vi. The Psalm-singing at the Pré-aux-Clercs, however, was regarded as a

manifestation against the Court, and d'Andelot was imprisoned for his persistent attendance.]

[Footnote 207: The family of Guise, who played such a leading part in French history from the reign of Henry II. on to the downfall of the League, became French in the person of Claude, the fifth son of René, Duke of Lorraine, who inherited the lands of his father which were situated in France. Francis I. had loaded him with honours and lands. The family had always been devoted to the Papacy, and had profited by their devotion. The brother of Claude, Jean, had been made a Cardinal when he was twenty, and had accumulated in his own person an immense number of benefices. These descended to his nephews, Charles, who was first Cardinal of Guise and then Cardinal of Lorraine, and Louis, who was Cardinal of Guise. The accumulated benefices enjoyed by Charles amounted to over 300,000 livres. The Guises did not serve the Roman Church for nothing.]

[Footnote 208: The street Marais-Saint-Germain was called _petite Genève_, because it was supposed to be largely inhabited by Protestants. It was selected because of its remoteness from the centre of Paris, and because it was partly under the jurisdiction of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés and of the University--two corporations excessively jealous of the infringements of their rights of police. Cf. Athanase Cocquerel fils, "Histoire d'une rue de Paris," in the _Bulletin historique et littéraire de la Société de l'histoire du protestantisme français_ for 1866, pp. 185, 208.]

[Footnote 209: _Les Mémoires du prince de Condé_ (The Hague,1743); Duc d'Aumale, _Histoire des Princes de Condé pendant les xvi^{me} et xvii^{me} siècles_, i. 57 (Paris, 1863-64; Eng. trans., London, 1872); Armstrong, _The French Wars of Religion_ (London, 1892).]

[Footnote 210: _Le Chansounier Huguenot du xvi^{e} siècle_ (Paris, 1871), pp. 204, 245.]

[Footnote 211: Buchot, _Catherine de Médicis_ (Paris, 1899); Edith Sichel, _Catherine de' Medici and the French Reformation_ (London, 1905).]

[Footnote 212: Catherine's children were--Francis II., 1544-60; Elizabeth (married to Philip II. of Spain in 1559), 1545-68; Claude (m. to Charles III.), Duke of Lorraine (1558), 1547-75; Louis, Duke of Orléans, 1548-50; Charles IX., 1550-74; Henri III. (first Duke of Orléans, then Duke of Anjou), 1551-89; Francis (Duke of Alençon, then Duke of Anjou), 1554-84; Marguerite (married Henri IV.), 1552-1615; and twins who died in the year of their birth, Victorie and Jeanne, b. 1556.]

[Footnote 213: Some say that Catherine either invented or made fashionable the modern ladies' side-saddle; during the Middle Ages ladies rode astride, or on pillion, or seated sideways on horseback with their feet on a board which was suspended from the front and rear of the saddle.]

[Footnote 214: G. Picot, _Histoire des États Généraux_, ii. (Paris, 1872).]

[Footnote 215: Jeanne d'Albret wrote remonstrating strongly; cf. _Lettres d'Antoine de Bourbon et de Jeanne d'Albret_, pp. 233 _f._]

[Footnote 216: For the Colloquy of Poissy, cf. Ruble, "Le Colloque de Poissy" (in _Mémoires de la Société de l'histoire de Paris et de l'Ile de France_), vol. xvi., (Paris, 1889); Kliptfel, _Le Collogue de Poissy_ (Paris and Metz, 1867).]

[Footnote 217: Lavisse, "Le Massacre, fait à Vassy" in _Grandes Scènes historiques du xvi^{e} siècle_ (Paris, 1886).]

[Footnote 218: _Lettres d'Antoine de Bourbon et de Jeanne d'Albret_ (Paris, 1877), pp. 305 _ff._ (Letter to Catherine de' Medici); pp. 322 _ff._ (letters to Protestants outside La Rochelle). In her letter to Catherine Jeanne demands for the Protestants liberty of worship and all the rights and privileges of ordinary citizens: if these are not granted there must be war.]

[Footnote 219: For the attempted assassination of Coligny, cf. Whitehead, _Gaspard de Coligny, Admiral of France_ (London, 1905), pp. 258, _ff._; _Bulletin de l'histoire du Protestantisme Français_, xxxvi. 105; _Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de Paris_, etc. xiv. 38.]

[Footnote 220: For the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, cf. Bonnardot, _Registres des Délibérations du Bureau de la Ville de Paris (1568-1572)_, vii. (Paris, 1893); _Mémoires de Madame du Plessis-Mornay_, publ. by the _Société de l'histoire de la France_ (1868); _Mémoires et Correspondance de Du Plessis-Mornay_ (1824), ii.; Bordier, _Saint Barthélemy et la critique moderne_; Whitehead, _Gaspard de Coligny, Admiral of France_ (London, 1905), pp. 253, _ff._; Froude, _History of England_ (London, 1887), ix.-x.; Mariéjol, _Histoire de France_, etc., VI. i. 114, _ff._]

[Footnote 221: The existence of this medal has been unblushingly denied by some Roman Catholic controversialists. It is described and figured in the Jesuit Bonani's _Numismata Pontificum_ (Rome, 1689), i. 336. Two commemorative medals were struck in France, and on the reverse of one of them Charles IX. is represented as Hercules with a club in the one hand and a torch in the other slaying the seven-headed Hydra. They are figured in the _Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire du Protestantisme Français_ for 1855, pp. 139, 140.]

[Footnote 222: La Ferrière, _Catherine de Médicis et les Politiques_ (Paris, 1894).]

[Footnote 223: Pierre de l'Estoile, _Journal de Henri III._ (Paris, 1875-84); Michelet, _Histoire de France_, vols. xi. and xii; Jackson, _The Last of the Valois_ (London, 1888).]

[Footnote 224: _Dialogue d'entre le Maheustre et le Manant; contenant les raisons de leurs débats et questions en ces présens troubles au royaume de France 1594_; this rare pamphlet is printed in the _Satyre Menippée, de la vertu du Catholicon d'Espagne_, Ratisbon (Amsterdam), 1709, iii. 367 _ff._ _Mémoires de la Ligue, contenant les événemens les plus remarquables depuis 1576 jusqu' à la paix accordée entre le roi de France et le roi d'Espagne en 1598_ (Amsterdam, 1758); Pierre de l'Estoile, _Journal de Henri III._ (Paris 1875-84), and _Journal du règne de Henri IV._ (The Hague, 1741); Robiquet, _Paris et la Ligue_ (Paris, 1886); Victor de Chalambert, _Histoire de la Ligue_ (Paris, 1854); Maury, "La Commune de Paris de 1588" (in _Rev. des Deux Mondes_, Sept. 1, 1871).]

[Footnote 225: The scenes on the Day of the Barricades are described in a contemporary paper printed in _Satyre Menippée_ (ed. of 1709), iii. 39 _ff._]

[Footnote 226: Brown, "The Assassination of the Guises as described by the Venetian Ambassador" (_Eng. Hist. Review_, x. 304).]

[Footnote 227: _Histoire de France depuis les origines jusqu' à la Revolution_ (Paris, 1904), VI. i. 298, _f._, by H. Mariéjol.]

[Footnote 228: They argued: "Je vous demande, voudriez-vous bailler une fille pudique, honneste, belle, verteuse et modeste, à un homme desbauché, et abandonné à tous vices, sous ombre qu'il vous diroit qu'il s'amenderoit, et qu'il n'y retournoit estant marié, que vous luy osteriez vostre fille? Je crois que tout bon pere de famille ne se mettroit en ce hazard, ou feroit un tour d'homme sans cervelle. Or c'est l'Eglise Catholique, Apostolique et Romaine qui est une pucelle, belle et honneste en cette France qui n'a jamais eu pour Roy un hérétique, mais tons bons Catholiques et assidez à Jesus-Christ son espoux. Voudriez-vous done bailler cette Eglise que les François ont tant fidélement servie et honourée sous leur Rois Catholiques, aujourd'huy la prostituer entre les mains d'un hérétique, relaps et excommunie?"--"Dialogue d'entre le Maheustre et le Manant" (_Satyre Menippée_, iii. 387.)]

[Footnote 229: SOURCES: _Recueil des Lettres Missives de Henri IV._ (_Collection de Documents inédits_, Paris, 1843-72), 8 vols.; Alberi, _Relazioni degli Ambasciatori Veneti_ (Florence, 1860, etc.); Charles, Duc de Mayenne, _Correspondance_, 2 vols. (Paris, 1860); Sir H. Upton, _Correspondence_ (_Roxburgh Club_, London, 1847); Du Plessis-Mornay, _Mémoires_, 4 vols. (Amsterdam, 1624-52); Madame Du Plessis-Mornay, _Mémoires sur la Vie de Du Plessis-Mornay_ (Paris, 1868-69, _Soc. Hist. de France_); Maréchal de Bassompierre, _Journal de marie 1579-1640_, 4 vols. (Paris, 1870-77, _Soc. Hist. de France_); _Satyre Menippée_, 3 vols. (Ratisbon (Amsterdam), 1709); Bénoit, _Histoire de l'édit de Nantes_.

LATER BOOKS: Baird, _The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre_ (London, 1887); Jackson, _The First of the Bourbons_, 2 vols. (London, 1890); Lavisse, _Histoire de France_, VI. i. ii. (Paris, 1904-5).]

[Footnote 230: SOURCES: Brandt, _The History of the Reformation and other ecclesiastical transactions in and about the Low-Countries_ (English translation in 4 vols. fol., London, 1720: the original in Dutch was published in 1671); Brieger, _Aleander und Luther_ (Gotha, 1894); Kalkoff, _Die Despatchen des nuntius Aleander_ (Halle, 1897); Poullet Piot, _Correspondance du Cardinal Granvelle_, 12 vols. (Brussels, 1878-97); Weiss, _Papiers d'État du Cardinal Granvelle_, 9 vols. (Paris, 1841-52); Gachard, _Correspondance de Philippe II. sur les affaires des Pays Bas_, 5 vols. (Brussels, 1848-79); _Correspondance de Marguerite d'Autriche avec Philippe II._, 1554-68 (Brussels, 1867-87); _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne, Prince d'Orange_, 6 vols. (Brussels, 1847-57); van Prinsterer, _Archives ou correspondance inédite de la Maison d'Orange-Nassau_, in two series, 9 and 5 vols. (Utrecht, 1841-61); Renon de France, _Histoire des troubles des Pays-Bas_, 3 vols. (Brussels, 1886-92); _Mémoires anonymes sur les troubles des Pays-Bas, 1565-80_ (in the _Collection, dcs Mémoires sur l'histoire de Belgique_).

LATER BOOKS: Armstrong, _Charles V._ (London, 1902); Motley, _The Rise of the Dutch Republic_ (London, 1865); Putnam, _William the Silent_ (New York, 1895); Harrison, _William the Silent_ (London, 1897); _Cambridge Modern History_, III. vi. vii. (Cambridge, 1904).]

[Footnote 231: Brandt, _The History of the Reformation_, etc. i. 49; cf. _Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris_, p. 185.]

[Footnote 232: A collection of their _chansons d'amour, jeux-partis, pastourelles, and fabliaux_ will be found in Scheler's _Trouvères Belges_ (Bruxelles, 1876).]

[Footnote 233: _Correspondance de Philippe II. sur les affaires des Pays-Bas_, i. 321, 327, 379; _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne, ii._ 161, 168.]

[Footnote 234: Van der Meersch, _Recherches sur la vie et les travaux des imprimeurs belges et hollandaís_, pp. 142-144; cf. Walther, _Die deutsche Bibelüberseztungen des Mittelalters_, p. 652.]

[Footnote 235: Aleander, writing to the Cardinal de' Medici (Sept. 8th, 1520), attributes the spread of Lutheranism in the Netherlands to the teaching of Erasmus and of the Prior of the Augustinians at Antwerp.--Brieger, _Aleander und Luther, 1521; Die vervollständigten Aleander-Depeschen_ (Gotha, 1884), p. 249.]

[Footnote 236: Kalkoff, _Die Depeschen des nuntius Aleander_ (Halle a S. 1897), p. 20.]

[Footnote 237: Brieger, _Aleander und Luther; Die vervollständigten Aleander-Depeschen_, pp. 249, 252, 262.]

[Footnote 238: Graphæus' appeal to the Chancellor of the Court of Brabant is printed in full in Brandt's _History of the Reformation ... in the Low Countries_ (London. 1720), i. 42.]

[Footnote 239: Wackernagel, _Das deutsche Kirchenlied von der ällesten Zeit bis an zu Anfang des xvii. Jahrhunderts_, iii. 3.]

[Footnote 240: Brandt, _History of the Reformation in the Low Countries_ (London, 1720), p. 51.]

[Footnote 241: The history of the struggle with the Anabaptists of the Netherlands is related at length by S. Blaupot ten Cate in _Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Friesland_ (Leeuwarden, 1839); _Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Groningen_ (Oberijssel, 1842); _Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Holland en Gelderland_ (Amsterdam, 1847). A summary of the history of the Anabaptists is given in Heath's _Anabaptism_ (London, 1895), which is much more accurate than the usual accounts.]

[Footnote 242: Cf. _Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII._, IV. iii. 2685 (_Halket to Tuller_).]

[Footnote 243: Cf. below, pp. 432 _f._]

[Footnote 244: Cf. i. 96 _ff._]

[Footnote 245: Several references to the Anabaptists of the Low Countries are to be found in the _Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII._ Hackett, writing to Cromwell, says that "divers places are affected by this new sect of 'rebaptisement,'" vii. p. 136. He tells about the shiploads of emigrants (pp. 165, 166), and says that they were so sympathised with, that it was difficult to enlist soldiers to fight against them; that the Regent had sent 10,000 ducats to help the Bishop of Münster to crush them (p. 167); and a wild report was current that Henry VIII. had sent money to the Anabaptists of Münster in revenge for the Pope's refusing his divorce (p. 185).]

[Footnote 246: The Royal Academy of Belgium has published (Brussels, 1877-96) the _Correspondance du Cardinal de Granvelle_ in 12 volumes, and in the _Collection de documents inêdits sur l'Histoire de France_ there are the _Papiers d'État du Cardinal de Granvelle_ in 9 vols., edited by C. Weiss (Paris, 1841-52). These volumes reveal the inner history of the revolt in the Netherlands. The documents which refer to the revolt in the _Papiers d'État_ begin with p. 588 of vol. v. They show how, from the very first, Philip II. urged the extirpation of heresy as the most important work to be undertaken by his Government; cf. _Papiers d'État_, v. 591.]

[Footnote 247: "Philip struck the keynote of his reign on the occasion of his first public appearance as King by presiding over one of the most splendid _auto-da-fés_ that had ever been seen in Spain (Valladolid, Oct. 18th, 1559)." _Cambridge Modern History_, iii. 482. It is a singular commentary on sixteenth century Romanism, that to burn a large number of fellow-men was called "an act of faith."]

[Footnote 248: _Papiers d'État du Cardinal de Granvelle_, v. pp. 558, 591.]

[Footnote 249: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_ (Letters from the Regent to Philip II.), i. 382-86.]

[Footnote 250: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_, etc. ii. 42_f._, 106-110, 170.]

[Footnote 251: He wrote to Philip about their excesses as early as Dec. 29th, 1555, Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_, i. 282, and about the exasperation of the Netherlanders in consequence (_ibid._ i. 291).]

[Footnote 252: In a letter to the Regent (March 16th, 1566), William declared that the heads of the policy of Philip which he most strongly disapproved of were: _l'entretènement du concile de Trente, favoriser les inquisiteurs ou leur office et exécuter sans nulle dissimulation les placars. Correspondance_, etc. ii. 129.]

[Footnote 253: Brandt, _The History of the Reformation_, etc. i. 150.]

[Footnote 254: Brandt, _The History of the Reformation_, etc. i. 160.]

[Footnote 255: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_, ii. 434 _ff._]

[Footnote 256: At meals they sang:

"_Par ce pain, par ce sel, et par cette besace, Jamais les Gueux ne changeront pour chose que l'on fasse."_

William of Orange wrote to the Regent that he was met in Antwerp by crowds, shouting _Vive les Gueux_ (_Correspondance_, ii. 136, etc.).]

[Footnote 257: Brandt's _History of the Reformation ... in the Low Countries_ (London, 1720), i. 172.]

[Footnote 258: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_, ii. 136 _ff._]

[Footnote 259: Brandt, _History of the Reformation_, etc. i. 191.]

[Footnote 260: For this and earlier disturbances at Antwerp, cf. _Correspondance de Philippe II._, etc. i. 321, 327, 379.]

[Footnote 261: Brandt, _History of the Reformation_, etc. i. 261, 266. The executions were latterly accompanied by additional atrocious cruelty. "It being perceived with what constancy and alacrity many persons went to the fire, and how they opened their mouths to make a free confession of their faith, and that the wooden balls or gags were wont to slip out, a dreadful machine was invented to hinder it for the future: they prepared two little irons, between which the tongue was screwed, which being seared at the tip with a glowing iron, would swell to such a degree as to become immovable and incapable of being drawn back; thus fastened, the tongue would wriggle about with the pain of burning, and yield a hollow sound" (i. 275).]

[Footnote 262: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_, iii. 17.]

[Footnote 263: Cf. William's letters, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 47-73.]

[Footnote 264: Groen van Prinsterer, _Archives ou Correspondance inédite de la Orange-Nassau_ (Utrecht, 1841-61).]

[Footnote 265: The small principality of Orange-Chalons was situated in the south of France on the river Rhone, its south-west corner being about ten miles north of the city of Avignon. Henry of Nassau, the uncle of our William of Orange, had married Claude, the sister of Philibert, the last male of the House of Orange-Chalons; and Philibert had bequeathed his principality to his nephew René, the son of Henry and Claude. The principality was of no great value compared with the other possessions of the House of Nassau, but as it was under no overlord, its possessor took rank among the _sovereign_ princes of Europe.]

[Footnote 266: Putnam, _William the Silent, the Prince of Orange, the moderate man of the Sixteenth Century_, 2 vols., New York, 1895.]

[Footnote 267: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne, Prince d'Orange_, ii. 110.]

[Footnote 268: It is said that William's reticence on hearing this news, which moved him so much, gained him the name of "The Silent" (_le taciturne_): it is more probable that the soubriquet was given to him by Cardinal de Granvelle.]

[Footnote 269: Maurice succeeded his father as Stadtholder, and became Prince of Orange in 1618 on the death of his elder brother, Philip William, who was kidnapped from Louvain and brought up as a Roman Catholic by Philip II. William was married four times:

_a._ In 1550, to Anne of Egmont, only child of Maximilian of Buren. Her son was Philip William; she died in March 1558.

_b._ In 1561, to Anne, daughter of the Elector Maurice of Saxony, and granddaughter of Philip of Hesse. She early developed symptoms of incipient insanity, which came to a height when she deserted her husband in 1567 and went to live a disreputable life in Cologne. She became insane, and her family seized her and imprisoned her until she died in 1573. She was the mother of Maurice.

_c._ In 1571, Charlotte de Bourbon, daughter of the Due de Montpensier. She had been a nun, had embraced the Reformed faith, and fled to Germany. The marriage was a singularly happy one. She was scarcely recovered from childbirth when William was almost killed by Jaureguy, and the shock, combined with her incessant toil in nursing her husband, was too much for her strength; she died in 1582 (May 5th).

_d._ In 1583, to Louise de Coligny, daughter of the celebrated Admiral Coligny. She had lost both her parents in the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew. She was a wonderful and charming woman, beloved by her stepchildren and adored by her adopted country; she survived her husband forty years.]

[Footnote 270: Lindsay, _The Church and the Ministry in the Early Centuries_, 2nd ed. (London, 1903), pp. 198, 204_f._, 259, 330 _n._, 339.]

[Footnote 271: Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformirten Kirche_ (Leipzig, 1903), p. 233; Schaff, _The Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches_, 383.]

[Footnote 272: _Ibid._ p. 682.]

[Footnote 273: SOURCES:--_Calendar of the State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots, 1547-1603_ (Edinburgh, 1898, etc.); _Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, Foreign_ (London, 1863, etc.); _Acts of the Parliament of Scotland_, ii. (1814); _Register of the Great Seal of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1886); _Register of the Privy Council of Scotland_, i. (Edinburgh, 1877); Labanoff, _Lettres inédites de Marie Stuart_ (Paris, 1839), and _Lettres, instructions et mémoires de Marie Stuart_ (London, 1844); Pollen, _Papal Negotiations with Mary Queen of Scots_ (Scottish Historical Society, Edinburgh, 1901); Teulet, _Papiers d'état ... relatifs à l'histoire de l'Écosse_ (Bannatyne Club, 1851), and _Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse_ (Paris, 1862); Lesley, _History of Scotland_ (Scottish Text Society, Edinburgh, 1888); John Knox, _Works_ (edited by D. Laing, Edinburgh, 1846-55); _The Book of the Universal Kirk_ (Bannatyne Club, Edinburgh, 1839); _Gude and Godlie Ballatis_ (edited by Mitchell for Scottish Text Society, Edinburgh, 1897); (Dunlop), _A Collection of Confessions of Faith_, etc. ii. (Edinburgh, 1722); Calderwood, _History of the Kirk of Scotland_ (Woodrow Society, Edinburgh, 1842-49); Row, _History of the Kirk of Scotland_ (Woodrow Society, Edinburgh, 1842); Spottiswoode, _History of the Church and State of Scotland_ (Spottiswoode Society, Edinburgh, 1851); Scott, _Fasti Ecclesiæ Scoticanæ_ (Edinburgh, 1866-71); Sir David Lindsay, _Poetical Works_ (edited by David Laing, Edinburgh, 1879); _The Book of Common Order of the Church of Scotland_ (edited by Sprott and Leishman, Edinburgh, 1868); _Rotuli Scotiæ; Calvin's Letters_ (_Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii.-xlviii.).

LATER BOOKS: D. Hay Fleming, _Mary Queen of Scots from her birth until her flight into England_ (London, 1897), _The Scottish Reformation_ (Edinburgh, 1904), and _The Story of the Scottish Covenants_ (Edinburgh, 1904); P. Hume Brown, _John Knox_ (London, 1895), and _George Buchanan_ (Edinburgh, 1890); MacCrie, _Life of Knox_ (Edinburgh, 1840); Grub, _Ecclesiastical History of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1861); Cunningham, _The Church History of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1882); Lorimer, _Life of Patrick Hamilton_ (Edinburgh, 1857), _John Knox and the Church of England_ (London, 1875).]

[Footnote 274: Cf. _Cambridge Modern History_ (Cambridge, 1903), ii. 551-58.]

[Footnote 275: _Rotuli Scotiæ_, i. 808, 815, 816, 822, 825, 828, 829, 849, 851, 859, 877, 881, 886, 891, 896, ii. 8, 20, 45, 100.]

[Footnote 276: Wyntoun, _Orygynale Cronykil_, ix. c. xxvi. 2773, 2774.]

[Footnote 277: For a collection of these references, cf. _The Scottish Historical Review_ for April 1904, pp. 266 _ff._ Purveys revision of Wiclifs _New Testament_ was translated by Murdoch Nisbet into Scots. It is being published by the Scottish Text Society, _The New Testament in Scots_, i. 1901, ii. 1903. The translation was made about 1520.]

[Footnote 278: Row, _History of Kirk of Scotland from the year 1558 to August 1637_ (Edinburgh, 1842), p. 6.]

[Footnote 279: _Act. Parl. Scot._ ii. 295.]

[Footnote 280: Hay Fleming, _The Scottish Reformation_, p. 12.]

[Footnote 281: _Act. Parl. Scot._ ii. 341.]

[Footnote 282: Luther says so himself; cf. letter to Lange of April 13th, 1519; De Wette, _Dr. Martin Luthers Briefe, Sendschreiben_, etc. (Berlin, 1825-28) i. 255; and Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_ (Geneva and Paris, 1866-97), i. 47, 48.]

[Footnote 283: These theses were translated from the Latin into the vernacular by John Firth, and published under the title of _Patrick's Places_. They are printed in Foxe's _Acts and Monuments_, and by Knox in his _History of the Reformation in Scotland; The Works of John Knox collected and edited by David Laing_ (Edinburgh, 1846-64), i. 19, _ff._ For Patrick Hamilton, cf. Lorimer, _Patrick Hamilton, the first Preacher and Martyr of the Scottish Reformation_ (Edinburgh, 1857).]

[Footnote 284: Buchanan, _Rerum Scoticarum Historia_, xiv. (p. 277 in Ruddiman's edition).]

[Footnote 285: _Act. Parl. Scot._ ii. 371, ii. 443.]

[Footnote 286: _The Works of John Knox, collected and edited by David Laing_ (Edinburgh, 1846-64), i. 218.]

[Footnote 287: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 125-45.]

[Footnote 288: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 192.]

[Footnote 289: Dr. Hay Fleming has settled the vexed question of the date of Knox's birth in his article in the _Bookman_ for Sept. 1905, p. 193; cf. _Athenæum_, Nov. 5th and Dec. 3rd, 1904.]

[Footnote 290: _Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 349.]

[Footnote 291: Calderwood, _The History of the Kirk of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1843-49) i. 280-81.]

[Footnote 292: Lorimer, _John Knox and the Church of England_ (London, 1875), pp. 98 ff. The rubric is to be found in _The Two Liturgies with other Documents set forth by Authority in the reign of King Edward the Sixth_ (Cambridge, 1842), p. 283. The volume is one of the Parker Society's publications.]

[Footnote 293: The questions will be found in the volumes, _Original Letters_, published by the Parker Society (Cambridge, 1847), p. 745; and in _The Works of John Knox_, etc. iii. 221.]

[Footnote 294: Calvin to Knox (April 23rd, 1561); Calvin to Goodman (April 23rd, 1561); _The Works of John Knox_ etc. vi. 124, 125; cf. Calvini Opera (Amsterdam, 1667), ix. _Epistolæ et Responsa_, p. 150.]

[Footnote 295: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 251; D. Hay Fleming, _The Story of the Scottish Covenants in Outline_ (Edinburgh, 1904), p. 6.]

[Footnote 296: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 273.]

[Footnote 297: For the Covenants of the Scottish Church, cf. D. Hay Fleming, _The Story of the Scottish Covenants in Outline_ (Edinburgh, 1904).]

[Footnote 298: Cecil, writing to Throckmorton in Paris (July 9th, 1559), says that in Scotland "they deliver the parish churches of altars, and receive the service of the Church of England according to King Edward's book" (_Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, Foreign, 1558-59_, p. 367).]

[Footnote 299: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 275.]

[Footnote 300: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 300.]

[Footnote 301: _Ibid._ etc. i. 301-12.]

[Footnote 302: _Ibid._ etc. i. 313.]

[Footnote 303: The correspondence will be found in _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 267, _ff._, iv. 251 _ff._]

[Footnote 304: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. iv. 349.]

[Footnote 305: _Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, on the Reign of Elizabeth, 1559-60_, pp. 73, 77; _1558-59_, pp. 306, 310.]

[Footnote 306: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. v. 5.]

[Footnote 307: This summary has been taken from Dr. Hay Fleming's admirable little book, _The Scottish Reformation_ (Edinburgh, 1904), p. 44.]

[Footnote 308: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 319.]

[Footnote 309: _Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1558-59_, pp. 245, 259; _1559-60_, p. 182. The whole of Dr. Mundt's correspondence is interesting, and shows that after the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis continual incidents occurred showing that the Romanists were regaining the hope of repressing the whole Protestant movement.]

[Footnote 310: _Ibid. 1559-60_. p. 68: "All good men hope that England, warned by the dangers of others, will take care, by dissimulation and art, that the nation near to itself, whose cause is the same as her own, shall not be first deserted and then overwhelmed" (_Dr. Mundt to Cecil_, Oct. 29th, 1559).]

[Footnote 311: _Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1559-60_, p. 84.]

[Footnote 312: _Ibid. 1558-59_, p. 365, _Cecil to Croft_, July 8th, 1559.]

[Footnote 313: _Ibid. 1559-60_, p. 79.]

[Footnote 314: _Ibid._ p. 352.]

[Footnote 315: Cf. his pathetic letter offering to resign. _Ibid._ p. 186 _n._]

[Footnote 316: The Duke of Châtellerault (Earl of Arran) was next in succession after Mary and her offspring; cf. a curious note on him and his doings, _ibid._ p. 24 _n._ For the Treaty, cf. _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 403, and _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 45 _ff._]

[Footnote 317: _Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1560-61_, pp. 172-78.]

[Footnote 318: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. vi. 309, 313, 314.]

[Footnote 319: "Matters of religion to be passed over in silence" (_Calendar of State Papers_, etc. p. 178).]

[Footnote 320: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 344.]

[Footnote 321: _Ibid._ i. 382.]

[Footnote 322: _Ibid._ ii. 61.]

[Footnote 323: Cf. _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 456-62.]

[Footnote 324: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 88.]

[Footnote 325: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 461.]

[Footnote 326: Spottiswoode, _History of the Church of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1847), i. 325.]

[Footnote 327: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 89.]

[Footnote 328: _Ibid._ ii. 95; (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions of Faith_, etc. (Edinburgh, 1722) ii. 17, 18.]

[Footnote 329: _Act. Parl. Scot._ ii. 526-35.]

[Footnote 330: Lesley, _De Rebus Gestis Scotorum_ (Bannatyne Club, Edinburgh), p. 537.]

[Footnote 331: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 472, in a letter from Randolph to Cecil of Aug. 25th.]

[Footnote 332: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 128.]

[Footnote 333: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 471, 472.]

[Footnote 334: The Scots Confession is to be found in (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions of Faith, Catechisms, Directories, Books of Discipline, etc., of Public Authority in the Church of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1722), ii. 13, _ff._, where the Scots and the Latin versions are printed in parallel columns; in Schaff's _Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches_ (London, 1877), pp. 437 _ff._; and the Latin version alone in Niemeyer, _Collectio Confessionum in Ecclesiis Reformatis publicatarum_ (Leipzig, 1840), pp. 340, _ff._ For a statement of its characteristics, cf. Mitchell, _The Scottish Reformation_ (Baird Lecture for 1899, Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 99, _ff._]

[Footnote 335: As Edward Irving, cf. _Collected Writings_ (London, 1864), i. 601, _ff._]

[Footnote 336: (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions_, etc. pp. 15-18.]

[Footnote 337: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 477, 478.]

[Footnote 338: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 121.]

[Footnote 339: _Calendar of State Papers_, etc. i. 465, _Maitland to Cecil_ (August 18th).]

[Footnote 340: _Ibid._ i. 467, _Randolph to Cecil_ (August 19th).]

[Footnote 341: _Ibid._ i. 479, _Maitland to Cecil_ (September 13th).]

[Footnote 342: For a description of the _First Book of Discipline_, cf. Mitchell, _The Scottish Reformation_, etc. pp. 144 _ff._ The document itself is to be found in (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions_, etc. ii. 515 _ff._]

[Footnote 343: For the _Book of Common Order_, cf. Mitchell's _Scottish reformation_, pp. 133, _ff._ The Book itself is to be found in (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions_, ii. 383, _ff._ It has been published with learned preface and notes by Sprott and Leishman (Edinburgh, 1868).]

[Footnote 344: Bonar's _Catechisms of the Scottish Reformation_ (London, 1866); (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions_, etc. ii. 139-382.]

[Footnote 345: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. vi. 95.]

[Footnote 346: _Ibid._ vi. 78, _Knox to Mrs. Anna Locke_ (Sept. 2nd, 1559).]

[Footnote 347: _The Works of John Knox_, vi. 88, _Knox to Gregory Railton_ (Oct. 23rd, 1559).]

[Footnote 348: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 507, 536.]

[Footnote 349: Hay Fleming, _Mary Queen of Scots_ (London, 1897), pp. 23, 24, and 210, 211.]

[Footnote 350: _Ibid._ pp. 25, 212.]

[Footnote 351: Mariéjol, _Histoire de France depuis les Origines jusqu' à la Revolution_, vi. i. 18 (Paris, 1904).]

[Footnote 352: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 543.]

[Footnote 353:

"Das Leben geliebt und die Krone geküsst, Und den Frauen das Herz gegeben, Und zuletzt einen Kuss auf das blut'ge Gerüst-- Das ist ein Stuartleben." ]

[Footnote 354: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 551.]

[Footnote 355: _Ibid._ i. 547.]

[Footnote 356: That is the impression which his letters give me. Cf. _Calendar_, etc. pp. 565-609.]

[Footnote 357: "If there be not in her a proud mind, a crafty wit, and an indurate heart gainst God and His truth, my judgment faileth me" (_The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 286).]

[Footnote 358: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. vi. 132, _Letter from Knox to Cecil_ (Oct. 7th, 1561).]

[Footnote 359: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 565.]

[Footnote 360: For summary of evidence, cf. Hay Fleming, _Mary Queen of Scots_, pp. 267-68.]

[Footnote 361: For summary of evidence, cf. Hay Fleming, _Mary Queen of Scots_, pp. 51-53, 263.]

[Footnote 362: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 388.]

[Footnote 363: Accounts of the five interviews are to be found in _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. _281 ff., 331 ff., 371 ff., 387 ff., 403 ff._]

[Footnote 364: SOURCES: Laemmer, _Monumenta Vaticana historiam ecclesiasticam sæculi_ 16 _illustrantia_ (Freiburg, 1861); _Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII._ (19 vols., London, 1860-1903); _Calendar of Venetian State Papers, 1520-26, 1527-33, 1534-54, 1555-56, 1557-58, 1558-80; Calendar of Spanish State Papers_ (London, 1886); Furnivall, _Ballads from Manuscripts_ (Ballad Society, London, 1868-72); Gee and Hardy, _Documents illustrative of English Church History_ (London, 1896); Erasmus, _Opera Omnia_, ed. Le Clerc (Leyden, 1703-6); Nichols, _The Epistles of Erasmus from the earliest letters to his fifty-first year, arranged in order of time_ (London, 1901-4); Pocock, _Records of the Reformation_ (Oxford, 1870); Theiner, _Vetera Monumenta Hibernorum et Scotorum historiam illustrantia_ (Rome, 1864); Wilkins, _Concilia; Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London_, (Camden Society, London, 1846); Holinshed, _Chronicles_ (London, 1809); _London Chronicle in the times of Henry VII. and Henry VIII._ (_Camden Miscellany_, vol. iv., London, 1859); Wright, _Suppression of the Monasteries_ (Camden Society, London, 1843); Foxe, _Acts and Monuments_ (London, 1846); Ehses, _Römische Dokumente zur Geschichte des Heinrichs VIII. von England, 1527-34_ (Paderborn, 1893); _Zurich Letters_, 2 vols. (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1846-47); _Works of Archbishop Cranmer_, 2 vols. (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1844-46).

LATER BOOKS: Dixon, _History of the Church of England_ (London, 1878, etc.); Fronde, _History of England_ (London, 1856-70; by no means superseded, as many would have us believe); Brewer, _The Reign of Henry VIII._ (London, 1884); Gairdner, _The English Church in the Sixteenth Century_ (London, 1902); Pollard, _Henry VIII._ (London, 1905), _Thomas Cranmer_ (_Heroes of the Reformation Series_, New York and London, 1904); Stubbs, _Seventeen Lectures on the Study of Mediæval and Modern History_, Lectures XI. and XII. (Oxford, 1900); _Cambridge Modern History_, II. xiii.]

[Footnote 365: _Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII._ i. p. 295. There was a sudden rise in the price of wood all over Europe about that date, and it is alleged to be one of the causes why the poorer classes in Germany were obliged to give up the earlier almost universal use of the steam bath. In the fifteenth century, masters gave their workmen not _Trinkgelt_, but _Badgelt_. Nichols, _The Epistles of Erasmus_, i. 40.]

[Footnote 366: _Letters and Papers_, etc. i. p. 373.]

[Footnote 367: _Ibid._ II. i. 777: The Oxford bookseller (1520) John Dorne had two copies in his stock of books [_Oxford Historical Society, Collectanea_ (Oxford, 1885), p. 155].]

[Footnote 368: _Letters and Papers_, i. p. 373.]

[Footnote 369: Jacobs, _The Lutheran Movement in England_, p. 3.]

[Footnote 370: Bale, _Select Works_, p. 171.]

[Footnote 371: _Erasmi Colloquia_ (Amsterdam, 1662), _Peregrinatio Religionis ergo_ p. 376; _Viclerita quispiam, opinor_.]

[Footnote 372: _Letters and Papers_, etc. v. p. 140.]

[Footnote 373: _Ibid._ vi. p. 144.]

[Footnote 374: _Ibid._ II. ii. p. 1319.]

[Footnote 375: _Thomas Cranmer and the English Reformation_ (New York and London, 1904), p. 91.]

[Footnote 376: _Dictionary of National Biography_, art. "Wycliffe," lxiii, 218.]

[Footnote 377: _Letters and Papers_, etc. II. i. p. 1.]

[Footnote 378: _Ibid._ etc. I. p. 961, II. i. pp. 350, 354, 355.]

[Footnote 379: _Ibid._ I. p. 379.]

[Footnote 380: _Ibid._ III. p. 215.]

[Footnote 381: _Letters and Papers_, etc. III. p. 467.]

[Footnote 382: _Oxford Historical Society, Collectanea_ (Oxford, 1885), p. 164.]

[Footnote 383: _Letters and Papers_ etc. III p. 284.]

[Footnote 384: _Ibid._ etc. III. i. p. 293.]

[Footnote 385: _Ibid._ III. p. 449.]

[Footnote 386: _Letters and Papers_, etc. III. i. p. 485.]

[Footnote 387: _Ibid._ IV., Preface, p. 170: "Some are of opinion that it (the Holy See) should not continue in Rome, lest the French King should make a patriarch in his kingdom and deny obedience to the said See, and the King of England and all other Christian princes do the same."]

[Footnote 388: _Spanish Calendar_, i. 267.]

[Footnote 389: Pocock's _Records of the Reformation_, i. 1; _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. iii. p. 2576.]

[Footnote 390: _Calendar of Spanish State Papers_, ii. 8.]

[Footnote 391: _Ibid._, Preface, xiii.]

[Footnote 392: _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. iii. p. 2579. A General Council had pronounced against such a dispensation; _ibid._ IV. iii. p. 2365.]

[Footnote 393: _Calendar of Venetian State Papers, 1527-33_, p. 300.]

[Footnote 394: _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. ii. p. 1369; _Calendar of Spanish State Papers_, III. ii. 482, 109.]

[Footnote 395: _Ibid._ etc. IV. ii. p. 2113; Laemmer, _Monumenta Vaticana_, p. 29.]

[Footnote 396: _Ibid._ etc. IV. iii. p. 2261.]

[Footnote 397: For the case of Mary Tudor, cf. _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. iii. p. 2619, cf. IV. i. p. 325; and for that of Margaret Tudor, widow of James IV., cf. IV. ii. p. 1826.]

[Footnote 398: _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. iii. pp. 2987, 3023, 3189.]

[Footnote 399: _Calendar of Spanish State Papers_, ii. 379.]

[Footnote 400: _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. iii. pp. 2047, 2055.]

[Footnote 401: The two statutes of _Præmunire_ (1353, 1393) will be found in Gee and Hardy, _Documents illustrative of English Church History_ (London, 1896), pp. 103, 122. They forbid subjects taking plaints cognisable in the King's courts to courts outside the realm, and the second statute makes pointed reference to the papal courts.]

[Footnote 402: Paris and Orleans, _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. iii. p. 2845; Bourges and Bologna, _ibid._ IV. iii. p. 2895; Padua, _ibid._ IV. iii. pp. 2921, 2923 (it is said that the Lutherans in the city strongly opposed the King); Pavia, _ibid._ IV. iii. p. 2988; Ferrara, _ibid._ IV. iii. 2990.]

[Footnote 403: A list of the matters to be brought before this Parliament is given in _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. iii. pp. 2689 _ff._]

[Footnote 404: _Ibid._ IV. iii. pp. 2929, 2991.]

[Footnote 405: _Ibid._ IV. iii. p. 3661 (December 25th, 1530).]

[Footnote 406: _Letters and Papers_, etc. V. 71.]

[Footnote 407: _Ibid._ etc. V. p. 47. Chapuys thought that the declaration made the King "Pope of England."]

[Footnote 408: Cf. Gee and Hardy, _Documents illustrative of the History of the English Church_, p. 176. Chapuys declares that "Churchmen will be of less account than shoemakers, who have the power of assembling and making their own statutes" (_Letters and Papers_, etc. V. 467; cf. VI. 121).]

[Footnote 409: _Ibid._ p. 178; the suspensory clause is on p. 184. _Letters and Papers_, etc. V. pp. 343, 413.]

[Footnote 410: _Ibid._ etc. V. p. 71.]

[Footnote 411: _Ibid._ etc. V. p. 415.]

[Footnote 412: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 195; the important clause is on p. 198.]

[Footnote 413: _Letters and Papers_, etc. VI. pp. 145, 148; cf. 218.]

[Footnote 414: _Ibid._ etc. VI. p. 35.]

[Footnote 415: _Ibid._ VI. p. 153.]

[Footnote 416: _Letters and Papers_, etc. VI. pp. 145, 148; cf. 218.]

[Footnote 417: _Ibid._ etc. VI. p. 35.]

[Footnote 418: _Ibid._ VI. p. 231.]

[Footnote 419: _Ibid._ VI. p. 246.]

[Footnote 420: _Ibid._. VI. p. 413.]

[Footnote 421: Gee and Hardy, _Documents illustrative of the History of the English Church_, p. 201.]

[Footnote 422: _Ibid._ p. 209.]

[Footnote 423: _Ibid._ pp. 232, 244.]

[Footnote 424: _Ibid._ p. 243.]

[Footnote 425: _Ibid._ p. 247.]

[Footnote 426: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 251.]

[Footnote 427: _Ibid._ p. 256.]

[Footnote 428: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XI. p. 445.]

[Footnote 429: _Ibid._ XI. pp. 30, 445.]

[Footnote 430: The two sets of _Injunctions_ are printed in Gee and Hardy's _Documents illustrative of the History of the English Church_, pp. 269, 275.]

[Footnote 431: The list of members is given in _Letters and Papers_, etc. XII. ii. p. 163.]

[Footnote 432: _Letters and Papers_, XII. ii. p. 165 (_Foxe of Hereford to Bucer_).]

[Footnote 433: _Ibid._ etc. XII. ii. p. 122.]

[Footnote 434: _Ibid._ XII. ii. pp. 118, 122, 162.]

[Footnote 435: _Ibid._ XII. ii. p. 228.]

[Footnote 436: _Ibid._ XII. ii. p. 228.]

[Footnote 437: _Ibid._ XII. ii. 252, 296.]

[Footnote 438: _Ibid._ XII. ii. p. 384.]

[Footnote 439: Cranmer's _Miscellaneous Writings and Letters_ (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1846), pp. 83-114, contains _Corrections of the Institution of a Christian Man_ (the _Bishops' Book_) _by Henry VIII., with Archbishop Cranmer's Annotations_.]

[Footnote 440: As late as Jan. 1533 we find him writing: "Let us agitate for the use of Scripture in the mother-tongue, and for learning in the Universities.... I never altered a syllable of God's Word myself, nor would, against my conscience" (_Letters and Papers_, etc. VI. p. 184).]

[Footnote 441: Cf. Tyndale's answer to Sir Thomas More's animadversions, _Works_ (Day's edition), p. 118.]

[Footnote 442: Cf. Pollard's excellent and trenchant note, _Cranmer and the English Reformation_ (New York and London, 1904), p. 110; Gairdner, _The English Church in the Sixteenth Century, from the Accession of Henry VIII. to the Death of Mary_ (London, 1902), pp. 190-91.]

[Footnote 443: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XII. ii. 174.]

[Footnote 444: _National Dictionary of Biography_, art. "Rogers."]

[Footnote 445: The excellence of Tyndale's version is shown by the fact that many of his renderings have been adopted in the Revised Version.]

[Footnote 446: Dixon, _History of the Church of England_ (London, 1878, etc.), ii. 77.]

[Footnote 447: _Letters and Papers_, etc. IX. p. 69.]

[Footnote 448: _Ibid._ IX. 119.]

[Footnote 449: _Ibid._ X. p. 234; cf. De Wette, _Dr. Martin Luthers Briefe_, etc. iv. p. 668.]

[Footnote 450: _Ibid._ IX. p. 72; cf. p. 70.]

[Footnote 451: _Ibid._ IX. p. 208.]

[Footnote 452: _Ibid._ IX. pp. 74, 75, 166, 311.]

[Footnote 453: _Letters and Papers_, etc. IX. pp. 344-48.]

[Footnote 454: _Ibid._ X. p. 38.]

[Footnote 455: These articles have been printed with a good historical introduction by Professor Mentz of Jena, _Die Wittenberger Artikel von 1536_ (Leipzig, 1905).]

[Footnote 456: _Letters and Papers_, etc. X. p. 98; cf. 58, 97, 108.]

[Footnote 457: _Ibid._ IX. p. 346.]

[Footnote 458: _Ibid._ X. p. 15.]

[Footnote 459: The Act is printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 257.]

[Footnote 460: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XIII. ii. pp. 36, 78, 147, 155. In _Letters and Papers_, etc. XIV. i. p. 153, there is an _official_ account of the English Reformation under Henry VIII., in which there is the following (p. 155): "Touching images set in the churches, as books of the unlearned, though they are not necessary, but rather give occasion to Jews, Turks, and Saracens to think we are idolaters, the King tolerates them, except those about which idolatry has been committed.... Our Lady of Worcester, when her garments were taken off, was found to be the similitude of a bishop, like a giant, almost ten feet long;... the roods at Boxelegh and other places, which moved their eyes and lips when certain keys and strings were bent or pulled in secret places--images of this sort the King has caused to be voided and committed other as it was convenient, following the example of King Hezekiah, who destroyed the brazen serpent. Shrines, copses, and reliquaries, so called, have been found to be feigned things, as the blood of Christ was but a piece of red silk enclosed in a thick glass of crystalline, and in another place oil coloured of _sanguis draconis_, instead of the milk of Our Lady a piece of chalk or ceruse. Our Lady's girdle, the verges of Moses and Aaron, etc., and more of the Holy Cross than three cars may carry, the King has therefore caused to be taken away and the abusive pieces burnt, and the doubtful sort hidden away honestly for fear of idolatry."]

[Footnote 461: _Ibid._ XIII. i. 283-84, _Nicholas Partridge to Bullinger_ (April 12th).]

[Footnote 462: _The Act for the Dissolution of the Greater Monasteries_ is printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 281.]

[Footnote 463: _Ibid._ XIII. ii. p. 49.]

[Footnote 464: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XIII. ii. p. 459. "In oppido Calistrensi" is probably "at Coldstream"; Beaton had been made a Cardinal to be ready to make the publication.]

[Footnote 465: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XI. p. 305.]

[Footnote 466: _Ibid._ XI. pp. 238, 272, 355, 356, 477, 504, 507.]

[Footnote 467: _Ibid._ XI. 238.]

[Footnote 468: _Ibid._ XI. 477.]

[Footnote 469: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XIV. i. p. 344.]

[Footnote 470: _Ibid._ XIV. i. pp. 191, 192, 537.]

[Footnote 471: _Ibid._ XIV. i. p. 489.]

[Footnote 472: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XIV. i. p. 475.]

[Footnote 473: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 303.]

[Footnote 474: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XIV. i. pp. 349, 438.]

[Footnote 475: SOURCES in addition to those given on p. 313: _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reigns of Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth_ (this Calendar is for the most part merely an index to documents which must be read in the Record Office); _Correspondance politique d'Odet de Selve: Commission des Archives Politiques_, (Paris, 1888); _Literary Remains of Edward VI._ (Roxburgh Club, London, 1857); _Narratives of the Reformation_ (Camden Society, London, 1860); Wriothesley, _Chronicle_ (Camden Society, London, 1875); Weiss, _Papiers d'État du Cardinal de Granvelle (Collection de Documents inédits_, Paris, 1841-52); Furnivall, _Ballads from Manuscripts_ (Ballad Society, London, 1868); _Four Supplications of the Commons_, and Thomas Starkey, _England under Henry VIII._ (Early English Text Society, 1871); Strype, _Ecclesiastical Memorials and Life of Cranmer_ (Oxford edition, 26 vols. 1820, etc.); _Liturgies of Edward VI._ (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1844); _Stow Annals_ (London, 1631).

LATER BOOKS in addition to those given on p. 313: Pollard, _England under Protector Somerset_ (London, 1900); Burnet, _History of the Reformation_ (Oxford edition, 1865); Dixon, _History of the Church of England_ (London, 1893); Gasquet and Bishop, _Edward VI. and the Book of Common Prayer_ (London, 1890). _Cambridge Modern History_, ii. xiv.]

[Footnote 476: Pollard, _Cambridge Modern History_, ii. 474.]

[Footnote 477: These _Injunctions_, and the _Articles of Inquiry_ which interprets them, are printed in Strype, _Ecclesiastical Memorials_, etc. (Oxford, 1822) II. i. pp. 74-83.]

[Footnote 478: Cranmer, _Miscellaneous Writings and Letters_ (Parker Society Cambridge, 1846), p. 128.]

[Footnote 479: _English Historical Review_ for 1904 (January), pp. 98 _ff._]

[Footnote 480: This Act, entitled _Act against Revilers, and for receiving in both Kinds_, is printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 322.]

[Footnote 481: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 328.]

[Footnote 482: _Ecclesiastical Memorials_, etc. II. i. p. 133. It is printed in _The Two Liturgies, with other Documents set forth by Authority in the Reign of King Edward the Sixth_ (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1844), p. 1.]

[Footnote 483: The book is printed in _The Two Liturgies_, etc., of the Parker Society, pp. 9 _ff._]

[Footnote 484: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. pp. 358 _ff._]

[Footnote 485: Mr. Pollard (_Cambridge Modern History_, ii. pp. 478, 479) thinks that the influence of these foreign divines on the English Reformation has been overrated; and he is probably correct so far as changes in worship and usages go. His idea is that the English Reformers followed the lead of Wiclif, consciously or unconsciously, rather than that of continental divines; but if the root-thought in all Reformation theology be considered, it may be doubted whether Wiclif _could_ supply what the English divines had in common with their continental contemporaries. "Wiclif, with all his desire for Reformation, was essentially a mediæval thinker." The theological question which separated every mediæval Reformer from the thinkers of the Reformation was, How the benefits won by the atoning work of Christ were to be appropriated by men? The universal mediæval answer was, By an imitation of Christ; while the universal Reformation answer was, By trust in the promises of God (for that is what is meant by Justification by Faith). In their answer to this test question, the English divines are at one with the Reformers on the Continent, and not with Wiclif.]

[Footnote 486: Pollard, _England under Protector Somerset_ (London, 1900).]

[Footnote 487: "Tulchan is a calf skin stuffed with straw to cause the cow to give milk. The Bishop served to cause the bishoprick to yeeld commoditie to my lord who procured it to him." Scott's _Apologetical Narration of the State and Government of the Kirk of Scotland since the Reformation_ (Woodrow Society, Edinburgh, 1846), p. 25.]

[Footnote 488: The book is printed in _The Two Liturgies, with other Documents_, etc. (Parker Society), p. 187.]

[Footnote 489: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 371.]

[Footnote 490: Compare _The Two Liturgies_, etc. (Parker Society) p. 283.]

[Footnote 491: _Ibid._ pp. 92, 279.]

[Footnote 492: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 269.]

[Footnote 493: _Original Letters relative to the English Reformation_ (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1847), ii. 566.]

[Footnote 494: _Original Letters_, etc. (Parker Society) ii. 568, _Macronius to Bullinger_ (August 28th, 1550).]

[Footnote 495: SOURCES in addition to those on pp. 351: _Epistolæ Reginaldi Poli, S. R. E. Cardinalis_, 5 vols. (Brixen, 1744-57); _Chronicle of Queen Jane and of two years of Queen Mary, and especially of the Rebellion of Sir Thomas Wyat, written by a Resident in the Tower of London_ (Camden Society, London, 1850); Garnett, _The Accession of Queen Mary; being the contemporary narrative of Antonio Guaras_, etc. (London, 1892).

LATER BOOKS: Stone, _History of Mary I., Queen of England_ (London, 1901); Ranke, _Die römischen Päpste_ (Berlin, 1854); Hume, _Visit of Philip II. (1554)_ (_English Historical Review_, 1892); Leadam, _Narrative of the Pursuit of the English Refugees in Germany under Queen Mary_ (_Transactions_ of Royal Historical Society, 1896); Wiesener, _The Youth of Queen Elizabeth, 1533-58_ (English translation, London, 1879); Zimmermann, _Kardinal Pole sein Leben und seine Schriften_ (Regensburg, 1893).]

[Footnote 496: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 373.]

[Footnote 497: The Act of Parliament is printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 377.]

[Footnote 498: Philip's marriages had this peculiarity about them, that his second wife (Mary) had been betrothed to his father, and his third wife had been betrothed to his son.]

[Footnote 499: Strype, Memorials of Queen Mary's Reign, III. ii. 215.]

[Footnote 500: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 385.]

[Footnote 501: In the days of Henry VIII., Bishop Gardiner had published a book under this title, in which the papal jurisdiction in England was strongly repudiated. Someone, probably Bale, when Gardiner was aiding the Queen to restore that supremacy, had translated the book into English, and had printed at the bottom of the title-page, "A double-minded man is inconstant in all his ways."]

[Footnote 502: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 384, The Act _de hæretico comburendo_ will be found on p. 133.]

[Footnote 503: _Ibid._ p. 380.]

[Footnote 504: Bonner's Articles of Inquiry are printed in Strype's _Historical Memorials, Ecclesiastical and Civil_, etc. III. ii. p. 217.]

[Footnote 505: Gairdner's _The English Church in the Sixteenth Century_, etc. (London, 1902) p. 339.]

[Footnote 506: Strype, _Memorials, Ecclesiastical and Civil_, etc. III. i. 221, 223.]

[Footnote 507: _Ibid._ III. ii. 556.]

[Footnote 508: Strype, _Memorials, Ecclesiastical and Civil_, etc. III, i. 222, III. ii, 224.]

[Footnote 509: _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth_, 1601-3; with Addenda, 1547-65 (London, 1870), p. 483.]

[Footnote 510: An account of Cranmer's trial is given in Foxe, _Acts and Monuments_ (London, 1851), iii. 656 _ff._ The process is in Cranmer's _Miscellaneous Writings and Letters_ (Parker Society), pp. 541 _ff._]

[Footnote 511: Cranmer's _Works_, ii. 447 _ff._]

[Footnote 512: _Works_, ii. pp. 445-56.]

[Footnote 513: _Miscellaneous Writings_, etc. (Parker Society) p. 563.]

[Footnote 514: Pollard, _Cranmer_, pp. 367-81.]

[Footnote 515: _Calendar of State Papers and MSS. existing in the Archives and Collections of Venice, 1555-56_, p. 386.]

[Footnote 516: Pollard, _Cranmer_, p. 328.]

[Footnote 517: There are few more pathetic documents among the State Papers than those thus catalogued:

"King Philip and Queen Mary to Cardinal Pole, notifying that the Queen has been delivered of a Prince."

"Passport signed by the King and Queen for Sir Henry Sydney to go over to the King of the Romans and the King of Bohemia, to announce the Queen's happy delivery of a Prince."

There are several such notifications all ready for the birth which never took place. _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the reigns of Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth, 1547-80_ (London, 1856), p. 67.]

[Footnote 518: SOURCES: _Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, Foreign_ (London, 1863, etc.); _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_ (Edinburgh, 1898, etc.); _Calendar of State Papers, Hatfield MSS._ (London, 1883); _Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_ (London, 1890); _Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, 1558-67_ (London, 1892); Weiss, _Papiers d'état du Cardinal Granvelle_, vols. iv.-vi. (Paris, 1843-46); _Bullarium Romanum_, for two Bulls--the one of 1559 (i. 840) and the one deposing Elizabeth (ii. 324); _A Collection of Original Letters from the Bishops to the Privy Council, 1564_ (vol. ix. of the _Camden Miscellany_, London, 1893); _Calvin's Letters_ (vols. xxxviii.-xlviii. of the _Corpus Reformatorum_); _Zurich Letters_ (two series) (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1853); _Liturgies and occasional Forms of Prayer set forth in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth_ (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1847); Dysen, _Queene Elizabeth's Proclamation_ (1618).

LATER BOOKS: Creighton, _Queen Elizabeth_ (London, 1896); Hume, _The Courtships of Queen Elizabeth_ (London, 1896); and _The great Lord Burghley_ (London, 1898); Philippson, _La contre-révolution religieuse_ (Brussels, 1884); Ruble, _Le Traité de Cateau-Cambrésis_ (Paris, 1889); Gee, _The Elizabethan Clergy_ (Oxford, 1898); and _The Elizabethan Prayer-Book and Ornaments_ (London, 1902); Tomlinson, _The Prayer-Book, Articles and Homilies_ (London, 1897); Hardwick, _History of the Articles of Religion_ (Cambridge, 1859); Lorimer, _John Knox and the Church of England_ (London, 1875); Neal, _History of the Puritans_ (London, 1754); Parker _The Ornaments Rubric_ (Oxford, 1881); Shaw, _Elizabethan Presbyterianism_ (_English Historical Review_, iii. 655); _Cambridge Modern History_, ii. 550 _ff._; Frere, _History of the English Church in the Reigns of Elizabeth and James 1558-1625_ (London, 1904).]

[Footnote 519: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas_ (London, 1892), i. p. 7.]

[Footnote 520: _Ibid._ p. 89. In the same letter the Bishop blames the instructions of the "Italian heretic friars," i.e. Peter Martyr Vermigli and Ochino; cf. p. 81.]

[Footnote 521: _Ibid._ pp. 1, 4, 5, etc.]

[Footnote 522: _Ibid._ pp. 3, 77.]

[Footnote 523: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs_, etc. Introduction, p. lv.]

[Footnote 524: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs_, etc. p. 62.]

[Footnote 525: _Ibid._ pp. 39, 67; cf. 83.]

[Footnote 526: Cf. _Device_ in Gee's _Elizabethan Prayer-Book_, p. 197.]

[Footnote 527: Strype, _Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion_, etc. (Oxford, 1824) I. ii. 389.]

[Footnote 528: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 416.]

[Footnote 529: Goderick's _Divers Points of Religion contrary to the Church of Rome_ is printed by Dr. Gee in the appendix to his _Elizabethan Prayer-Book and Ornaments_ (London, 1902), pp. 202 _ff._; the sentence quoted is on p. 205; the document is also in Dixon's _History of the Church of England_, v. 28.]

[Footnote 530: _Venetian State Papers, 1558-80_, 1.]

[Footnote 531: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved chiefly in the Archives of Simancas_, i. 17, 25.]

[Footnote 532: _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reigns of Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth_ (London, 1856), i. 123.]

[Footnote 533: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved chiefly in the Archives of Simancas_, i. 25.]

[Footnote 534: _Ibid._ pp. 7, 12.]

[Footnote 535: _English Historical Review_ for July 1903, pp. 517, _ff._; _Dublin Review_, Jan. 1903; _The Church Intelligencer_, Sept. 1903, pp. 134, _ff._]

[Footnote 536: Cf. Tomlinson, "Elizabethan Prayer-Book: chronological table of its enactment," in _Church Gazette_ for Oct. 1906, p. 233.]

[Footnote 537: _Dublin Review_, Jan. 1903, p. 48 _n_: "Ad quem eundem locum (House of Commons) isti convenerunt (ut communis fertur opinio) ad numerum ducentorum virorum, et non decem catholici inter illos sunt reperti."]

[Footnote 538: _Zurich Letters_, i. 10 (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1842); cf. _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas, 1558-67_, p. 33: "To-morrow it (the Bill) goes to the Upper House, where the bishops and some others are ready to die rather than consent to it."]

[Footnote 539: For "Il Schifanoya" and his trustworthiness, cf. _Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_, Preface viii.]

[Footnote 540: _Ibid._ p. 52.]

[Footnote 541: Canon Dixon (_History of the Church of England_, v. 67) declares that the phrase "Supreme Head" was not in the Bill. He has overlooked the fact that Heath in his speech against it quotes the actual words used in the proposed Act: "I promised to move your honours to consider what this supremacy is which we go about by virtue of this Act to give to the Queen's Highness, and wherein it doth consist, as whether in spiritual government or in temporal. If in spiritual, like as the words of the Act do import, scilicet: _Supreme Head of the Church of England immediate and next under God_, then it would be considered whether this House hathe authority to grant them, and Her Highness to receive the same" (Strype, _Annals_, I. i. 405).]

[Footnote 542: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved chiefly in the Archives of Simancas, 1558-80_, pp. 37, 44, 50, 55, 66; _Parker's Correspondence_, p. 66; _Zurich Letters_, i. 33.]

[Footnote 543: The Act is printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 442.]

[Footnote 544: The Acts of Henry VIII. which were revived were:--24 Hen. VIII. c. 12--_The Restraint of Appeals_, passed in 1533; 23 Hen. VIII. c. 20--_The conditional Restraint of Annates_; 25 Hen. VIII. c. 19--_The Submission of the Clergy and Restraint of Appeals of 1534_; 25 Hen. VIII. c. 20--_The Ecclesiastical Appointments Act; The absolute Restraint of Annates, Election of Bishops, and Letters Missive Act of 1534_; 25 Hen. VIII. c. 21--_Act forbidding Papal Dispensations and the Payment of Peter's Pence of 1534_; 26 Hen. VIII. c. 14--_Suffragan Bishops' Act of 1534_; and 28 Hen. VIII. c. 16--_Act for the Release of such as have obtained pretended Dispensations from the See of Rome._ These Acts are all, save the last mentioned, printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. pp. 178-232, 253-56.]

[Footnote 545: _Ibid._ p. 445.]

[Footnote 546: _Ibid._ p. 447.]

[Footnote 547: _Ibid._ p. 446.]

[Footnote 548: _Ibid._ p. 455.]

[Footnote 549: The Act is printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. pp. 458 _ff._]

[Footnote 550: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 371.]

[Footnote 551: The _Device_ is printed in Strype, _Annals_, etc. I. ii. 392, and in Gee's _Elizabethan Prayer Book and Ornaments_ (London, 1902), p. 195.]

[Footnote 552: Gee's _Elizabethan Prayer-Book and Ornaments_, pp. 76 _f._]

[Footnote 553: _Zurich Letters_, ii. 17.]

[Footnote 554: The _Journal of the House of Commons_, i. 54: "The Bill for the Order of Service and Ministers in the Church" (Feb. 15th); _The Book of Common Prayer and Ministration of Sacraments_ (Feb. 16th).]

[Footnote 555: _Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_, p. 45: "a book passed by the Commons"; cf. above, p. 392; cf. also Bishop Scot's speech on the reading of the Bill which was emasculated by the Lords, in Strype's _Annals_, I. ii. 408.]

[Footnote 556: Dr. Gee rejects the idea that Guest's letter had anything to do with the Book passed by the Commons and rejected by the Lords; cf. his _Elizabethan Prayer-Book and Ornaments_, pp. 32 ff.; and for a criticism of Dr. Gee, Tomlinson, _The Elizabethan Prayer-Book and Ornaments; a Review_, p. 12. Guest's letter is printed by Dr. Gee in his _Elizabethan Prayer-Book_, etc. p. 152, and more accurately by Mr. Tomlinson in his tract, _Why was the First Prayer-Book of Edward VI. rejected?_]

[Footnote 557: "Il Schifanoya" reports the wrath of the Commons: They "grew angry, and would consent to nothing, but are in very great controversy" (_Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_, p. 52); cf. p. 392.]

[Footnote 558: _Journal of the House of Commons_, i. 57.]

[Footnote 559: Professor Maitland (_English Historical Review_, July 1903, p. 527 _n._) and Father J. H. Pollen (_Dublin Review_, January 1903) think that this proclamation of the 22nd of March was never issued; but "Il Schifanoya" can hardly refer to any other.]

[Footnote 560: "On Easter Day, Her Majesty appeared in the chapel, where Mass was sung in English, according to the use of her brother, King Edward, and the communion was received in both 'kinds,' kneeling, _facendoli il sacerdote la credenza del corpo et sangue prima_; nor did he wear anything but the mere surplice (_la semplice cotta_), having divested himself of the vestments (_li paramenti_) in which he had sung Mass; and thus Her Majesty was followed by many Lords both of the Council and others. Since that day things have returned to their former state, though unless the Almighty stretch forth His arm a relapse is expected. These accursed preachers, who have come from Germany, do not fail to preach in their own fashion, both in public and in private, in such wise that they persuaded certain rogues to forcibly enter the church of St. Mary-le-Bow, in the middle of Cheapside, and force the shrine of the most Holy Sacrament, breaking the tabernacle, and throwing the most precious consecrated body of Jesus Christ to the ground. They also destroyed the altar and the images, with the pall (_palio_) and church linen (_tovalie_), breaking everything into a thousand pieces. This happened this very night, which is the third after Easter.... Many persons have taken the communion in the usual manner, and things continue as usual in the churches" (_Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_, p. 57).]

[Footnote 561: The speeches of Abbot Feckenham and Bishop Scot, reprinted in Gee's _Elizabethan Prayer-Book_, etc. pp. 228 _ff._, represent the arguments used in the Lords. Scot's speech was delivered on the third reading of the Act of Uniformity, quite a month after the Westminster conference, and Feckenham's _may_ have been made at the same time; still they show the arguments of the Romanists.]

[Footnote 562: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas, 1558-67_, pp. 45, 46-48; _Zurich Letters_, i. 13_ff._; Strype's _Annals_, etc. I. i. 128-40, I. ii. 466; _Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_, pp. 64, 65.]

[Footnote 563: "King Edward's reformation satisfieth the godly": Bullinger to Utenhovius (_Zurich Letters_, 2nd series, p. 17 _n._; Strype, _Annals_, I. i. 259).]

[Footnote 564: May 20th, Cox to Weidner: "The sincere religion of Christ is therefore established among us in all parts of the kingdom, just in the same manner as it was formerly promulgated under our Edward of blessed memory" (_Zurich Letters_, i. 28).

May 21st, Parkhurst to Bullinger: "The Book of Common Prayer, set forth in the time of King Edward, is now again in general use throughout England, and will be everywhere, in spite of the struggles and opposition of the pseudo-bishops" (_Zurich Letters_, i. 29).

May 22nd, Jewel to Bullinger: "Religion is again placed on the same footing on which it stood in King Edward's time; to which event I doubt not but that your own letters and those of your republic have powerfully contributed" (_Zurich Letters_, i. 33).

May 23rd, Grindal to Conrad Hubert: "But now at last, by the blessing of God, during the prorogation of Parliament, there has been published a proclamation to banish the Pope and his jurisdiction altogether, and to restore religion to that form which we had in the time of Edward VI." (_Zurich Letters_, ii. 19).

Dr. Gee seems to beg an important historical question when he says that these letters _must_ have been written before the writers knew that the Prayer-Book had been actually altered in more than the three points mentioned in the Act of Uniformity. Grindal, writing again to Hubert on July 14th, when he must have known everything, says: "The state of our Church (to come to that subject) is pretty much the same as when I last wrote to you, except only that what had heretofore been settled by proclamations and laws with respect to the reformation of the churches is now daily being carried into effect." Cf. Gee's _Elizabethan Prayer-Book_, etc. p. 104 _n._, for the actual differences between the Edwardine Book of 1552 and the Elizabethan Book of 1559.]

[Footnote 565: _Cambridge Modern History_, ii, 570.]

[Footnote 566: The rubric explaining kneeling at the communion had not the authority of Parliament, but only of the Privy Council, and was not included.

The rubric of 1552 regarding _ornaments_, which had the authority of Parliament and was re-enacted by the Act of Uniformity of 1559, was: "And here is to be noted that the minister at the time of communion, and at all other times in his ministration, shall use _neither alb, vestment, nor cope; but being archbishop or bishop, he shall have and wear a rochet: and being priest or deacon, he shall have and wear a surplice only._"

This is the real _ornaments_ rubric of the Elizabethan settlement, and appears to be such in the use and wont of the Church of England from 1559 to 1566, save that _copes_ were used occasionally.

The proviso in the Act of Uniformity (1559) was: "Such ornaments of the Church and of the ministers thereof shall be retained and be in use as was in this Church of England by authority of Parliament in the _second_ year of the reign of King Edward VI., until other order shall be therein taken by the authority of the Queen's Majesty, with the advice of her commissioners appointed and authorised under the Great Seal of England for causes ecclesiastical, or of the metropolitan of this realm."

The ornaments in use in the second year of Edward VI. are stated in the rubrics of the first Prayer-Book of King Edward (1549):

"Upon the day, and at the time appointed for the ministration of the Holy Communion, the Priest that shall execute the holy ministry shall put upon him the vesture appointed for that ministration, that is to say: a white Albe plain, with a vestment or Cope. And where there be many Priests or Deacons, there so many shall be ready to help the Priest in the ministration as shall be requisite: and shall have upon them likewise the vestures appointed for their ministry, that is to say, Albes with tunicles." At the end there is another rubric: "Upon Wednesdays and Fridays, the English Litany shall be said or sung in all places after such form as is appointed by the King's Majesty's Injunctions; or as is or shall be otherwise appointed by His Highness. And though there be none to communicate with the Priest, yet these days (after the Litany ended) the Priest shall put upon him a plain Albe or surplice, with a cope, and say all things at the Altar appointed to be said at the celebration of the Lord's Supper, until after the offertory."]

[Footnote 567: _Parker's Correspondence_, p. 65.]

[Footnote 568: The rubric is: "And here it is to be noted that the minister at the time of communion and at all other times in his ministrations, shall use such ornaments in the church as were in use by authority of Parliament in the second year of the reign of King Edward VI., according to the Act of Parliament set in the beginning of this Book."]

[Footnote 569: Dr. Gee (_Elizabethan Ornaments_, etc. p. 131) thinks that there can be no reasonable doubt that the rubric was recorded on the authority of the Privy Council. "The Privy Council had certainly inserted the Black Rubric in 1552, as their published Acts attest, but all the records of the Privy Council from 13th May 1559 until 28th May 1562 have disappeared." The precedent cited is scarcely a parallel case. The Black Rubric was an explanation; the Rubric of 1559 is almost a contradiction in terms of the Act which restores the Prayer-Book of 1552. If I may venture to express an opinion, it seems to me most likely that the rubric was added by the Queen herself, and that she inserted it in order to be able to "hedge." It is too often forgotten that the danger which overshadowed the earlier years of Elizabeth was the issue of a papal Bull proclaiming her a heretic and a bastard, and inviting Henry II. of France to undertake its execution. The Emperor would never permit such a Bull if Elizabeth could show reasonable pretext that she and her kingdom held by the Lutheran type of Protestantism. An excommunication pronounced in such a case would have invalidated his own position, which he owed to the votes of Lutheran Electors. In the middle of the sixteenth century the difference between the different sections of Christianity was always estimated in the _popular_ mind by differences in public worship, and especially in the celebration of the Lord's Supper. All over Germany the Protestant was distinguished from the Romanist by the fact that he partook of the communion in both "kinds." Elizabeth had definitely ranged herself on the Protestant side from Easter Day 1559; and a more or less ornate ritual could never explain away the significance of this fact. The great difference between the Lutherans and the Calvinists to the popular mind was that the former retained and the latter discarded most of the old ceremonial. Luther says expressly: "Da lassen wyr die Messgewand, altar, liechter noch bleyben" (Daniel, _Codex Liturgicus Ecclesiæ, Lutheranæ_, p. 105); and crosses, vestments, lights, and an altar appear in regular Lutheran fashion whenever the Queen wished to place herself and her land under the shield of the Augsburg Peace. This rubric was a remarkably good card to play in the diplomatic game.]

[Footnote 570: _XXXth Injunction of 1559:_ "Item, Her Majesty being desirous to have the prelacy and clergy of this realm to be had as well in outward reverence, as otherwise regarded for the worthiness of their ministries, and thinking it necessary to have them known to the people in all places and assemblies, _both in the church_ and without, and thereby to receive the honour and estimation due to the special messengers and ministers of Almighty God, wills and commands that all archbishops and bishops, and all other that be called or admitted to preaching or ministry of the sacraments, or that be admitted into any vocation ecclesiastical, or into any society of learning in either of the Universities or elsewhere, shall use and wear such seemly habits, garments, and such square caps as were most commonly and orderly received _in the latter year of the reign of King Edward VI._; not meaning thereby to attribute any holiness or special worthiness to the said garments, but as St. Paul writeth: '_Omnia decenter et secundum ordinem fiant_' (1 Cor. xiv. cap.)." Cf. Gee's _Elizabethan Prayer Booke and Ornaments_ (London, 1902); Tomlinson, _The Prayer Book, Articles and Homilies_ (London, 1897); Parker, _The Ornaments Rubric_ (Oxford, 1881).]

[Footnote 571: The _Advertisements_ are printed in Gee and Hardy; _Documents_, etc. p. 467; the _Injunctions_, at p. 417.]

[Footnote 572: _Copes_ were used in the cathedrals and sometimes in collegiate churches in the years between 1559 and 1566, when it was desired to add some magnificence to the service; but it ought to be remembered that the _cope_ was never a sacrificial vestment. It was originally the _cappa_ of the earlier Middle Ages--the mediæval greatcoat. Large churches were cold places, the clergy naturally wore their greatcoats when officiating, and the homely garment grew in magnificence. It never had a doctrinal significance like the _chasuble_ or _casula_.]

[Footnote 573: _Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, 1558-67_, p. 89.]

[Footnote 574: Machyn's _Diary_ (Camden Society, London, 1844), p. 108.]

[Footnote 575: Peacock's _Church Furniture_, p. 87.]

[Footnote 576: _Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, 1558-67_, p. 105: "The crucifixes and vestments that were burnt a month ago publicly are now set up again in the royal chapel, as they soon will be all over the kingdom, unless, which God forbid, there is another change next week. They are doing it out of sheer fear to pacify the Catholics; but as forced favours are no sign of affection, they often do more harm than good." Cf. _Zurich Letters_, i. 63, etc.]

[Footnote 577: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas_, i. pp. 76, 79.]

[Footnote 578: _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth_, i. 130.]

[Footnote 579: The _Injunctions_ are printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 417.]

[Footnote 580: _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reigns of Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth_, i. pp. 180, 183, 187.]

[Footnote 581: For the history of these Articles, see Hardwick, _A History of the Articles of Religion; to which is added a Series of Documents from A.D. 1536 to A.D. 1615_, etc. (Cambridge, 1859).]

[Footnote 582: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas_, i. 190.]

[Footnote 583: The _Consensus Tigurinus_ (1549) dates the disappearance.]

[Footnote 584: The _Zurich Letters, 1558-79, First Series_ (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1842), pp. 123, 127, 135, 100, 139. Bishop Jewel, writing to Peter Martyr (p. 100), says: "_As to matters of doctrine, we have pared everything away to the very quick, and do not differ from your doctrine by a nail's breadth_" (Feb. 7th, 1562); and Bishop Horn, writing to Bullinger (Dec. 13th, 1563, _i.e._ _after_ the Queen's alterations), says,: "_We have throughout England the same ecclesiastical doctrine as yourselves_" (_ibid._ p. 135).]

[Footnote 585: The deleted clause was: "_Christus in coelum ascendens, corpori suo immortalitatem dedit, naturam non abstulit, humanæ enim naturæ veritatem (juxta Scripturas), perpetuo retinet, quam uno et definito loco esse, et non in multa, vel omnia simul loca diffundi oportet. Quum igitur Christus in coelum sublatus, ibi usque ad finem seculi permansurus, atque inde, non aliunde (ut loquitur Augustinus) venturus sit, ad judicandum vivos et mortos, non debet quisquam fidelium, et carnis eius, et sanguinis, realem et corporealem (ut loquuntur) presentiam in Eucharistia vel credere, vel profiteri._"]

[Footnote 586: "Cette reine est extremement sage, et a des yeux terribles." _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1595-97_, p. xxi.]

[Footnote 587: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas_, i. 61, 62.]

[Footnote 588: _Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_, p. 449.]

[Footnote 589: The _Zurich Letters_, etc., First Series, p. 91.]

[Footnote 590: The _Zurich Letters_, etc., First Series, p. 74; cf. 55, 63, 64, 66, 68, 100, 129, 135. Bishop Jewel called clerical dress the "relics of the Amorites" (p. 52), and wished that he could get rid of the surplice (p. 100); and "the little silver cross" in the Queen's chapel was to him an ill-omened thing (p. 55); cf. Strype, _Annals_, etc. I. i. 260.]

[Footnote 591: _Annals_, etc. I. ii. 562.]

[Footnote 592: The _Advertisements_ of Archbishop Parker, issued and enforced on the authority of the Primate, to which the royal imprimatur was more than once refused, may be looked on as an exception. For these rules, meant to control the Church in the vestiarian controversy, see Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 467; and for the vexed question of their authority, Moore, _History of the Reformation_, p. 266.]

[Footnote 593: Maitland, _Cambridge Modern History_, ii. 569 ff.]

[Footnote 594: _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reigns of Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, 1547-80_, p. 159.]

[Footnote 595: _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series_, etc. p. 247.]

[Footnote 596: _Ibid._ p. 177; _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas_, i. 77, 118, 119.]

[Footnote 597: The story of Francis Yaxley, Mary's agent, of his dealings with Philip II., of Philip's subsidy to Scotland of 20,000 crowns, of its loss by shipwreck, and how the money was claimed as treasure-trove by the Duke of Northumberland, Roman Catholic and a pledged supporter of Mary as he was, may be traced in the _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas_, pp. lix, 499, 506, 516, 523, 546, 557; and how the Pope also gave aid in money, p. 559.]

[Footnote 598: For example, the _Nikolsburger Articles_ say: "Cristus sei in der erbsunden entphangen; Cristus sei nit Got sunder ein prophet, dem das gesprech oder wort Gottes bevollen worden" (Cornelius, _Geschichte des Münsterischen Aufruhrs_, ii. 279, 280).]

[Footnote 599: Servede was born in 1511, in the small town of Tudela, which then belonged to Aragon. He came from an ancient family of jurists, and was at first destined to the profession of law. His family came originally from the township of Villanova, which probably accounts for the fact that Servede sometimes assumed that name. He was in correspondence with Oecolampadius (Heusgen) in 1530; and from the former's letters to and about Servede, it is evident that the young Spaniard was then fully persuaded about his anti-Trinitarian opinions. No publisher in Basel would print his book, and he travelled to Strassburg. When his first theological book became known, its sale was generally interdicted by the secular authorities. His great book, which contains his whole theological thinking, was published in 1553 without name of place or author. Its full title is: _Christianismi Restitutio, Totius ecclesiæ apostolicæ ad sua limina vocatio, in integrum restituta cognitione Dei, fidei Christi, justificationis nostræ, regenerationis baptisimi et coenæ domini manducationis, Restituto denique nobis regno coelesti, Babylonis impiæ captivitate soluta, et Antichristo cum suis penitus destructo._ He entered into correspondence with Calvin, offered to come to Geneva to explain his position; but the Reformer plainly indicated that he had no time to bestow upon him. The account of his trial, condemnation, and burning at Geneva is to be found in the _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxvi. 720 _ff._ The sentence is found on p. 825: "Icy est este parle du proces de Michiel Servet prisonnier et veu le sommairre dycelluy, le raport de ceux esquelz lon a consulte et considere les grands erreurs et blaffemes--est este arreste Il soit condampne a estre mene en Champel et la estre brusle tout vyfz et soit exequente a demain et ses livres brusles." This trial and execution is the one black blot on the character of Calvin. He was by no means omnipotent in Geneva at the time; but he thoroughly approved of what was done, and had expressed the opinion that if Servede came to Geneva, he would not leave it alive. "Nam si venerit modo valeat mea auctoritas, virum exire nunquam patiar" (_Corpus Ref._ xi. 283).]

[Footnote 600: Ritschl, _A critical History of the Christian Doctrine of Justification and Reconciliation_ (Eng. trans., Edin. 1872), p. 295.]

[Footnote 601: "Circa annum 1546 instituerat (Lælius Socinus) cum sociis suis iisdem Italis, quorum numerus quadragenarium excedebat, in Veneta ditione (apud Vincentiam) collegia colloquiaque de religione, in quibus potissimum dogmata vulgaria de Trinitate ac Christi Satisfactione hisque similia in dubium revocabant" (_Bibl. Antit._ p. 19--I have taken the quotation from Fock, _Der Socinianismus nach seiner Stellung in der Gesammtentwickelung des christlichen Geistes_, etc., Kiel, 1847, i. 132).]

[Footnote 602: SOURCES: _Magna Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum_ (Coloniæ Agrippinæ, 1618), xiii. 299-307; Sebastian Franck, _Chronica, Zeitbuch und Geschichtbibel_ (Augsburg, 1565), pt. iii.; Hans Denck, _Von der waren Lieb_, etc. (1527--republished by the _Menonitische Verlagsbuchhandlung_, Elkhart, Indiana, U.S.A.); Bouterwek, _Zur Literatur und Geschichte der Wiedertäufer_ (Bonn, 1864--gives extracts from the rarer Anabaptist writings such as the works of Hübmaier); _Ausbund etlicher schöner christlicher geseng_, etc. (1583); Liliencron, "Zur Liederdichtung der Wiedertäufer" (in the _Abhandlungen der könig. Bair. Akad. der Wissenschaften Philosophische Klasse_, 1878); von Zezschwitz, _Die Katechismen der Waldenser und Bömischen Bruder_ (Erlangen, 1863); Beck, _Geschichts-Bücher der Wiedertäufer in Österreich-Ungarn, 1526 bis 1785_ (Vienna, 1883), printed in the _Fontes Rer. Austr. Diplom. et Acta_, xliii.; Kessler, _Sabbata_, ed. by Egli and Schoch (St. Gall, 1902); Bullinger, _Der Wiedertäuferen Ursprung, Secten,_ etc. (Zurich, 1560); Egli, _Actensammlung zur Geschichte der Züricher Reformation_ (Zurich, 1879), _Die Züricher Wiedertäufer_ (Zurich, 1878); Leopold Dickius, _Adversus impios Anabaptistarum errores_ (1533); Cornelius, _Berichte der Augenzeugen über das Münsterische Wiedertäuferreich_, forming the 2nd vol. of the _Geschichtsquellen des Bisthums Münster_ (Münster, 1853) and the Beilage in his _Geschichte des Münsterischen Aufruhrs_ (Leipzig, 1855); Detmer's edition of Kerssenbroch, _Anabaptistici furoris Monasterium inclitam Westphaliæ metropolim evertentis historica, narratio_, forming vols. v. and vi. of the _Geschichtsquellen des Bisthums Münster_ (Münster, 1899, 1900); _Chroniken der deutschen Städte, Nürnberg Chronik_, vols. i. and iv.

LATER BOOKS: Keller, _Geschichte der Wiedertäufer und ihres Reichs zu Münster_ (Münster, 1880), _Ein Apostel der Wiedertäufer; Hans Denck_ (Leipzig, 1882), and _Die Reformation und die älteren Reformparteien_ (Leipzig, 1885--Keller is apt to make inferences beyond his facts); Heath, _Anabaptism, from its rise at Zwickau to its fall at Münster, 1521-1536_ (London, 1895); Belfort Bax, _Rise and Fall of the Anabaptists_ (London, 1903); Rörich, "Die Gottesfreunde und die Winkeler am Oberrhein" (in _Zeitschrift für hist. Theol._ i. 118 ff., 1840); _Zur Geschichte der strassburgischen Wiedertäufer_ (_Zeitschrift für hist. Theol._ xxx. 1860); S. B. ten Cate, _Geschiedenis der doopgezinden in Groningen_, etc., 2 vols. (Leeuwarden, 1843); _Geschiedenis der doopgezinden in Friesland_ (Leeuwarden, 1839); _Geschiedenis der doopgezinden in Holland en Guelderland_, 2 vols. (Amsterdam, 1847); Tileman van Braght, _Het bloedig Toenecl of Martclaars Spiegel der doopgesinde_ (Amsterdam, 1685); E. B. Underhill, _Martyrology of the Churches of Christ commonly called Baptist_ (translated from Van Braght); H. S. Burrage, _A History of the Anabaptists in Switzerland_ (founded on Egli's researches, Philadelphia, 1881); Newman, _A History of Anti-Pedobaptism_ (Philadelphia, 1897); Detmer, _Bilder aus den religiösen und sozialen Unruhen in Münster während des 16 Jahrhunderts_: i. _Johann von Leiden_ (Münster, 1903), ii. _Bernhard Rothmann_ (1904), iii. _Ueber die Auffassung von der Ehe und die Durchführung der Vielweiberei in Münster während der Täuferherrschaft_ (1904); Heath, _Contemporary Review_, lix. 389 ("The Anabaptists and their English Descendants"), lxii. 880 ("Hans Denck the Baptist"), lxvii. 578 (Early Anabaptism, what it meant, and what we owe to it), lxx. 247 ("Living in Community--a sketch of Moravian Anabaptism"), 541 ("The Archetype of the _Pilgrim's Progress_"), lxxii. 105 ("The Archetype of the _Holy War_").]

[Footnote 603: The difference in treatment may be seen at a glance by comparing the articles on Anabaptism in the second (1877) and in the third (1896) edition of Herzog's _Realencyclopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche_. Some eminent historians, however, still cling to old ideas; for example, Edward Armstrong, _The Emperor Charles V._ (London, 1902), who justifies the treatment his hero meted out to the Anabaptists--roasting them to death before slow fires--by saying that "whenever they momentarily gained the upper hand, they applied the practical methods of modern Anarchism or Nihilism to the professed principles of Communism" (ii. 342). No one who has examined the original sources could have penned such a sentence.]

[Footnote 604: _Magna Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum_ (Coloniæ Agrippinæ, 1618), xiii. 299, 300, 307 (the _Summa_ of Raiverus Sacchonus). Cf. i. 152.]

[Footnote 605: These are the dates at which town chronicles incidentally show that such communities existed, not the dates of their origin.]

[Footnote 606: Vedder, _Balthasar Hübmaier_ (New York, 1905).]

[Footnote 607: Liliencron, "Zur Liederdichtung der Wiedertäufer," in the _Transactions of the Königl. Bair. Akad. der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse_, 1877.]

[Footnote 608: _Chronica_ (Augsburg edition, 1565), f. 164.]

[Footnote 609: _Der Wiedertäuferen Ursprung, Furgang, Secien_, etc. (Zurich, 1560).]

[Footnote 610: _Chronica_ (3 pts., Strassburg, 1531).]

[Footnote 611: _Sabbata_ (ed. by Egli and Schoch, St. Gall, 1902).]

[Footnote 612: C. A. Cornelius, _Geschichte des Münsterischen Aufruhrs_ (Leipzig, 1855), ii. 49.]

[Footnote 613: _Ibid._ ii. 49.]

[Footnote 614: _Magna Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum_ (Coloniæ Agrippinæ, 1618), Rainerii Socchoni, _Summa_, c. vii.]

[Footnote 615: Egli, _Die Züricher Wiedertäufer_ (Zurich, 1878), p. 96.]

[Footnote 616: Folio 158^b of the Augsburg edition of 1565.]

[Footnote 617: The Swiss Anabaptists have been selected because we have very full contemporary documentary evidence in their case. Cf. Egli, _Actensammlung zur Geschicht der Züricher Reformation_ (Zurich, 1879); _Die Zuricher Wiedertäufer_ (Zurich, 1878); _Die St. Gallen Wiedertäufer_ (Zurich).

The documentary evidence given in Egli's works has been condensed and summarised by H. S. Burrage, _A History of the Anabaptists in Switzerland_ (Philadelphia, 1881).]

[Footnote 618: The scene is described in Beck, _Die Geschichts-Bücher der Wiedertäufer in Österreich-Ungarn von 1526 bis 1785_ (Vienna, 1883).]

[Footnote 619: The history of the persecution in the Tyrol is to be found in J. Loserth, _Anabaptismus in Tirol_; and in Kirchmayr, _Denkwürdigkeiten seiner Zeit, 1519-53_, pt. i. in _Fontes Rerum Austriacarum_, i. 417-534.]

[Footnote 620: Cornelius, _Geschichte des Münsterischen Aufruhrs_ (Leipzig, 1855), ii. 58.]

[Footnote 621: The disease was known as the English plague or the sweating sickness. It is thus described by Hecker (_Epidemics of the Middle Ages_, p. 181): "It was violent inflammatory fever, which, after a short rigour, prostrated the powers as with a blow; and amidst painful oppression at the stomach, headache, and lethargic stupor, suffused the whole body with foetid perspiration. All this took place within the course of a few hours, and the crisis was always over within the space of a day and a night. The internal heat that the patient suffered was intolerable, yet every refrigerant was death."]

[Footnote 622: Rothmann was born at Stadtlohn, and received the rudiments of education in the village school there; a relation sent him to the Gymnasium at Münster; he studied afterwards at Mainz, where he received the degree of M.A.; he was made chaplain in the St. Maurice church at Münster about 1525.]

[Footnote 623: His confession of faith, published in Latin and German in 1532, shows this. I know it only by the summary in Detmer (_Bernhard Rothmann_, Münster, 1904, pp. 41 _f._). Detmer says that he knows of only one printed copy, which is in the University Library at Münster.]

[Footnote 624: Bernardin Knipperdolling or Knipperdollinck (both forms are found) was a wealthy cloth merchant, an able and fervent speaker, a man of strong convictions, who had early espoused the people's cause, and had become the trusted leader of the democracy of Münster.]

[Footnote 625: The details of this Disputation have been published by Detmer in the _Monatshefte der Commenius-Gesellschaft_ (Berlin, 1900), ix. 273 _ff._]

[Footnote 626: Cf., above, ii. 235 _ff._]

[Footnote 627: _Meister Heinrich Gresbeck's Bericht von der Wiedertaufe in Münster_, p. 20 (edited by Cornelius for _Die Geschichtsquellen des Bisthums Münster_, vol. ii., Münster, 1853).]

[Footnote 628: Cf. _Die Münsterische Apologie_, printed by Cornelius in his _Berichte der Augenzeugen über das münsterische Wiedertäuferreich_, p. 457 (_Geschichtsquellen des Bisthums Münster_, vol. ii.).]

[Footnote 629: By far the best and most impartial discussion of the institution of polygamy in Münster--one that is based on the very widest examination of contemporary documentary evidence--is that of Dr. Detmer, _Ueber die Auffassung von der Ehe und die Durchführung der Vielweiberei in Münster während der Täuferherrschaft_ (Münster, 1904). It forms the third of his _Bilder aus den religiösen und sozialen Unruhen in Münster während des 16. Jahrhunderts_.]

[Footnote 630: The tract is to be found in Cornelius, _Berichte der Augenzeugen über das münsterische Wiedertäuferreich_, which forms the second volume of _Die Geschichtsquellen des Bisthums Münster_ (pp. 445 _ff._).]

[Footnote 631: "Die ehe, sagen wir und halten mit der Schrift, das sie ist eins mans und weips vorgaderong und vorpflichtong in dem Herrn ... Got hot den menchen von anfanck geschaffen, ein man und weip hat Er sie geschaffen, di peide in den heiligen estant (ehestat) voreiniget, dos di peide zwo sellen und ein fleische solen sein. Und mage also kein mensche scheiden selche voreinigong" (pp. 457, 458).]

[Footnote 632: The _Restitution_, written by Rothmann and Kloprys in conjunction with Jan of Leyden and the elders, is published in Bouterwek, _Literatur und Geschichte der Wiedertäufer_; marriage and polygamy are treated in sections 14-16.]

[Footnote 633: Jan Bockelson, commonly called Jan van Leyden, was the illegitimate son of a village magistrate, and was born near Leyden in 1510. After a brief time of education at a village school he was apprenticed to a tailor, and in his leisure hours diligently educated himself. He travelled more widely than artisans usually did during their year of wandering--visiting England as well as most parts of Flanders. On his return home he married the widow of a shipmaster, and started business as a merchant. He was a prominent member of the literary "gilds" of his town, and had a local fame as a poet and an actor. His conversion through Jan Matthys changed his whole life; there is not the slightest reason to suppose that he was not an earnest and honest adherent of the Anabaptist doctrines as taught by Matthys. He is described as strikingly handsome, with a fine sonorous voice. He had remarkable powers of organisation. His whole brief life reveals him to be a very remarkable man. He was barely twenty-five when he was tortured to death by the Bishop of Münster after the capture of the town.]

[Footnote 634: SOURCES: _Bibliotheca Fratrum Polonorum_ (Amsterdam, 1656) i. ii. _Racovian Catechism_ (London, 1818).

LATER BOOKS: Fock, _Der Socinianismus nach seiner Stellung in der Gesammtentwickelung des christlichen Geistes, nach seinem historischen Verlauf und nach seinem Lehrbegriff dargestellt_ (Kiel, 1847); A. Ritschl, _Jahrbücher f. deutsche Theologie_, xiii. 268 _ff._, 283 _ff._; _A critical History of the Christian Doctrine of Justification and Reconciliation_ (Edinburgh, 1872); Dilthey, _Archiv f. Geschichte d. Philos._ vi.; Harnack, _History of Dogma_, vii. 118 _ff._ (London, 1899).]

[Footnote 635: Pp. 397 _ff._]

[Footnote 636: Cf. i. 426 _ff._]

[Footnote 637: Harnack, _History of Dogma_, vii. 167.]

[Footnote 638: Cf. p. 427.]

[Footnote 639: Cf. i. 461.]

[Footnote 640: Erasmus, _Opera Omnia_, iv. 465.]

[Footnote 641: A very full analysis of the contents of the Racovian Catechism is given in Harnack's _History of Dogma_, vii. 137 ff., also in Fock, _Der Socinianismus_, etc. ii. A. Ritschl has shown that the Unitarianism of the Socinians is simply the legitimate conclusion from their theory of the nature of God and of the work of Christ, in his two essays in the _Jahrbücher f. deutsche Theol._ xiii, 268 ff., 283 ff.]

[Footnote 642: SOURCES: Laemmer, _Monumenta Vaticana historiam ecclesiasticam seculi 16 illustrantia_ (Freiburg i. B. 1861); Weiss, _Papiers d'État du Cardinal Perronet de Granvelle_ (in the _Collection des documents inédits de l'Histoire de France, 1835-49)_; Fiedler, _Relationen Venetianischer Botschaften über Deutschland und Oesterreich im 16ten Jahrhunderte_ (in the _Fontes Rerum Austriacarum, Diplomatica et Acta_, xxx., Vienna, 1870); Friedenburg, _Nuntiaturberichte aus Deutschland, 1533-39_ (Gotha, 1892-93); _Carteggio di Vittoria Colonna_ (Rome, 1889).

LATER BOOKS: Maurenbrecher, _Geschichte der katholischen Reformation_ (Nördlingen, 1880--only one volume published, which ends with 1534); also _Karl V. und die deutschen Protestanten_ (Düsseldorf, 1865); Ranke, _Die römischen Päpste, ihre Kirche und ihr Staat im sechszehnten und siebzehenten Jahrhundert_; Gothein, _Ignatius von Loyola und die Gegenreformation_ (Halle, 1895); Philippson, _La Contre-Revolution religieuse du 16e siècle_ (Brussels, 1884); Ward, _The Counter-Reformation_ (London, 1889); Dupin, _Histoire de l'Église du 16e siècle_ (Paris, 1701-13); Jerrold, _Vittoria Colonna_ (London, 1906).]

[Footnote 643: Cf. _A Relation ... of the Island of England ... about the year 1500_ (Camden Society, London, 1847), pp. 34-36, 86-89.]

[Footnote 644: Cf. i. 36.]

[Footnote 645: This had been protested against for a century and a half, not merely by individual moralists, but by such conventions of notables as the English Parliament; cf. _Rolls of Parliament_, ii. 313-14; _Item_, "prie la Communeque comme autre foithz au Parlement tenuz a Wyncestre, supplie y fuist par la Commune de remedie de ce que les Prelatz et Ordinares de Seint Esglise pristrent sommes pecuniers de gentz de Seint Esglise et autres pur redemption de lour pecche de jour en jour, et an en an, de ce que ils tiendrent overtement lours concubines; et pur autres pecches et offenses a eux surmys, dount peyne pecunier ne serroit pris de droit: Quele chose est cause, meintenance et norisement de lour pecche, en overte desclandre, et mal ensample de tut la Commune; quele chose issint continue nient duement puny, est desesploit an Roi et a tout le Roialme. Qe pleise a nostre Seigneur le Roi ent ordeiner que touz tiels redemptions soient de tut ousteiz; et que si nul viegne encontre ceste Ordeinance, que le prenour encourge la somme del double issint pris devers la Roi et cely que le paie eit mesme la peyne."]

[Footnote 646: Cf. i. 166, 213.]

[Footnote 647: Cf. vol. i. 140, 141, 378; vol. ii.]

[Footnote 648: _Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII._, iv., Preface, p. 485. Cf. Brown, _Fasciculus rerum expectendarum et fugiendarum_ (1690), pp. 19, 20, for the speech of an English Bishop at Rome (Nov. 27th, 1425), saying that if the Curia does not speedily undertake the work of Reformation, the secular powers must interfere.]

[Footnote 649: Lea, _Chapters from the Religious History of Spain_ (Philadelphia, 1890); Prescott, _Ferdinand and Isabella_ (London, 1887); V. de la Fuente, _Historia eclesiastica en Espana_ (Madrid, 1873, etc.); Menendezy Palayo, _Los Heterodoxos Espanoles_ (Madrid, 1880); Hefele, _The Cardinal Ximenes_ (London, 1860); Paul Rousselot, _Les Mystiques Espagnols_ (Paris, 1867).]

[Footnote 650: Cf. paper read by Charles V. to the Estates of Germany at Worms--Wrede, _Deutsche Reichstagsakten unter Kaiser Karl V._ (Gotha, 1896) ii. 595.]

[Footnote 651: "Is Cæsaris consanguineus, legatus missus a Wormacia, festinando ad Hispanos pro sedando quodam tumultu. Is in profesto vigiliæ natalicii dominici superveniens eques, cum ministris, biduo manens integro et tribus noctibus, mihi multum loquebatur de causa Lutherana, quæ magna ex parte arridebat viro bono et docto, præter librum _de captivitate Babel_, quem legerat Wormatiæ cum moerore et displicentia, quem ego nondum videram." Riggenbach, _Das Chronikon des Konrad Pellikan_, p. 77 (Basel, 1877).]

[Footnote 652: Carvajal's speech and Egidio's memoir are given in Höfler, "Analecten z. Geschich. Deutschlands und Italiens" (_Abhandlungen der Münch. Akad._ IV. iii. 57-89).]

[Footnote 653: An _indult_ can be best explained by an example: according to the Council of Bourges (1438), the selection of French Bishops was left exclusively in the hands of the Chapters of the Cathedrals; but Pope Eugenius IV. permitted Charles VII. the right to appoint to several specified bishoprics; such a papal grant was called an _indult_.]

[Footnote 654: Cf. vol. i. 12 _f._]

[Footnote 655: SOURCES: Contarini, _Opera_ (Paris, 1571); _Correspondenz Contarinis_, ed. by L. Pastor (1880); Cortese, _Epistolarum familiarum liber_ (Venice, 1573); Ghiberti, _Opera_ (Verona, 1740); Sadoleto, _Epistolarum libri sexdecim_ (Lyons, 1560); Pole, _Epistolæ, et aliorum ad ipsum_ (Brescia, 1744-57), _Carteggio di Vittoria Colonna_ (Turin, 1889); Vergerio, _Briefwechsel_ (edited for the _Bibliothek des literarischen Vercius_, Stuttgart, 1875).

LATER BOOKS: Jacob Burckhardt, _The Civilisation of the Period of the Renaissance_ (Eng. trans., London, 1892); Symonds, _Renaissance in Italy. The Catholic Reaction_ (London, 1886); Cantù, _Gli Eretici d'Italia_ (Turin, 1865-67); Braun, _Cardinal Gasparo Contarini_ (1903); Dittrich, _Gasparo Contarini_ (Braunsberg, 1883); Duruy, _Le Cardinal Carlo Caruffa_ (Paris, 1882); Gothein, _Ignatius Loyola und die Geyenreformation_, pp. 77-207 (Halle, 1895); v. Reumont, _Vittoria Colonna_ (Freiburg i. B. 1881).]

[Footnote 656: Mediæval songs tell us that this hatred of the peasantry is much older than the Renaissance:

"Si quis scire vult naturam, Maledictam et obscuram Rusticorum genituram Infelicem et non puram Denotent sequentia," etc.

_Carmina Medii Æri_ (Florence, 1883), p. 34; the song belongs to the thirteenth century.]

[Footnote 657: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. viii. 161.]

[Footnote 658: The name went beyond the original foundation. The Jesuits were sometimes called _Theatines_ both in Spain and in France.]

[Footnote 659: They are to be found in _Bibliotheca Maxima Pontificia_ (Rome, 1790), pp. 178 _ff._ The contents of the second letter are condensed in the phrase which occurs near the end: "in legibus voluntas non debet regula esse" (p. 183). The first letter urges the Pope to make an end of the scandals caused by the sale of dispensations: "Dispensator non potest vendere id quod non suum est sed Domini. Neque etiam potest transgredi in dispensatione mandatum Domini.... Expresse Christus in Evangelio præcipit: Gratis accepistis, Gratis date" (p. 79). It closes with an urgent appeal: "Pater Sanctissime ingressus es viam Christi, audacter age.... Dens onmipotens diriget gressus tuos, et tuorum omnium. Familiæ tuæ Protector crit, et super omnia bona sua constituet te, ut ipse in Evangelio pollicetur servo fideli, quem constituit super familiam suam. Dominus diu nobis servet Sanctitatem tuam incolumem."]

[Footnote 660: Kawerau, _Johann Agricola_ (1881), p. 100.]

[Footnote 661: The Regensburg article said: _Creata libertas per hominis lapsum est amissa_; the decree of Trent declared: _Si quis liberum hominis arbitrium post Adæ peccatum amissum et extinctum esse dixerit, anathema sit_ (Denzinger, _Enchiridion Symbolorum et Definitionum_, etc., 9th ed. p. 192).]

[Footnote 662: The Regensburg article says: _Etsi post laptismiun negare remanens materiale peccatum_, etc., the second heresy of Luther condemned in the Bull is: _In puero post baptismum negare remanens peccatum, est Paulum et Christum simul conculcare_ (_ibid._ p. 176).]

[Footnote 663: Calvin, who was present at the conference, sums up the results so far in a letter to Farel as follows: _Delecti nostri de peccato originali non difficulter transegerunt: sequuta est disputatio de libero arbitrio, quæ ex Augustini sententia composita fuit: nihil in utroque nobis decessit. De justifcatione acriores fuerunt contentiones. Tandem conscripta est formula, quam adhibitis certis correctionibus utrinque receperunt. Miraberis, scio, adversarios tantum concessisse, quum legeris exemplar, ita ut postrema manu correctum fuit, quod literis inclusum reperies. Retinuerunt enim nostri doctrinæ veræ summam: ut nihil illic comprehensum sit, quod non exstet in scriptis nostris: scio, desiderabis clariorem explicationem, et in ca re me tibi assentientem habebis. Verum, si reputes quibuscum hominibus negotium nobis sit, agnosces multum esse effectum_ (_Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxix. 215). Calvin had been somewhat suspicious of Contarini at the outset: _Contarenus sine sanguine subigere nos cupit; proiude tentat omnes vias confieiendi ex sua utilitate negotii citra arma_ (_ibid._ xxxix. 176).]

[Footnote 664: In the dedication of the fourth portion of Melanchthon's Works to Joachim II. of Brandenburg, the editor Pencer says: _Granvellus ... Eccium, cum descriptæ formulæ testimonium chirographi addendum esset, tergiversantem et astute renuentem facere id coegit._ Eck with his great coarse body, his loud harsh voice, his bullying habits, and his insincerity, was universally disliked; _ista a bestia, gehobelter Eck_, he had been nicknamed by Pirkheimer of Nürnberg.]

[Footnote 665: _Epistolarum Reginaldi Poli, S. R. E. Cardinalis_ (Brixiae, 1744-57), iii. 25-30.]

[Footnote 666: Calvin says: _Ventum est deinde ad ecclesium: in definitione congruebant sententiæ: in potestate dissidere coeperunt. Quum nullo modo possent conciliari, visum est articulum illum omittere._]

[Footnote 667: _Nunquam Legatum assensurum, ut conspicua fidei decreta tot sæculis culta in dubium adducerentur._]

[Footnote 668: The proceedings of the conference are given in full in the _Acta Ratisbonensia_. By far the most succinct account is to be found in Calvin's letter to Farel of date 11th May 1541. He says of the discussion about the sacraments: _In sacramentis rixati sunt nonnihil: sed quum nostri suas illis cæremonias, ut res medias, permitterent, usque ad cænam progressi sunt. Illic fuit insuperabilis scopulus. Repudiata transubstantiatio, repositio, circumgestatio, et reliqui superstitiosi cultus. Hæc adversariis nequaquam tolerabilia. Collega meus (Bucer), qui totus ardet studio concordiæ, fremere et indignari, quod intempestive fuissent motæ eiusmodi quæstiones, Philippus (Melanchthon) in adversam partem magis tendere, ut rebus exulceratis omnem pacificationis spem præcideret. Nostri habita consultatione, nos convocarunt. Jussi sumus omnes ordine dicere sententias: fuit una omnium vox, transubstantiationem rem esse fictitiam, repositionem superstitiosam, idololatricam esse adorationem, vel saltem periculosam, quum fiat sine verbo Dei. Me quoque exponere latine oportuit quid sentirem. Tametsi neminem ex aliis intellexeram_ (because they spoke in German), _libere tamen sine timore offensionis, illam localem præsentiam damnari: adorationem asserui mihi esse intolerabilem. Crede mihi, in eiusmodi actionibus opus est fortibus animis, qui alios confirment.... Scriptum deinde a Philippo compositum, quod ubi Granvellano oblatum est, asperis verbis repudiavit, quod illi tres delecti ad nos retulissent. Hæc quum fiant in ipso limine, cogita quantum adhuc supersit difficultatis, in missa privata, sacrificio, in communicatione calicis. Quid si ad apertam præsentiæ confessionem veniretur? quanti tumultus effervescerent?_ (_Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxix. 215, 216)]

[Footnote 669: SOURCES: _Monumenta historica Societatis Jesu, nunc primum edita a Patribus ejusdem Societatis_ (Madrid, 1894, etc.); _Cartas de San Ignacio de Loyola, fundador de la Compañía de Jesús_ (Madrid, 1874, etc.); G. P Maffei, _De vita et moribus Ignatii Loyolæ, qui Societatem Jesu fundavit_ (Cologne, 1585); Ribadeneyra, _Vida del P. Ignacio de Loyola_ (Madrid, 1594); Orlandino, _Historia Societatis Jesu, pars prima sive Ignatius_, etc. (Rome, 1615); Braunsberger, _Petri Canisii Epistolæ et Acta_ (Freiburg i. B. 1896); _Decreta, etc., Societatis Jesu_ (Avignon, 1827); _Constitutiones Societatis Jesu_ (Rome, 1558).

LATER BOOKS: Huber, _Der Jesuit-Orden nach seiner Verfassung und Doctrin, Wirksamkeit und Geschichte characterisirt_ (Berlin, 1873); Gothein, _Ignatius von Loyola und die Gegenreformation_ (Halle, 1895); Symonds, _Renaissance in Italy, The Catholic Reaction_ (London, 1886); Cretinau-Joly, _Histoire religieuse politique et littéraire de la Compagnie de Jésus_ (Paris, 1845-46); Maurice Martel, _Ignace de Loyola, Essai de psychologie religieuse_ (Paris).]

[Footnote 670: "The residence of Ignatius Loyola in the College of Ste. Barbe is connected with au incident which is at once illustrative of his own spirit and of the manners of the time. He had come to Paris for the purpose of study; but he could not resist the temptation to make converts to his great mission. Among these converts was a Spaniard named Amador, a promising student in philosophy in Ste. Barbe. This Amador, Loyola had transformed from a diligent student into a visionary as wild as himself, to the intense indignation of the University, and especially of his own countrymen. About the same time Loyola craved permission to attend Ste. Barbe as a student of philosophy. He was admitted on the express condition that he should make no attempt on the consciences of his fellows. Loyola kept his word as far as Amador was concerned, but he could not resist the temptation to communicate his visions to others. The Regent thrice warned him of what would be the result, and at length made his complaint to the Principal (Jacques de Gouvéa). Gouvéa was furious, and gave orders that next day Loyola should be subjected to the most disgraceful punishment the College could inflict. This running of the gauntlet, known as _la salle_, was administered in the following manner. After dinner, when all the scholars were present, the masters, each with his ferule in his hand, ranged themselves in a double row. The delinquent, stripped to the waist, was then made to pass between them, receiving a blow across the shoulders from each. This was the ignominious punishment to which Loyola, then in his fortieth year, as a member of the College, was bound to submit. The tidings of what was in store for him reached his ears, and in a private interview he contrived to turn away Gouvéa's wrath.... This was in 1529, the year of Buchanan's entrance into Ste, Barbe" (P. Hume Brown, _George Buchanan, Humanist and Reformer_, Edinburgh, 1890, pp. 62 _f._).]

[Footnote 671: _Bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire de Protestantisme Français_, xii. 129.]

[Footnote 672: One of Loyola's earliest biographers, Ribadeneyra, dwells on the eagerness with which Ignatius welcomed the slightest details of the life of his disciples in the Indies, and how he one day said: "I would assuredly like to know, if it were possible, how many fleas bit them each night."]

[Footnote 673: Loyola had long abandoned the vow of poverty; his faithful disciples, the circle of Barcelona ladies, sent him supplies of money, and e received sums from Spanish merchants in France and the Low Countries.]

[Footnote 674: The _Exercitia Spiritualia S. P. Ignatii Loyola, Fundatoris Ordinis Societatis Jesu_, and their indispensable companion the _Directorium in Exercitia Spiritualia B. P. N. Ignatii_, are to be found in vol. iv. of the _Insti. Soc. Jesu_. The editions used here are, of the _Exercises_, that of Antwerp, 1676, and of the _Directory_, that of Rome, 1615.]

[Footnote 675: A careful study of the _Exercises_, of the _Directory_, of Loyola's correspondence, and of his sayings recorded by early and contemporary biographers, has convinced me that the book was mainly constructed out of the abundant notes which Loyola took of his own inward experiences at Manresa, and that the only book he used in compiling it was the _De Imitatione Christi_ of Thomas à Kempis--a book which Ignatius believed to have been written by Gerson. We know otherwise how highly Ignatius prized the _De Imitatione_. When he visited the Abbey of Monte Cassino he took with him as many copies as there were monks in the monastery; it was the one volume which he kept on the small table at his bedside; and it was the only book which the neophyte was permitted to read during the first week of the _Exercises_: "si tamen instructori videbitur, posset in prima hebdomada legere librum Gersonis de Imitatione Christi" (_Directory_, iii. 2).]

[Footnote 676: Cf. _Directory_, i. ii. v.]

[Footnote 677: It is explained that by "week" is meant not a space of time, seven days, but a distinct subject of meditation. The drill may be finished within seven or eight days; it may have to be prolonged beyond the twenty-five. The first meditation is the basis of all, and it may have to be repeated over and over again until the soul is sufficiently bruised (_Directory_, xi. l).]

[Footnote 678: "Prima continet considerationem peccatorum, ut eorum foeditatem cognoscamus, vereque detestemur cum dolore, et satisfactione convenienti. Secunda propcnit vitam Christi ad excitandum in nobis desiderium ac studium eam imitandi. Quam imitationem ut melius perficiamus, proponitur etiam modus eligendi vel vitæ statum, qui sit maxime ex voluntate Dei; vel si jam eligi non possit, dantur quædam monita ad eum in quo quisque sit, reformandum. Tertia continet Passionem Christi, qua miseratio, dolor, confusio generatur, et illud imitationis desiderium una cum Dei amore vehementius inflammatur. Quarta demum est de Resurrectione Christi, ejusque gloriosis apparitionibus, et de beneficiis, et similibus, quæ pertinent ad Dei amorem in nobis excitandum" (_Directory_, xi. 2).]

[Footnote 679: "Punctum primum est, spectare per imaginationem vasta inferorum incendia, et animas igneis quibusdam corporibus, velut ergastulis inclusas. Secundum, audire imaginarie, planctus, ejulatus, vociferationes, atque blasphemias in Christum et Sanctos ejus illinc erumpentes. Tertium, imaginario etiam olfactu fumum, sulphur, et sentinae cujusdam seu faecis atque putredinis graveolentiam persentire. Quartum, gustare similiter res amarissimas, ut lachrymas, rancorem, conscientiaeque vermem. Quintum, tangere quodammodo ignes illos, quorum tactu animae ipsae amburuntur" (_Exercitia Spiritualia, Quintum Exercitium_ (pp. 105, 106 in Antwerp edition of 1676)).]

[Footnote 680: _Exercitia, Tertia Hebdomada_, ii. _Contemplatio_ (p. 157).]

[Footnote 681: _Exercitia, Tertia Hebdomada_, ii. _Contemplatio_, pp. 125, 126.]

[Footnote 682: _Ibid._ p. 121.]

[Footnote 683: J. A. Symonds, _The Renaissance in Italy, The Catholic Reaction_, i. 289.]

[Footnote 684: These and other declarations of a like kind are to be found in the last chapter of the _Exercitia Spiritualia_, entitled _Regulæ aliquot servandæ ut cum orthodoxa Ecclesia vere sentiamus_.]

[Footnote 685: _Ibid._ "Si quid, quod oculis nostris apparet album, nigrum illa (ecclesia catholica) esse definierit, debemus itidem, quod nigrum sit, pronuntiare" (_Regula_, 13, p. 267).]

[Footnote 686: _Cartas de San Ignacio de Loyola, fundador de la Compañía de Jesús_ (Madrid, 1874, etc.), No. 14.]

[Footnote 687: Ignatius was fond of recalling these accusations and acquittals. In a celebrated letter to the King of Portugal he said that he had been eight times accused of heresy and as often acquitted, and that these accusations had really arisen, not from any associations he had ever had with schismatics, Lutherans, or _Alumbrados_ (heretical Mystics), but from the astonishment caused by the fact that he, an unlearned man, should presume to speak about things divine (_Cartas de San Ignacio_, etc., No. 52).]

[Footnote 688: At the time of Ignatius' death (1556), "the Professed of the Four Vows," who were the Society in the strictest sense, and who alone had any share in its government, numbered only thirty-five.]

[Footnote 689: The Society came to consist of (1) _Novices_ who had been carefully selected (_a_) for the priesthood, or (_b_) for secular work, or (_c_) whose special vocation was yet undetermined--the _Indifferents_; (2) the _Scholastics_, who had passed through a noviciate of two years, and who had to spend five years in study, then five years as teachers of junior classes; (3) _Coadjutors_, spiritual or temporal--the one set sharing in all the missionary work of the Society, preaching or teaching, the other in the corresponding temporal duties; (4) _the Professed of the Four Vows_, who were the élite of the Society, and who alone had a share in its government. Heads of Colleges and Residences were taken from the third class.]

[Footnote 690: This diary was used by Yigilio Nolarci in his _Compendio della Vita di S. Ignatio di Loiola_ (Venice, 2nd ed., 1687), pp. 197-211.]

[Footnote 691: Symonds, _The Renaissance in Italy, The Catholic Reaction_ (London, 1886), i. 293, 294.]

[Footnote 692: Cf. vol. i. p. 142.]

[Footnote 693: Many of Loyola's letters are addressed to these ladies: _Cartas_, i. pp. 1, 4, 23, to Inés Pascual; pp. 16, 63, 112, 279, to Isabella Roser; pp. 34, 44, 177, to Teresa Rejadella de St. Clara, a nun.]

[Footnote 694: Cf. _Cartas_, i. pp. 291, 470, 471.]

[Footnote 695: SOURCES: _The Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent_ (London, 1851); Theiner, _Acta genuina Concilii Tridentini_ (1875); Dollinger, _Ungedruckte Berichte und Tagebücher zur Geschichte des Concils von Trient_ (Nördlingen, 1876); Grisar, _Iacobi Lainez Disputationes Tridentinæ_ (Innsbruck, 1886); Le Plat, _Monumentorum ad historiam Concilii Tridentini potissimum illustrandum spectantium amplissima collectio_ (Louvain, 1781-87), Paleotto, _Acta Concilii Tridentini, 1562-63_; Planck, _Anecdota ad Historiam concilii Tridentini pertinentia_ (Göttingen, 1791-1818); Sickel, "Das Reformations-Libell Ferdinands I." (in _Archiv für österreichische Geschichte_, xiv., Vienna, 1871), _Catechismus Romanus_ (Paris, 1635); Denzinger, _Enchiridion_ (Würzburg, 1900).

LATER BOOKS: Maurenbrecher, "Tridentiner Concil, Vorspiel und Einleitung" (in the _Historisches Taschenbuch_, sechste Folge, 1886, pp. 147-256), "Begrundung der katholischen Glaubenslehre" (in the _Hist. Tasch._ 1888, pp. 305-28), and "Die Lehre von der Erbsunde und der Rechtfertigung" (in the _Hist. Tasch._ 1890, pp. 237-330); Harnack, _History of Dogma_, vii. (London, 1899); Loofs, _Leitfaden zum studium der Dogmengeschichte_ (Halle, 1893); R. C. Jenkins, _Pre-Tridentine Doctrine_ (London, 1891); Froude, _Lectures on the Council of Trent_ (London, 1896); Sickel, _Zur Geschichte des Concils von Trient_ (Vienna, 1872), and _Die Geschäfts-ordnung des Concils von Trient_ (Vienna, 1871); Milledonne, _Journal de Concile de Trente_ (Paris, 1870); Braunsberger _Entstehung und erste Entwicklung der Katechismen des Petrus Canisius_ (Freiburg i. B. 1893); Dejob, _De l'influence du Concile de Trente_ (Paris, 1884); Paolo Sarpi, _History of the Council of Trent_ (London, 1619); _Lettere di Fra Paolo Sarpi_ (Florence, 1863).]

[Footnote 696: For an account of these negotiations, and for the false start made on Nov. 1st, 1542, see W. Maurenbrecher, "Tridentiner Concil, Vorspiel und Einleitung," _Historisches Taschenbuch_, Sechste Folge, 1886, pp. 147-256; also _Cambridge Modern History_, ii. 660 _ff._ It seems to be pretty certain that the fear that the Germans might hold a National Council and the possibility that there might result a National German Church independent of Rome on the lines laid down by Henry VIII. of England, was the motive which finally compelled Pope Paul III. to decide on summoning a General Council; cf. i. pp. 378, 379.]

[Footnote 697: The church now contains a picture on the north wall of the choir of the group of theologians who were members of the Council.]

[Footnote 698: The Council sat at Trent from the 13th Dec. 1545 to the 11th March 1547 (Sessions i.-viii.); at Bologna from the 21st of April to the 2nd of June 1547 (Sessions ix.-x.); at Trent from the 1st of May 1551 to the 28th of April 1552 (Session xi.-xvi.); and at Trent from the 18th of Jan. 1562 to the 3rd of Dec. 1563 (Sessions xvii.-xxv.).]

[Footnote 699: It was enough for him that the Protestants held the Twelve Articles (the _Apostles' Creed_); cf. i. 264 _n._; and ii. 517, 518.]

[Footnote 700: Cf. i. 390.]

[Footnote 701: (Theiner) _Acta genuina ss. æcumenici concilii Tridentini_, p. 40.]

[Footnote 702: Loofs in his _Leitfaden zum studium der Dogmengeschichte_ (Halle a. S. 1893) declares that the following tendencies within the Roman Catholic Church of the sixteenth century have all to be taken into account as influencing the decisions come to at the Council of Trent: The reorganisation of the Spanish Church in strict mediæval spirit _by the Crown_ under Isabella and Ferdinand; the revival of Thomist theology, especially in the Dominican Order; the fostering of mystical piety, especially in new and in reconstructed Orders; the ennobling of theology by Humanism, and its influence, direct and indirect, in leading theologians back to Augustine; the strengthening of the Papacy in the rise of Curialism; and, lastly, the ecclesiastical interests of temporal sovereigns generally opposed to this Curialism. He declares that the newly-founded Order of the Jesuits served as a meeting-place for the first, third, fourth, and fifth of these tendencies (pp. 333-34).]

[Footnote 703: "Nec non traditiones ipsas, tum ad fidem, tum ad mores pertinentes, tanquam vel oretenus a Christo, vel a Spiritu Sancto dictatas, et continua successione in Ecclesia catholica conservatas, _pari_ pietatis affectu ac reverentia suscipit et veneratur." The references to the decisions of Trent have been taken from Denzinger, _Enchiridion Symbolorum et Definitionum quæ de rebus fidei et morum a conciliis oecumenicis et summis Pontificibus emanarunt_ (Würzburg, 1900), p. 179.]

[Footnote 704: "Statuit et declarat, ut hæc ipsa vetus et vulgata editio, quæ longo tot sæculorum usu in ipsa Ecclesia probata est, in publicis lectionibus, disputationibus, prædicationibus pro authentica habeatur; et ut nemo illam rejicere quovis prætextu audeat vel præsumat" (Denzinger, _Enchiridion_, etc. p. 179).]

[Footnote 705: "Nemo ... contra cum sensum, quem tenuit et tenet sancta mater Ecclesia, cujus est judicare de vero sensu et interpretatione Scripturarum Sanctarum, autetiam contra unanimem consensum Patrum, ipsam Scripturam Sacram interpretari audeat" (_ibid._ p. 180).]

[Footnote 706: "Non possum pati synodum pari pietatis affectu suscipere traditiones et libros sanctos: hoc enim, ut vere dicam quod seutio, _impium est_."]

[Footnote 707: "Si quis non confitetur, primum hominem Adam, cum mandatum Dei in paradiso fuisset transgressus, statim sanctificationem et justitiam, in qua constitutus fuerat, amisisse.... Anathema sit" (Denzinger, _Enchiridion_, etc. p. 180).]

[Footnote 708: "Tametsi in eis liberum arbitrium minime extinctum esset, viribus licet attenuatum et inclinatum"; in the first paragraph of the decree on Justification (_ibid._ p. 182).]

[Footnote 709: "Declarat tamen hæc ipsa sancta Synodus, non esse suæ intentionis comprehendere in hoc decreto, ubi de peccato originali agitur, beatam et immaculatam Virginem Mariam, Dei genitricem; sed observandas constitutiones felicis recordationis Sixti Papæ IV. sub poenis in eis constitutionibus contentis, quas innovat" (_ibid._ p. 182).]

[Footnote 710: Cf. above, pp. 520, 521.]

[Footnote 711: _History of Dogma_ (English translation), vii. 57.]

[Footnote 712: Seripando was made a Cardinal in 1561 by Pope Pius IV., who also sent him to the Council of Trent in that year as one of his Legates.]

[Footnote 713: "Cum omnes homines in prævaricatione Adæ innocentiam perdi dissent facti immundi ... ut non modo gentes per vim naturæ, sed ne Judæi quidem per ipsam etiam litteram legis Moysi, inde liberari aut surgere possent" (Denzinger, _Enchiridion_, etc. 182).]

[Footnote 714: "Hunc proposuit Deus propitiatorem _per fidem_ in sanguine ipsius pro peccatis nostris" (Denzinger, _Enchiridion_, etc. p. 183).]

[Footnote 715: "Ita nisi in Christo renascerentur, nunquam justificarentur, cum ea renascentia per meritum passionis ejus gratia, qua justi fiunt, illis tribuatur; pro hoc beneficio Apostolus gratias nos semper agere hortatur Patri, qui dignos nos fecit in partem sortis sanctorum in lumine, et eripuit de potestate tenebrarum, transtulitque in regnum Filii dilectionis suæ, in quo habemus redemptionem et remissionem peccatorum" (_ibid._ 183).]

[Footnote 716: "Translatio ab eo statu in quo homo nascitur ... in statum gratiæ et adoptionis filiorum Dei per ... Jesum Christum, salvatorem nostrum; quæ quidem translatio post Evangelium promulgatum sine lavacro regenerationis, aut ejus voto, fieri non potest" (_ibid._ p. 183).]

[Footnote 717: "Ut, qui per peccata a Deo aversi erant, per ejus excitantem atque adjuvantem gratiam ad convertendum se ad suam ipsorum justificationem eidem gratiæ libere assentiendo et co-operando, disponantur ..."]

[Footnote 718: Cf. i. 222 _f._]

[Footnote 719: He classed Cardinal Pole among heretics; Vittoria Colonna became suspect because she was "tilia spiritualis et discipula Cardinalis Poli, hæretici"; and the nuns of St. Catherine at Viterbo were noted as "suspectæ" from their intimacy with Vittoria (_Carteggio di Vittoria Colonna_, pp. 433 _ff._; Turin, 1889).]

[Footnote 720: "Symbolum fidei quo sancta _Romana_ Ecclesia utitur."]

[Footnote 721: "Through the mercy of God and the provident care of _His own Vicar upon earth_." Session vi. de reform, c. 1.]

[Footnote 722: Session xxv. de reform, c. 2.]

[Footnote 723: "We by apostolic authority forbid all persons ... that they presume without our authority to publish in any form any commentaries, glosses, annotations, scholia, or any kind of interpretation whatsoever touching the decrees of the said Council; or to settle anything in regard thereof under any plea whatsoever.... But if anything therein shall seem to any one to have been expressed and ordained obscurely ... and to stand in need of interpretation or decision, let him go up to the place which the Lord hath chosen, to wit, to the Apostolic See, the mistress of all the faithful, whose authority the Holy Synod also has reverently acknowledged."]

[Footnote 724: Llorente, _Histoire critique de l'Inquisition d'Espagne_ (Paris, 1818); Lea, _A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages_ (London, 1888); Reusch, _Der Index der Verbotener Bücher_ (Bonn, 1885); Lea, _The Spanish Inquisition_ (London, 1906); Symonds, _Renaissance in Italy, The Catholic Reaction_ (London, 1886).]

[Footnote 725: It is to be found in Gudenus, _Codex Diplomaticus_, iv. 469.]

[Footnote 726: "Wishing also to impose a restraint ... upon printers ... who print without licence of ecclesiastical superiors, the said books of Sacred Scripture, and the annotations and expositions upon them of all persons indifferently ... (this Synod) ordains and decrees, that, henceforth, the Sacred Scripture, and especially the aforesaid old and Vulgate edition, be printed in the most correct manner possible; and that it shall not be lawful for anyone to print, or cause to be printed, _any books whatever on sacred matters_, without the name of the author; nor to sell them in future or even to keep them by them, _unless they shall have been first examined and approved by the ordinary_; under pain of anathema and fine imposed in a canon of the last Lateran Council" (Sess. iv.)]

[Footnote 727: The original Index of Pope Paul IV. contained a list of no less than sixty-one _printers_, and prohibited the reading of _any book printed by them_. He afterwards withdrew this clause. But his Index gives a long catalogue of authors _all_ of whose writings are prohibited. It is, with one distinguished exception, a mere list of names; but it contains: "Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus cum universis commentariis, annotationibus, scholiis, dialogis, epistolis, censuris, versionibus, libris et scriptis suis, etiam si nil penitus contra religionem vel de religione contineant."]

[Footnote 728: Session xviii.--Decree anent the choice of books; Session xxv.--Anent the Index of books, the Catechism, Breviary, and Missal.]

[Footnote 729: Symonds, _The Renaissance in Italy: The Catholic Reaction_, i. 301.]

Transcriber's Notes:

In this version, underscores have been used to represent words in _italics_. Greek words have been transliterated and enclosed in equal signs (=logikê latreia=). The caret character has been used to introduce superscripts, e.g. xvii^{th}.

Other minor changes are described below: -------+-------------------------------+------------------ page | originally | changed to -------+-------------------------------+------------------ vii |Lemonier |Lemonnier xii |Freibourg |Freiburg 43 |Ausburger |Augsburger 49 |Landammann |Landamann 72 |Vallingin |Villingen 85 |Antoina |Antonia 116 n. |gestes marveilleux |Gestes merveilleux 148 |auto-da fés |auto-da-fés 162 |cas communs |cas communes 181 |d'Hopital |de l'Hôpital 234 n. |Geschiedeniss der Doopgezinden |Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden 237 |Daventer |Deventer 238 |Daventer |Deventer 254 n. |Philip |Philippe 254 |St. Omer's |St. Omer 261 [inserted second footnote anchor] 293 |Prag |Prague 312 |hopless |hopeless 358 |Büchlin |Büchlein 438 |Lichtenstein |Liechtenstein 445 n. |St. Galler |St. Gallen 447 |Ostreich-Ungern |Österreich-Ungarn 462 |striken |stricken 484 n. |Marrenbrecher |Maurenbrecher 564 |Taschensbuch |Taschenbuch 576 n. |Denzigner |Denzinger 581 |Crescenzio |Crescentio 614 |Ausberger |Augsburger 614 |Bekantones |Bekentones 617 |Chatelet |Châtelet 618 n. |Dilemburg |Dillenburg 619 |Eidgenots |Eidguenots 620 |Vallingen |Villingen 624 |Meersberg |Meersburg 625 |l'Ame |l'âme 626 |Gräbunden |Graubünden 628 |Heidelburg |Heidelberg 629 |Giorlamo |Girolamo 640 |Meyer, Johann |Maier, Johann (and moved respecting Index alphabetical order) 631 |Willebrock |Willebroek