twentieth Century._ 1908.

GUÉRARD, A.-L. _French Civilization in the Nineteenth Century._ 1914.

HANOTAUX, G. _Fachoda._ 1909.

HANOTAUX, G. _Histoire de la France contemporaine._ 4 vols. 1903-1908.

HIPPEAU, E. _Histoire diplomatique de la troisième république_ (1870-1889). 1889.

JACQUES, LÉON. _Les partis politiques sous la troisième république._ 1912.

LAVISSE _et_ RAMBAUD, _editors_. _Histoire Générale Du IVe siècle à nos jours._ (Vol. XII, _Le Monde contemporain_, 1870-1900. 1901.)

LEPELLETIER, E. _Histoire de la Commune de 1871._ 1911.

LISSAGARAY, P.-O. _Histoire de la Commune de 1871._ 1896.

LOWELL, A. L. _Governments and Parties in Continental Europe._ 2 vols. 1897.

LUCAS, A. _Précis historique de l'Affaire du Panama._ 1893.

MARÉCHAL, E. _Histoire contemporaine de 1789 à nos jours._ 3 vols. 1900.

MARGUERITTE, PAUL _et_ VICTOR. _Histoire de la guerre de 1870-1871._ 1903.

MAURRAS, CHARLES. _Kiel et Tanger_ (1895-1905). 1913.

MEAUX, VICOMTE DE. _Souvenirs politiques._ 1904.

MERMEIX. _Les Coulisses du Boulangisme._ 1890.

MUEL, LÉON. _Histoire politique de la septième législature_ (1898-1902). 1903.

PINON, RENÉ. _France et Allemagne_ (1870-1913). 1913.

REINACH, JOSEPH. _Histoire de l'Affaire Dreyfus._ 7 vols. 1901-1911.

REINACH, JOSEPH. _Le Ministère Gambetta._ 1884.

R.-L.-M. _Histoire sommaire de l'Affaire Dreyfus._ 1904.

ROSE, J. H. _The Development of the European Nations, 1870-1914. Fifth edition._ 1916.

ROUSSET, L. _Histoire générale de la guerre franco-allemande._ 6 vols. 1895.

SOREL, ALBERT. _Histoire diplomatique de la guerre franco-allemande._ 1875.

TARDIEU, ANDRÉ. _La Conférence d'Algésiras._ Third Edition. 1909.

TARDIEU, ANDRÉ. _La France et les alliances._ Third edition. 1909.

TARDIEU, ANDRÉ. _Le Mystère d'Agadir._ 1912.

VIALLATE, ACHILLE, _editor_. _La Vie politique dans les Deux Mondes._ Annual volumes, 1908-1913.

WALLIER, RENÉ. _Le XXe siècle politique._ Annual volumes, 1901-1907.

WELSCHINGER, H. _La Guerre de 1870; causes et responsabilités._ 1910.

ZEVORT, E. _Histoire de la troisième République._ 4 vols. 1896-1901.

INDEX

Abd-el-Aziz, 168.

Africa, 89, 104, 106,132.

Agadir, 172, 174, 179, 181, 183.

Aix, 104.

Albert of Saxony, 15, 16, 18.

Alexander III, Czar, 105.

Algeciras, 158, 159, 162, 168, 172.

Algeria, 81, 110, 168.

Algiers, 104.

Alsace, 11, 13, 34, 35, 43, 157, 162, 183.

Amiens, 23.

André, General, 143, 152, 153, 154, 157, 166.

Annam, 89, 90.

Antony of Hohenzollern, 8, 9.

Arques, 54.

Arton, 109, 111, 118, 134.

Artenay, 19, 22.

Asquith, 172.

Aurelle de Paladines, General d', 22, 23, 39.

Austria, 3, 4, 52, 89, 155, 182.

Auteuil, 136.

Avellan, Admiral, 106.

Bac-Le, 90.

Baïhaut, 111.

Bapaume, 24.

Barthou, Louis, 177, 178, 179.

Basly, 97.

Bazaine, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21.

Beaugency, 23.

Beaumont, 16.

Beaune-la-Rolande, 22.

Belfort, 24, 25, 34.

Belgium, 4, 16, 182, 183.

Benedetti, 7, 8, 9, 10.

Berlin, 11, 51, 73, 81.

Bert, Paul, 80.

Beulé, 51.

Béziers, 168.

Bienvenu-Martin, 156.

Billot, General, 124, 126.

Bismarck, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 18, 21, 26, 28, 34, 51, 61, 73, 81, 93, 157.

Bitche, 24.

Blanqui, 38.

Boeschepe, 164.

Boisdeffre, General de, 106, 125.

Bordeaux, 22, 31, 35, 36, 40, 43, 45, 46.

Borny, 14.

Boulanger, General, 93, 94, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103.

Bourbaki, General, 23, 24, 25.

Bourgeois, Léon, 121, 122, 180.

Briand, Aristide, 151, 153, 156, 163, 164, 165, 166, 169, 170, 176, 177, 178.

Brière de l'Isle, 90.

Brisson, Henri, 84, 92, 97, 109, 120, 129, 130, 131, 138.

Broglie, due de, 48, 51, 55, 56, 57, 67, 69, 71, 72, 83.

Brussels, 35, 102.

Buffet, André, 141.

Buffet, Louis, 48, 60, 61.

Buisson, Ferdinand, 151.

Burdeau, 116, 120.

Busch, Moritz, 11.

Buzenval, 27.

Caffarel, General, 94.

Cahors, 20.

Caillaux, Joseph, 171, 173, 174, 178, 179.

Caillaux, Madame, 179, 181, 183.

Calmette, Gaston, 179.

Cameroons, 173.

Canrobert, Marshal, 21.

Carcassonne, 168.

Carnot, President, 96-114.

Casablanca, 168, 169.

Caserio Santo, 114.

Casimir-Perier, President, 115-120.

Cavaignac, Godefroy, 129, 130.

Châlons, 14.

Chambord, comte de, 45, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 88.

Champigny, 23, 26.

Chanoine, General, 130.

Chanzy, General, 20, 23, 24.

Châteaudun, 19.

Châtillon, 18.

Chesnelong, 53, 54.

China, 90, 91, 143.

Christiani, Baron de, 136.

Cissey, General de, 57, 60.

Clemenceau, Georges, 78, 83, 97, 98, 109, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 178.

Clermont-Ferrand, 94.

Clinchant, 25.

Cluseret, 40.

Combes, Emile, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 178.

Congo, 132, 171, 173.

Cottu, Henri, 108, 110, 111.

Coulmiers, 22.

Courbet, Gustave, 42.

Crémieux, 19.

Cronstadt, 105, 106.

Crown Prince of Prussia, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18.

Decazes, duc, 56.

Delahaye, 108.

Delcassé, 158, 166, 169.

Delegorgue, 127.

Delescluze, Charles, 37.

Demange, Maître, 119.

Denfert-Rochereau, 24.

Déroulède, Paul, 101, 135, 140, 141.

Devil's Isle, 119.

Dijon, 151.

Dillon, 102.

Dombrowski, 41.

Dordogne, 99.

Douay, Abel, 13.

Doumer, Paul, 160.

Doumergue, Gaston, 178, 180.

Dreyfus, Alfred, 105, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 145, 154, 162.

Dreyfus, Madame, 131.

Dreyfus, Mathieu, 123, 124, 125, 126.

Drumont, Edouard, 118.

Duclerc, 86.

Ducrot, 16, 22.

Dufaure, Jules, 66, 72.

Du Lac, Père, 125.

Dumas fils, Alexandre, 42.

Dupuy, Charles, 112, 114, 116, 120, 131, 135, 136.

Edward VII, 154.

Egypt, 86, 132, 155.

Eiffel, G., 108, 110.

Ems, 8, 9.

England, 17, 61, 86, 106, 111, 128, 132, 133, 154, 155, 157, 158, 174, 181.

Ernoul, 49.

Esterhazy, 117, 123, 124, 126, 127.

Eugénie, Empress, 1, 3, 6, 12, 15, 17, 20.

Evans, Dr., 17.

Faidherbe, General, 23, 24.

Failly, General de, 16.

Fallières, Armand, 86, 159-175, 176.

Fashoda, 132, 133, 155, 157.

Faure, Félix, 115-133, 134.

Favre, General, 23.

Favre, Jules, 17, 18, 25, 27, 28, 29.

Ferrières, 18.

Ferry, Jules, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 96.

Fez, 171.

Fiaux, 42.

Floquet, Charles, 84, 97, 100, 101, 102, 103, 109.

Flourens, Gustave, 37, 40.

Fontane, Marius, 108, 110.

Foo-chow, 90.

Forbach, 13.

Formosa, 90.

Fourichon, Admiral, 19.

Francis I, 45.

Frankfort, 35, 43.

Frederick, Empress, 105.

Frederick the Great, 3.

Frederick Charles, 12, 13, 15, 21.

Freycinet, Charles de, 20, 24, 30, 77, 79, 85, 86, 93, 109.

Frohsdorf, 52.

Fröschwiller, 13.

Frossard, 13.

Gabès, 82.

Galliffet, General de, 137, 139, 143.

Gambetta, Léon, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 28, 29, 31, 33, 44, 47, 66, 67, 68, 70, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 91, 92, 97, 136.

Garibaldi, 24, 25.

Geay, Monseigneur, 151.

Gérault-Richard, 120.

Germany, 31, 34, 48, 60, 81, 89, 94, 119, 128, 132, 154, 155,157, 158, 159, 162, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 174, 179, 182, 183, 184.

Gervais, Admiral, 105.

Glais-Bizoin, 19.

Goblet, 93.

Gouthe-Soulard, 104.

Gramont, duc de, 6, 7, 9.

Gravelotte, 15.

Grévy, Albert, 110, 111.

Grévy, Jules, 32, 75-95, 96, 110.

Grey, Sir Edward, 158.

Guérard, A.-L., 178.

Guérin, Jules, 140, 141.

Habert, Marcel, 135, 141.

Henry IV, 45.

Henry, Colonel, 116, 117, 123, 124, 126, 130.

Henry, Emile, 114.

Héricourt, 25.

Hervé, Gustave, 166.

Herz, Cornelius, 109, 111, 118.

Hugues, Clovis, 97.

Italy, 81, 89, 106, 107, 150, 154.

Ivry, 54.

Jacques, L., 178.

Japan, 158.

Jaurès, Jean, 166.

Jeanne d'Arc, 45, 185.

Jerome Napoleon, 86.

Josnes, 23.

Kairouan, 82.

Kiel Canal, 121.

Kitchener, 132.

Königgrätz, 4.

Kroumirs, 81, 82.

Labori, 128.

La Cecilia, 41.

La Motterouge, 19.

Lang-son, 90.

Laval, 24, 151.

Lavigerie, Cardinal, 104.

La Villette, 141.

Lazare, Bernard, 124, 125.

Leblois, Maître, 125.

Le Boeuf, Marshal, 12, 21.

Le Bourget, 26.

Lecomte, General, 39.

Le Mans, 24.

Le Nordez, Monseigneur, 151.

Leo XIII, 87, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 113, 144, 150.

Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, 5, 7, 8, 9.

Lesseps, Charles de, 108, 110.

Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 86, 107, 108.

Lille, 70.

Lisaine, 25.

Lloyd George, 172.

Loigny, 22.

Loir, 24.

Loire, 19, 22, 23.

Loisy, Abbé, 150.

London, 26.

Longchamps, 136.

Lorraine, 11, 13, 34, 35, 43, 157, 162, 183, 185.

Loubet, Emile, 109, 134-158, 160.

Louis XIV, 26, 36.

Louis XVI, 45.

Louis-Philippe, 115.

Lunéville, 13.

Lur-Saluces, comte de, 141.

Luxembourg, Duchy of, 4.

Lyautey, General, 174.

Lyons, 114.

McKinley, 114.

Mac-Mahon, maréchal de, 13, 14, 15, 16, 40, 49, 50-74, 75, 77.

Madagascar, 89, 122.

Madrid, 21.

Mainz, 13.

Marchand, Captain, 132, 133.

Marne, 22.

Marrakesh, 168.

Mars-la-Tour, 14.

Mauchamp, Dr., 168.

Mayer, Captain, 118.

Mediterranean, 81.

Méline, Jules, 107, 122, 129, 134.

Mercier, General, 118, 139.

Merry del Val, Cardinal, 150.

Metz, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 34.

Meuse, 16.

Mexican expedition, 1.

Millerand, Alexandre, 97, 137, 178.

Miribel, General de, 85.

Moltke, 18, 26.

Monis, Ernest, 171, 179.

Montbéliard, 25.

Montmartre, 39, 52.

Montmédy, 16.

Montretout, 27.

Morel, E. D., 158.

Morès, marquis de, 118.

Morocco, 155, 157, 158, 159, 168, 171, 172, 174, 181, 183.

Muley-Hafid, 168, 174.

Muley-Yussef, 174.

Mun, comte de, 105.

Nancy, 13.

Napoleon I, 1, 87.

Napoleon III, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 35.

Narbonne, 168.

Négrier, General de, 90.

New Caledonia, 42.

Newfoundland, 155.

Nicholas II, Czar, 123, 145.

Nile, 132.

Nord, 99.

North Germany, 4, 12.

Nuremberg, 182.

Offenbach, 3.

Ollivier, Emile, 6, 8, 9.

Omdurman, 132.

Orléans, 19, 22, 26.

Orléans, Duke of, 141.

Palikao, comte de, 14, 15, 17.

Pams, Jules, 176.

Panama, 97, 107, 111, 134, 161.

Paray-le-Monial, 52.

Paris, 2, 9, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 46, 64, 84, 101, 105, 106, 120, 128, 134, 140, 154, 181.

Paris, comte de, 44, 52, 53, 55, 100.

Patay, 22.

Pau, 178, 179.

Pelletan, Camille, 97, 166.

Pellieux, General de, 135.

Père-Lachaise, 41.

Péronne, 24.

Perpignan, 168.

Picquart, General, 123, 124, 125, 126, 162, 163.

Pie, Monseigneur, 52.

Piou, Jacques, 105.

Pius IX, 54, 68, 87.

Pius X, 150, 164.

Poincaré, Raymond, 175, 176-185.

Poitiers, 52.

Pont-Noyelles, 24.

Portsmouth, 105, 106.

Prince Imperial, 13, 86.

Prussia, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12.

Rampolla, Cardinal, 150.

Ravachol, 114.

Raynal, 85.

Regnier, 21.

Reichsoffen, 13.

Reims, 16.

Reinach, Jacques de, 108, 109, 110, 111, 118, 134.

Rémusat, Charles de, 48.

Rennes, 135, 138, 140, 143, 162.

Rezonville, 14, 15.

Rhenish provinces, 2.

Rhine, 2, 4.

Ribot, Alexandre, 109, 121, 180.

Rigault, Raoul, 37.

Rivière, 89.

Rochebouët, General de, 71.

Rochefort, Henri, 102.

Rochette, 179, 180.

Roget, General, 134, 135, 138.

Rome, 150.

Rossel, 40.

Rouvier, 85, 93, 94, 109, 111, 155, 158, 160, 164, 169.

Russia, 61, 105, 121, 123, 145, 154, 155, 158, 181, 182.

Saarbrücken, 12, 13.

Sadowa, 4, 6.

Saint-Cloud, 2.

Saint-Mandé, 137.

Saint-Privat, 15.

Saint-Quentin, 24, 27.

St. Petersburg, 106.

Salisbury, Lord, 81, 106.

Salzburg, 53.

Sans-Leroy, 110.

Sarrien, Ferdinand, 160.

Say, Léon, 85.

Scandinavia, 181.

Scheurer-Kestner, 125.

Schnaebele, 94.

Schoen, Baron von, 181.

Schwartzkoppen, Colonel, 117, 128, 130.

Sedan, 16, 17, 49.

Selves, M. de, 173.

Serbia, 182.

Sfax, 82.

Sicily, 81.

Simon, Jules, 28, 67, 68, 69, 84.

South Germany, 4, 7, 12.

Spain, 5, 8, 155, 158, 159, 171, 174.

Spicheren, 13.

Spuller, Eugène, 113.

Steinheil, Madame, 132.

Steinmetz, 12, 13, 15.

Strassburg, 11, 18.

Sudan, 89.

Suez, 86, 107, 132.

Switzerland, 26.

Syveton, 152.

Tangier, 158.

Thiers, Adolphe, 17, 18, 31-49, 50, 51, 58, 61, 70, 76, 86.

Thomas, General Clément, 39.

Tien-tsin, 90.

Tirard, 102.

Tonkin, 89, 90, 93.

Toulon, 106, 167.

Tours, 19, 22.

Trochu, General, 17, 19, 22, 27, 29, 52.

Tuileries, 2, 17.

Tunis, 81, 93.

Ujda, 168.

United States, 62, 159.

Uzès, duchesse d', 100.

Vaillant, 114.

Var, 178.

Vendôme, 24.

Verdun, 14.

Versailles, 18, 27, 34, 36, 40, 41, 56, 64, 120, 128, 134.

Victor-Emmanuel II, 68, 104.

Victor-Emmanuel III, 150.

Victoria, 106.

Villepion, 22.

Villers-Bretonneux, 23.

Villersexel, 25.

Villiers, 23.

Villorceau, 23.

Vinoy, General, 27.

Vionville, 14.

Viviani, René, 161, 180, 181.

Von der Thann, 22.

Vosges, 12, 25.

Waddington, 77, 78, 79, 81.

Waldeck-Rousseau, 85, 120, 136, 137, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 153.

Wallon, 59.

Weiss, J.-J., 85.

Welschinger, 30.

William I, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 18, 26, 35.

William II, 157, 158, 173.

Wilson, Daniel, 88, 94, 98.

Wimpffen, General de, 16.

Wissembourg, 12, 13.

Wörth, 13.

Wrobleski, 41.

Zola, Emile, 127, 128, 130, 135, 163.

Zurlinden, General, 130.

The Riverside Press

CAMBRIDGE. MASSACHUSETTS

U. S. A

BOOKS ON THE GREAT WAR

_Published by_

Houghton Mifflin Company

Thrilling stories of real adventure; graphic pictures of the fighting by men who actually fought; notable volumes dealing with the larger aspects of the struggle; in short, books for every taste and on every phase of the war may be found in these pages.

_Two Books of Extraordinary Interest_

GETTING TOGETHER

IAN HAY

(Captain Ian Hay Beith)

In this book, the author of "The First Hundred Thousand" discusses in an honest, straightforward way the outstanding issues between America and England. As a result of his prolonged visit to this country as a lecturer, he knows, as few Englishmen do, how the average American feels, and has written a book that will have a profound effect on both sides of the Atlantic.

Published under the joint imprint of Doubleday, Page & Co. and Houghton Mifflin Co. 50 cents, net.

OBSTACLES TO PEACE

SAMUEL S. McCLURE

The author of this notable book recently spent several months in Europe. Recognizing his standing as an American publicist, the leading statesmen of the warring countries talked to him with extraordinary frankness, regarding both the war and the terms of peace, and put him in possession of hitherto unpublished documents of the utmost importance. As the result of this first-hand information gained from responsible sources, Mr. McClure has been able to write one of the most incisive and illuminating books that have yet been called forth by the Great War. $2.00 net.

In Belgium

BELGIUM'S AGONY

EMILE VERHAEREN

The story of what Belgium has endured and how she has endured it, told by her greatest poet. $1.25 net.

THE LOG OF A NON-COMBATANT

HORACE GREEN

"A lively, readable narrative of personal experiences, thrilling, painful, humorous."--_Churchman._ Illustrated. $1.25 net.

In Germany

TO RUHLEBEN AND BACK

GEOFFREY PYKE

The story of a young Englishman's escape from a detention camp and flight across Germany. One of the most picturesque and thrilling narratives of the war. Illustrated. $1.50 net.

In Italy

THE WORLD DECISION

ROBERT HERRICK

Contains a graphic, first-hand account of Italy's entrance into the war, as well as a remarkable analysis of the larger aspects of the struggle. $1.25 net.

With the Austrians

FOUR WEEKS IN THE TRENCHES

FRITZ KREISLER

"Filled with memorable scenes and striking descriptions. It will stand as a picture of war."--_New York Globe._ Illustrated. $1.00 net.

With the Russians

DAY BY DAY WITH THE RUSSIAN ARMY

BERNARD PARÈS

"A wonderful narrative. When the history of this great war comes to be written it will be an invaluable document."--_London Morning Post._ Illustrated. $2.50 net.

With the Japanese

THE FALL OF TSINGTAU

JEFFERSON JONES

A remarkable study of war and diplomacy in the Orient that "should be read by every American who is interested in the future of our status in the Far East."--_New York Tribune._ Illustrated. $1.75 net.

On the Ocean

THE LUSITANIA'S LAST VOYAGE

C. E. LAURIAT, JR.

"Not only a document of historic interest, but a thrilling narrative of the greatest disaster of its kind."--_The Dial._ Illustrated. $1.00 net.

Causes and Results of the War

Diplomatic

THE DIPLOMACY OF THE WAR OF 1914: The Beginnings of the War

ELLERY C. STOWELL

"The most complete statement that has been given."--LORD BRYCE. "The whole tangled web of diplomacy is made crystal clear in this really statesmanlike book."--_New York Times_, $5.00 net.

PAN-GERMANISM

ROLAND G. USHER

The war has borne out in a remarkable way the accuracy of this analysis of the game of world politics that preceded the resort to arms. $1.75 net.

THIRTY YEARS

SIR THOMAS BARCLAY

The story of the forming of the Entente between France and England told by the man largely responsible for its existence. $3.50 net.

Financial

THE RULING CASTE AND FRENZIED TRADE IN GERMANY

MAURICE MILLIOUD

Shows the part played by the over-extension of German trade in bringing on the war. $1.00 net.

THE AUDACIOUS WAR

C. W. BARRON

An analysis of the commercial and financial aspects of the war by one of America's keenest business men. "Not only of prime importance but of breathless interest."--_Philadelphia Public Ledger._ $1.00 net.

_America and the War_

The Diplomatic Aspects

THE CHALLENGE OF THE FUTURE

ROLAND G. USHER

"The most cogent analysis of national prospects and possibilities any student of world politics has yet written."--_Boston Herald._ $1.75 net.

The Military Aspects

ARE WE READY?

H. D. WHEELER

A sane constructive study of our unpreparedness for war. "You have performed a real service to the American people."--HENRY T. STIMSON, Former Secretary of War. $1.50 net.

The Moral Aspects

THE ROAD TOWARD PEACE

CHARLES W. ELIOT

"Few writers have discussed the way and means of establishing peace and friendly relations among nations with more sanity and far-reaching estimate of values."--_Detroit Free Press._ $1.00 net.

GERMANY VERSUS CIVILIZATION

WILLIAM ROSCOE THAYER

A biting indictment of Prussianism and an analysis of the meaning of the war to America. $1.00 net.

COUNTER-CURRENTS

AGNES REPPLIER

Dealing mainly with issues arising from the war, these essays will take their place among the most brilliant of contemporary comment. $1.25 net.

_Miscellaneous_

Fiction

THE FIELD OF HONOUR

H. FIELDING-HALL

Short stories dealing with the spirit of England at war. "Admirably written without one superfluous word to mar the directness of their appeal."--_New York Times._ $1.50 net.

Poetry

A SONG OF THE GUNS

GILBERT FRANKAU

Vivid, powerful verse written to the roar of guns on the western front, by a son of Frank Danby, the novelist.

Biography

KITCHENER, ORGANIZER OF VICTORY

HAROLD BEGBIE

The first full and satisfactory account of the life and deeds of England's great War Minister. _Suppressed in England for its frankness._ Illustrated. $1.25.

History

IS WAR DIMINISHING?

FREDERICK ADAMS WOOD, M.D., AND ALEXANDER BALTZLEY

The first complete and authoritative study of the question of whether warfare has increased or diminished in the last five centuries. $1.00 net.