CHAPTER VI.

THE INQUISITION AND THE INDEX.[724]

§ 1. _The Inquisition in Spain._

The idea conveyed in the term Inquisition is the punishment of spiritual or ecclesiastical offences by physical pains and penalties. It was no new conception in the Christian Church. It had existed from the days of Constantine. So far as the mediæval Church is concerned, historians roughly distinguish between the Episcopal, the Papal, and the Spanish Inquisitions. In the half-barbarous Church of the early Middle Ages, in which a curious give-and-take policy existed between the secular and civil powers, a seemingly consistent understanding was arrived at between Church and State, which may be summed up by saying that it was recognised to be the Church's duty to point out heretics, and that of the State to punish them--the Church being represented by the Bishops. This episcopal Inquisition took many forms, and was never a very effective instrument in the suppression of heresy.

In 1203, Pope Innocent III., alarmed at the spread of heresies through southern France and northern Italy, published a Bull censuring the indifference of the Bishops, appointing the Abbot of Citeaux his delegate in matters of heresy, and giving him power to judge and _punish_ heresy. This was the beginning of the Inquisition as a separate institution. It was an act of papal centralisation, and a distinct encroachment on the episcopal jurisdiction. The papal Inquisition, thus started, took root. It did not displace the old episcopal Inquisition; the two existed side by side; but the "Apostolic Tribunal for the suppression of heresy" was by far the more effective weapon. It was usually managed by the Dominican and Franciscan Orders.

The Spanish Inquisition took its rise in the closing decades of the fifteenth century. The Popes had frequently desired to see the papal Inquisition introduced into Spain, and leave had always been refused by the sovereigns, jealous of papal interference. Pope Sixtus IV. had gone the length of granting to his Legate, Nicolo Franco, "full inquisitorial powers to prosecute and punish false Christians who after baptism persisted in the observance of Jewish rites," but Isabella and Ferdinand did not allow him to exercise them. But the power and wealth of the _Conversos_--Jews who had nominally embraced Christianity--had made them detested by the Spanish people, and a large section of the clergy were clamouring for their overthrow. Thomas de Torquemada, the Queen's confessor, eagerly pressed the Inquisition upon his royal penitent, and at last the sovereigns applied to the Pope for a Bull to enable them to establish in Spain an Inquisition of a peculiar kind. It was to differ from the ordinary papal Inquisition in this, that it was to be strictly under royal control, that the sovereigns were to have the appointment of the Inquisitors, and that the fines and confiscations were to flow into the royal treasury. The Bull was granted (November 1st, 1478), but the sovereigns hesitated to use the rights it conveyed. After a year's delay, two royal Inquisitors were appointed (September 17th, 1480), and the first _auto-da-fé_, at which six persons were burnt, took place on February 6th, 1481. The succeeding years saw various modifications in the constitution of the Holy Office; but at last it was organised with a council, presided over by an Inquisitor-General, Thomas de Torquemada. He was a man of pitiless zeal, stern, relentless, and autocratic; and he stamped his nature on the institution over which he presided. The Holy Office was permitted to frame its own rules. The permission made it practically independent, while all the resources of the State were placed at its command. When an Inquisitor came to assume his functions, the officials took an oath to assist him to exterminate all whom he might designate as heretics, and to observe, and compel the observance by all, of the decretals _Ad abolendum, Excommunicamus, Ut officium Inquisitionis_, and _Ut Inquisitionis negotium_--the papal legislation of the thirteenth century, which made the State wholly subservient to the Holy Office, and rendered incapable of official position any one suspect in the faith or who favoured heretics. Besides this, all the population was assembled to listen to a sermon by the Inquisitor, after which all were required to swear on the cross and the Gospels to help the Holy Office, and not to impede it in any manner or on any pretext. The methods of work and procedure were also taken from the papal Inquisition. The Inquisitors were furnished with letters patent. They travelled from town to town, attended by guards and notaries public. Their expenses were defrayed by taxes laid on the towns and districts through which they passed. Spies and informers, guaranteed State protection, brought forward their information. The Court was opened; witnesses were examined; and the accused were acquitted or found guilty. The sentence was pronounced; the secular assessor gave a formal assent; and the accused was handed over to the civil authorities for punishment. When Torquemada reorganised the Spanish Inquisition, a series of rules were framed for its procedure which enforced secrecy to the extent of depriving the accused of any rational means of defence; which elaborated the judicial method so as to leave no loop-hole even for those who expressed a wish to recant; and which multiplied the charges under which suspected heretics, even after death, might be treated as impenitent and their property confiscated. The Spanish Inquisition differed from the papal in its close relation to the civil authorities, its terrible secrecy, its relentlessness, and its exclusion of Bishops from even a nominal participation in its work. Thus organised, it became the most terrible of curses to unhappy Spain. During the first hundred and thirty-nine years of its existence the country was depopulated to the extent of three millions of people. It had become strong enough to overawe the monarchy, to insult the episcopate, and to defy the Pope. The number of its victims can only be conjectured. Llorente has calculated that during the eighteen years of Torquemada's presidency 114,000 persons were accused, of whom 10,220 were burnt alive, and 97,000 were condemned to perpetual imprisonment or to public penitence. This was the terrible instrument used relentlessly to bring the Spanish people into conformity with the Spanish Reformation, and to crush the growing Protestantism of the Low Countries. It was extended to Corsica and Sardinia; but the people of Naples and Sicily successfully resisted its introduction when proposed by the Spanish Viceroys.

§ 2. _The Inquisition in Italy._

Cardinal Caraffa (afterwards Pope Paul IV.), the relentless enemy of the Reformation, seeing the success of this Spanish Inquisition in its extermination of heretics, induced Pope Paul III. to consent to a reorganisation of the papal Inquisition in Italy on the Spanish model, in 1542. The Curia had become alarmed at the progress of the Reformation in Italy. They had received information that small Protestant communities had been formed in several of the Italian towns, and that heresy was spreading in an alarming fashion. Caraffa declared that "the whole of Italy was infected with the Lutheran heresy, which had been extensively embraced both by statesmen and ecclesiastics." Ignatius Loyola and the Jesuits highly approved of the suggestion, and they were all-powerful with the Cardinal Borromeo, the pious and trusted nephew of the Pope. In 1542 the Congregation of the Holy Office was founded at Rome, and six Cardinals, among them Cardinals Caraffa and Toledo, were named Inquisitors-General, with authority on both sides of the Alps to try all cases of heresy, to apprehend and imprison suspected persons, and to appoint inferior tribunals with the same or more limited powers. The intention was to introduce into this remodelled papal Inquisition most of the features which marked the thoroughness of the Spanish institution. But the jealousy of the Popes prevented the Holy Office from exercising the same independent action in Italy as in Spain. The new institution began its work at once within the States of the Church, and was introduced after some negotiations into most of the Italian principalities. Venice refused, until it was arranged that the Holy Office there should be strictly subject to the civil authorities.

Although modelled on the Spanish institution, the work of the Holy Office in Italy never exhibited the same murderous activity; nor was there the same need. The Italians have never showed the stern consistency in faith which characterised the Spaniards. It was generally found sufficient to strike at the leaders in order to cause the relapse of their followers. Still the records of the Office and contemporary witnesses recount continuous trials and burnings in Rome and in other cities. In Venice, death by drowning was substituted for burning. The victims were placed on a board supported by two gondolas; the boats were rowed apart, and the unfortunate martyrs perished in the waters. The Protestant congregations which had been formed in Bologna, Faenza, Ferrara, Lucca, Modena, Naples, Siena, Venice, and Vicenza were dispersed with little or no bloodshed. A colony of Waldenses, settled near the town of Cosenza in the north-central part of Calabria, were made of sterner stuff. Nothing would induce them to relapse, and they were exterminated by sword, by hurling from the summits of cliffs, by prolonged confinement in deadly prisons, at the stake, in the mines, in the Spanish galleys. One hundred elderly women were first tortured and then slaughtered at Montalto. The survivors among the women and children were sold into slavery. Such was the work of the Counter-Reformation in Italy, and the measures to which it owed much of its success.

§ 3. _The Index._

Leaders of the Counter-Reformation in Italy like Popes Paul IV. and Pius V. were determined on much more than the dispersion of Protestant communities and the banishment or martyrdom of the missionaries of Evangelical thought. They resolved to destroy what they rightly enough believed to be its seed and seed-bed--the cultivation of independent thinking and of impartial scholarship. They wished to extirpate all traces of the Renaissance. In the fifteenth and first half of the sixteenth centuries, Italy had been "the workshop of ideas," the _officina scientiarum_ for the rest of Europe. The Inquisition, in Italy as in Spain, attacked the Academies, the schools of learning, above all the libraries in which the learning of the past was stored, and the printing-presses which disseminated ideas day by day. They had the example of Torquemada before them, who had burnt six thousand volumes at Salamanca in 1490 on pretence that they taught sorcery.

It was no new thing to order the burning of heretical writings. This had been done continuously throughout the Middle Ages. The episcopal Inquisition, the Universities, the papal Inquisition, had all endeavoured to discover and destroy writings which they deemed to be dangerous to the dogmas of the Church. After the invention of printing such a method of slaying ideas was not so easy; but the ecclesiastical authorities had tried their best. The celebrated edict of the Archbishop of Mainz of 1486, prompted by the number of Bibles printed in the vernacular, and trying to establish a censorship of books, may be taken as an example.[725]

Pope Sixtus IV. in 1547 had ordered the University of Köln to see that no books (_libri, tractatus aut scripturæ qualescunque_) were printed without previous licence, and had empowered the authorities to inflict penalties on the printers, purchasers, and readers of all unlicensed books. Alexander VI. had sent the same order to the Archbishops of Köln, Mainz, Trier, and Magdeburg (1501). In a _Constitution_ of Leo X., approved by the Lateran Council of 1515, it was declared that no book could be printed in Rome which had not been expressly sanctioned by the _Master of the Palace_, and in other lands by the Bishop of the diocese or the Inquisitor of the district; and this had been homologated by the Council of Trent.[726] From its reorganisation in 1543 the papal Inquisition in Rome had undertaken this work of censorship.

Outside the States of the Church the suppression of books and the requirement of ecclesiastical licence could only be carried out through the co-operation of the secular authorities; and they naturally demanded some uniformity in the books condemned. This led to lists of prohibited books being drawn up--as at Louvain (1546 and 1550), at Köln (1549), and by the Sorbonne, who managed the Inquisition for the north of France (1544 and 1551). Pope Paul IV. drafted the first papal Index in 1559. It was very drastic, and its very severity prevented its success.[727] It was this _Index Librorum Prohibitorum_ which was discussed by the Commission appointed at the Council of Trent.[728]

The Commission drafted a set of ten rules to be followed in constructing a list of prohibited books, and left the actual formation of the Index to the Pope. This new Index (the Tridentine Index) was published by Pope Pius IV. in 1564. His successor, Pius V., appointed a special Commission of Cardinals to deal with the question of prohibited books. It was called the Congregation of the Index, and although distinct from the Inquisition, worked along with it. Its work was done very thoroughly. Italian scholarship was slain so far as the peninsula was concerned. The scholarship of Spain and Portugal was also destroyed. Learning had to take shelter north of the Alps and the Pyrenees. So thoroughly was the work of prohibition carried out, so many difficulties beset even Roman Catholic authors, that Paleario called the whole system "a dagger drawn from the scabbard to assassinate all men of letters"; Paul Sarpi dubbed it "the finest secret which has ever been discovered for applying religion to the purpose of making men idiots"; and Latini, a champion of the Papacy, declared it to be a "peril which threatened the very existence of books."

The rules for framing the Index, drafted by the commission of the Council of Trent, are curious reading. The writings of noted Reformers, of Zwingli, Luther, and especially of Calvin, were absolutely prohibited. The Vulgate was to be the only authorised version of the Scriptures, and the only one to be quoted as an inspired text. Scholars might, by special permission of their ecclesiastical superiors, possess another version, but they were never to quote it as authoritative. Versions in the vernacular were never to be quoted. Bible Dictionaries, Concordances, books on controversial theology, had to pass the strictest examination at the hands of the censors before publication. The censors were directed to examine with the utmost care not merely the text, but all summaries, notes, indexes, prefaces, and dedications, searching for any heretical phrases or for sentences which the unwary might be tempted to think heretical, for all criticisms on any ecclesiastical action, for any satire on the clergy or on religious rites. All such passages were to be expunged.

North of the Alps the Index had small effect. It was impotent in lands where the Reformation was firmly established; and in France, papal Germany, and north Italy a class of daring colporteurs carried the prohibited tracts, Bibles, and religious literature throughout the lands.

The tremendous powers of suppression set forth in the Tridentine rules could not avoid doing infinite mischief to thought and scholarship, even if placed in the hands of qualified and well-intentioned men. But the censors were neither capable nor high-minded. Scholars refused the odious task. Commentaries on the Fathers were read by men who knew little Latin, less Greek, and no Hebrew. They were discovered extorting money from unfortunate authors, levying blackmail on booksellers, listening to the whispers of jealous rivals.

So effectually was learning slain in Italy, that when the Popes at the close of the sixteenth century strove to revive the scholarship of the Church and to gather together at Rome a band of men able to defend the Papacy with their pens, these scholars had to work under immense disabilities. Baronius wrote his _Annals_, and Latini edited the Latin Fathers, both of them ignorant of Greek, and both harassed by the censorship.

Some of the more distinguished leaders of the Counter-Reformation saw the dangers which lurked in this system of pure suppression. The great German Jesuit, Canisius, who did more than any other man for the maintenance and revival of the Roman Catholic Church in Germany, pointed out that destruction was powerless to effect permanent good. The people must have books, and the Church ought to supply them. He laboured somewhat successfully to that end.

§ 4. _The Society of Jesus and the Counter-Reformation._

Neither the Inquisition nor the Index account for the Counter-Reformation. Repression might stamp out Reformers in southern Europe; but faith, enthusiasm, unselfish and self-denying work were needed to enable the Roman Church to assume the offensive. These were supplied to a large extent by the devoted followers of Ignatius Loyola.

Roman Catholicism reached its ebb during the pontificate of Pius IV. It stood everywhere on the defensive, seeing one stronghold after another pass into the hands of a victorious Protestantism. Pius V., his successor, was the first fighting Pope of the new Roman Catholicism. He had behind him the reorganisation effected by the Council of Trent; the Roman Catholic revival of mediæval piety of which Carlo Borromeo, Philip Neri, and Francis de Sales were distinguished types; the Inquisition and Congregation of the Index; and, above all, the Company of Jesus. Romanism under his leadership boldly assumed the offensive.

In 1564 it seemed as if all Germany might become Protestant. The States which still acknowledged the Papacy were honeycombed with Protestant communities. Bavaria, the Rhine Provinces, the Duchy of Austria itself, were, according to contemporary accounts, more than half-Protestant. Nearly all the seats of learning were Protestant. The Romanist Universities of Vienna and Ingolstadt were almost deserted by students. Under the skilful and enthusiastic leadership of Peter Canisius, the Jesuits were mainly instrumental in changing this state of things. They entered Bavaria and Austria. They appeared there as the heralds and givers of education, and took possession of the rising generation. They established their schools in all the principal centres of population. They were good teachers; they produced school-books of a modern type; the catechism written by Canisius himself was used in all their schools (it transplanted into Romanism the Lutheran system of catechising); they charged no fees; they soon had the instruction of the Roman Catholic children in their hands. The astonished people of town and country districts began to see pilgrimages of boys and girls, conducted like modern Sunday-school treats, led by the good fathers, to visit famous churches, shrines, holy crosses, miraculous wells, etc. The parents were induced to visit the teachers; visits led to the confessional, and the confessional to the directorate. Then followed the discipline of the _Spiritual Exercises_, usually shortened to suit the capacities of the penitents. Whole districts were led back to the confessional--the parents following the children.

The higher education was not neglected. Jesuit colleges founded at Vienna and Ingolstadt peopled the decaying universities with students, and gave them new life. Student associations, on the model of that founded by Canisius at Köln, were formed, and were affiliated to the Company of Jesus. Pilgrimages of students wended their way to famous shrines; talented young men submitted their souls to the direction of the Jesuit fathers, and shared in the hypnotic trance given by the course of the _Spiritual Exercises_. A generation of ardent souls was trained for the active service of the Roman Church, and vowed to combat Protestantism to the death.

The Company had another, not less important, field of work. The Peace of Augsburg had left the management of the religion of town or principality in the hands of the ruling secular authority. The maxim, _Cujus regio ejus religio_, placed the religious convictions of the population of many districts at the mercy of one man. Many Romanist Princes had no wish to persecute, still less to see their principalities depopulated by banishment. Some of them had given guarantees for freedom of conscience and limited rights of worship to their Protestant subjects. The Jesuits set themselves to change this condition of things. They could be charming confessors and still more delightful directors for the obedient sons and daughters of the Papacy. They were invited to take charge of the souls of many of the Princes and especially of the Princesses of Germany. They set themselves to charm, to command, and, lastly, to threaten their penitents. Toleration of Protestants they represented to be the unpardonable sin. They succeeded in many cases in inducing Romanist rulers to withdraw the protection they had hitherto accorded to their Protestant subjects, who, if they stood firm in their faith, had to leave their homes and seek refuge within a Protestant district.

Thus openly and stealthily the wave of Romanist reaction rolled northwards over Germany, and district after district was won back for the Papacy. This first period of the Counter-Reformation may be said to end with the sixteenth century; the second, which included the Thirty Years' War, lies beyond our limit.

The savage struggle in France, culminating in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, did not belong to the New Roman Catholicism, and lay outside of what may be called the Counter-Reformation proper. The force of this new aggressive movement was first felt in the formation of the Holy League, which had for its object to prevent Henry of Navarre from ascending the throne of France. The League was the symbol in France of this Counter-Reformation. The Jesuits never attained a preponderating influence in that country until the days of Marie de Medici; but they were the restless and ruthless organisers of the Holy League. The Jesuit fathers, Auger, Henri Saumier, and, above all, Claude Matthieu, called the _Courrier de la Ligue_, worked energetically on its behalf. The Company issued tracts from their printing-presses asserting the inalienable rights of the people to govern and therefore to choose their rulers. They taught that while God had given spiritual power into the hands of one man, the Pope, He had bestowed the secular power on the many. Kings, they asserted, do not reign by any divine right of hereditary succession, but by the will of the people and of the Pope. Hence all Romanist France was justified in setting aside the King of Navarre and putting in his place the Cardinal of Bourbon, his uncle.

The arguments they laid before the English people were based on principles altogether different, even contradictory. There they extolled hereditary and legitimate succession. Elizabeth was illegitimate, and Mary of Scotland had divine rights to the throne of England. It is needless to relate the efforts made by the leaders of the Counter-Reformation to bring England back to the Papacy--the College at Douai, the English College at Rome, both erected to train missionaries for service against the heretical Queen; the mission of the Jesuits, Parsons and Campion. The student of history can scarcely fail to note one thing,--that the sailing of the Spanish Armada marks the flood-tide of the first period of the Counter-Reformation. After the ruin of the great fleet the first wave of the reaction seems to have spent itself. The League failed in France, and Henry IV. secured the rights of his Protestant subjects in the Edict of Nantes. The Hollanders emerged triumphant from their long war of liberation. Even in Germany the defeat of the Armada dates in a rough way the end of the impetus of the Romanist reaction. The German Protestants assumed the offensive again, and an energetic and aggressive Calvinism redeemed the halting character of the Lutheran Reformation.

Mr. Symonds, in his brilliant sketches of the forces at work to make the Romanist reaction, thinks that the part of the Jesuits in the Counter-Reformation has rather been exaggerated than insufficiently recognised. "Without the ecclesiastical reform which originated in the Tridentine Council; without the gold and sword of Spain; without the stakes and prisons of the Inquisition; without the warfare against thought conducted by the Congregation of the Index,--the Jesuits alone could not have masterfully governed the Catholic revival."[729] This is perhaps true; but what would all these things have come to apart from the activity of the Company of Jesus? They were little better than the mechanism to which the enthusiasm and the indomitable work bred from enthusiasm gave the soul. Stern, relentless, savage repression can do much. It can make a desert and call it peace; but it cannot requicken with renewed life. The gentle piety of Carlo Borromeo, the sweet languishing tenderness of Francis de Sales, the revived mediæval mysticism discernible in the Romanist reaction, had neither the religious depth nor the endurance needed for the times. Ignatius breathed the Spanish spirit, at once wildly visionary and intensely practical, into his Company, and they transfused it throughout the Church of the Counter-Reformation--the exalted devotion, the tenacity which no reverses could wear out, and the unquenchable religious hope. They ruled it as the soul governs the body.

It was the time of Spanish domination. Spain grasped the New World and hoped to subdue the Old. Her soldiers were the best in Europe. They dreamed of nothing but conquests. The Jesuits brought the Spanish spirit into the Church. Others might scheme, and wish, and wonder. They worked. They reaped the harvest which hard and unremitting labour gathers in every field. It was not for nothing that Adrian and other papal statesmen dubbed Luther another Mahomet; the word kindled in every Spanish breast the memory of their centuries of war with the Moslems and its victorious ending. If the gold and sword of Spain were at the service of the Counter-Reformation, it was the Spanish spirit incarnate in the Company of Jesus that made such dry bones live.

We must remember that in the first period of the Romanist reaction we have to do with the Jesuits of the sixteenth century, and must banish from our minds the history of the Order in the two centuries that follow. Its worst side had scarcely appeared. Its theory of Probabilism, by which directors were trained to transform all deadly sins, even murder, adultery, and theft, into venial offences, and casuistry became a method for the entire guidance of souls, belonged to a later period. It was not till the seventeenth century that the forgiveness of sins had been reduced by them to a highly refined art. Their shameless neglect of religion and morality, when the political interests of the Church and of the Society seemed to require it, was also later. What the depressed Romanists of the sixteenth century saw was a body of men whom no difficulties daunted, who spent themselves in training boys and girls and in animating them with religious principles; who persuaded boys and youths to attend daily Mass, to resort to monthly confession, to study the articles of their faith; who elevated that obedience, which for generations they had been taught was due to the earthly head of the Church, into a sublime religious principle.

All this the Romanism of the Counter-Reformation owed to those three unknown men, who crept into Rome through the Porto del Popolo during Easter 1538 to beg Pope Paul III. to permit them and their companions to enroll themselves in a new Order, for the defence of the faith.

It is true that men can never get rid of their personal responsibility in spiritual things, but multitudes will always attempt to cast the burden upon others. In all such souls the spirit of the Counter-Reformation lives and moves and has its being, and they are sustained, consciously or unconsciously, by that principle of blind obedience which its preachers taught. It is enough for us to remember that no weakened sense of personal responsibility and no amount of superstitious practice can utterly quench the conscience that seeks its God, or can hinder that upward glance to the Father in heaven which carries with it a living faith.

INDEX.

Aare, The, Swiss river, boundary between the Provinces of Mainz and Besançon, 23.

_Abjuration, Act of_, declaration of Dutch Independence, 267.

Abjuration of Papal Supremacy by the Church of England, 332.

_Act of Restraint of Appeals_ (England), 329.

_Act abolishing Diversity of opinion_ (England), 348.

_Act of Uniformity_ (Edward VI.), _The First_, 357, 360.

_Act of Uniformity_ (Edward VI.), _The Second_, 363.

_Act de heretico comburendo_, 374.

_Act of Uniformity_ (Elizabeth), 390 _ff._, 395, 401 _f._, 403, 419.

_Act of Supremacy_ (Elizabeth), 390 _ff._, 393 _f._, 397, 401, 408 _f._

Acts completing England's secession from Rome, 331.

Acts of Henry VIII. revived by Elizabeth, 393 and _n._

Adda, The (Val Tellina), 50.

Adrian VI., his ideas of the need of reformation, 496; a Dutch Ximenes, 497; an Inquisitor, 497; in Rome, 497; tries to reform the _Curia_, 498; the martyr of the Spanish Reformation, 499; failure in life, success after death, 500; 494, 610.

_Advertisements_ of Archbishop Parker, 406, 418 _n._

Advoyer, The, the chief Magistrate of Bern, 41 _n._

Agen, Reformed church at, 166.

Agrarian troubles in England, 345, 359, 387.

Agrippa, Cornelius, 64 _n._

Aigle, a district of the Pays de Vand, 67; Farel at, 67, 69.

Albert of Brandenburg, 3.

Alcala, College at, 491 _f._, 537.

Alciat, André, lecturer in Law, 95.

Aleander, Hieronymus, Papal Legate at Worms, in the Netherlands, 229.

Alençon, The Duke of, Francis, till 1574, then Duke of Anjou, 179 _n._, 203.

Alexander, of Arles, Peter, 358.

Alva, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of, 193, 255 _f._, 259, 262.

Amboise, Town of, 146, 310; Conspiracy of, 176; Edict of, 192.

Ammonius, Andreas, Latin secretary to Henry VIII., 316.

Amsterdam, 236, 239.

Anabaptists, The, outside the Peace of Augsburg, 5; in Zurich, 35; in the Netherlands, 224 _ff._; their origin, 235, 423, 432 _ff._; places of refuge, 238, 451; attempts to gain a town in the Netherlands, 238 _f._; old mood of describing, 430 _f._, 431 _n._; connection with the social revolt, 432; with the _Brethren_, 432; their organisation, 435; their hymns, 435, 449 _ff._; their strong individuality, 437; views on _Passive Resistance_, 438; their evangelists, 439; repudiated a State Church, 442; their "separation" from the world, 443, 461; persecutions, 236 _ff._, 445; in Switzerland, 445 _f._; in Münster, 459 _ff._; polygamy among, 463 _ff._; their views on Marriage, 464.

Andelot, Francis de, brother of Admiral Coligny, 172, 194.

Anduze, Huguenot stronghold, 201.

Angeles, Francisco de los, and Luther 495.

Angers, Reformed church at, 166.

Anhalt becomes Calvinist, 3.

Anna Reinhard and Zwingli, 36.

_Annates_ (England), 328, 331.

Anne of Cleves, 342, 347, 349.

Anti-Trinitarians, 422, 424 _f._

Antoine de Bourbon, titular King of Navarre, 20, 172, 175, 178, 181, 186, 192. See Bourbon.

Antwerp, 234, 254 _f._

_Apology, The_, of William of Orange, 267.

_Apostles, The Twelve_ (nickname), 252.

Apostolic Tribunal (Inquisition), The, 598.

Appenzell (Swiss Canton), 22, 46, 49.

Aquila, Bishop of, Ambassador of Philip II., 386.

_Archeteles_ (treatise by Zwingli), 33.

_Areopagitica, The_, 13.

Armada, Destruction of the Spanish, 212.

Arran, the Earl of, 281, 283, 298 _n._

Arthur, Prince of Wales, married to Catharine of Aragon, 322.

_Articles of Geneva_, 105 _ff._, 124.

_Articles, The Ten_, 333 _ff._

_Articles, The Six_, 348 _f._, 355, 358.

_Articles, The Forty-two_, 363, 411.

_Articles, The Thirty-eight_, 414 _f._

_Articles, The Thirty-nine_, 363, 411 _ff._, 415, 418.

_Articles of the order and government of the Church, The_, 417.

_Articles, The Twenty-one_ (Anabaptist), 459, 465.

_Articles, The Twelve_ (The Apostles' Creed), 518.

Arundel, the Constitutions of Thomas, 337.

Assembly of Notables (France), 177.

_Attrition_ and _Contrition_, as defined at the Council of Trent, 584.

Aubenas, Huguenot stronghold, 201.

Aubigny, Reformed church at, 166.

Augsburg, Peace of, Elizabeth's desire to take advantage of, 397, 405 _n._, 408, 414.

_Augsburg Confession_, 124, 341, 397, 415, 576.

_Augsburg Interim_, 567; 20.

Augsburger, Jacob, Reformer of Mühlhausen, 43.

_Aventuriers, Les_, in France, 144.

Aytta, Vigilius van, member of the Council of State for the Netherlands, 243.

_Babylonian Captivity of the Church of Christ_, 334, 494.

Baden (Switzerland), Diet at, 47.

Bale, John, 318.

_Band subscrivit by the Lords_, 289.

_Baptism, Ceremony of_, according to the Reformed rite, 69; first instance in Geneva, 83; Anabaptist mode of administering, 435; mode in Münster, 461.

_Baptism, Doctrine of_, defined at the Council of Trent, 581.

Barcelona, Ladies of, Ignatius' earliest disciples, 533, 561.

Barlaymont, Baron de (Netherlands), 243, 250, 255.

Barnes, Dr. Robert (England), 18, 340, 349.

Barricades, the day of (France), 211.

Barry, Godfrey de, Seigneur de la Renaudie (France), 175.

Basel, Bishopric of, 23, 64.

Basel, Town of, the Reformation in, 38; accepts Calvinism, 60; regulation of morals in, 109; 22, 25, 122.

Bastille, The, used as a prison for Protestants, 164.

_Bauny, qui tollit peccata mundi per definitionem_, 556.

Bavaria, 48; Anabaptists in, 449.

_Bearnese_, The, Henry IV. of France, 218.

_Beatæ_, Spanish Mystics, 530.

Beaton, David, Archbishop of St Andrews, Cardinal, 282 _f._, 345 _n._

Beatus, Rhenanus, Humanist, 18 _n._

Béda, Noël, leader of the Romanist party in the University of Paris, 94, 535.

_Beggars, The_, 250 _ff._ See _Wild-Beggars_, _Sea-Beggars_.

_Bekentones des globens und lebens der gemein Criste zu Monster_, 464.

Benedictines, Reformation among the, 509.

_Bentheim Confession_, 4 _n._

Ber, Hans, Anabaptist evangelist, 439.

Bern, The Reformation in, 40; _The Ten Theses_ of, 42, 45 _f._, 103; protects Swiss Protestants, 45, 63; seeks to evangelise Western Switzerland, 63, 66, 103 _f._; Liturgy of, in use in French Switzerland, 69, 117, 118 _ff._; demands a Public Disputation at Lausanne, 70; Synod at, 73; protects the Evangelicals of Geneva, 79 _f._; conquers the Pays de Vaud, 89; regulation of morals in, 109; commanding position in Western Switzerland, 116; _Consistory_ of, 117 _ff._; intercedes with Geneva on Calvin's behalf, 121 _ff._; 22, 48, 113, 129.

Bernard, Jacques, minister at Geneva, 131 _n._

Berquin, Louis, a French Lutheran, 18, 143.

Besançon, Archiepiscopal Province of, 23.

Bèze, Théodore de (Beza), 95, 155, 313; at Poissy, 186 _ff._

Bible, The English, 335, 337 _ff._, 389.

Biel or Bienne (Swiss Canton), 46; becomes Calvinist, 60.

_Bishops' Book, The_, 10, 319, 336.

Blaarer (Blauer), Ambrose, 43, 47.

Blandrata, Giorgio, Anti-Trinitarian, 426.

_Blast ... against the monstrous Regiment of Women_, 292, 296.

_Blaurock_ (Brother Jörg), 446 _f._

Blois, town of, 146, 166.

_Bloody Tribunal, The_, 255.

Boabdilla, Nicholas, Jesuit, 537, 557.

Bockelson, Jan (Jan of Leyden), arrived at Münster, 459; leader in Münster, 463 _ff._; introduced polygamy 465 _ff._

Bocquet, Christopher, a Dominican preacher in Geneva, 75; called a _Lutheran_ preacher, 75 _n._

Boekbinder, Bartholomaeus, disciple of Jan Matthys, 459.

Boleyn, Anne, 324, 331.

Bolsec, Jerome (Geneva), 130.

Bonner, Edmund, Bishop of London, 369, 374 _f._, 380 _f._, 389.

_Book of Common Order, The_ (Scotland), 306.

_Book of Communion, The_ (England), 356.

_Book of Discipline, The First_ (Scotland), 307.

Books, Index of Prohibited. _See Index._

Borgia, Francis, Duke of Candia, a Jesuit, 556.

Borromean League (Switzerland), 60.

Borromeo, Carlo, Cardinal, 60, 595.

Bourbon, _Antoine_ de (1518-1562), Duke of Vendôme, and through his wife, Jeanne d'Albret, titular King of Navarre, 20, 172, 175, 178, 181, 186, 192. _Louis_ de, brother of Antoine, Prince of Condé (1530-1569), Bourbon: married (1) Eléanor de Roye, (2) Françoise d'Orléans, 172, 175, 178 _f._, 187, 190 _f._ _Charles_ de, brother of Antoine (1523-1590), Cardinal de Bourbon, chosen King by the League as Charles X., 209, 216, 212 _f._ _Henry_, son of Antoine and Jeanne d'Albret, King of Navarre and King Henry IV. of France (1163-1610), recognised as leader of the Huguenots, 194; married to Marguerite de Valois, 197; becomes heir to the French throne, 206; declared by the Pope incapable of succeeding, 208; at Tours with Henry III., 214; succeeds as Henry IV., 216; his _Declaration_, 217; becomes a Roman Catholic, 219 _f._; grants the Edict of Nantes, 221. _Henry_ de (1552-1588), son of Louis of Condé and Eléanor de Roye, 195, 204, 208. _Antoinette_ de (1494-1583), aunt of Antoine de Bourbon, married Claude, Duke of Guise, the mother of the Guises, 190.

Bourg, Antoine du, the Chancellor, 146; the martyr, 160, 170, 174 _f._

Bourges, Calvin at, 95; church at, 166; 249.

Breda, 249.

Brederode, Henry, Viscount, 249 _f._

Bremen becomes Calvinist, 3.

_Bremen Consensus_, 4 _n._

Brès, Guido de, drafted the _Belgic Confession_, 272.

_Brethren, The_, 432 _f._, 434, 440, 445.

_Brethren of the Common Lot, The_, 226, 228.

_Brethren and Sisters of the Free Spirit, The_, 441.

Briçonnet, Guillaume, Bishop of Meaux, 11, 141 and _n._

Brill (Brielle) taken by the _Sea-Beggars_, 260.

Broet, Paul, the Jesuit, 537.

Brooks, James, Bishop of Gloucester, 378, 380.

Bruno, Giordano, 423.

Bucer, Martin, Reformer of Strassburg, 43, 73, 149, 358, 507, 519.

Buchanan, George, 281, 533 and _n._, 556.

Budé, Guillaume (Budæus), 12, 95.

Buenzli Gregory, teacher of Zwingli, 25.

Bullinger, Henry, successor to Zwingli in Zurich, on ecclesiastical excommunication, 111; influence in England, 360, 364, 402 and _n._, 437; 60.

Burgundy. See _Charles the Bold_.

Busche, Hermann von dem, of Marburg, 457.

Cachi, Jean, Rom. Cath. in Geneva, 86.

_Caffard_, 80.

_Cahiers_, list of grievances presented to the States-General, 182, 185.

Calvin (Cauvin), Jean, "atrocious mysteries of," 1 _n._, 415; doctrine of the Holy Supper, 58 ff., 412; on _substance_ and _presence_, 59, 412; preachers trained by, 71; youth and education, 92 _ff._; at the Colleges de la Marche and Montaigu, 93; at the College Fortet, 95; at Orleans and Bourges, 95; conversion, 95, 97; edition of Seneca's _De Clementia_, 12, 96; knowledge of the Classics and of Patristic, 96, 104, 109; joined the Protestant community in Paris, 97; writes the _Discourse on Christian Philosophy_, delivered by Nicolas Cop before the University of Paris, 98; in Basel, 99; in Geneva with Farel, 102 _ff._; at the _Disputation_ at Lausanne, 103; aimed at restoring the ecclesiastical usages of the first three centuries, 109; his idea of ecclesiastical discipline, 108 _ff._; believed that the secular power should enforce ecclesiastical sentences, 110; his views of ecclesiastical discipline not adopted by Geneva, 112; his _Catechisms_, 113, 306; his _Confession_ sworn to by the Genevese, 115; opposition to, in Geneva, 115-124; accused of heresy, 116; and the _Ceremonies of Bern_, 118 _ff._; at the _Synod of Lausanne_, 118 _f._; banished from Geneva, 74 _n._, 120; at the _Synod of Zurich_, 122; signs the _Augsburg Confession_, 124; settles at Strassburg, 124; asked to return to Geneva, 125 _f._; returns, 127; work in Geneva, provides a trained ministry, 132; plans for education, 133; influence on the French Protestant Church, 153 and _n._, 158; fond of Children, 154; as a writer of French prose, 155 and _n._; a democrat, 155 _f._; value of his theology for the Reformation, 156; influence on the organisation of the French Church, 164; discourages rebellion in France, 175; writes against iconoclasm, 183, 191; Renan and Michelet on, 159; influence on the Scottish Church, 305; at the _Regensburg Conference_, 523 _f._; 8 _ff._, 12, 16, 27, 138, 147 _f._, 305, 514, 557, 577.

Cambridge, 17, 276, 320.

Campeggio, Thomas, Bishop of Feltre, a Cardinal, in England, 323 _ff._; proposed that the Princess Mary should marry her half-brother, the Duke of Richmond, 323; at the Council of Trent, 570.

Canisius, Peter, a Jesuit, 557 _ff._, 591, 595, 605 _f._

Canon Law in the Elizabethan Church, 417 _f._

Canus, Alexandre, Reformed preacher in Geneva, 79.

Cany, Madame de, 158.

Capistrano, John of, a revival preacher in the Abruzzi, 502.

Capito, Wolfgang, 38, 43, 64 _n._, 453, 456.

Capucins, a reformation of the Franciscans, 507 _f._

Caraffa, Giovanni Pietro, Cardinal and later Pope Paul IV., member of the _Oratory of Divine Love_, 505; the _Theatines_, 509 _f._; character and training, 515; an Inquisitor, 601; his conduct as Pope, 585 _f._; 510, 545.

Carlyle, Thomas, on the Thirty Years' War, 2.

Caroli, Pierre, accuses Calvin of heresy, 116.

Carvajal, Juan de, Cardinal, 497.

_Cassel, Confession of_, 3, 4 _n._

Castellio, Sebastian, 130.

_Catechism, The Racovian_, 473, 477.

_Catechism of the Brethren, The_, 433.

Catechisms of the Reformed Church, the _Heidelberg_, 3, 4 _n._, 306; Calvin's, 113, 306; Craig's, 306.

Catharine of Aragon, 321 _ff._, 324, 330, 342, 388.

Catherine de' Medici, wife of Henry II. of France, begins to reign, 178; her children, 179 _n._; and ladies' side-saddle, 180 _n._; at Poissy, 186 _ff._; leader of the Romanist party in France, 192; matrimonial policy, 196; dies, 214; 173, 177, 180, 195, 211, 313.

_Cas communes_ and _cas privilégiés_, 162.

Cauvin, Gerard, father of Calvin, 92 _ff._; 95.

Cecil, Sir William, afterwards Lord Burghley, 19, 292, 295, 297 _ff._, 311 _f._, 386 _f._, 396.

_Ceremonies of Bern The_, 118 _ff._

Cervini, Marcello, Cardinal de Santa Croce, Legate at the Council of Trent, 566, 568 _ff._

Chablais, District of, 117.

Chambéry, 65.

_Chambre Ardente, The_, 162, 169, 290.

Chandieu, Antoine de, minister at Paris, 167.

Chapuis, Jean, Romanist in Geneva, 86.

Chapuys, Eustace, Ambassador of Charles V. in England, 330, 369.

Charles V., Emperor of Germany, disapproved of the Bern _Disputation_, 41; how he inherited the Netherlands, 225; consolidates the Netherlands, 226 _ff._; establishes the Inquisition there, 229; increasing severity towards Protestants, 231; Lutherans among his family, 233; abdicates at Brussels, 240; and Philip II., 240 _f._; persuaded that Protestants and Romanists may be re-united, 518, 523, 567; 225, 327, 358, 368 _f._, 371, 377, 496 _f._, 581.

Charles IX., King of France, 178, 186, 196, 198, 203 _f._

"Charles X.," the League King of France. See _Bourbon_.

Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, 22 _f._, 26, 225.

_Chateaubriand, Edict of_, 161 _f._, 169, 296.

_Châtelet, The Grand_ and _the Petit_, prisons in Paris, 164.

_Christian Civic League_ (Protestant), 48, 51.

_Christian Philosophy, Discourse on_, 98.

_Christian Union, The_ (Romanist), 48.

_Christianæ Religionis Institutio_. See _Institutio_.

_Church_, Calvin's _Doctrine of the_, 7, 110, 129.

_Church, Doctrine of the_, among the Anabaptists, 445.

_Church, Doctrine of the_, among the Socinians, 480 _f._

_Church, Doctrine of the_, at the Regensburg Conference, 521 _f._

_Classis_, ecclesiastical court in Dutch Church, 271.

Clement, Jacques, assassinates Henry III., 215 _f._

Clement VII. See Popes.

Clergy, dissolute lives at Geneva, 90 _n._; disliked in England, 319, 326.

Codure, Jean, The Jesuit, 537.

Cognac, a Huguenot stronghold, 194 _f._

Colleges in Paris, de la Marche, 93; de Ste Barbe, 98, 533 and _n._; de Montaigu, 94 _f._, 533; Fortet, 95; de Navarre, 97 _n._

Colleges founded in Spain by Ximenes, 491.

Colleges, French, seed-beds of the Reformation, 151.

Colet, Dean, 319, 334.

Coliguy, Gaspard de, Admiral of France, at the _Assembly of Notables_, 177; at the States-General, 182; at Poissy, 186; in La Rochelle, 194 _f._; attempted assassination of, 197; murdered by Guise, 199; 172, 184, 191, 196.

_Colloquy_, an ecclesiastical court in the French Protestant Church, 168.

Colloquy at Marburg, 50.

Colloquy at Poissy, 20, 186 _ff._

Colonna, Vittoria, 505 _f._, 508, 545, 559, 587 _n._

Colporteurs, French Protestant, 152.

_Commentary on the Psalms_, Calvin's, 97, 101.

_Communism_ among the Anabaptists, 438, 457, 461 _f._

Como, Lake of, 50.

_Company of Jesus, The_, the beginnings of the, 546, 548 _f._; its constitution, 550 _f._, 551 and _n._; power in the hands of the General, 552 _f._; limitations to his power, 553; rapid spread of the Order, 563; and the Council of Trent, 595; and the Counter-Reformation, 606; and education, 607.

_Compromise, The_ (Netherlands), 249.

_Complutensian Polyglot, The_, 492.

_Conciergerie_, Huguenot Prison in Paris, 164.

Concordat, The Spanish, of 1482, 491.

Conference at Westminster, 20, 400 _ff._

Confession, Augsburg, 1, 341, 415, 576.

Confessions of the Reformed Churches, 3, 4 _n._, 6 _n._; _Consensus Tigurinus_, 60; _Confession of Genecu_, 114; _Confession of Waldenses of the Durance_, 119; the _Belgic Confession_, 272 _f._; the Scots' Confession, 300, 302 _f._; the _Confession of the French Church_, 167 _f._; _Helvetic Confession_ (Second), 413.

_Congregation, The_ (in the Scottish Reformation Church), 289, 290, 299 _f._

_Congregation, The_ (in Western Switzerland), 105 _n._

_Congregation of the Holy Office, The_ (Inquisition), 601.

_Congregation of the Index, The_, 604 _f._

_Consilium ... de emendenda ecclesia_, 510.

_Consilium ... super reformatione sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ_, 511.

Consistorial ecclesiastical organisation, 4, 7.

_Consistory_, of Bern, 117, 122; of Geneva, 128 _f._; in the French Church, 165 _f._; in the Dutch Church, 270 _ff._

Constance, Bishop of, 30 _f._, 33, 34, 41, 47; bishopric of, 23; City of, 47 _f._; Lake of, 48.

_Consulta_, the confidential advisers of the Regent of the Netherlands, 243 _f._

Contarini, Gasparo, Senator of Venice and Cardinal, Member of the _Oratory of Divine Love_, 505; character and training, 513; and Calvin, 514; sent as Legate to Germany, 516 _ff._; at the Regensburg Conference, 519 _ff._; returns to Italy, 524.

Continental Divines in England, 358 and _n._

Convocation (England), 327, 329, _f._, 355, 363 _f._, 390, 411, 416, 418.

Cop, Nicolas, 12, 95, 98, 145.

_Cope_, 403 _f._ _n._, 406 and _n._, 407.

Coraut, Elie, the blind preacher of Geneva, 74 _n._, 119 and _n._, 120.

Cordier, Mathurin, teacher of Calvin, 93 and _n._, 94, 154.

Cortese, Gregorio, Abbot of San Giorgio Maggiore, 505, 509.

_Council General of the Union of Catholics_ (France), 213.

_Council of Sens_ (France), 144.

_Council of Tumults_, or the _Bloody Tribunal_ (Netherlands), 255.

Coutras, Battle of, 209.

_Covenants_ in Scottish Church History, 288 _f._, 299.

Cox, Dr., Bishop of Ely, 390, 402 _n._

Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, trial and martyrdom, 378 _ff._; _recantations_ of, 380; 8, 318, 329 _f._, 338, 349, 371, 379.

Craw (Crawar), Paul, in Scotland, 277.

Crescentio, Marcello, Cardinal, sole Legate at the second meeting of the Council of Trent, 581.

Cromwell, Thomas, Earl of Essex, 332, 343, 347, 348.

_Curia, The_, 30, 495, 498, 503, 511, 517, 586.

_Curialism_, at the Council of Trent, 571, 585, 591; its triumph there, 593.

Cybó, Caterina, Princess of Camerino, 506, 508.

Dalbiac, Charles, French Protestant minister, 181.

Damasus, Pope, 130.

Danès, Pierre, "royal lecturer" in Paris, 96.

Daniel, Francis, correspondent of Calvin, 97 _n._

Danube, River, 25.

Dathenus, Peter, metrical version of the Psalms in Dutch, 252.

Dauphiné, 39 _n._, 74.

Deventer, full of Anabaptists, 237 _f._

Davidis, Francis, Anti-Trinitarian, 429.

_Declaration of Bremen, The_, 3.

_Declaration of the Principal Articles of Religion_ (England), 411.

_Decretals, The_, 78.

_Decretum pro Armenis_, used at the Council of Trent, 583.

_Defensor Pacis, The_, of Marsiglio of Padua, 434.

Delft, Town of, 264.

Democracy and autocracy (Knox and Mary), 313.

Denck, Hans, Humanist and Anabaptists, 424, 435 _f._, 442.

Dendermonde, 255.

Dentière, Marie, wife of Froment, 74 _n._

_Device, The_ (England), 396.

Diane de Poitiers, 151, 173, 296.

Dieppe, John Knox at, 291.

_Diet, The Swiss_, at Luzern, 32; at Baden, 47.

Dillenburg, The Synod of, 4 _n._

_Discipline de l'excommunication_, 106.

Discipline, ecclesiastical, 108 _ff._, 305; opposition to, in Geneva, 115; how exercised in Geneva, 129; to be exercised through secular authority, 8 _f._, 111 _f._, 489.

_Discipline écclésiastique des églises reformées de France_, 168, 305.

_Discipline, First Book of_ (Scotland), 301, 304 _ff._

_Disputation, Public_, at Zurich, 34 _f._; at Basel, 39; at Bern, 40, 68; at Geneva, 85 _ff._, 88; at Lausanne, 103; at Zurich on Baptism, 445 _ff._; at Münster, 454; on Baptism, 457; the Leipzig, 495.

Divara, wife of Jan Matthys, 467, 469.

_Divorce, The_ (Henry VIII.), 324, 330 _f._, 340.

_Dizennier_, office in Geneva, 115.

_Dogmatic Tradition and the Inner Light_, 423.

Dorne, John, bookseller in Oxford (1520), 320.

Dufour, Louis, citizen of Geneva sent to persuade Calvin to return, 125.

Dundee, 17, 279, 293.

Dykes in the Netherlands, 245, 263.

Easter Day Communion in England, 398 _ff._

Ecclesiastical organization, in Geneva, 128, 132; in France, 164 _ff._; in the Netherlands, 270 _f._; in Scotland, 307 _f._; among the Anabaptists, 435.

Eck, Johann, the antagonist of Luther. See _Maier_.

Economic changes in England, 345 _f._; 359, 387.

Edicts, French, concerning the Reformation, of _Fontainebleau_, 147; of _Chateaubriand_, 161 _f._, 169, 296; of _Compiègne_, 163; of _Ramorantin_, 177; of _Amboise_, 192 _f._; of _Saint Germains_, 195; of _Beaulieu_, 204; of _Bergerac_, 206; of _Nemours_, 208; of _Nantes_, 19, 221 _ff._

Edinburgh, 293.

Edinburgh, University of, 307.

Edward VI. of England, 20, 367 _f._; 370, 389.

_Église plantée_ and _église dressée_, 165.

Egmont, Lamoral, Count of, 243, 247 _f._, 254 _f._, 258.

Egmont, Nicolas van, an Inquisitor, 230.

_Eidguenots_ of Geneva, 62.

Einsiedeln, 28, 30.

_Elders_ in the Scottish Church, appointed by the _Congregation_, 290.

Eléanor de Roye, wife of Louis of Condé, 172, 184.

Elizabeth, Queen of England, threatened excommunication, 1 _n._, 414 _f._; seizes Spanish treasure ships, 259; and Knox's _Blast_, 292, 296; dislikes Calvin's theology, 296; carefully watched during the reign of Mary, 369; her death recommended by Charles V., 371; succeeds to the crown, 385; declares herself a Protestant, 386 _ff._; looked on as a bastard and a heretic by the Romanist powers, 387; threatened with the fate of the King of Navarre, 388, 414; first Proclamation, 388; exhibits her Protestantism to her people, 389; difficulties of her government in the _alteration of Religion_, 390; her first Parliament, 391; shelters herself under the Peace of Augsburg, 397, 405 _n._, 414; communicates in both "kinds," 399 and _n._; 406, 408, 413, 415, 418, 420.

Emden, meeting of the Netherlands Protestants at, 271.

_Emden Catechism_, 4 _n._

Episcopal government in Switzerland, 23.

_Episcopus Universalis_, 332.

_Epistolæ obscurorum virorum_, 317.

Erasmians, the Spanish, 492.

Erasmus, and the Reformed Churches, 9 _ff._, 152; on Indulgences, 16; 25, 27 _f._, 30, 96, 152, 226, 230, 316, 320, 334, 337, 353, 478, 492, 513.

Erasmus circle at Basel, 436.

_Erastians_, 123, 129.

_Escadron volant de la Reine_, 203, 309.

Esch, Johann, martyr in the Netherlands, 224, 230.

Este, Cardinal Hippolito de, 188.

Estienne, Robert, Parisian printer, 93, 148.

_Excommunication_. See _Discipline_.

_Excommunication_ among the Anabaptists, 443.

_Exercitia Spiritualia_. See _Spiritual Exercises_.

_Exhorters_ in the Scottish Church, 305.

Faber, Johann, Archbishop of Vienna. See _Heigerlin, Johann_.

Faber, Peter, the Jesuit, 537, 545, 548, 557.

_Face of a Church_, the "Congregation" assumes the, 290.

Fagius (Büchlein), Paul, 358.

Farel, William, at Basel, 39; early life, 39 _n._; called a Lutheran preacher, 16 _n._; at Aigle, 67 _f._, 69; the apostle of French-speaking Switzerland, 67; baptized his converts from Romanism, 68 _n._; organises a band of evangelists, 71 and _n._; at Villingen, 72; sent by Bern to Geneva, 80; in Geneva during the siege, 84; attempt to poison, 84 and _n._; preaches in the cathedral at Geneva, 86; induces the Council of Geneva to abolish the Mass, 88; struggle against the evil morals of the town, 90; character and marriage, 91; joined by Calvin, 102; at the Lausanne _Disputation_, 103; his "congregation," 105 _n._; banished from Geneva, 71 and _n._, 115-124, 12, 45 _n._, 97, 109, 118 _ff._, 143.

Feckenham, Abbot of Westminster 400 _n._

Ferdinand of Austria, and the excommunication of Elizabeth, 1 _n._; on the Protestants in Vienna, 2; and the Anabaptists, 447, 449.

Feria, Count de, Ambassador of Philip of Spain, 388, 400.

Ferrar, Robert, Bishop of St. David's, 378.

Ferrara, Renée, Duchess of, 101, 505.

Ferriere, Sieur de la, 165.

Ficino, Marsiglio, and Marguerite of Navarre, 137.

Flag of the Swiss Confederacy, 21.

_Flying Squadron._ See _Escadron_.

Fontainebleau, Edict of, 147; 184 _f._

Foxe, Edward, Bishop of Hereford, 340 _f._

Foxe, John, the Martyrologist, 332.

Francis I. of France, alternately protects and persecutes the Reformers, 143 f., 145, 147 _ff._; Calvin's letter to, 147; founds the "Royal Lectureships" at Paris, 534 _f._

Francis of Assisi, 506 _ff._, 527.

Franciscans and the Reformation, 305.

Franciscans, reformation among the, 508 _f._

Frankfurt congregation of English exiles, 287; 20.

_Frankfurt Conference_, 124.

_Frankfurt Fair_, 18.

Frederick, Elector of the Palatinate, becomes a Calvinist, 3, 4 _n._

Fregoso, Fred., Archbishop of Salerno, 505, 510.

Freiburg, Swiss Canton, strongly Romanist, 43, 65, 75 _n._, 76, 84; 21.

_Frenchman, this (iste Gallus)_, 102 and _n._, 153.

Friesland, East, an Anabaptist place of refuge, 238.

Forest Cantons, and the Reformation, 41, 50; at war with Zurich, 49; 22.

Froben, printer at Basel, 27.

Froment, Antoine, at Villingen, 72; in Geneva, 74 _f._; his wife a preacher, 74 _n._; contest with Furbiti, 78 _f._; during the siege of Geneva, 84.

Furbiti, Guy, Romanist preacher in Geneva, 78 _ff._

Gallars, Nicholas des, minister of French Protestants in London, 186.

Gallen, St., 22, 47, 48, 60, 122, 437, 440.

Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester, 349, 352, 369, 371, 375.

Geelen, Jan van, an Anabaptist leader, 239.

Gemblours, 266.

Geneva, city of, history and constitution, 61 _ff._; parties in, 62; Bern and Freiburg, 63; "the gate of western Switzerland," 63, 89; town councils in, 63; Luther's writings in, 64 _n._; turbulent priests in, 77 and _n._; the affair of Furbiti in, 78-82; plot to seize the town, 82; besieged by the Bishop and the Duke of Savoy, 83; attempt to poison the Reformed preachers in, 84 and _n._; _Public Disputation_ in, 85 _ff._; Mass abolished provisionally in, 87; completely, 89; _Disputation_ before the Council, 88; becomes an independent republic, 89; motto _Post tenebras lux_, 89; evil living in, 90 and _n._; the _Articles_ of 105 _ff._; adopts the ceremonies of Bern, 118 _ff._; banishes Calvin and Farel, 120 _ff._; begs Calvin to return, 125 _ff._; the _ecclesiastical ordinances_ of, 128; _Consistory_ of, 128 _f._; the ministry in, 131 _f._; what Calvin did for, 130 _ff._; a city of refuge, 134; "the dogs of Geneva," 187; sends missionaries to the Netherlands, 233, 249; 6, 8, 45, 152.

Geneva, Bishop of, 61 _f._, 77, 116 _f._; Amadeus VIII. of Savoy, 62; Pierre de la Baume, 77, 82 _f._, 85, 89.

Geneva, Vidomne of, 62, 117.

Gentili, Anti-Trinitarian, 426.

German National Council feared by the Pope, 565 _n._

German Protestant opinion of Henry VIII., 341.

_German Vulgate_, 434.

Germany and the Counter-Reformation, 606 _f._

_Germany_, name given to an Inn at Cambridge, 320, 330.

Gex, district of, 117.

Ghent, city of, 265, 267.

Glapion, confessor to Charles V. and Luther, 494.

Glareanus (Heinrich Loriti). See _Loriti_.

Glarus, a Swiss Canton, 22, 27 _f._

Goch, John Pupper of, 226, 230.

Goderick, English lawyer, and his _Advice_, 389.

Gonzaga, Eleonora, Duchess of Urbino, 506.

Gonzaga, Ercole di, Cardinal of Mantua, principal Legate at the third meeting of the Council of Trent, 588.

Gonzaga, Julia, 506.

Grace, pilgrimage of, 346.

Grandson, in the Pays de Vaud, 43, 67, 72.

Granvelle, Antoine Perronet de, Cardinal and Bishop of Arras, 243, 519, 521.

Graphæus, Cornelius, 230.

Grassis, Matteo, founder of the Capucins, 507 _f._

Graubünden, the (Grisons), 22, 49 _f._

Grebel, Conrad, Humanist and Anabaptist, 436, 446 _f._

Grey, Lady Jane, 371.

Gribaldo, Giovanni Valentino, an Anti-Trinitarian, 426.

Grindal, Edmund, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, 402 _n._, 404.

Groot, Gerard, and the _Brethren of the Common Lot_, 226, 228.

Guest, Edmund, letter to Cecil, 398 and _n._

_Gueux, Les._ See _Beggars_.

Guipuzcoa, the district in which Loyola was born, 525.

Guises, the family of the, 151, 173 and _n._, 180, 209, 283, 295, 297.

Guise, _Francis_, Duke of, 170, 173, 177 _f._, 187, 189, 191 _f._, 296. _Charles_, brother of Francis, Cardinal of Lorraine, 163, 170, 173, 177, 187, 312, 588. _Louis_, brother of Francis, Cardinal of Guise, 189, 213. _Henry_, Duke of, son of Francis, 198 _f._, 208, 212 _f._ _Charles_, Duke of Mayenne, son of Francis, 213 _f._, 218.

Haarlem, Town of, 236 _f._, 261.

Hagenau, _Conference_ at, 124.

Hague, The, 236.

Haller, Berthold, Reformer of Bern, 40 _f._, 64 _n._, 68.

Hamilton, Patrick, 279 _f._

Hanseatic League, 279.

Hapsburg (the place), 21.

Heath, Dr., Archdeacon of Canterbury, 340 _f._

Hegius (Haag) Alexander, 226.

_Heidelberg Catechism_, 3, 4 _n._

Heigerlin, Johann (Faber), 26 and _n._, 30, 34, 512.

_Helvetic Confession, First_, 6 _n._

Henry II. of France, consistently persecutes the Protestants, 151.

Henry III., 204, 214.

Henry IV. See _Bourbon_.

Henry VIII. of England, his policy towards Scotland, 282 _f._; had defended curialist claims, 321; real doubts about the validity of his marriage, 322 _f._; security of the kingdom demanded a male heir, 323; expected the Pope to declare his marriage invalid, 324; appeals to the Universities, 326; _Supreme Head of the Church_, 327; uses the _annates_ to coerce the Curia, 328; separates from Rome, 330 _ff._; and the German Protestants, 340 _ff._, 347; his theological learning, 347; his will, 352; and Zwingli, 10, 315 _f._, 370, 417.

Henry of Condé. See _Bourbon_.

Hesse-Cassel becomes Calvinist, 3.

Hildegard of Bingen, 142 _n._

Hoen, Cornelius van (sacramental controversy), 53.

Hoffman, Melchior, 236 _f._, 438, 442, 444, 458.

_Homilies, The Twelve_ (England), 353.

Hoogstraten, 249.

Hooper, John, Bishop of Gloucester, 318, 353, 359, 364 _f._, 377 _f._

Hôpital, Michel de l', Chancellor of France, 177, 181, 186.

Hopkins, Thomas, metrical version of the Psalms, 355.

Hübmaier, Balthasar, Anabaptist, 434 _ff._, 442.

Hulst, Francis van de, Inquisitor, 230.

Humanism and the Reformed Churches, 9; and the Italian Reformers, 504, 507.

Humanism, Christian, 319.

Hus, John, 31.

Hussites, 92.

Hut, Hans, Anabaptist, 439.

Hymn-book of the Brethren, 435, 449 _ff._

Iconoclasm in Switzerland, 72, 87; in France, 145, 183, 191; in the Netherlands, 253, 267; in Scotland, 294; in Münster, 453.

Ignatius Loyola, family and early life, 525; on his sick-bed, 527; at Manresa, 527 _ff._; his visions, 527, 529, 532, 552; and Luther, 529, 532, 559; his mysticism, 530; at school at Barcelona, 532; imprisoned for heresy, 533; in Paris, 533 _ff._; considered doctrines as military commands, 536; in Italy, 545 _ff._; his preachers in Italy, 546; _Society of Jesus_ founded, 548 _f._; elected _General_, 549 _f._; seeks to win back Germany, 556 _ff._; his home mission work, 559; an educated clergy, 559.

Iles de Saintonge, Church at, 166. See _Saintonge_.

Illiteracy of English clergy, 353 _f._

Images, miraculous, destroyed, 344 and _n._; 352, 409.

_Index of Prohibited Books_, 602 _ff._; practice of burning books, 602 _f._; various list of, 603; 231 _f._; effect on learning, 605.

_Indulgence_, in Geneva, 64; long objected to in the Netherlands, 228; 16, 28.

_Injunctions_ in England, of 1536 (Henry VIII.), 334, 339; of 1538 (Henry VIII.), 335, 340; of 1517 (Edward VI.), 352; of 1554 (Mary), 374; of Elizabeth, 407, 410.

_Inner Light, The_, 423 _f._, 456.

_Inquisition_, three types of, 597; the Spanish, 598; proposed in France, 163, 169; in the Netherlands, 229, 256; in Italy, 470, 600 _ff._; 489, 492, 497, 531.

_Institutio, Christianæ Religionis_, based on the _Apostles' Creed_, 100; on ecclesiastical government, 129; what it did for the Reformation, 156 _f._; 99 _ff._, 147, 156, 159, 305, 514.

_Instruction_, Zwingli's, 35.

_Interim, The Augsburg_, 567.

Irish missionaries in Switzerland, 23.

Isabella of Castile and the Spanish Reformation, 490.

Isoudun, 166.

_Italian heretic Friars_, 386 _n._

Italy, religious condition of, 501 _f._; the peasants, 501; in the towns, 503.

Ivry, Battle of, 218.

James V. of Scotland, 281.

Jarnac, Battle, 194.

Jay, Claude, Jesuit, 537, 556, 557.

Jeanne d'Albret, daughter of Margaret of Navarre, wife of Antoine de Bourbon and mother of Henry IV. of France, declares herself a Protestant, 185; in La Rochelle, 194; consents to the marriage of her son with Marguerite de Valois, the daughter of Catherine de' Medici, 197; 172, 189, 195.

Jeanne de Jussie, chronicler nun of Geneva, 65 _n._; 74 _n._, 79 and _n._, 83 _n._; 117.

Jesuits. See _Company of Jesus_.

Jesuits in France, 608; in Germany, 606.

Jewel, John, Bishop of Salisbury, 391, 402 _n._, 404, 407, 413 and _n._

John Casimir in the Netherlands, 266.

John Frederick of Saxony and Henry VIII., 340, 317.

John George of Anhalt, 3.

Joinville, Chateau of, 190; Treaty of, 207; Prince of, 213.

Jon, Francis du, 249.

_Joyeuse entrée_ of Brabant, 246.

Jud, Leo, 111.

_Jurisdictionis potestas_, 332.

_Jus episcopale_ of Civil Rulers, 9.

_Justification of the Prince of Orange_, 258.

_Justification, The Doctrine of_, at the Regensburg Conference, 519 _ff._, 577; at the Council of Trent, 568, 576 _ff._

Kaiser, a Zurich pastor burnt as a heretic in Schwyz, 49.

Kampen, 237.

Kappel, First Peace of, 49; Second Peace of, 51; Battle of, 51; Charter of, 51.

_Kata-Baptists_, 423, 434.

Kessler, Johann, 47.

Kibbenbroick, Gerard, Anabaptist burgomaster of Münster, 460.

_Kinds_, taking the communion in both, a sign of Protestantism, 20, 399, 405 _n._

_King's Book, The_, 10, 337, 349.

Kirkcaldy of Grange, Sir William, 284.

_Kirk-Session_, ecclesiastical court in the Scottish Church, 308.

Klein-Basel, 25.

Knipperdolling, Bernhard, Anabaptist, burgomaster of Münster, 460; 425, 454 and _n._, 468.

Knox, John, early history, 285; galley-slave in France, 286; preaches in England, 286, _f._, 360, 362; in Switzerland and Germany, 287; marries Marjory Bowes, 288; in Scotland, 293; in Edinburgh, 299 _ff._; rapidity of his work, 308; and Queen Mary, 309 _ff._; and the Duke of Somerset, 359.

Kolb, Francis, preaches in Bern, 42.

Krakau (Cracow), a Socinian centre, 472.

Kuiper, Willem de, a disciple of Jan Matthys, 459.

Lainez, Diego, Jesuit, 188, 537, 455, 548, 552, 556, 577 _f._, 595.

Lambert, Francis, 64 _n._

Lasco, John à, Polish refugee in England, 358.

Latimer, Hugh, Bishop of Worcester, 371, 378, 382.

Laud, Archbishop, 355.

Lausanne, Bishop of, refuses to come to the Bern _Disputation_, 41, 44.

Lausanne, Bishopric of, 23, 67, 70.

Lausanne, part of the Pays-de-Vaud, 67, 113, 116, 152; reformation in, 70, 89, 125.

League, The _Perpetual_ (Forest Cantons), 21; of _Brunnen_, 21; of the _House of God_ (Rhætia), 22; _The Grey_ (Grisons), 22; of the _Ten Jurisdictions_, 22; _The Three perpetual, of Rhætia_, 22; _Christian Civic_, 48; _Borromean_, 60; _The League_ against the Huguenots, how it arose, 205 _ff._; becomes disloyal, 207, 209, 212, 608; _The League of Paris_, 207; the _Sixteen_, 210.

Leclerc, Jean, French Protestant martyr, 143.

Leclerc, Pierre, Minister at Meaux, 150.

Lecturers, Royal. See _Royal_.

Lefèvre d'Étaples, Jacques (Faber Stapulensis) and Humanism, 11; and Luther, 15, 74, 97; wishes to restore the practices of the Church of the first three centuries, 109; inspired the "group of Meaux," 141; anticipated Luther, 141; translated the Bible into French, 142; a mystic, 142 _n._

Leib, Kilian, Salzburg chronicler, and the Anabaptists, 448.

Leith, 17, 279.

Lenten Fasting, 31.

Lesley, Norman, 284.

Lethington, William Maitland of. See _Maitland_.

Leyden, Anabaptist attempt on, 239; siege of, 263; University of, 264.

Leyden, Jan of. See _Bockelson_.

_Libertines_ in Geneva, 116.

Lindau, 48.

Lindsay, Sir David, Scottish satirist, 278.

Lollards, in England, 316 _f._, 374; and Anabaptists, 440 _f._

_Lords of the Congregation_ (Scotland), 289, 293, 299, 420.

Loriti, Heinrich of Glarus (Glareanus), Swiss Humanist, 18 _n._, 25 _n._, 29.

Lorraine, The Cardinal of. See _Guise_.

Louis of Condé. See _Bourbon_.

Louis of Nassau. See _Nassau_.

Louise of Savoy, mother of Francis I., 137, 141.

Louvain, University of, and list of Prohibited Books, 603.

Loyola, Ignatius. See _Ignatius_.

Lupulus. See _Wölfflin_.

Luther, on clerical marriage, 37; influence on the Reformed Churches, 13 _ff._; anticipations of his teaching, 15, 141; and Zwingli, 27, 50; theory of the Eucharist, 56, 412 _f._; 16 _ff._, 24, 53, 124, 141, 148, 154, 341, 354, 405 _n._, 421, 452, 473, 493, 507, 529, 570, 578.

Luther's writings known in France, 142; in England, 320; in Geneva, 64 _n._; in Scotland, 279.

Lutheran theologians invited to France, 146.

_Lutheran_, a name applied to all Protestants, 16 and _n._, 65, 79 _n_., 150, 330, 600.

Lutherans lost part of Germany to the Reformed, 3.

Lutzern, 22, 47 _f._; Diet at, 32.

Lyons, Church at, 166.

Maçon, Jean le, first Protestant minister in Paris, 166.

Macronius, Martin, 364.

Madruzzo, Bishop of Trent and Cardinal, 567 _ff._, 574, 581.

Madruzzo, Ludovico, Bishop of Trent, 588.

Maier, Johann, of Eck, 26.

Mainz, Archiepiscopal Province of, 23.

Maitland, William, of Lethington, 19, 304, 310, 312.

_Mamelukes_ (in Geneva), 62.

Mangin, Étienne, of Meaux, 150.

Manresa, Dominican Convent at, 527; Ignatius Loyola at, 528.

Mantes, Assembly of French Protestants at, 221.

Manuel, Nicholas, artist in Bern, 40.

Manz, Felix, Swiss Anabaptist martyr, 446 _f._

Marais-Saint-Germain, Rue de, 174.

Marburg Colloquy, the, 50.

Marcourt, Antoine, author of the _Placards_, 146.

Margaret of Parma, 242, 248, 250, 252, 257.

Marguerite d'Angoulême, sister of Francis I., married the King of Navarre, education and character, 136 _ff._; her Christian Platonism, 137; relations with Briçonnet, 138; with Luther and Calvin, 138; the _Heptameron_, 140; accused of heresy, 145; 11, 74 _n._, 97 _n._, 136 _n._, 143, 505 _f._, 534 _f._

Marguerite de Valois, daughter of Catherine de' Medici, married to Henry IV., 197.

Marignano, Battle of, 28.

Marnix, John de, 254.

Marot, Clement, his French Psalms in Geneva, 106 _n._, 148; in Paris, 172; 93, 146.

Marriage, regulations for, in Geneva, 105 _f._; of the clergy, 355; "clerical," 36; 33, 42.

Marsiglio Ficino, 137.

Marsiglio of Padua, 434.

_Martha Houses_ (Jesuit), 561.

Martyr Vermigli, Peter, 358.

Martyrs, in England under Queen Mary, 376 _ff._; in the Netherlands, 224, 230 _f._; in Scotland, 280 _f._; in France, 148 _ff._

Mary of Burgundy, daughter of Charles the Bold and grandmother of Charles V., wife of Maximilian, 225.

Mary of Guise or Lorraine, sister of Francis Duke of Guise, and Queen of James V. of Scotland, 20, 290, 293 _f._, 386.

Mary of Hungary, Regent of the Netherlands, 233, 240, 518.

Mary, Queen of England, reaction under, 368 _ff._; marries Philip, prince of Spain; Papal supremacy restored, 373; Romanist legislation, 373 _f._; scruples about possession of ecclesiastical lands, 382; death, 383 _ff._; 292, 346, 380.

Mary, Queen of Scotland, educated in France, 283; "the little Queen," 283; refuses to ratify the acts of the reforming Estates, 309; in Scotland, 309 _ff._; her coming dreaded, 309; 281, 292, 310.

Massacres, at Vassy, 190; at Sens, 190; at Toulouse, 190; at Rouen, 190; at Paris, 190; of St. Bartholomew, 198 _f._, 261, 608; at Zutphen, 261; at Haarlem, 261.

_Matthew, Thomas_, of Matthew's Bible, 339.

Maubert, Place, where the Protestants were burnt, 148.

Mayenne, Duke of. See _Guise_.

_Meaux, The group of_, 11 _f._, 67, 97, 109, 137 _ff._, 145.

_Meaux, the Fourteen of_, 148, 150.

Meaux, Protestant Church in, 165 _f._

Mechlin burnt by the Spaniards, 261.

Medici, Giovanni Giacomo de', a condottiere, 50.

Meersburg, 47.

Melanchthon, 4 _n._, 148, 154, 340, 507, 519 _ff._, 557.

_Melchiorites_, The, 438; in Münster, 458; on _separation_, 465.

Mendoza, Pedro, Archbishop of Toledo and Cardinal, 490.

_Merindol, Arrêt de_, 149.

Merlin, Jean Raymond, 184.

Meyer, Sebastian, Reformer of Bern, 40.

Michelet, Jules, on Calvin, 159.

Milhaud, a Huguenot stronghold, 201.

Milton, John, 13.

Ministry in the Reformed Churches, 131.

Mirabel, a Huguenot stronghold, 201.

_Miroir de l'âme pécheresse_, 97 _n._, 98.

Molard, The, in Geneva, 77.

Monasteries, The dissolution of the, 343.

Moncontour, Battle of, 195.

Monnikendam, 237.

Montauban, Huguenot stronghold, 195, 201 _f._, 223.

Monte Cassino, 509.

Monte, Gian Maria Giocchi, Cardinal del, later Pope Julius III., 566, 581.

Montmor, The family of, with whom Calvin was educated, 92.

Montmorency, The Constable de, 151, 170, 173, 178, 189, 191, 193.

Montpellier, Huguenot stronghold, 223.

Montpensier, Duchess of, a Leaguer, 210, 216.

Montrose, 279.

Morals, municipal legislation concerning, 108, 123 _n._, 129; standard of, low in Western Switzerland, 113.

Morat, part of the Pays de Vaud, 43, 47.

Moray, James Stewart, Earl of, 291, 310.

More, Sir Thomas, 317, 319, 321, 325, 337 _f._

Morel, minister in Paris, 186.

Morgarten, the battle of, 21, 26.

Mornay du Plessis, Madame, way she dressed her hair, 168 _n._

Morone, Giovanni de Cardinal, 512, 516, 524, 586, 591, 595.

_Mortal sin_, Jesuits wary of charging their penitents with, 555.

Muète, Guérin, a leading evangelical in Geneva, 76.

Mühlhausen, 43, 60, 122.

Müller, Hans of Medikon, Anabaptist, 441.

Mundt, Dr. Christopher, Cecil's agent in Germany, 296 and _n._

Municipal life in the Netherlands, 225.

Münster, Bishop of, 453, 454.

Münster, city of, enrolled in the Schmalkald League, 455; besieged during the whole period of Anabaptist rule, 462; fall of, 468.

_Münster, Kingdom of God in_, 431, 438, 451 _ff._

_Mysticism, Spanish_, 490, 530 _ff._, 547, 571.

Nacchianti, Bishop of Chioggia, on Tradition and Scripture, 574.

Nancy, 207.

Nantes, Edict of, 19, 221 _ff._

_Nassau Confession_, 4 _n._

Nassau, _William_ of, Prince of Orange, at the abdication of Charles V., 240; member of the Council of State for the Netherlands, 243; protests against the treatment of the Netherlands, 247; not deceived by Philip's duplicity, 253; his _Justification_, 258; chosen Stadtholder, 260; Governor of the Seventeen Provinces, 266; reward offered for his assassination, 267; his _Apology_; 267; assassinated, 268; how he acquired the Principality of Orange-Chalons, 268 and _n._; his wives, 269 _n._; his character, 268 _f._

_Louis_ of, 249, 252, 260, 263.

_Nassouwe, Wilhelmus van_, 261.

National characteristics reappear in the various Reformed Churches, 19.

Nemours, Duchess of, 216.

Nérac, capital of French Navarre, 139, 185.

Neuchâtel, 43, 73, 89, 125, 146.

Neuville, 89.

_New Learning, The_, 26, 137, 141, 359, 492, 515.

Nicene Creed, 130; at the Council of Trent, 593.

Nimes, 165, 201, 202.

Nisbet, Murdoch, translated the New Testament into Scots, 277 _n._

Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of, 359.

_Notables, Assembly of_ (France), 177.

_Notables, Assembly of_ (England), 326.

Novara, Battle of, 28.

Noyon, Birthplace of Calvin, 92.

Nuns, in Geneva, 90; none among the Jesuits, 561.

Ochino, Bernardino, 358.

Oebli, Hans, Landamann of Glarus, 49.

Oecolampadius, Johannes (Heusgen), at Basel, 39; on excommunication, 112; 149, 320.

Oldenbarneveldt, John of, 269.

Olevianus, Caspar, 4 _n._

Olivétan, Pierre Robert, translator of the Bible into French, 95.

Ollon, part of the Pays de Vaud, 67.

Orange, Prince of. See _Nassau_.

Orange, Principality of Orange-Chalons, 268 _n._

_Oratory, Chambers of_ (Netherlands), 226.

_Oratory of Divine Love, The_, 505, 509 _f._

Orbe, part of the Pays de Vaud, 67.

_Ordinis Potestas_, 332.

_Ordonnances ecclésiastiques de l'Église de Genève_, 107, 128 _f._, 131.

Orleans, Calvin at, 95; church at, 166; 146, 181.

Ormonts, part of the Pays de Vaud, 67.

Oxford, 17, 276, 320.

_Pacification of Ghent_, 265 _f._, 267.

Palatinate, becomes Calvinist, 3.

Pampeluna, Ignatius Loyola, at the siege of, 526.

Pane, Roletus de, Romanist in Geneva, 88.

Pantheist Mysticism, 422, 424.

Paraphrases, Erasmus', in the Church of England, 353.

Paris, Luther's writings in, 18 and _n._; affair of the _Placards_, 145; prisons in, 164; _League_ of, 207 _ff._

Paris' students songs, 535 _f._

Parker, Dr. Matthew, Archbishop of Canterbury, 404, 409, 417.

Parkhurst, John, Bishop of Norwich, 402 _n._, 416.

_Parlement_, of Paris and the Reformation, 142 _f._, 144, 146, 160, 162 _f._, 169, 170, 171, 174, 185, 213, 220, 535, 556.

_Parlement_, of Aix, 147, 149; of Bordeaux, 147, 217; of Dijon, 176; of Rouen, 147; of Toulouse, 147, 171.

_Parlements_, French, 163 _n._, 217.

_Parliament for the enormities of the Clergy_, 326, 327.

Parma, Alexander Farnese, Duke of, 218, 220, 249, 266.

Parma, Margaret of. See _Margaret_.

_Patrick's Places_, 280 _n._

_Patrimony of the Kirk_, 306.

Paul IV., Pope, 1 _n._, 163, 169. See _Caraffa_.

Paul, Martin, of the Graubünden, 50.

Payerne, 64, 89.

Pays de Vaud, 66, 84, 89, 103, 109, 116 _f._

_Peace of Monsieur_, 204.

Peasantry, Italian, religious condition, 501; devotion to Francis of Assisi and his imitators, 502.

_Peasants' War, The_, 54.

_Penance, Doctrine of_, at the Council of Trent, 584.

Penney, 117.

Penz, Jörg, pupil of Albrecht Dürer, Anabaptist, 436.

_Picards_, 11, 92.

Picardy, character of the people, 92.

Pictures in Churches (Zurich), 35, 42.

Philip of Hesse and the Anabaptists, 447, 455, 458; 58.

Philip II. of Spain, compared with Charles V., 240 _f._; policy of extirpation of Protestants, 241; minute knowledge of Netherlands' affairs, 243 _n._, 244.

Pius V., 196, 595.

_Placards_ (manifestoes) in Geneva, 64 _f._; in Paris, about the Mass, 145.

_Placards_ (Government proclamations against the Protestants) in the Netherlands, 242, 245, 247, 256, 265.

_Platonism, Christian_, 11, 137.

Poissy, _Colloquy_ of, 20, 186 _ff._, 313; _Conference_ at, 188; _Edict_ of, 188.

Poitiers, Church at, 166 _f._

Pole, Reginald, Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal, member of the _Oratory of Divine Love_, 505; Legate at the Council of Trent, 566; 372, 377, 381 f., 510, 524, 587 _n._

_Politiques, Les_, 203.

_Polonorum, Bibliotheca Fratrum_, 472.

_Polygamy_, in Münster, 463 _ff._

_Post tenebras lux_, 89.

Pope, the _Primacy_ of the, 33, 492; Swiss Bodyguard of the, 23; power limited by the Peace of Augsburg, 1 and _n._, 405, 414; and Bishops at the Council of Trent, 592 _f._ See _Curialism_.

Popes mentioned: Innocent III. (1198-1216), 597. Julius II. (1503-1521), 322, 371. Leo X. (1513-1523), 180, 319 _f._ Adrian VI. (1522-1523), 494, 496 _ff._ Clement VII. (1523-1534), 64, 324; advises Henry VIII. to bigamy, 325, 510. Paul III. (1534-1549), Reforms under, 510, 512; 345, 357, 470, 500, 510, 548, 550, 581; and the Council of Trent, 565 and _n._, 581. Julius III. (1550-1555), Council of Trent under, 565 and _n._, 581. Marcellus II. (1555), 585. Paul IV. (1555-1559), Council of Trent under, 565 and _n._, 591, 594; 245. Pius IV. (1559-1565), his policy of reformation, 595. Pius V. (1566-1572), 196. Sixtus V. (1580-1590), 208.

_Præmunire, Statutes of_, 325.

_Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges_, 183.

_Prayer-Book of King Edward VI., The First_, 356 _f._, 361, 403 _n._

_Prayer-Book of King Edward IV., The Second_, 287, 290 and _n._, 361 _f._, 395 _f._, 398, 401, 403 and _n._, 405.

_Prayer-Book of Elizabeth_, 396 _ff._, 401, 404, 419.

_Praying Circles_ or _Readings_ among the _Brethren_, 433.

_Pre-aux-Clercs, The_, Psalm-singing at, 172, 183; 165.

_Presence of the Body of Christ in the Sacrament of the Supper_, 411 _ff._

Privas, a Huguenot stronghold, 201.

Privileges of Nobles in France in the Sixteenth Century, 171.

_Processions expiatory_, in Paris, 146.

_Proclamations about religion_, by Mary, 370; by Elizabeth, 388.

_Psalms_, Calvin's _Commentary on the_, 97, 101.

Psalms, Singing of the, in the vernacular, 106 and _n._, 183, 251 _f._; in the Netherlands, 251; in England, 355; Clement Marot's, 172 and _n._, 252.

_Pseaumes_ included religious canticles, 107 _n._

_Purgatory, The Doctrine of_, attacked, 31, 33, 42.

_Puritanism_, the beginnings of, 364.

Puy, Cardinal du, Prefect of the Inquisition, 378.

_Queen, The little_, 282 _f._

Quignon, Cardinal, a liturgist, 357.

Quintin, Dr., speaker for the clergy at the States-General of 1560, 182.

Randolph, Sir Thomas, Elizabeth's Ambassador in Scotland, 303, 311.

Ratisbon. See _Regensburg_.

_Readers_ in the Scottish Church, 305.

_Readings_, 433.

_Rebaptism_, 68 _n._; 424, 447.

Reformation of the Mediæval Church demanded by all, 484.

Reformed Churches, Confraternity among the, 20; Confessions. See _Confessions_.

Reformers in Italy, 503 _f._

_Regensburg, The Conference at_, 519 _ff._; was the parting of the ways, 523.

Regents in the Netherlands, _Margaret of Austria_, 225; _Mary_, widowed Queen of Hungary, 233, 242; Margaret of Parma, 242, 248, 250, 252, 257; the Duke of Alva, see _Alva_; Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, see _Parma_.

_Relics_ destroyed in England, 343, 344 and _n._

_Religion, Those of the_, 160.

_Religion, The alteration of_, 396.

Renaissance, The, 6, 8.

Renan, Ernest, on Calvin, 159.

Renard, Simon, envoy of Charles V. in England, 377.

Renato, Camillo, 426.

Renaudie, Godefroy de Barry, Seigneur de la, 175.

Renée, Duchess of Ferrara. See _Ferrara_.

Requesens-y-Zuniga, Don Louis, 262.

_Request, The_ (Netherlands), 250.

_Reservatio ecclesiastica_, 2.

_Restitution, The_, defends polygamy in Münster, 467.

Rhætia, 22.

Richmond, Henry Fitzroy, Duke of, 323.

Ridley, Nicholas, Bishop of London, 318, 359, 360, 364 _f._, 371, 378, 382.

Riots in Geneva, 81, 87.

Rocco di Musso, on the Lake of Como, 50.

Rocheblond, Sieur de la, founder of the _Paris League_, 207 _f._

Rochelle, La, Huguenot stronghold, 194 _f._, 201, 223.

Rodriguez, Simon, Jesuit, 537, 556.

Rogers, John, 339, 377.

Roll, Heinrich, Anabaptist, 456.

Roman Civil Law and ecclesiastical rule, 8.

Romanist reaction in Europe, 387.

Roser, Isabella, and Ignatius Loyola, 561 and _n._, 562.

Rothmann, Bernhard, Anabaptist leader in Münster, 452 _ff._; his _Theses_, 454; doctrine of the Holy Supper, 455 _f._; accepts polygamy with difficulty, 465 _f._; death, 468.

Rotterdam, 11.

_Rotuli Scotiæ, The_, 276.

Röubli, William, first Swiss priest to marry, 37.

Rouen, Church at, 166.

Rough, John, Scottish preacher, 285.

Roussel, Gerard, 97, 109.

_Royal Lecturers_ in Paris, 95, 98.

_Rubric, The Black_, on kneeling at the Lord's Supper, 362, 405 _n._

_Rubric, Ornaments_, of 1559, 405 and _n._

_Rule of Faith, Doctrine of the_, at the Council of Trent, 568, 572 _ff._

Ruysbroec, Jan van, the Mystic, 226.

Sacrament of the Holy Supper, ought to be celebrated weekly, 105 and _n._; both "kinds" partaken, 355, 394; discussed at the Regensburg Conference, 522 _f._; Doctrine of, defined at the Council of Trent, 568, 582 _ff._

Sacramental Controversy, Bern _Theses_ and the, 52; in the Netherlands and the Rhine Provinces, 52; Carlstadt's views, 53; Zwingli's views permeate German cities, 53; controversy complicated by political ideas, 54; common thoughts about the Sacrament of the Holy Supper, 54; Eucharist and Mass, 55; Zwingli's theory, 55; Luther's theory, 56; Calvin's theory accepted in Switzerland, 59; and in part of Germany, 60.

_Sacramentarians_, name given to the followers of Zwingli, 146.

Sadoleto, Giacomo, Cardinal, 507, 510.

Saint-André, Marshal, 184, 190, 192.

Saint Andrews, 285.

Saint Bartholomew, Massacre of, 198; medal struck in Rome in honour of, 200 and _n._

Saint Denis, Henry IV. received into the Roman Church at, 219; battle of, 193.

Saint Germains, 185.

Saint Jacques, Rue de, in Paris, 167, 171.

Saint Omer, 254.

Sainte Aldegonde, Philip de Marnix, lord of, 249.

St. Gallen. See _Gallen_.

Salamanca, University of, 491.

Salic Law, in France, 206; believed to hold in England, 323.

Salmeron, Alonzo, Jesuit, 537, 548, 556, 566, 595.

Salzburg, Anabaptists in, 448; 48.

Sam, Conrad, of Ulm, 53.

Samson or Sanson, Bernhard, a seller of Indulgences, 29.

Sancerre, Huguenot stronghold, 201.

Sandilands, Sir James, 291.

Sandys, Edwin, Archbishop of York. 404.

Saunier, Antoine, Swiss evangelist, 82 _n._

Savoy, 48; Duke of, 62, 64, 66, 77, 89, 116.

Schaffhausen, Swiss Canton, 22, 46, 43, 48, 60, 122.

_Schifanoya, II._, Venetian agent in England, 392, 399 and _n._

Schmalkald, 340, 347.

_Schmalkald, Defender of the_, 341.

_Schmalkald League, The_, and Münster, 455.

Schröder, Johann, Anabaptist preacher in Münster, 459.

Schwyz, Forest Canton, burnt Pastor Kaiser of Zurich as a heretic, 49; 21 _f._, 48.

Scot, Bishop, 400 _n._

Scotland, and _Heidelberg Catechism_, 4 _n._; preparation for the Reformation, 275; influence of old Celtic Church, 275 _f._; Lollardy in, 276 _f._; Acts of Parliament to suppress Reformation, 281; French or English alliance, 281 _ff._, 294; place in the European situation, 295; English invasion, 298; _Confession of Faith, Book of Discipline, Book of Common Order_, 302 _ff._

Scoto-Pelagian Theology, 474, 570.

Scottish Church and Civil supremacy, 8.

_Scottish Liturgy_ and English alliance, 298; 306.

Scripture, Holy. See _Rule of Faith_.

Sea-Beggars, The, capture Brill, 260; defeat Spanish fleet, 261, 263; relieve Leyden, 264; 201.

Secular control over ecclesiastical matters, 8, 129; in Spain, 489.

Sempach, Battle of, 26.

Seneca, _De Clementia_, 12, 96.

Senlis, Battle of, 214.

Sens, The French Council of, 144.

Seripando, Girolamo, General of the Augustinian Eremites, on the _Doctrine of Justification_, 578.

Servede (Servetus) Miguel de, _monument expiatoire_ to, 130 _f._; 424 and _n._, 471.

Seville, College at, 491.

_Signa exhibitiva_ and _representativa_, 59.

Simon, Preacher at Aigle, 69.

Simonetta, Luigi, Cardinal, duties at Trent, 590.

Simons, Menno, organised Baptist Churches, 422, 469.

_Sin, Doctrine of_, at the Regensburg Conference, 519 _f._; at the Council of Trent, 575 _f._

Singing, congregational, 105.

Sion, The Bishop of, 68.

_Sixteen, The_, 211, 213, 218.

Sixtus V., Pope, 208 _f._

Socinianism began with a criticism of doctrines, 473; and Humanism, 474; and Scotist theology, 474; its idea of _Faith_, 475; of _Scripture_, 476; God is _Dominium Absolutum_, 477 _ff._; the Atonement superfluous, 478; doctrine of the _Church_, 480 _ff._

Socimians called the _Polish Brethren_, 473.

Soleure, 73.

Solothurn, Swiss Canton, 22.

Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of, Lord Protector of England, 283, 299, 352, 359.

Sommières, Huguenot stronghold, 201.

Sorbonne, The, the theological faculty in the University of Paris, drafts a series of articles against Calvin's _Institutio_, 147; its list of Prohibited Books, 148, 603; 95, 139, 142, 144 _f._, 146.

Sozzini, Fausto, founder of the Socinian Church, 422, 429, 471; found that the Polish Unitarians were Anabaptists, 472.

Sozzini, Lelio, 427 and _n._, 470 _f._, 473.

_Space, Presence in_, 57, 59, 412 _f._

Spaniards and Luther, 18, 493 _f._

_Spanish Fury, The_, 265.

Spanish treasure ships seized by Queen Elizabeth, 259.

Spanish troops in the Netherlands, 245, 265.

Spanish idea of a reformation, 488 _ff._

Speyer, 41.

_Spiritual Exercises, The_, 532, 537, 538-545, 548, 555, 561, 585.

_Stäbler or Staffmen, The_, Anabaptists, 441.

Stadt, Karl, on the sacramental controversy, 53.

_Staffort Book, The_, 4 _n._

Staprade, Anabaptist preacher in Münster, 456.

States-General, The, of France, 177, 180 _ff._, 185 _f._, 206, 212; of the Netherlands, 241, 266.

Stipends of clergy, 69.

Stoicism and the Reformed theology, 13.

Straelen, Anthony van, 255.

Strassburg, 20, 43, 48, 60, 101, 124 _f._, 129, 144, 152, 453.

_Submission of the Clergy_ (England), 327.

_Substance_ and _Presence_, 59, 412 _f._

_Superintendents_ in the Scottish Church, 305, 308.

Supper, Doctrine of the Holy, at the Regensburg Conference, 522 _f._, at the Council of Trent, 583.

_Supreme Governor of the Church_ (England), 393, 418 _f._

_Supreme Head of the Church_ (England), 327, 331, 393 and _n._

Swiss soldiers, 23 _f._, 32.

Switzerland, political condition, 21 _ff._, how Christianised, 23; religious war in, 49.

Synod of the _Brethren_, 435.

Synod of the _Socinians_ at Krakau, 472.

_Synods_ of the Reformed Churches, at _Bern_, 73, 118; at _Lausanne_, 118; at _Zurich_, 121; in the _French Protestant Church_, 167, 168; at _Mantes_, 221; in the _Dutch Church_, 271; difficulties in the way of a _National Dutch Synod_, 272; in Scotland, 304.

Talavera, Fernando de, Confessor to Isabella of Castile, 490.

Temples (churches), 184.

_Ten Articles, The_, of the English Church, 10, 333 _ff._

Teresa, Saint, 506, 531, 543.

_Testament and Complaynt of the Papyngo_, 278.

Theatre, French, and the Reformation, 151.

_Theses_, Zwingli's _Sixty-seven_, 33.

_Theses of Bern, The Ten_, 42, 45 _f._

_Thèses évangéliques de Genève, The_, 85.

_Thèses, évangéliques of Lausanne_, 103.

_Theses_, Luther's, 17.

_Theses_, Rothmann's, 454.

_Thirty-eight Articles, The_. See _Articles_.

_Thirty-nine Articles_. See _Articles_.

Thirty Years' War, 2.

Thomas Aquinas, St., 78, 82, 491, 575.

Thomas of Canterbury, St., 345.

_Thomism, The New_, arose in Spain, 491 _f._; at the Council of Trent, 571, 577, 580, 582.

Thorens, Seigneur de, his house used in Geneva by the Evangelicals, 83 _n._

Throckmorton, Sir Nicholas, Elizabeth's Ambassador in Paris, 296 _f._

Thyez, The people of, and secular excommunication, 112 _n._; 117.

_Tiger of France, Epistle sent to the_, 176.

Tithes, attacked, 31, 446.

Toggenburg Valley, 24.

Toledo, College at, 491.

Torquemada, Thomas de, Inquisitor, 598 _f._

_Tournelle, La_, criminal court of the _Parlement_ of Paris, 170.

Tournon, Cardinal de, 149, 187.

Tours, Church at, 166; Battle at, 214; Henry IV. at, 214, 216, 220.

_Tradition, Dogmatic_, 423, 573 _f._

_Transubstantiation_, 333, 412.

Trent, City of, 564 _f._

Trent, Council of; _First Meeting_, 564-581; papal legates at, 565 _f._; differences among the Romanist powers at, 566 _f._; debates on procedure, 568 _ff._; _Second Meeting_, 581-587; definition of the doctrine of the Sacraments, 582 _ff._; _Third Meeting_, 587 _ff._; varying views about the reorganisation of the Church, 588 _ff._; was to be a continuation of the former Council, 589; procedure at, 589 _f._; work of Cardinal Simonetta at, 590; what the Council did for the Roman Catholic Church, 594; its list of prohibited books, 604; 211, 247 _f._, 416, 517.

_Triumvirate, The_, Montmorency, St. André and Guise, 184, 190, 193.

Tschudi, Peter, a Humanist, 18 _n._

_Tulchan Bishops_, 360 and _n._

Tunstall, Cuthbert, Bishop of Durham, 371, 373.

_Twelve Articles, The_ (The Apostles' Creed), 518.

_Twenty-one Articles, The_, of the Anabaptists, 459, 465.

Tyndale, William, 279, 317, 319, 337 _ff._, 377.

_Ubiquity, Doctrine of_, 4, 7, 57, 412 _f._

Udall, Nicholas, translated into English the Paraphrases of Erasmus, 353.

Ulm, 53.

_Uniformity_. See _Act of_.

Unterwalden, a Forest Canton, 21 _f._, 47.

Uri, a Forest Canton, 21 _f._, 47.

Ursinus, Zachary, 4 _n._

Utrecht protests against Alva's taxation, 259.

Vadianus. See _Watt_.

Valais, The, 22, 48; the Bishop of the, 41.

Valladolid, University of, 491.

Val Tellina, The, 50.

Vargas, Juan de, 255.

Vassy, Massacre at, 189 _f._

Vatable, Francis, a royal lecturer in Paris, 96.

Vax, Antonia, attempts to poison Farel and others, 84 and _n._

Vermigli, Peter Martyr, 358.

_Vestments (Ornaments)_, Controversy about, 364, 403, 405 and _n._

_Vicar-General_ (England), 332.

Vidomne of Geneva, 62, 117.

Vienna, University of, 25, 607.

Viret, Pierre, in Geneva, 81 _ff._, 112.

_Visitation_, Spanish Crown had the right of ecclesiastical, 491.

_Visitations_ of the Church in England, 332; 353, 407, 410.

Vlissingen (Flushing), seized by the _Sea-Beggars_, 260.

Voes, Heinrich, martyr in the Netherlands, 224, 230.

Volkertz, Jan, Anabaptist martyr, 236.

_Vulgate, The Latin_, and the Council of Trent, 573 _f._

Wagner, Sebastian, 43 and _n._

Walcheren, Island of, 254, 260.

_Waldenses_, 92, 148.

Waldshut, The _Brethren_ met at, 434.

Wallen, Jan, Anabaptist martyr, 236.

War of Public Weal in France, 19; Religious wars in France, 191 _ff._; in Switzerland, 49 _ff._; of the Moors and Christians in Spain, 488.

Warham, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, 18, 317, 320, 322, 329, 338.

Watt, Joachim de (Vadianus), a Humanist, 25 _n._, 47.

Watteville, M. de, Advoyer of Bern, 44; Nicholas de, 45 and _n._; J. J. de, Advoyer of Bern, 45 _n._, 73.

_Weekly Exercise, The_ (Scotland), 308.

_Welches, La Dispute de_, 44.

Werly, Pierre, a turbulent canon of Geneva, 65, 76 and _n._, 77 _n._

Wesen, 25.

Wessel, John of, 15, 226.

Westminster, Conference at, 20, 400 _ff._

Wiclif, 19, 317 _f._; influence in Scotland, 277.

_Wiclifites_, 92, 317.

Wieck, van der, Lutheran Syndic of Münster, 456 _f._, 460.

Wied, Hermann von, Archbishop of Köln, 3, 558.

_Wild-Beggars, The_, 257.

Wildermuth, a soldier of Bern, 91.

Wildhaus, Zwingli's birthplace, 24.

_Wilhelmus van Nassouwe_, 261.

Willebroek, 255.

William of Orange. See _Nassau_.

Wishart, George, Scottish martyr, 284.

Wittenberg, 6, 11, 453.

_Wittenberg Articles, The_, 341.

_Wittenberg Concord_, 60.

Wölfflin, Heinrich (Lupulus), 25.

Wolmar, Melchior, taught Calvin at Bourges, 95.

Wolsey, Cardinal, 18, 319, 320, 324, 325, 343.

_Works, Merit in_, 33.

Worms, Conference at, 124, 125, 126.

Worms, Diet of, three forces met at, 495.

Würtemburg, 48.

Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 371.

Wyttenbach, Thomas, 10, 27, 38, 46.

Xavier, Francis, 537, 556, 559.

Ximenes de Cisneros, Francesco, Cardinal, 490 _ff._, 493, 497, 530.

Yaxley, Francis, agent of Mary of Scotland, 420 _n._

Ypres, 254.

Zug, Swiss Canton, 22, 47.

Zurich, Great Council in, 29, 33 _ff._; _Public Disputations_ in, 34 _f._; at war with the Forest Cantons, 49; _Consensus of_, 60; synod at, 122; ecclesiastical discipline in, 129; Anabaptists in, 441.

Zutphen burnt by the Spaniards, 261.

Zutphen, Hendrik of, 228, 230.

_Zwickau Prophets_, 431.

Zwingli, Bartholomew, Dean of Wesen, 25 _f._

Zwingli, Huldreich, the Elder, 25.

Zwingli, Huldreich, youth and education, 24; moral character, 37; Humanism and, 10, 37; and Luther, 27, 55 _f._; comes to Zurich, 28 _ff._; his _Sixty-seven Theses_, 6 _n._, 33; and Anna Reinhard, 36; theory of civil control over the Church, 8, 111, 112, 129; on Indulgences, 16; views on the Sacrament of the Holy Supper, 55; on ecclesiastical excommunication, 111 _f._, 129; and the Anabaptists, 445.

Zwinglianism, 411.

Zwolle, full of Anabaptists, 237.

_Printed by_ MORRISON & GIBB LIMITED _Edinburgh_

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: The fierce old Pontiff, Paul IV., declared in a Bull (Feb. 15, 1559) that the mere fact of heresy in princes deprived them of all lawful power; but he named no one. When his successor proposed, in 1563, to excommunicate Elizabeth of England by name simply as a Protestant, he was taken to task sharply by the Emperor Ferdinand; and the Queen was finally excommunicated in 1570 as a partaker "in the atrocious mysteries of Calvinism," and as such outside the Peace of Augsburg.]

[Footnote 2: In the _Atlas zur Kirchengeschichte_ by Heussi and Mulert (Tübingen, 1905), there is an attempt to represent to the eye the presence of German Protestants outside the territories of the Lutheran princes; Map x. _Zur Geschichte der deutschen Reformation und Gegenreformation_.]

[Footnote 3: The fullest account of these German Reformed confessions is to be found in Müller's _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformirten Kirche_--the _Emden Catechism_ (1554), pp. 1 and 666; the _Heidelberg Catechism_ (1563), pp. 1, 682; the _Nassau Confession_ of the Dillenburg Synod (1578), liii, 720; the _Bremen Consensus_ (1595), liv, 739; the _Staffort Book_ (1559) for Baden, liv, 797; the _Confession of the General Synod of Cassel_, lv and 817, and the _Hessian Catechism_ (1607), 822; and the _Bentheim Confession_ (1613), 833. All these German Reformed confessions followed Melanchthon in his endeavours to unite the Calvinist and the Lutheran doctrinal positions.

By far the most celebrated, and the only one which maintains its place as a doctrinal symbol down to the present day, is the _Heidelberg Catechism_. It was drafted at the suggestion of the Elector Frederick the Pious by two theologians, Caspar Olevianus and Zacharias Ursinus, who were able to express in a really remarkable degree the thoughts of German Protestants who could not accept the hard and fast Lutheranism of the opponents of Melanchthon. It speedily found favour in many parts of Germany, although its strongest supporters belonged to the Rhine provinces. It was in use both as a means of instruction and as a doctrinal symbol in most of the German Reformed Churches along with their own symbolical books. Its use spread to Holland and beyond it. Two separate translations appeared in Scotland. The earlier is contained in (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions of Faith.... of public authority in the Church of Scotland_, under the title, _A Catechism of the Christian Religion, composed by Zachary Ursinus, approved by Frederick III. Elector Palatine, the Reformed Church in the Palatinate, and by other Reformed Churches in Germany; and taught in their schools and churches: examined and approved, without any alteration, by the Synod of Dort, and appointed to be taught in the reformed churches and schools in the Netherlands: translated and printed Anno 1591 by public authority for the use of Scotland, with the arguments and use of the several doctrines therein contained, by Jeremias Bastingius; sometimes printed with the Book of Common Order and Psalm Book._]

[Footnote 4: Compare vol. i. pt. i. 42 _ff._]

[Footnote 5: The most complete collection of those Reformed creeds is given in Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformirten Kirche_ (Leipzig, 1903). The most important are the following (the figures within brackets give the pages in Müller):--

SWITZERLAND.--Zwingli's _Theses_ of 1523 (xvi, 1); _First Helvetic Confession_ of 1536 (xxvi, 101); _Geneva Confession_ of 1536 (xxvi, 111); _Geneva Catechism_ of 1545 [(xxviii, 117) translated in (Dunlop's) _Confessions_, etc., ii, 139].

ENGLAND.--Edwardine _Forty-two Articles_ of 1553, _Thirty-eight Articles_ of 1563, _Thirty-nine Articles_ of 1571 (xlii, 505); _Lambeth Articles_ of 1595 (xliv, 525); _Irish Articles_ of 1615 (xliv, 526).

SCOTLAND.--_Scottish Confession_ of 1560, _National Covenant_ of 1581 [(xxxv, 249), (Dunlop's) _Confessions_, etc., ii. pp. 21 and 103].

FRANCE.--_Confessio Gallicana_ of 1559 (xxxii, 221).

NETHERLANDS.--_Confessio Belgica_ of 1561 (xxxiv, 233); _Netherlands Confession_ of 1566 (xxxv, 935); _Frisian Confession_ of 1528 (xxi, 930).

HUNGARY.--_Hungarian Confession_ of 1562 (xxviii, 376).

BOHEMIA.--_Bohemian Confession_ of 1609 (xxxix, 453).]

[Footnote 6: It has been suggested that the ecclesiastical jurisdiction which grew out of the Elizabethan settlement of religion in England borrowed not a few characteristics from the Lutheran consistorial courts.]

[Footnote 7: William Farel, a devoted Zwinglian, was called a "Lutheran preacher" by the authorities of Freiburg (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, ii. 205_n._), and the teaching of himself and his colleagues was denounced as the "Lutheran heresy." This was the _popular_ view. Educated and reforming Frenchmen like Lefèvre discriminated: they had no great liking for Luther, and admired Zwingli (_ibid._ i. 209_n._).]

[Footnote 8: Peter Tschudi, writing to Beatus Rhenanus from Paris (May 17th, 1519) says: "Reliqui, quod equidem literis dignum censeam, nil superest, quam M. Lutheri opera ab universa eruditorum cohorte obviis ulnis excipi, etiam iis qui minimum sapiunt plausibilia" (Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_, 2nd ed. i. 46). In Nov. 1520, Glareanus wrote to Zwingli that Paris was excited over the Leipzig Disputation; and Bulæus shows that twenty copies of a pamphlet, entitled _Disputatio inter egregios viros et doctores Joa. Eckium et M. Lutherum_, arrived in Paris on Jan. 20th, 1520 (_ibid._ 62, 63_n._).]

[Footnote 9: A. Rilliet, _Les Origines de la Confédération Suisse: Histoire et Légende_ (Geneva, 1869); J. Dierauer, _Geschichte der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft_ (Gotha, 1890).]

[Footnote 10: SOURCES: O. Myconius, "Vita Huldrici Zwinglii" (in Neander's _Vitæ Quatuor Reformatorum_, Berlin, 1841); H. Bullinger, _Reformationsgeschichte_ (Frauenfeld, 1838-40); Johann Salat, _Chronik der schweizerischen Reformation von deren Anfüngen bis 1534_ (vol. i. _of Archiv für schweizerische Reformationsgeschichte_, Solothurn, 1868); Kessler, _Sabbata_ (ed. by Egli, St. Gall, 1902); Strickler, _Actensammlung zur schweizerischen Reformationsgeschichte in den Jahren 1521-32_ (Zurich, 1877-84); Egli, _Actensammlung zur Geschichte der Züricher Reformation, 1519-33_ (Zurich, 1879); W. Gisi, _Actenstücke zur Schweizergeschichte der Jahre 1521-22_ (vol. xv. of _Archiv für die schweizer. Geschichte_), pp. 285-318; Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_ (Geneva, 166-93); Stähelin _Briefe aus der Reformationszeit_ (Basel, 1887).

LATER BOOKS: Stähelin, _Huldreich Zwingli: sein Leben und Wirken nach den Quellen dargestellt_, 2 vols. (Basel, 1895-97); Mörikofer, _Ulrich Zwingli nach den urkundlichen Quellen_, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1867-69); S. M. Jackson, _Huldreich Zwingli, 1484-1531_ (New York, 1901); _Cambridge Modern History_, II. x. (Cambridge, 1903); Ruchat, _Histoire de la Réformation de la Suisse_, ed. by Vulliemin, 7 vols. (Paris, 1835-38).]

[Footnote 11: Joachim de Watt, a native of St. Gallen (b. 1484, December 30) was a distinguished scholar. He became successively physician, member of council, and burgomaster in his native town, and did much to establish the Reformation; he was a well-known author, and wrote several theological works.]

[Footnote 12: Heinrich Loriti was the most distinguished of all the Swiss Humanists. He studied successively at Bern, Vienna, and Köln, and attained the barren honour of being made Court-poet to the Emperor Maximilian. At Basel, where he first settled, he kept a boarding school for boys who wished to study the classics, and in 1517 he transferred himself and about twenty young Switzers, his pupils, to Paris. He modelled his school, he was pleased to think, on the lines of the Roman Republic, was Consul himself, had a Senate, a prætor, and meetings of Comitia. He remained a fast friend of Zwingli.]

[Footnote 13: Johann Heigerlin (Faber) remained a steadfast Romanist. He became vicar-general to the Bishop of Constance, and as such was an antagonist of Zwingli. He ended his days as Bishop of Vienna. He wrote much against Luther, and was known as the "hammer of the Lutherans." Along with Eck and Cochlæus, he was the distinguished champion of the Romanist cause in Germany.]

[Footnote 14: For details about Zwingli's papal pension, cf. S. M. Jackson, _Huldreich Zwingli_, p. 114.]

[Footnote 15: Cf. Schaff, _Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches_ (London, 1877), p. 197; Niemeyer, _Collectio Confessionum in ecclesiis reformalis, publicatarum_ (Leipzig, 1840), p. 3; Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche: Zwinglis Theses von 1523_, Art. 49, p. 5.]

[Footnote 16: Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche_ (Leipzig, 1903), pp. xviii and 7. The _Instruction_ is a lengthy document.]

[Footnote 17: Literal translations of these hymns are given in Professor Macauley Jackson's _Huldreich Zwingli, the Reformer of German Switzerland_ (New York and London, 1903), pp. 133, 134.]

[Footnote 18: Stähelin, _Briefe aus der Reformationszeit_, pp. 15-19.]

[Footnote 19: William Farel was born in 1489 at a village near Gap in the mountainous south-east corner of Dauphiné, on the border of Provence. He belonged to a noble family, and was devout from his earliest years. He describes a pilgrimage which he made as a child in his book _Du vray usage de la croix de Jésus-Christ_ (pp. 223 _f._). All through his adventurous life he preserved his rare uprightness of character, his fervent devotion, and his indignation at wrong-doing of all kinds. He persuaded his parents to allow him to go to Paris for education, and reached the capital about 1509. He probably spent twelve years there, partly as student and partly as professor in the college Le Moine. There he became the friend and devoted disciple of Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples, and this friendship carried him safely through several religious crises in his life. He followed Lefèvre to Meaux, and was one of the celebrated "group" there. When persecution and the timidity or scruples of the bishop caused the dispersion of these preachers, Farel went back to Dauphiné and attempted to preach the Gospel in Gap. He was not allowed _parce qu'il n'estoit ne moine ne prestre_, and was banished from the district by bishop and people. He next tried to preach in Guyenne, where he was equally unsuccessful. Thinking that there was no place in France open to him, he took himself to Basel. There he asked the University to allow him to hold a public disputation on certain articles which he sent to them. The authorities refused. He then addressed himself to the Council of the city, who permitted the discussion. The thirteen articles or _Theses_ defended by Farel are given in Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_ (i. 194, 195). He gathered a little church of French refugees at Basel (the _ecclesiola_ of his correspondence), but was too much the ardent and impetuous pioneer to remain quietly among them. By the end of July 1524 he was preaching at Montbèliard, some miles to the south of Belfort, and the riots which ensued caused Oecolampadius to beseech him to temper his courage with discretion (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc., i. 255). He went thence to Strassburg (April 1525), to Bern, attempted to preach in Neuchâtel, and finally (middle of November 1526) opened a school at Aigle, an outlying dependency of Bern, hoping to get opportunity to carry on his evangelistic work. He was soon discovered, and attempts were made to prevent his preaching; but the authorities of Bern insisted that he should be unmolested. In the beginning of 1527 he was actively engaged at the great Disputation in Bern. That same year he was made pastor of Aigle and put in possession of the parsonage and the stipend; but such work was too tame for him. He made long preaching tours; we find him at Lausanne, Morat, Orbe, and other places, always protected by the authorities of Bern. He began his work in Geneva in 1532.]

[Footnote 20: Berthold Haller was born at Aldingen (1492); studied at Rothweil and Pforzheim, where he made the acquaintance of Melanchthon. He became a Bachelor of Theology of the University of Köln; taught for some time at Rothweil, and then at Bern (1513-1518). He was elected people's priest in the great church there in 1521. His sympathetic character and his great eloquence made him a power in the city; but his discouragements were so many and so great that he was often on the point of leaving. Zwingli encouraged him to remain and persevere.]

[Footnote 21: Sebastian Meyer was a priest from Elsass who had been preaching in Bern since 1518 against the abuses of the Roman Church. The notorious conduct of the Dominicans in Bern (1507-9), and the action of Samson, the Indulgence-seller, in 1518, had made the Bernese ready to listen to attacks against Rome.]

[Footnote 22: Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_ (2nd ed.), ii. 55.]

[Footnote 23: _Ibid._ ii. 94, 95.]

[Footnote 24: _Ibid._ ii. 61, 74, 89, 94, 96.]

[Footnote 25: Ruchat, _Histoire de la Réformation de la Suisse_, i. 368.]

[Footnote 26: The invitation began: "Nous l'Advoyer, le petit et le grand Conseil de la cité de Berne, à tous et à chascun, spirituelz et séculiers, prélatz, abbés, prévostz, doyens, chanoynes, curés, sacrestains, vicaires prescheurs de la Parolle de Dieu, et à tous prebstres, séculiers ou réguliers, et à tous Noz advoyers, chastellains, prévostz, lieutenans, et tous autres officiers et à tous Noz chers, féaulx et aymés subjectz, et à tous manans et habitans de Nostre domaine et ségnorie aux quelz les presentes lètres viendront,--Salut, grâce et bénivolance!

"Sçavoir faisons, combien que Nous ayons fait beaucoup d'ordonnance et mandemens publiques, pour la dissension de nostre commune foy Chrestienne, à ce meuz et espoirans, que cela profiteroit à la paix et concorde Chrestienne, comme chose très utile," etc.; Herminjard, ii. 54.]

[Footnote 27: Cf. _Scots Confession_ of 1560, Art. xix.: "The trew Kirk quhilk alwaies heares and obeyis the voice of her awin Spouse and Pastor."]

[Footnote 28: The _Theses_, in the original German, are printed by Müller, _Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche_ (Leipzig, 1903), pp. xviii, 30; and in French by Herminjard in _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_ (2nd ed.), ii. 59, 60.]

[Footnote 29: Sebastian Wagner was born at Schaffhausen in 1476. He studied at Paris under Lascaris, taught theology in the Franciscan monastery at Zurich, then at Constance. He adopted the Reformation, and, returning to his native town, became its reformer.]

[Footnote 30: Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs_, etc. ii. 95 _n._]

[Footnote 31: Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs_, etc. ii. 55.]

[Footnote 32: _Ibid._ ii. 99 _n._]

[Footnote 33: _Ibid._ ii. 98 _n._]

[Footnote 34: Nicholas de Watteville, born in 1492, was canon of St. Vincent in Bern, protonotary apostolic, prior of Montpreveyres, and provost of Lausanne. He visited Rome in 1517, and there received the Abbey of Montheron; and the year following he was made a papal chamberlain to Pope Leo x. He gave up all his benefices on December 1st, and soon afterwards married Clara May, a nun who had left the convent of Königsfeld. He was always a great admirer of William Farel, and often interfered to protect the impetuous Reformer from the consequences of his own rashness. His younger brother, J. J. de Watteville, became Advoyer or President of Bern, and was a notable figure in the history of the Reformation in Switzerland. The family of de Watteville is still represented among the citizens of Bern.]

[Footnote 35: As early as June 15th, 1523, the Council of Bern had issued an ordinance for the preachers throughout their territories, which enjoined them to preach publicly and without dissimulation the Holy Gospel and the doctrine of God, and to say nothing which they could not establish by true and Holy Scripture; to leave entirely alone all other doctrines and discussions contrary to the Gospel, and in particular the distinctive doctrines of Luther. Later (May 21st, 1526), at a conference held between members of the Council of Bern, deputies from the Bernese communes, and delegates from the seven Roman Catholic cantons, it was agreed to permit no innovation in matters of religion. This agreement was not maintained long; and the Bernese went back to their ordinance of June 1523. It seems to have been practically interpreted to mean that preachers might attack the power of the Pope, and the doctrines of Purgatory and the Invocation of Saints, but that they were not to say anything against the current doctrine of the sacraments. Cf. Decrees of the Council of Bern, quoted in Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_, (Geneva, 1878), i. 434 _n._, ii. 23 _n._, also 20.]

[Footnote 36: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc., ii. 123, 138, 199, 225, etc. In Sept. 1530, Bern wrote to the Bishop of Basel, who had imprisoned Henri Pourcellet, one of Farel's preachers: "Nous ne pouvons d'ailleurs pas tolérer que ceux qui partagent notre foi chrétienne soient traités d'une telle manière," p. 277.]

[Footnote 37: SOURCES: E. F. K. Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche_ (Leipzig, 1903), pp. 1-100; Hospinian, _Historia Sacramentaria_, 2 vols. (Geneva, 1681).

LATER BOOKS: Ebrard, _Das Dogma vom heiligen Abendmahl und seine Geschichte_ (Frankfurt a M. 1845-46), vol. ii.; Schweizer, _Die protestantischen Centraldogmen in ihrer Entwickelung innerhalb der reformierten Kirche_ (Zurich, 1854-56); Hundeshagen, _Die Konflikte des Zwinglianismus, Lutherthums, und Calvinismus in den Bernischen Landkirchen 1522-1558, nach meist ungedruckten Quellen dargestelt_ (Bern, 1842); compare also vol. i. 352 ff.]

[Footnote 38: Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften des reformierten Kirche_, p. 30.]

[Footnote 39: Cf. vol. i. 352 ff.]

[Footnote 40: Leibnitz, _Pensées de Leibnitz_, 2nd ed. (Paris, 1803) p. 106.]

[Footnote 41: Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche_, p. 159.]

[Footnote 42: SOURCES: _Mémoires et documents publiés par la Société d'histoire et d'archæologie de Genève_ (especially vols. ii. v. ix. xv. xx.); Froment, _Les Actes et gestes marveilleux de la cité de Genève_ (ed. of 1854 by G. Revillod); La Soeur Jeanne de Jussie, _Le Levain du Calvinisme_ (ed. of 1865); G. Farel, _Lettres certaines d'aucuns grandz troubles et tumultes advenuz à Genève, avec la disputation faicte l'an 1534_ (Basel, 1588); _Registres du Conseil de Genève_ (known to me only through the extracts given by Herminjard, Doumergue, and others); Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_, 9 vols. (Geneva, etc., vols. i. ii. in a 2nd edition, 1878, vols. iii.-ix. 1870-97); Calvin, _Opera omnia_, vols. xxix.-lxxxvii. of the _Corpus Reformatorum_ (Brunswick and Berlin, 1869-97); Bonnet, _Lettres françaises de Jean Calvin_ (Paris, 1854); Beza, _Vita Calvini_ (vol. xlix. of the _Corpus Reformatorum_); Rilliet, _Le premier catéchisme de Calvin_ (Paris, 1878).

LATER WORKS: Doumergue, _Jean Calvin, les hommes et les choses de son temps_ (only three vols. published, Lausanne, 1899, 1902, 1905); Bungener, _Jean Calvin, sa vie, son oeuvre et ses écrits_ (Paris, 1862-63); Kampschulte, _Johann Calvin, seine Kirche und seine Stadt in Genf_ (Leipzig, 1869-99); A. Roget, _Histoire du peuple de Genève depuis la Reforme jusqu' à l'escalade_ (Geneva, 1870-83); Dunant, _Les relations politiques de Genève avec Berne et les Suisses de 1536-64_ (Geneva, 1894); Ruchat, _Histoire de la Réformation de la Suisse_, ed. by Vulliemin (Paris and Lausanne, 1835-38).]

[Footnote 43: Ruchat, _Histoire de la Réformation de la Suisse_ (Paris, 1835-38), iii. 138.]

[Footnote 44: We read of Luther's books being read in Geneva as early as May 1521, and that their effect was to give several of the people heart to care little for the threats of the Pope; in 1522, Cornelius Agrippa, writing to Capito (June 17th), and Haller, writing to Zwingli (July 8th), speak of Francis Lambert (_vir probus et diligens minister Verbi Dei_), who had preached in Geneva, Lausanne, Freiburg, and Bern; and in 1527, Hofen, secretary to the Council of Bern, writing to Zwingli (Jan. 15th), thinks that Geneva could be won for the Reformation,--he had noticed that the people no longer cared much for Indulgences or for the Mass (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. i. 101-3, 318 _n._, ii. 9 f., 10 _n._; cf. 6).]

[Footnote 45: J. A. Gautier, _Histoire de Genève_ (Geneva, 1896), ii. 349. The nun, Soeur Jeanne de Jussie, in her _Levain du Calvinisme_ (p. 46), says "Au mois de Juin, dimanche matin, le 9, certain nombre de mauvais garçons plantèrent grands placards en impression par toutes les portes des églises de Genève, esquels estoient contenus les principaux poincts de la secte perverse luthérienne"; and another contemporary chronicler says that the placards promised a "grand pardon général de Jesus Christ" (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 422 _n._).]

[Footnote 46: Their letter said that it was reported that "nonnullos ex Gebennensibus apposuisse certas cedulas inductorias ad novam legem, contra auctoritatem episcopalem, et quod habent libros et promulgant; quod est contra voluntatem D. Friburgensium" (_Ibid._ ii. 421 _n._).]

[Footnote 47: _Ibid._ ii. 424.]

[Footnote 48: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, ii. 425 _n._]

[Footnote 49: Cf. p. 39, _n._]

[Footnote 50: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 22 _f._ Farel preached his first sermon at Aigle on Friday, Nov. 30th, 1526.]

[Footnote 51: _Ibid._ ii. 14, 15.]

[Footnote 52: _Ibid._ ii. 15 _n._]

[Footnote 53: _Ibid._ ii. 31 _n._]

[Footnote 54: Farel seems to have asked his converts to submit to baptism; they were baptized in the presence of the congregation on making a solemn and public profession of their faith.--_Ibid._ 48 _n._]

[Footnote 55: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 105 _n._]

[Footnote 56: _Ibid._ ii. 130, 131.]

[Footnote 57: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 131 _n._]

[Footnote 58: _Ibid._ ii. 137.]

[Footnote 59: M. Herminjard gives a list of their names--Claud de Glantinis, Alexandre le Bel, Thomas ----, Henri Pourcellet, Jean Bosset, Antoine Froment, Antoine Marcourt, Eymer Beynon, Pierre Marmoud, Hugues Turtaz, and perhaps Jean Holard, Pierre Simonin or Symonier, Claude Bigothier, Jean de Bély, Jean Fathon.]

[Footnote 60: Cf. letter of Farel to Fortunat Andronicus, in Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 307.]

[Footnote 61: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 270 _n._]

[Footnote 62: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 365 _n._, 390.]

[Footnote 63: _Ibid._ ii. 347, 372.]

[Footnote 64: _Ibid._ ii. 362 _n._]

[Footnote 65: The ordinance was entitled, _Ordnung wic sich pfarrer und prediger zu Statt und Land Bern, in leer und leben, halten sollen, mit wyterem bericht von Christo, und den Sacramenten, beschlossen im Synodo daselbst versamlet am 9 tag Januarij_--_Anno 1532_. The doctrinal decisions of the Synod are to be found in Müller, _Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche_ (Leipzig, 1903), pp. 31 _ff._]

[Footnote 66: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 364.]

[Footnote 67: Froment married (1529) Marie Dentière, who had been abbess of a convent in Tournai, and had been expelled for her Evangelical opinions. She was a learned lady, a friend of the Queen of Navarre, who sometimes preached, according to the nun Jeanne de Jussie, and made many converts. She wrote a piquant epistle to the Queen of Navarre, exposing the intrigues which drove Calvin, Farel, and Coraut from Geneva. A portion of this very rare _Epistle_ is printed by Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. v. 295 _ff._]

[Footnote 68: Froment, _Les Actes et gestes marveilleux de la cité de Genève_ (ed. of 1854 by G. Revillod), pp. 9 and 12-15.]

[Footnote 69: The authorities of Freiburg in a letter to Geneva actually called this Dominican monk a "Lutheran preacher"; cf. their letter given in Herminjard, _Correspondance_, iii. 15 _f._]

[Footnote 70: _Ibid._ iii. 38, _f._]

[Footnote 71: The text of the decree is given in Herminjard, iii. 41 _n._]

[Footnote 72: Jeanne de Jussie, _Le Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 53; Froment, _Actes et Gestes_, etc. 48-51.]

[Footnote 73: For the affair of Werly, see the letter of the Evangelicals of Geneva to the Council of Bern, given in Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc., and the notes of the editor (iii. 46 _ff._).]

[Footnote 74: After the defeat of his party by the combined efforts of Freiburg and Bern, the Bishop had quitted Geneva on August 1st, 1527; he returned there on July 1st, 1533, but left again after a fortnight's residence (July 14th, 1533), disgusted, he said, at an act of iconoclasm.]

[Footnote 75: The priests of Geneva were notoriously turbulent. We read of at least five riots which they headed. The canons were worse. Pierre Werly had attempted the assassination of Farel on October 3rd, 1532 (Jeanne de Jussie, _Le Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 50); he had taken an active part in the riots caused by the placards in 1532.]

[Footnote 76: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 38.]

[Footnote 77: _Le Levain du Calvinisme_, pp. 74, 75, 247 (where Canus is called Alexander de Molendino). Froment, who had been compelled to quit Geneva, had returned to the town along with Alexandre Canus immediately after the departure of the Bishop on the 14th of July 1533.]

[Footnote 78: Furbiti permitted himself to use strong language. Even the Romanist chronicler, the nun Jeanne de Jussie, records that Furbiti "touched to the quick the Lutheran dogs," and said that "all those who belonged to that cursed sect were licentious, gluttons, lascivious, ambitious, homicides, and bandits, who loved nothing but sensuality, and lived as the brutes, reverencing neither God nor their superiors" (_Le Levain du Calvinisme_, p 79).]

[Footnote 79: _Caffard_ need not be taken to mean _hypocrite_: it was commonly used to denote a mendicant friar.]

[Footnote 80: The letter is given in Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 119 _f._]

[Footnote 81: The MS. chronicle of Michel Roset is the source for the statement about the order to burn translations of the Scripture.]

[Footnote 82: Furbiti was released in April 1536 at the request of Francis I. of France. He was exchanged for Antoine Saunier, a Swiss Evangelical in prison in France. Such exchanges were not uncommon between the Protestant cantons and France.--Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 396 _f._

A full account of the conferences between Farel and Furbiti is given in _Lettres certaines d'aucuns grandz troubles et tumultes nuz à Genève, avec la disputation faicte l'an 1534_, etc. (Basel, 1588). The booklet is very rare.]

[Footnote 83: Adjoining the house of Baudichon, with one building between them, was a large mansion occupied by the Seigneur de Thorens, a strong partisan of the Reformation. He was a Savoyard, expelled from his country because of his religious principles. He acquired citizenship in Bern. The Bernese, on the eve of their embassy, which reached Geneva on Jan. 4th, had bought this house, and placed M. de Thorens therein, intending it to be a place where the Evangelicals could meet in safety under the protection of Bern. It is probable that in time of special danger the Evangelicals met there for public worship. When the Council of Freiburg objected to Farel's preaching, the Council of Geneva replied that the services were held in the house of the deputies of Bern. Cf. Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ix. 459, _f._, 489 _f._; Jeanne de Jussie, _Le Levain du Calvinisme_, pp. 91, 106, 107 (where the poor nun describes the various ceremonies of the Reformed cult with all the venom and coarseness of sixteenth century Romanism); Baum, _Procès de Baudichon de la Maisonneuve accusé d'héresie a Lyon, 1534_ (Geneva, 1873), pp. 110, 111; Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, ii. 126 _f._, iii. 196-98.]

[Footnote 84: The poison was placed in some spinach soup, and the popular story was that Farel escaped because he did not like the food; that Froment had seated himself at table to take his share, when news was brought to him that his wife and children had arrived at Geneva--he rose from the table at once to go to meet them, and left the soup untasted. Poor Viret was the only one who took his share, and became very ill immediately afterwards. The prisoner's confession, lately exhumed from the Geneva archives, tells another tale. The woman said that she stuffed a small bone with the poison, and placed it in Viret's bowl; but was afraid to do the same to Farel's because his soup was too clear. Cf. extracts quoted in Doumergue's _Jean Calvin_, etc. ii. 133, 134 _n._]

[Footnote 85: The _Theses_ are given in Ruchat, _Histoire de la Réformation de la Suisse_, iii. 357.]

[Footnote 86: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 294, 295 _n._]

[Footnote 87: _Le Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 118.]

[Footnote 88: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 294 _n._]

[Footnote 89: Froment, _Actes et Gestes_, etc. pp. 144-146: "Nous avons les dieux des Prebstres, en voullés vous? et les iectoynt apres cielx" (p. 145).]

[Footnote 90: The minute is given in Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc.