CHAPTER IX.

CONCLUSION.

Having thus considered with some fulness what the Inquisition accomplished, directly and indirectly, it only remains for us to glance at what it did not do.

The relations of the Greek Church to the Holy See would almost justify the assumption that persecution of heresy, far from being a matter of conscience, was one of expediency, to be enforced or disregarded as the temporal interests of the papacy might dictate. The Greeks were not only schismatics, but heretics, for, as St. Raymond of Pennaforte proved, schism was heresy, as it violated the article of the creed "_unam sanctam Catholicam ecclesiam_." We have repeatedly seen that to deny the supremacy of Rome and to disregard its commands was heresy. Boniface VIII., in the bull "_Unam sanctam_," proclaimed it to be an article of faith, necessary to salvation, that every human creature is subject to the Roman pontiff, and he especially includes the Greeks in this. Besides this, there was the Procession of the Holy Ghost from both the Father and the Son, in which Charlemagne forced Leo III. to modify the Nicene symbol, and which the Greeks persistently refused to receive, rendering them heretics on a doctrinal point assumed to be of the greatest importance. Yet the Church, when it seemed desirable, could always establish a _modus vivendi_, and exercise a prudent toleration towards the Greek Church. It was thus in southern Italy, which had been withdrawn from Rome and subjected to Constantinople in the eighth century by Leo the Isaurian during the iconoclastic controversy. In 968 the Patriarch of Constantinople substituted the Greek for the Roman rite in the churches of Apulia and Calabria, and though some resisted, most of them submitted and retained it even after the conquest of Naples by the Normans. Thus in the see of Rossano in 1092, when a Latin bishop was introduced, the people recalcitrated and obtained from Duke Roger permission to retain the Greek rite. This lasted until 1460, when the Observantine Bishop Matteo succeeded in changing it to the Latin rite.[662]

The Greek churches, which long continued to exist throughout the Slavic and Majjar territories, were subjected to greater pressure, though it was fitful and intermittent. In 1204 Andreas II. of Hungary applied to Innocent III. to appoint Latin priors for the Greek monasteries in his dominions. In the settlement of 1233, after the kingdom had been placed under interdict, an oath was exacted of Bela IV. that he would compel all his subjects to render obedience to the Roman Church, and Gregory IX. forthwith summoned him to enforce his promise with regard to the Wallachians, who were addicted to the Greek rite. In 1248 we find Innocent IV. sending Dominicans to Albania to convert the Greeks, and it would indicate that persuasion rather than force was relied upon, when we see these missionaries empowered to grant the ecclesiastics dispensation for all irregularities, including simony. A hundred years later Clement VI. and Innocent VI. were more energetic, and ordered the prelates of the Balkan Peninsula to drive out all schismatics, calling in the aid of the secular arm if necessary. We have already seen how fruitless were the efforts to exterminate the Cathari in these regions, and that the only result of the effort to enforce uniformity of faith was to facilitate the advance of the Turkish conquest.[663]

The possessions of the Crusaders in the Levant offered a more complex problem. Although Innocent III. had protested against the conquest of Constantinople in 1204, when it was successful he was ardent in his recognition of the mysterious wisdom of God in thus overthrowing the Greek heresy, and he took prompt action to secure the utmost advantage to be expected from it. He ordered the crusaders to suspend all priests ordained by Greek bishops, and to provide Latin priests for the churches seized, taking care that their property was not dissipated. A hungry horde of clerics speedily precipitated itself on the new possessions, embarrassing those in charge, and Innocent, in answer to inquiries, advised that only those who brought commendatious letters should be allowed to officiate in public. Thus, in the Latin kingdoms of the East a new hierarchy was imposed upon the churches, but the people were not converted, and an embarrassing situation arose concerning which no clearly defined policy could be preserved.[664]

Strictly speaking, all schismatics and heretics were under _ipso facto_ excommunication, but this could be disregarded if it was politic to do so, as when, in 1244, Innocent IV., in sending Dominican missionaries to the Greeks, Jacobines, Nestorians, and other heretics of the East, gave full authority to participate with them in all the offices of religion. Where the Greek churches were independent efforts were made to win them over by persuasion and negotiation, as in the mission sent in 1233 by Gregory IX. to Germanus, Patriarch of Nicæa, and in 1247 by Innocent IV. to the Russians; but when these endeavors failed there was no hesitation in resorting to force, and the disappointed Gregory preached a crusade for the purpose of reducing the schismatics to obedience. So, in 1267, when the measureless ambition of Charles of Anjou, inflamed by the conquest of Naples, dreamed of reconquering Constantinople, his treaty with the titular emperor, Baldwin II., recites the uniting of the Eastern Empire with the Church of Rome as the impelling motive. Charles's enterprise was postponed by the submission of Michael Palæologus at the Council of Lyons in 1274, but this only stirred up rebellion among his subjects; Michael Comnenus was placed at the head of the party sustaining the national church, and war broke out in 1279. Although Charles hastened to take advantage of this, the Sicilian Vespers, in 1283, gave him ample occupation at home, and his projects were, perforce, laid aside.[665]

In the territories subjected to Latin domination the conditions were somewhat different. It was impossible to uproot the native Church, and the two rites were necessarily permitted to coexist, with alternations of tolerance and persecution, of persuasion and coercion. In 1303 Benedict XI., when ordering the Dominican prior of Hungary to send missionaries to Albania and other provinces, speaks of the Latin churches and monasteries in a manner to show that the two rites were allowed side by side, and only intrusions of the Greeks were to be resisted. Documents which chance to have been preserved concerning the kingdom of Cyprus illustrate the perplexities of the situation and the varying policy pursued. In 1216 Innocent III. reduced the bishoprics of the island from fourteen to four--Nicosia, Famagosta, Limisso, and Baffo--and provided in each a Greek and Latin bishop for the respective rites, which was an admission of equality in orthodoxy. Forty years later we find the Greek monasteries subjected to the Latin Archbishop of Nicosia, and there seems to have been some ascendency claimed by the Latin prelates, for in 1250 the Greek archbishop petitioned Innocent IV. for permission to reconstitute the fourteen sees and consecrate bishops to fill them; that they should all be independent of the Archbishop of Nicosia, and that all Greeks and Syrians be subjected to them and not to the Latins. This prayer was rejected. Alexander IV. gave an express power of supervision to the Latin prelates, which naturally led to quarrels, and at times the Greeks were treated as heretics by zealous churchmen and by those whose authority was set at nought, as we learn from some appeals to Boniface VIII. in 1295. John XXII. energetically endeavored to extirpate certain heresies and heretical practices of the Greeks, but seems to have allowed the regular observance of their rites. Yet about the same time Bernard Gui, in his collection of inquisitorial formulas, gives two forms of abjuration of the Greek errors and reconciliation from the excommunication pronounced by the canons against the schismatic Greeks, showing that the inquisitors of the West were accustomed to lay hold of any unlucky Greek who might be found in the Mediterranean ports of France. Their fate was doubtless the same in Aragon, for Eymerich does not hesitate to qualify them as heretics. The persecuting spirit grew, for about 1350 the Council of Nicosia, although it allowed the four Greek bishops of Cyprus to remain, still ordered all to be denounced as heretics who did not hold Rome to be the head of all churches and the pope to be the earthly vicar of Christ, and in 1351 a proclamation was issued ordering all Greeks to confess once a year to a Latin priest and to take the sacrament according to the Latin rite. If this was enforced, it must have provided the Inquisition with abundant victims, for in 1407 Gregory XII. defined that any Greek who reverted to schism after participating in orthodox sacraments was a relapsed, and he ordered the inquisitor Elias Petit to punish him as such, calling in if necessary the aid of the secular arm.[666]

The Venetians, when masters of Crete, endeavored to starve out the Greek Church by forbidding any bishop of that rite to enter the island, and any inhabitant to go to Constantinople for ordination. Yet, in 1373, Gregory XI. learned with grief that a bishop had succeeded in landing, and that ordination was constantly sought by Cretans in Constantinople. He appealed to the Doge, Andrea Contareni, to have the wholesome laws enforced, but to little purpose, for in 1375 he announced that nearly all the inhabitants were schismatics, and that nearly all the cures were in the hands of Greek priests, to whom he offered the alternative of immediate conversion or ejection.[667]

Efforts so spasmodic were of course unavailing. So far from suppressing the Greek Church it was found that many Catholics living in a schismatic population became perverts. To this, in 1449, Nicholas V. called the attention of the inquisitor of the Greek province, telling him that although the Oriental rite was praiseworthy, it must be kept distinct from the Latin, and that all such cases must be coerced, even if the assistance of the secular arm was necessary. There was scant encouragement for the Inquisition in those lands, however, for when, in 1490, Innocent VIII. appointed Frà Vincenzo de' Reboni as Inquisitor of Cyprus, where there were many heretics, and ordered the Bishops of Nicosia, Famagosta, and Baffo each to give him a prebend for his support, there was so energetic a remonstrance from the prelates that Innocent withdrew the demand. From all this it is evident that in its relations with the Greek Church Rome was governed by policy; that it could exercise toleration whenever the occasion demanded, and that the Inquisition was practically quiescent in its dealings with these heretic populations, although their heresy was of a dye so much deeper than that of many sectaries who were ruthlessly exterminated.[668]

* * * * *

During the Middle Ages there were few greater pests of society than the _quæstuarii_, or pardoners--the sellers of indulgences and pardons, who wandered over the face of Europe with relics and commissions, with brazen faces and stout lungs, vending exemptions from penance and purgatory, and prospective admission to paradise; telling all manner of lies, and at once disgracing the Church and impoverishing the credulous. Sometimes they were the authorized agents of Rome or of a bishop of a diocese; sometimes they farmed out a district for a fixed price or for a portion of the spoils; sometimes they merely bought from the curia or a local prelate the letters which authorized them to ply their trade. Tetzel, who stirred the indignation of Luther to rebellion, was only a representative of a horde of vagabonds who for centuries had fleeced the populations and had done all in their power to render religion contemptible in the eyes of thinking men. The Dominican Thomas of Cantimpré bitterly compares the trifling sums which purchased salvation from papal emissaries collecting funds for the Italian wars of the Holy See with the endless labors and austerities of his brethren and of the Franciscans--the sleepless vigils and the days spent in ministering to the spiritual needs of fellow-creatures, without obtaining assured pardon for their sins. The character of these peddlers of salvation is summed up in a tract presented to the Council of Lyons in 1274 by Umberto de' Romani, who had resigned the generalate of the Dominican Order in 1263. He declares that they expose the Church to derision by their lies and filthiness; they bribe the prelates and thus obtain what privileges they want; the frauds of their letters of pardon are almost incredible; they find a fruitful source of gain in false relics, and though they collect large sums from the people, but little inures to the ostensible objects for which the collections are made.[669]

These creatures were not to be reached by the ordinary jurisdiction, for they either bore papal commissions or those of the bishop of the diocese; their trade was too profitable to all parties to be suppressed, and the only way of curbing their worst excesses seemed through the Inquisition. Accordingly the Inquisition had hardly been fully organized when Alexander IV. had recourse to it for this purpose, and included in the powers conferred on inquisitors that of restraining the _quæstuarii_ and of forbidding their preaching. This was repeated by successive popes; it came to be embodied in the canon law, and was customarily included in the enumeration of duties recited in the commissions issued to inquisitors. A tithe of the energy shown in hunting down Waldenses and Spirituals would have effectually suppressed the worst features of this shameful traffic, but that energy was wholly lacking. In all the annals of the Inquisition I have met with but a single case, occurring in 1289, when Berenger Pomilli was brought before the inquisitor Guillaume de Saint-Seine. He was a married clerk of Narbonne, who stated that for thirty years he had followed the trade of _quoestuarius_ in the dioceses of Narbonne, Carcassonne, and elsewhere, collecting the alms of the pious for the building of churches, bridges, and other objects. He was wont to preach to the people during the celebration of mass, and confessed to telling the most outrageous lies--that the cross which Christ carried to the place of crucifixion was so heavy that it would be a burden for ten men; that when the Virgin stood at the foot of the cross it bent over so that she kissed the Saviour's hands and feet, after which it arose again, and many fables concerning purgatory and the liberation of souls--the latter, which were the real frauds of his trade, being prudently suppressed in the official report of his confession. A question as to his belief in these stories revealed to him his danger, for to admit it would have been to stamp himself a heretic. He humbly replied that he knew that he had been habitually uttering lies, but he told them to move the hearts of his hearers to liberality, and he at once begged to be penanced. What penance was awarded him does not appear.[670]

That trials of this sort were rare is evident from the complaint of the Council of Vienne, in 1311, that these vagabonds were in the habit of granting plenary indulgences to those who made donations to the churches which they represented, of dispensing from vows, of absolving for perjury, homicide, and other crimes, of relieving their benefactors from a portion of any penance assigned them, or the souls of their relations from purgatory, and granting immediate admission to paradise. All this was forbidden for the future, but the Inquisition was no longer relied upon to coerce the pardoners to obedience; the bishops were ordered to take the matter in hand and punish the evil-doers. They proved as inefficient as might have been expected. The abuse continued until it became the proximate cause of the Reformation, after which the Council of Trent abolished the profession of pardoner, avowedly because it was the occasion of great scandal among the faithful, and that all efforts to reform it had proved useless.[671]

* * * * *

More important was the nonfeasance of the Inquisition with respect to simony. This was the corroding cancer of the Church throughout the whole of the Middle Ages--the source whence sprang almost all the evils with which she afflicted Christendom. From the highest to the lowest, from the pope to the humblest parish priest, the curse was universal. Those who had only the sacraments to sell made a trade of them. Those whose loftier position gave them command of benefices and preferment, of dispensations and of justice, had no shame in offering their wares in open market, and preferment thus obtained filled the Church with mercenary and rapacious men whose sole object was to swell their purses by extortion and to find enjoyment in ignoble vices. Berthold of Ratisbon, about the middle of the thirteenth century, preaches that simony is the worst of sins, worse than homicide, adultery, perjury, but it now so crazes men that they think through it to serve God.[672] Instinctively all eyes turned to the Holy See as the source and fountain of all these evils. A quaint popular satire, current in the thirteenth century, shows how keenly this was felt:

"Here beginneth the Gospel according to the silver Marks. In those days the pope said to the Romans: When the Son of Man shall come to the throne of our majesty, first say to him: Friend, why comest thou? And if he continue to knock, giving you nothing, ye shall cast him into outer darkness. And it came to pass that a certain poor clerk came to the court of the lord pope and cried out, saying: Have mercy on me, ye gate-keepers of the pope, for the hand of poverty hath touched me. I am poor and hungry, I pray you to help my misery. Then were they wroth and said: Friend, thy poverty perish with thee; get thee behind me Satan, for thou knowest not the odor of money. Verily, verily, I say unto thee that thou shalt not enter into the joy of thy Lord until thou hast given thy last farthing.

"Then the poor man went away and sold his cloak and his coat and all that he had, and gave it to the cardinals and gate-keepers and chamberlains. But they said: What is this among so many? And they cast him beyond the gates, and he wept bitterly and could find nought to comfort him. Then came to the court a rich clerk, fat and broad and heavy, who in his wrath had slain a man. First he gave to the gate-keeper, then to the chamberlain, then to the cardinals; and they thought they were about to receive more. But the lord pope, hearing that the cardinals and servants had many gifts from the clerk, fell sick unto death. Then unto him the rich man sent an electuary of gold and silver, and straightway he was cured. Then the lord pope called unto him the cardinals and servants, and said unto them: Brethren, take heed that no one seduce you with empty words. I set you an example; even as I take, so shall ye take."[673]

Vainly the intrepid energy and inflexible will of Hildebrand in the eleventh century strove to extirpate the ineradicable curse. It only grew wider and deeper as the Church extended its powers and centralized them in the Holy See. Simony was recognized in the canon law as a heresy, punishable as heresy with perpetual seclusion, and as such was justiciable by the Inquisition. With that organization at the command of the Holy See the untiring energy which through so many generations pursued the Cathari and Waldenses could in time have cured this spreading ulcer and purified the Church, but the Inquisition was never instructed to prosecute simoniacs, and there is no trace in its records that it ever volunteered to do so. In fact, had any overzealous official attempted such uncalled-for work he would speedily have been brought to his senses, for simony was not only the direct source of profit to the curia in the sale of preferment, but indirectly so in the sale of dispensations to those who had incurred its disabilities. It seems almost a contradiction in terms to speak of the Holy See issuing dispensations for heresy, and yet this was habitual. Legates and nuncios, when despatched abroad, were empowered to gather a harvest among the faithful by issuing dispensations for all manner of disabilities and irregularities, and among these simony is conspicuously noted. This ceased when John XXII. systematized the sale of absolutions and drew everything to the papal penitentiary, when pardon for simony in a layman could be had for six grossi, in a cleric for seven, and in a monk for eight. It is easy to see why the Inquisition was not used to suppress a heresy so profitable in every aspect. Indeed, while under the canon law it was held to be a heresy, yet it was practically never treated as such. Guillaume Durand, in his _Speculum Juris_, written in 1271, gives formulas for the accusation, by private individuals, of simoniacal bishops and priests and monks, but neither he nor his numerous commentators make the slightest allusion to it as subject to the procedure against heresy.[674]

It would be impossible to exaggerate the corruption which from this cause interpenetrated every fibre of the Church, filling benefices with ignorant and worldly men, eager to wring from the unfortunates committed to their cure the sums with which they had bought the preferment. Stephen Palecz, in a sermon preached before the Council of Constance, declares that there is scarce a church in Christendom free from the stain of simony, owing to the desperate struggle of all kinds of men to obtain the honors, wealth, and luxury attending an ecclesiastical preferment, and resulting in the promotion of the ignorant, weak, and wicked, who could not find employment as shepherds or swineherds. So unblushing was the venality of the Holy See that dialecticians and jurists of high authority seriously argued that the pope could not commit simony. This is scarce surprising when popes were found who could do a sharp stroke of business, like Boniface IX. In want of money to pay his troopers and defray the cost of his vast buildings, he suddenly deposed nearly all the prelates who chanced to be at the papal court, and many absent ones, or he translated them to titular sees, and then sold to the highest bidder the places thus vacated. Many unlucky ones, who were unable to buy back their preferment, wandered around the court without bread to eat, and the confusion and discord caused in many provinces was indescribable. Theodore a Niem, to whom we are indebted for this fact, was himself a papal official for thirty-five years, and knew whereof he spoke when he compared the splendid liberality of the German prelates with the stingy avarice of the Italians, who gave nothing in charity, but bent their whole energies to enriching themselves and their families. But when they die, he says, the collectors of the apostolic camera seize the whole spoil, and through this depredation and rapine it would be impossible to exaggerate the destruction of the Italian cathedrals and monasteries, which are left almost tenantless. As for the camera itself, its officials have hard heads and stony bosoms, and hearts more impenetrable to mercy than steel itself. They are as pitiless to Christians as Turks or Tartars could be, stripping all newly promoted prelates of everything. If the latter cannot pay their demands, forbearance for a time is sold at an immoderate price under terrible oaths, and if anything has been kept back for the expenses of the homeward journey it is extorted, so that whoever escapes from their clutches can truly say, _Cantabit vacuus coram latrone viator_. If you go there to pay a thousand florins and a single one is light, you are not allowed to depart till you have replaced it with a heavier one, or made good in silver twice the deficiency. And if, within a year, the promised sum is not paid, the bishop becomes a simple priest again, and the abbot a simple monk. Never satiated, the proper place of these officials is with the infernal furies, with the harpies, and with the unsatisfied Tantalus. Poggio, who was papal secretary for forty years, describes the applicants for preferment as worthy of these officials. They were idle, ignorant, sordid men, useless for all good purposes, who hung around the curia, clamoring for benefices or any other favor which they could get. Another papal official tells us that Boniface IX. filled the German sees with unfit and useless persons, for he who paid the most obtained the preferment. Many paid ten times more than it had cost their predecessors, for some archbishoprics fetched forty thousand florins, others sixty thousand, and others eighty thousand.[675]

It was in vain that Gerson proved that the papal demand of first-fruits of preferments was simony. It was in vain that the councils of Constance and of Siena complained and protested, and that of Basle endeavored to frame reformatory regulations. Equally vain was the attempt of Charles VII. and the Emperor Albert II. in the Pragmatic Sanctions of 1438, against the protests of Eugenius IV., to declare the annates and first-fruits to be simony. The papal system was too strong for its grasp to be thrown off, and up to the time of the Reformation simony continued to be the all-pervading curse.[676]

In addition to this source of infection from above there was an equally potent cause of demoralization from below in the immunity enjoyed by the clergy from secular jurisdiction. Not only were the people scandalized by seeing clerical homicides and criminals of all sorts set free after the mockery of a trial in the ecclesiastical courts, but the impunity thus enjoyed drew into the ranks of the Church hosts of vile and worthless men, who sought in the tonsure security from justice.[677]

Under such a system it is easy to conceive the character of the prelates and priests with which the Church was everywhere afflicted. Making some allowance for rhetorical enthusiasm, the invective of Nicholas de Clemangis must be received as true. As for the bishops, he says, as they have to spend all the money they can raise to obtain their sees, they devote themselves exclusively to extortion, neglecting wholly their pastoral duties and the spiritual welfare of their flocks; and if, by chance, one of them happens to pay attention to such subjects, he is despised as unworthy of his order. Preaching is regarded as disgraceful. All preferment and all sacerdotal functions are sold, as well as every episcopal ministration, laying on of hands, confession, absolution, dispensation; and this is openly defended, as they say they have not received gratis, and are not bound to give gratis. The only benefices bestowed without payment are to their bastards and jugglers. Their jurisdiction is turned equally to account. The greatest criminals can purchase pardon, while their proctors trump up charges against innocent rustics which have to be compounded. Citations under excommunication, delays and repeated citations, are employed, until the most obstinate is worn out and forced to settle, with enormous charges added to the original trifling fine. Men prefer to live under the most cruel tyrants rather than undergo the judgments of the bishops. Absenteeism is the rule. Many of the bishops never see their dioceses; and these are more useful than those who reside, for the latter contaminate their people by their evil example. As no examination is made into the lives of aspirants to the priesthood, but only as to their ability to pay the stipulated price, the Church is filled with ignorant and immoral men. Few are able to read. They haunt the taverns and brothels, consuming time and substance in eating, drinking, and gambling; they quarrel, fight, and blaspheme, and hasten to the altar from the embraces of their concubines. Canons are no better; since, for the most part, they have bought exemption from episcopal jurisdiction, they commit all sorts of crimes and scandals with impunity. As for monks, they specially avoid all to which their vows oblige them--chastity, poverty, and obedience--and are licentious and undisciplined vagabonds. The Mendicants, who pretend to make amends for the neglect of duty by the secular clergy, are pharisees and wolves in sheep's clothing. With incredible eagerness and infinite deceit they seek everywhere for temporal gain; they abandon themselves beyond all other men to the pleasures of the flesh, feasting and drinking, and polluting all things with their burning lusts. As for the nuns, modesty forbids the description of the nunneries, which are mere brothels, so that to take the veil is equivalent to becoming a public prostitute.[678]

We might suspect this to be the exaggeration of a soured ascetic if it were not for the unanimous testimony of all who describe the condition of the Church from the thirteenth century on. When St. Bonaventura defended the Mendicants against the charge of assailing, in their sermons, the vices of the secular clergy, he denied their doing so for the reason that any such arraignment would be superfluous; and, moreover, that if they were to unveil the full turpitude of the clerical class these would all be expelled, and there would be no hope of seeing their places more worthily filled, for the bishops would not select virtuous men. To do so, moreover, would deprive the people of all faith in the Church, and heresy would become uncontrollable. In another tract he declares that almost all priests were legally incapable of performing their functions, either through the simony attendant on their ordination or through the commission of crimes entailing suspension and deprivation. It was not infrequent, he says, for priests to persuade women that there was no sin in intercourse with a clerk.[679]

In 1305 Frederic of Trinacria, in a confidential letter to his brother, Jayme II. of Aragon, says that he has been led to doubt whether the Gospel was divine revelation or human invention, for three reasons. The first is the character of the secular clergy, especially of the bishops, abbots, and other prelates, who are destitute of all spiritual life, and are pestiferous in their influence through the public display of their wickedness. The second reason is the character of the regular clergy, and especially of the Mendicants, whose morals and lives stupefy all observers; they are so alienated from God that they justify the seculars and the laity by the comparison; their wickedness is so notorious that he fears that some day the people will rise against them, for they bring infection into every house which they frequent. The third reason is the negligence of the Holy See, which of old, as we are told, used to send legates through the kingdoms to look after the condition of religion; but now this is never done, and they are sent only for worldly objects. We see, he says, that it labors without ceasing to slay schismatics, but we never see it solicitous to convert them. The eloquence of Arnaldo de Vilanova was required to persuade Frederic that all this was compatible with the truth of Christianity, and he undertook to introduce a reformation in his own kingdom, commencing with himself.[680]

Marsiglio of Padua may be a suspected witness when he assumes, as a universally recognized fact, the corruption of the mass of ecclesiastics. They despoiled the poor, they were insatiable in their greed, and what they wrung from their flocks was wasted in debauchery. Boys, unlettered men, unknown persons, were promoted to benefices, and the bishops, by their example, carried to destruction more souls than they saved by their teaching. But his contemporary, Alvaro Pelayo, the Franciscan penitentiary of John XXII., is beyond suspicion, and he describes the Church of his time as completely secularized. There is no act of secular life in which priests and monks are not busy. As for the prelates, he can only compare them to the fabled Lamia, with a human head and the body of a beast--a monstrous fury which tears its own offspring to pieces and destroys all within its reach. The prelates, he says, give no teaching to their people, but flay and rend them. The bread due to the poor is lavished on jesters and dogs. Faith and justice have abandoned the earth; there is no humanity or kindness; the voracious flame of wrath and envy destroys the Church and skins the poor with fraud and simony. Scripture and the canons are regarded as fables. Through the iniquity of the priests and prelates the evils gather, for they publicly pervert the law, they render false judgments, they add blood to blood, for many perish through their frauds and machinations. They gloss and declare the law as they choose. The doctors and prelates and priests shed the blood of the just. They take the broad path that leads to destruction, and will not enter, nor permit others to enter, the narrow way that conducts to eternal life. This description is fully borne out by a letter of Benedict XII. to the Archbishop of Narbonne, describing the utter demoralization of the clergy of his province, so lately purified of heresy by the tireless labors of the Inquisition.[681]

Benedict's well-intentioned effort at reformation was fruitless, and after his death matters only became worse, if possible. Under Clement VI. vices of all kinds flourished more luxuriantly than ever. In 1351 a Carmelite, preaching before the pope and cardinals, inveighed against their turpitude in terms which terrified every one, and caused his immediate dismissal. Shortly afterwards a letter was affixed to the portals of the churches addressed to the pope and his cardinals. It was signed Leviathan, Prince of Darkness, and was dated in the centre of hell. He saluted his vicar the pope and his servants the cardinals, with whose help he had overcome Christ; he commended them for all their vices, and sent them the good wishes of their mother, Pride, and their sisters, Avarice, Lust, and the rest, who boast of their well-being through their help. Clement was sorely moved, and fell dangerously sick, but the writer was never discovered. When Clement died, the next year, a majority of the cardinals were disposed to cast their votes for Jean Birel, Prior of the Grande Chartreuse, but the Cardinal of Périgord warned them that their favorite had such zeal for the Church, and was a man of such justice, equity, and disregard of persons, that he would speedily bring them back to their ancient condition, and that in four months their coursers would be converted into beasts of burden. Frightened at this prospect, they incontinently elected Innocent VI.[682]

These stories are verified by Petrarch's descriptions of the papal court at Avignon, wherein even his glowing rhetoric fails to satisfy the vehemence of his indignation, while the details which he gives to justify his ardor are unfit to repeat. It is the Western Babylon, and nothing which is told of Assyria or Egypt, or even of Tartarus, can equal it, for all such are fables by comparison. Here you find Nimrod and Semiramis, Minos and Rhadamanthus, Cerberus consuming all things, Pasiphaë under the bull, and her offspring, the monster Minotaur. Here you see confusion, blackness, and horror. It is not a city, but a den of spectres and goblins, the common sink of all vices, the hell of the living. Here God is despised, money is worshipped, the laws are trodden under foot, the good are ridiculed till there scarce is one left to be laughed at. A deluge is necessary, but there would be no Noah, no Deucalion to survive it. Avignon is the woman clothed in purple and scarlet, holding the golden bowl of her abominations and the uncleanness of her fornications. He returns to the subject again and again with undiminished wrath, and he casually alludes to one of the cardinals as a man of a nobler soul, who might have been good had he not belonged to the sacred college. The mocking spirit of Boccaccio is equally outspoken. From the highest to the lowest, every one in the papal court is abandoned to the most abominable vices. The sight of it converts a Jew, for he argues that Christianity must be of God, seeing that it spreads and flourishes in spite of the wickedness of its head.[683]

Gregory XI. was the fiercest persecutor of heresy in the fourteenth century, incessantly active against Brethren of the Free Spirit, Waldenses, and Fraticelli. He could boast that even as his namesake and prototype, Gregory IX., had founded the Inquisition, so he had restored it and had extended it into Germany. Yet, with all this zeal for compelling unity of faith, St. Birgitta was divinely commissioned to convey to him this message from the Lord:

"Hear, O Gregory XI., the words I say to thee, and give unto them diligent attention! Why dost thou hate me so? Why are thy audacity and presumption so great against me that thy worldly court destroys my heavenly one? Proudly thou despoilest me of my sheep. The wealth of the Church which is mine, and the goods of the faithful of the Church, thou extortest and seizest, and givest to thy worldly friends. Thou takest unjustly the store of the poor and lavishest it without shame on thy worldly friends. What have I done to thee, O Gregory? Patiently have I suffered thee to rise to the high-priesthood, and I have foretold to thee my will by letters divinely sent to thee, warning thee of the salvation of thy soul, and reproaching thy recklessness. How then dost thou repay my many favors? Why in thy court dost thou suffer unchecked the foulest pride, insatiable avarice, wantonness execrable to me, and all-devouring simony? Moreover, thou dost seize and carry away from me innumerable souls, for well-nigh all who go to thy court thou plungest into the fire of hell.... Gird up thy loins, then, and fear not. Arise and bravely seek to reform the Church which I have purchased with my blood, and it will be restored to its former state, though now a brothel is more respected than it is. If thou dost not obey my command, know verily that thou wilt be condemned, and every devil of hell will have a morsel of thy soul, immortal and inconsumable."

In another vision St. Birgitta was ordered to represent to the pope the deplorable state of all orders of the clergy. Priests were rather pimps of the devil than clerks of God. The monasteries were well-nigh abandoned, mass was only celebrated in them intermittently, while the monks resided in their houses and had no shame in acknowledging their offspring, or wandered around, frequently clad in armor under their frocks. The doors of the nunneries were open night and day, and they were rather brothels than holy retreats. Such is the burden of St. Birgitta's repeated revelations, and nothing that Wickliff or Huss could say of the depravity of the clergy could exceed the bitterness of her denunciation.[684]

The inspiration of St. Catharine of Siena was equally outspoken. In her letters to Gregory XI., Urban VI., and the dignitaries who listened respectfully to her enunciations of the voice of God, her constant theme is the corruption of every rank in the hierarchy and the immediate necessity for reform. To Gregory she announces that God will sharply rebuke him if he does not cleanse the Church of its impurities; God demands of him to cast aside lukewarmness and fear, and to become another man, that he may eradicate the abundance of its iniquity. To Urban she says that it is not possible for him to put an end to the evil everywhere committed throughout Christendom, and especially by the clergy, but at least he can do what lies within his power. The prelates she describes as caring for nothing but pleasure and ambition; they are infernal demons carrying off the souls of their subjects, they are wolves and traffickers in the divine grace. As for the priests, they are the exact opposites of what they should be, injuring all who come in contact with them; all their lives are corrupt, and they are not worthy to be called men, but, rather, beasts, wallowing in filth and indulging in all the wickedness craved by their bestial appetites; they are not guardians of souls, but devourers, delivering them up to the Wolf of Hell.[685] All these warnings fell upon deaf ears, and the Church, during the Great Schism, plunged, if possible, deeper into the pit of abominations.

In 1386 Telesforo, the hermit of Cosenza, could only explain the Schism by the wealth and worldliness of the clergy, whom God could only reform by stripping them of their temporalities and thus forcing them to live according to the gospel. Although Henry of Hesse disputed the prophetic gifts of Telesforo, he, too, had no hesitation in ascribing the Schism to the simony, avarice, pride, luxury, and vanity of the Church, and he can only explain it by God sometimes in his wrath allowing his servants to act according to their own evil desires. Even should the Schism be healed, he can only look forward to the Church falling from bad to worse until the coming of Antichrist. This he anticipates speedily, for all the prophetic signs are present in the extreme iniquity of the world. The insatiable avarice and ambition of clergy and laity will lead them to support any one who promises them worldly advantage, and they will unite in aiding Antichrist to conquer the world. Bad as were the attacks of heresy, he says, the peace now enjoyed by the Church after overcoming the heretics is even worse, for in it the evil spirits succeed in excluding virtues and substituting vices--a significant admission from an enthusiastic churchman of the result of the labors of the Inquisition.[686]

These deplorable statements are confirmed by the supplication of the Council of Pisa in 1409 to Alexander V., and by the reformers who gathered around the Council of Constance in hopes of seeing it fulfil its functions of purifying the Church in its head and members--John Gerson, Cardinal d'Ailly, Cardinal Zabarella, Bernhardus Baptizatus, Theodoric Vrie. I have already quoted Nicholas de Clemangis, and need only say that the others were equally outspoken and equally full of detail, while the reformatory projects drawn up for consideration by the council are eloquent as to the evils which they were designed to remove. At first Sigismund and the Germans, with the French and English nations, were united in demanding that reformation should precede the election of a pope in place of the deposed John XXIII., but the close alliance formed between Sigismund and Henry V. alienated the French; by a skilful use of this they were won over, and the prospects of reform grew so desperate that Sigismund seriously contemplated seizing all the cardinals, as the main obstacle to the wished-for action, and removing them from Constance. On learning this, far from yielding, they put on their red hats and wore them in the streets as a token of their readiness to undergo martyrdom, and a paper was drawn up stigmatizing the English and Germans as Wickliffites and Hussites. The Germans responded in a vigorous protest, officially describing the condition of the Church in terms as decided as those employed by Nicholas de Clemangis. For this state of things they hold the Holy See solely responsible, for they date back these abuses to a time, a century and a half before, when the increasing pretensions of the curia enabled it to infect all Christendom with its vices, and they allude with special horror to the use of the papal penitentiary, worse than ordinary simony, whereby crimes were taxed in proportion to their heinousness and villainous traffic was made in sin. The Church, they concluded, had forfeited the reverence of the laity, which regarded it with contempt, as rather Antichristian than Christian. The steadfast attitude of the Germans, however, was weakened by the death of their strongest ally, Robert Hallam, Bishop of Salisbury, and two of Sigismund's most trusted prelates were bribed to betray the cause. The Archbishop of Riga, who was tired of his constant quarrels with the Teutonic knights, was promised the rich bishopric of Liége, and the Bishop of Coire was promised the archbishopric of Riga. The opposition crumbled away, and Martin V. was elected. The French quickly saw their mistake, and appealed to Sigismund, who curtly referred them to the pope whom they had chosen, and who now had full power of granting or refusing reform. The council hurriedly adjourned after passing a few canons of little worth, and providing for a succession of general councils at short intervals.[687]

We have seen how reform was skilfully eluded at the Council of Siena in 1424. At Basle it fared no better. In 1435 Andreas, Bishop of Minorca, addressed to the Cardinal-legate Cesarini an exhortation in which he said, "Evils, sins, and scandals have so increased, especially among the clergy, that, as the prophet says, already accursed lying and theft, and adultery and simony, and murder and many other crimes have deluged the earth.... The avarice and lust of domination and the foul and abominable lives of the ecclesiastics are the cause of all the misfortunes of Christendom. The infidel and the heretic say that if the Christian faith and gospel law were true and holy, the prelates and priests would not live as they do, nor would the spiritual rulers work such confusion and scandal in Christendom without instant punishment from the Lord Jesus Christ, the founder of the gospel and the Church." Bishop Andreas further urged that the council condemn by an irrefragable decision the impious doctrine of some canonists that the pope cannot commit simony. Two years later, in 1437, John Nider, the Dominican, declared that the general reformation of the Church was hopeless, on account of the wickedness of the prelates and the lack of good-will of the clergy. Partial reforms might be practicable, but even in this the difficulty was almost insuperable. The council, he said, in its six years of existence had been unable to reform a single nunnery, although aided by all the force of the secular power.[688]

The council, indeed, attempted some reformation, but Eugenius IV. and his successors refused to observe its canons. Even in Germany and France the old abuses were reinstated, with their deplorable consequences. The writers of the period are as emphatic as their predecessors in describing the superabounding and universal turpitude of the Church during the remainder of the century. That they do not exaggerate may be assumed from one or two instances. In 1459 there died at Arras, at the age of eighty, Nicaise le Vasseur, canon and head of the chapter of Arras. He not only had daughters and committed incest with them, but also with a daughter-granddaughter whom he had by one of them. Yet so blunted was the moral sense of Church and people that, as we are told, this monster officiated "_très honorablement_" in divine service on all feasts and holidays, and the only comment of the chronicler is that he did it most becomingly. When, in 1474, the death of Sixtus IV. was received in Rome with a pæan of joy, people commented not so much upon his selling benefices to the highest bidder and his other devices of extorting money, as upon the manner in which he rewarded the boys who served his unnatural lusts by granting to them rich bishoprics and archbishoprics. Under such men as Innocent VIII. and Alexander VI., there could only be deeper degradation expected. Julius II. was a _condottiere_ rather than a priest; but when political exigencies led him to summon the Lateran Council, earnest souls like Jacob Wimpfeling permitted themselves to hope that he would set bounds to the moral plague which pervaded all the churches. When he died, and Leo X. conducted the labors of the assembled fathers, Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola addressed him an epistle describing the evils for which reformation was requisite. It is a repetition of the old complaints. The worship of God was neglected, the churches were held by pimps and catamites; the nunneries were dens of prostitution, justice was a matter of hatred or favor; piety was lost in superstition; the priesthood was bought and sold; the revenues of the Church ministered only to the foulest excesses, and the people were repelled from religion by the example of their pastors. The author of a little anonymous tract printed about the year 1500 feels obliged to prove by laborious citations that fornication is forbidden to the clergy, and he attributes the contempt generally entertained for the Church to the openly scandalous lives of its members. To appreciate fully the effect on the popular mind of this degradation of the Church, we must keep in view the supernatural powers claimed and exercised by the priesthood, which made it the arbiter of every man's destiny, for salvation depended not so much on individual desert as on the ministrations of those who controlled the sacraments. How benumbing was this influence on the moral faculties is visible in the confession of Anna Miolerin, one of the Tyrolese witches burned in 1506, where the spread of witchcraft is attributed to the sensual and drunken priests who are unable to confess their penitents properly, or to baptize children, so that the latter, unprotected by the sacrament, are easily betrayed to Satan. The priests, she says, ought to baptize children reverently and repeat all the words of the ceremony.[689]

As for monasticism, Abbot Trithemius gives us a vigorous sketch of its demoralization. The great Benedictine Order, the mother and exemplar of the rest, had been founded on a wise and comprehensive system, including productive labor in the fields and religious observances in the houses: but he tells us that the monks when abroad were idle and vain, and when inside the walls were abandoned to carnal delights, with nothing of decorous to show but the habit, and even this was mostly neglected. No one thought of enforcing the forgotten discipline. The monasteries had become stables for clerks, or fortresses for fighting-men, or markets for traders, or brothels for strumpets, in which the greatest of crimes was to live without sin. The abbots thought of nothing but of satisfying their appetites and vanities, their lusts, their ambition, and their avarice, while the brethren were monks only in name, and were vessels of wrath and sin. A confirmatory glimpse at the interior life of these establishments is afforded by Angelus Rumpherus, elected Abbot of Formbach in 1501, in his account of his immediate predecessor, Leonhard, who had ruled the abbey since 1474. He was especially fond of using torture, of which he had infinite ingenious varieties at his service. Unable to endure his tyranny, a monk named Engelschalk, a man of good natural parts and disposition, fled, but was taken sick and brought back. He was thrown into the dungeon of the abbey, a building without light and ventilation, except a narrow slit through which to pass in food. Here he died, without even the viaticum, his request for a confessor being refused, and when, as he was dying, the abbot and some of the monks entered, the blood flowed copiously from his nose, showing that they were his murderers.[690]

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Under the guidance of a Church such as this, the moral condition of the laity was unutterably depraved. Uniformity of faith had been enforced by the Inquisition and its methods, and so long as faith was preserved, crime and sin were comparatively unimportant except as a source of revenue to those who sold absolution. As Theodoric Vrie tersely puts it, hell and purgatory would be emptied if enough money could be found. The artificial standard thus created is seen in a revelation of the Virgin to St. Birgitta, that a pope who was free from heresy, no matter how polluted by sin and vice, is not so wicked but that he has the absolute power to bind and loose souls. There are many wicked popes plunged in hell, but all their lawful acts on earth are accepted and confirmed by God, and all priests who are not heretics administer true sacraments, no matter how depraved they may be. Correctness of belief was thus the sole essential; virtue was a wholly subordinate consideration. How completely under such a system religion and morals came to be dissociated is seen in the remarks of Pius II. quoted above, that the Franciscans were excellent theologians, but cared nothing about virtue.[691]

This, in fact, was the direct result of the system of persecution embodied in the Inquisition. Heretics who were admitted to be patterns of virtue were ruthlessly exterminated in the name of Christ, while in the same holy name the orthodox could purchase absolution for the vilest of crimes for a few coins. When the only unpardonable offence was persistence in some trifling error of belief, such as the poverty of Christ; when men had before them the example of their spiritual guides as leaders in vice and debauchery and contempt of sacred things, all the sanctions of morality were destroyed and the confusion between right and wrong became hopeless. The world has probably never seen a society more vile than that of Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The brilliant pages of Froissart fascinate us with their pictures of the artificial courtesies of chivalry; the mystic reveries of Rysbroek and of Tauler show us that spiritual life survived in some rare souls, but the mass of the population was plunged into the depths of sensuality and the most brutal oblivion of the moral law. For this Alvaro Pelayo tells us that the priesthood were accountable, and that, in comparison with them, the laity were holy. What was that state of comparative holiness he proceeds to describe, blushing as he writes, for the benefit of confessors, giving a terrible sketch of the universal immorality which nothing could purify but fire and brimstone from heaven. The chroniclers do not often pause in their narrations to dwell on the moral aspects of the times, but Meyer, in his annals of Flanders, under date of 1379, tells us that it would be impossible to describe the prevalence everywhere of perjuries, blasphemies, adulteries, hatreds, quarrels, brawls, murder, rapine, thievery, robbery, gambling, whoredom, debauchery, avarice, oppression of the poor, rape, drunkenness, and similar vices, and he illustrates his statement with the fact that in the territory of Ghent, within the space of ten months, there occurred no less than fourteen hundred murders committed in the bagnios, brothels, gambling-houses, taverns, and other similar places. When, in 1396, Jean sans Peur led his crusaders to destruction at Nicopolis, their crimes and cynical debauchery scandalized even the Turks, and led to the stern rebuke of Bajazet himself, who as the monk of Saint-Denis admits, was much better than his Christian foes. The same writer, moralizing over the disaster of Agincourt, attributes it to the general corruption of the nation. Sexual relations, he says, were an alternation of disorderly lusts and of incest; commerce was nought but fraud and trickery; avarice withheld from the Church her tithes, and ordinary conversation was a succession of blasphemies. The Church, set up by God as a model and protector for the people, was false to all its obligations. The bishops, through the basest and most criminal of motives, were habitual accepters of persons; they anointed themselves with the last essence extracted from their flocks, and there was in them nothing of holy, of just, of wise, or even of decent. Luke Wadding is a witness above suspicion; his conscientious study of original sources entitles his opinions to weight, and we may accept his description of Italy in the early part of the fifteenth century: "At that time Italy was sunk in vice and wickedness. In the Church there was no devotion, in the laity no faith, no piety, no modesty, no discipline of morals. Every man cursed his neighbor; the factions of Guelf and Ghibelline flooded the streets of the towns with fraternal blood, the roads were closed by robbers, the seas infested with pirates. Parents slew with rejoicing their children who chanced to be of the opposite faction. The world was full of sorcery and incantations; the churches deserted, the gambling-houses filled." The testimony is too uniform to explain it away with the assumption that it represents only the disenchantment of puritanism. Æneas Sylvius was no puritan, and his adventurous life had made him, perhaps, better acquainted with the whole of Christendom than any other man of his time, and in 1453 he says: "It is for this that I dread the Turks. Whether I look upon the deeds of princes or of prelates I find that all have sunk, all are worthless. There is not one who does right, in no one is there pity or truth. There is no recognition of God upon earth; you are Christians in name, but you do the work of heathen. Execration and falsehood and slaughter and theft and adultery are spread among you, and you add blood to blood. What wonder if God, indignant at your acts, places on your necks Mahomet, the leader of the Turks, like another Nebuchadnezzar, for you are either swollen with pride, or rapacious with avarice, or cruel in wrath, or livid with envy, or incestuous in lust, or unsparing in cruelty. There is no shame in crime, for you sin so openly and shamelessly that you seem to take delight in it." To what extent the Church was responsible for this may be judged by the terrible condition of Rome under Innocent VIII. as pictured in the diary of Infessura. Outrages of all kinds were committed with impunity so long as the criminal had wherewith to compound with the papal chancery; and when Cardinal Borgia, the vice-chancellor, was reproached with this, he piously replied that God did not desire the death of the sinner, but that he should pay and live. A census of the public women showed them to number sixty-eight hundred, and when the vicar of the city issued a decree ordering all ecclesiastics to dismiss their concubines, Innocent sent for him and ordered its withdrawal, saying that all priests and members of the curia kept them, and that it was no sin.[692]

This was the outcome of the theocracy whose foundation had been laid by Hildebrand in the honest belief that it would realize the reign of Christ on earth. Power such as was claimed and exercised by the Church could only be wielded by superhuman wisdom. Human nature was too imperfect not to convert it into an instrumentality for the gratification of worldly passions and ambition, and its inevitable result was to plunge society deeper and deeper into corruption, as unity of faith was enforced by persecution. In this enforcement, as I have said, faith became the only object of supreme importance, and morals were completely subordinated, tending naturally to the creation of a perfectly artificial and arbitrary standard of conduct. If, to win the favor of Satan, a man trampled on the Eucharist believing it to be the body of Christ, he was not liable to the pains of heresy; but if he did so out of disbelief, he was a heretic. If he took interest for money believing it to be wrong, he was comparatively safe; if believing it to be right, he was condemned. It was not the act, but the mental process, that was of primary importance, and wilful wrong-doing was treated more tenderly than ignorant conscientiousness. Thus the divine law on which the Church professed to be founded was superseded by human law administered by those who profited by its abuse. As Cardinal d'Ailly tells us, the doctors of civil law regarded the imperial jurisprudence as more binding than the commands of God, while the professors of canon law taught that the papal decretals were of greater weight than Scripture. Such a theocracy, practically deeming itself as superior to its God, when it had overcome all dissidence, could have but one result.[693]

When we consider, however, the simple earnestness with which such multitudes of humble heretics endured the extremity of outrage and the most cruel of deaths, in the endeavor to ascertain and obey the will of God in the fashioning of their lives, we recognize what material existed for the development of true Christianity, and for the improvement of the race, far down in the obscurer ranks of society. We can see now how greatly advanced might be the condition of humanity had that leaven been allowed to penetrate the whole mass in place of being burned out with fire. Unorganized and unresisting, the heretics were unable to withstand the overwhelming forces arrayed against them. Power and place and wealth were threatened by their practical interpretation of the teachings of Christ. The pride of opinion in the vast and laboriously constructed theories of scholastic theology, the conscientious belief in the exclusive salvation obtainable through the Church alone, the recognized duty of exterminating the infected sheep and preserving the vineyard of the Lord from the ravages of heretical foxes, all united to form a conservatism against which even the heroic endurance of the sectaries was unavailing. Yet there are few pages in the history of humanity more touching, few records of self-sacrifice more inspiring, few examples more instructive of the height to which the soul can rise above the weaknesses of the flesh, than those which we may glean from the fragmentary documents of the Inquisition and the scanty references of the chroniclers to the abhorred heretics so industriously tracked and so pitilessly despatched. Ignorant and toiling men and women--peasants, mechanics, and the like--dimly conscious that the system of society was wrong, that the commands of God were perverted or neglected, that humanity was capable of higher development, if it could but find and follow the Divine Will; striving each in his humble sphere to solve the inscrutable and awful problems of existence, to secure in tribulation his own salvation, and to help his fellows in the arduous task--these forgotten martyrs of the truth drew from themselves alone the strength which enabled them to dare and to endure martyrdom. No prizes of ambition lay before them to tempt their departure from the safe and beaten track, no sympathizing crowds surrounded the piles of fagots and strengthened them in the fearful trial; but scorn and hatred and loathing were their portion to the last. Save in cases of relapse, life could always be saved by recantation and return to the bosom of the Church, which recognized that even from a worldly point of view a converted heretic was more valuable than a martyred one, yet the steadfast resolution, which the orthodox characterized as satanic hardening of the heart, was too common to excite surprise.[694]

This inestimable material for the elevation of humanity was plucked up as tares and cast into the furnace. Society, so long as it was orthodox and docile, was allowed to wallow in all the wickedness which depravity might suggest. The supreme object of uniformity in faith was practically attained, and the moral condition of mankind was dismissed from consideration as of no importance. Yet the incongruity between the ideal of Christianity and its realization was too unnatural for the situation to be permanent. In the Church as well as out of it there was a leaven working. While St. Birgitta was thundering her revelations in the unwilling ears of Gregory XI., William Langland, the monk of Malvern, sharpened his bitter denunciations of friar and prelate by reminding the common-folk that love and truth were the sole essentials of Christianity--

"Loue is leche of lyf and nexte owre lorde selve, And also the graith gate that goth in-to heuene; For-thi I sey as I seide ere by the textis, Whan alle tresores ben ytryed treuthe is the beste. Now haue I tolde the what treuthe is, that no tresore is bettere, I may no lenger lenge the with, now loke the owre lorde!" (VISION, I. 202-7.)

All such warnings, however, were disregarded, and in the hour of its unquestionable supremacy the sacerdotal system, which seemed impregnable to all assaults and to have no assailants, was on the eve of its overthrow. The Inquisition had been too successful. So complete had been the triumph of the Church that the old machinery was allowed to become out of gear and to rust for want of daily use. The Inquisition itself had ceased to inspire its old-time terror. For a century it had little to do save an occasional foray upon the peasants of the Alpine valleys, or an extortion on the Jews of Palermo, or the fomenting of a witchcraft craze. It no longer had the stimulus of active work or the opportunity of impressing the minds of the people with the certainty of its vengeance and the terrors of its holocausts.

At the same time the Great Schism had inflicted a serious blow upon the veneration entertained for the Holy See by both clergy and laity, which found expression in the great councils of Constance and Basle. Dexterous management, it is true, averted the immediate dangers threatened by these parliaments of Christendom, and the Church remained in theory an autocracy instead of being converted into a constitutional monarchy, but nevertheless the old unquestioning confidence in the vicegerent of God was gone, while the aspirations of Christendom grew stronger under repression. The invention of printing came to stimulate the spread of enlightenment, and a reading public gradually formed itself, reached and influenced by other modes than the pulpit and the lecture-room, which had been the monopoly of the Church. No longer was culture virtually the sole appanage of ecclesiastics. The New Learning spread among a daily increasing class the thirst for knowledge and the critical spirit of inquiry, which insensibly undermined the traditional claims of the Church on the veneration and obedience of mankind.

Save in Spain, where racial divisions furnished peculiar factors to the problem, everything conspired to disarm the Inquisition and render it powerless when it was most sorely needed. Orthodox uniformity had been so successfully enforced that the popes of the fifteenth century, immersed in worldly cares beyond the capacity of the Inquisition to gratify, scarce gave themselves the trouble to keep up its organization; and, save when some madness of witchcraft called for victims, the people and the local clergy made no demand for vindicators of the faith. Scholastic quarrels, for the most part, were settled by the universities, which arrogated to themselves much of the jurisdiction of the Holy Office; and the episcopal ordinaries seemed almost to have forgotten the functions which were theirs by immemorial right.

Although German orthodoxy had been so uniform that the Inquisition there had always been weak and unorganized, yet Germany was the inevitable seat of the revolt. In England and France the power of a monarchy, backed by a united people, had set some bounds to papal aggression and assumption. In Italy the pope was regarded more as a temporal prince than as the head of the Church, and the Ghibellines had never hesitated to oppose his schemes of political aggrandizement. In Germany, however, the papal policy of disunion and civil strife had proved fatally successful, and since the untimely death of Louis of Bavaria there had been no central power strong enough to defend the people and the local churches from the avarice and ambition of the representatives of St. Peter. Luther came when the public mind was receptive and insubordinate, and when there was no organized instrumentality for his prompt repression. As I have already pointed out, his scholastic discussion as to the power of the keys seemed at first too insignificant to require attention; when the debate enlarged there were no means at hand for its speedy suppression, and, by the time the Church could marshal its unwieldy forces, the people had espoused his cause in a region where, as the Sachsenspiegel shows, there was no hereditary or prescriptive readiness to venerate the canon law. The hour, the place, and the man had met by a happy concurrence, and the era of modern civilization and unfettered thought was opened, in spite of the fact that the reformers were as rigid as the orthodox in setting bounds to dogmatic independence.

* * * * *

The review which we have made of the follies and crimes of our ancestors has revealed to us a scene of almost unrelieved blackness. We have seen how the wayward heart of man, groping in twilight, has under the best of impulses inflicted misery and despair on his fellow-creatures while thinking to serve God, and how the ambitious and unprincipled have traded on those impulses to gratify the lust of avarice and domination. Yet such a review, rightly estimated, is full of hope and encouragement. In the unrest of modern society, where immediate relief is sought from the mass of evils oppressing mankind, and impatience is eager to overturn all social organization in the hope of founding a new structure where preventable misery shall be unknown, it is well occasionally to take a backward view, to tear away the veil which conceals the passions and the sufferings of bygone generations, and estimate fairly the progress already effected. Human development is slow and irregular; to the observer at a given point it appears stationary or retrogressive, and it is only by comparing periods removed by a considerable interval of time that the movement can be appreciated. Such a retrospect as we have wearily accomplished has shown us how, but a few centuries since, the infliction of gratuitous evil was deemed the highest duty of man, and we learn how much has been gained to the empire of Christian love and charity. We have seen how the administration of law, both spiritual and secular, was little other than organized wrong and injustice; we have seen how low were the moral standards, and how debased the mental condition of the populations of Christendom. We have seen that the Ages of Faith, to which romantic dreamers regretfully look back, were ages of force and fraud, where evil seemed to reign almost unchecked, justifying the current opinion, so constantly reappearing, that the reign of Antichrist had already begun. Imperfect as are human institutions to-day, a comparison with the past shows how marvellous has been the improvement, and the fact that this gain has been made almost wholly within the last two centuries, and that it is advancing with accelerated momentum, affords to the sociologist the most cheering encouragement. Principles have been established which, if allowed to develop themselves naturally and healthfully, will render the future of mankind very different from aught that the world has yet seen. The greatest danger to modern society lies in the impatient theorists who desire to reform the world at a blow, in place of aiding in the struggle of good with evil under the guidance of eternal laws. Could they be convinced of the advance so swiftly made and of its steady development, they might moderate their ardor and direct their energies to wise construction rather than to heedless destruction.

A few words will suffice to summarize the career of the mediæval Inquisition. It introduced a system of jurisprudence which infected the criminal law of all the lands subjected to its influence, and rendered the administration of penal justice a cruel mockery for centuries. It furnished the Holy See with a powerful weapon in aid of political aggrandizement, it tempted secular sovereigns to imitate the example, and it prostituted the name of religion to the vilest temporal ends. It stimulated the morbid sensitiveness to doctrinal aberrations until the most trifling dissidence was capable of arousing insane fury, and of convulsing Europe from end to end. On the other hand, when atheism became fashionable in high places, its thunders were mute. Energetic only in evil, when its powers might have been used on the side of virtue, it held its hand and gave the people to understand that the only sins demanding repression were doubt as to the accuracy of the Church's knowledge of the unknown, and attendance on the Sabbat. In its long career of blood and fire, the only credit which it can claim is the suppression of the pernicious dogmas of the Cathari, and in this its agency may be regarded as superfluous, for those dogmas carried in themselves the seeds of self-destruction, and higher wisdom might have trusted to their self-extinction. Thus the judgment of impartial history must be that the Inquisition was the monstrous offspring of mistaken zeal, utilized by selfish greed and lust of power to smother the higher aspirations of humanity and stimulate its baser appetites.

APPENDIX.

I.

CONFESSION OF A HARBORER OF SPIRITUALS.

(Doat, XXVII. fol. 7 sqq.)

This is one of twenty-two similar cases. The statements have every appearance of being drawn up to lay before an assembly of experts.

Johannes de Petra, sartor, filius quondam Guillelmi de Petra oriundus de parrochia Vallis diocesis Mimatensis, habitator Montispessulani, sicut per ipsius confessionem in judicio sub anno Domini MCCC vigesimo sexto mense Novembris et Januarii factam, legitime nobis constat a tribus vel quatuor annis ante tempus confessionis factæ per eum de infrascriptis contra Guillelmum Verrerii de Narbona et Petrum Dayssan de Biterris pro hæresi fugitivos in domo propria multo tempore receptavit, cum eis comedit et bibit, et ad diversa loca in eorum societate ivit, multosque alios fugitivos et alios de credentia beguinorum combustorum etiam in dicta domo sua vidit, et cum eis comedit et bibit frequenter, et etiam fratrem Raimundum Johannis apostatam ab ordine minorum et a fide fugitivum in dicta domo propria ad prandendum invitavit, sibique comedere et bibere de suis bonis dedit, in festo fratris Petri facto per eos in Montepessulano interfuit et comedit, aliasque multipliciter et diversimode cum ipsis fugitivis et quibusdam aliis de credentia beguinorum conversatus fuit non cum omnibus simul et semel, sed diversis vicibus, aliquando cum uno, alias cum duobus vel pluribus, sicuti veniebant, sciens eos esse tales. Item ab eis fugitivis et beguinis seu aliquibus eorum errores infrascriptos audivit, videlicet: quod beguini qui fuerant condemnati et combusti in Narbona, Capitestagno, Biterris, Lodeva et Lunello et alibi fuerant boni homines et catholici, et fuerant indebite et injuste condemnati, et quod erant sancti et martyres gloriosi; et idem audivit a quodam quem nominat dici de fratribus minoribus Massiliæ combustis, videlicet quod erant injuste condemnati, et quod erant mortui sancti martyres gloriosi, et erant in Paradiso, et quod tenuerant sanctam vitam et bonam, et viam veritatis et paupertatis, et quod propter hoc inquisitores condemnabant eosdem. Item audivit ab eodem quem nominat quod dominus papa qui nunc est non est verus papa sicut fuit Sanctus Petrus nee habet illam potestatem quam Dominus Jesus Christus dederat beato Petro, quodque si fuisset verus papa non consentiret nec sustineret quod dicti beguini et fratres minores condemnarentur qui tenebant viam Dei et veritatis. Item quod cardinales et alii prælati ecclesiæ Romanæ sustinebant et faciebant prædictas condemnationes propter favorem et timorem dicti domini papæ, dicens ipse Joannes quod inductus per dictum hominem prædictos errores credidit, scilicet dictos condemnatos credidit fuisse injuste condemnatos et esse sanctos et martyres gloriosos et esse in Paradiso, credidit etiam quod dominus papa non esset verus papa propter condemnationem prædictorum, sicut a prædicto homine et pluribus aliis quos nominat se asserit audivisse, et fuit in credentia prædictorum errorum ab illo tempore citra, quo prædictus homo sibi prædictos errores dixit usque ad illud tempus quo fuit in Montepessulano arrestatus de mandato inquisitoris, et tunc poenituit ut asserit, de prædictis. Item audivit a quibusdam, scilicet a predicto Guillelmo Verrerii et aliis quod si unus homo fecisset votum eundi ad Sanctum Jacobum quod melius faceret si daret pecuniam illam quam expendere posset in via pauperibus latitantibus et non aliis qui publiæ mendicabant, quia S. Jacobus vel aliquis alius sanctus non indiget oblationibus quæ sibi offerebantur. Item quod si unus homo promiserit alicui sancto vel beatæ Mariæ virgini unam candelam vel ejus valorem, daret pauperibus, et hoc credidit ipse loquens et in ipsa credentia stetit per unum annum vel quasi sicut dixit; committens prædicta a prædicto tempore citra celavit ea nec confiteri voluit, donec captus est et longo tempore sub arresto positus et denique in muri carcere detentus fuit, et contra proprium juramentum de prædictis celavit et negavit expressius a principio veritatem, nec dictos fugitivos detexit nec capi procuravit, dicens se poenitere.

II.

BULL OF JOHN XXII. ORDERING THE TRANSFER OF PIERRE TRENCAVEL.

(Archives de l'Inquisition de Carcassonne.--Doat, XXXV. fol. 18.)

Johannes episcopus servus servorum Dei dilecto filio Michaeli Monachi de ordine fratrum minorum inquisitori hæreticæ pravitatis in partibus Provinciæ auctoritate apostolica deputato salutem et apostolicam benedictionem. Ex insinuatione dilecti filii Joannis de Prato de ordine fratrum prædicatorum inquisitoris hæreticæ pravitatis in partibus Carcassonensibus auctoritate apostolica deputati nuper accepimus quod Petrus Trencavelli de Aurilhat Biterrensis diocesis, qui olim de crimine hæresis delatus et vehementer suspectus captus extitit et in muro inquisitionis Carcassonæ positus et detentus, de quo muro postmodum temerariis dicitur ausibus aufugisse, quodque factis subsequente rite processibus contra eum, ipsoque reperto de crimine hujusmodi culpabili et resperso, in sermone publico Carcassonæ de eodem fuit crimine condemnatus tanquam hæreticus, necnon Andræa ejusdem Petri filia, de prædicto crimine vehementer suspecta et etiam fugitiva, mancipati tuis carceribus detinentur. Cum autem negotio fidei expediat quod præfati Petrus et Andræa, ut de aliis per ipsos ut fertur infectis, ipsorumque fautoribus in eis partibus possit haberi certitudo plenior, inquisitori restituantur prædicto, nos qui negotium hujusmodi ubique cupimus, Domino cooperante, prosperari, præfati inquisitoris in hac parte supplicationibus inclinati, discretioni tuæ per apostolica scripta mandamus quatinus eidem inquisitori vel ejus certo nuncio prædictos Petrum Trencavelli et Andræam filiam ejus restituere, cessante difficultatis obstaculo, non postponas. Datum Avenione decimo secundo Kalendas Aprilis, Pontificatus nostri anno undecimo. (21 Mar. 1327.)

III.

SENTENCE OF NAPROUS BONETA.

(Doat, XXVII. fol. 95.)

In nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti, Amen. Cum nos fratres Henricus de Chamayo Carcassonæ et P. Bruni Tholosanus inquisitores, et Hugo Augerii et Durandus Catherini commissarii supradicti per inquisitionem legitime factam invenimus et per confessionem vestram fatam in judicio legitime nobis constat quod tu Naprous Boneta filia quondam Stephani Boneti de Sancto Petro de la Cadiera diocesis Nemausensis, habitatrix Montispessulani, contra veram fidem catholicam et ecclesiam Romanam sacrosanctam, potestati et auctoritati sanctæ sedis apostolicæ et domini summi pontificis detrahendo, de potestate et auctoritate ipsius vicarii Domini nostri Jesu Christi ac sacrosanctæ ecclesiæ principatum et fundamentum indissolubile, et claves ac sacramenta blasphemando et quantum in te est totaliter enervando, et male ac perverse sentiendo de fide, plures articulos sacris canonibus contrarios, hæreticales et erroneos sustinuisti et adhuc sustinere niteris animo pertinaci, sicque tam graviter in crimine hæreseos deliquisti prout est tibi lectum et recitatum intelligibiliter in vulgari; idcirco nos inquisitores et commissarii antedicti, præfati illius vestigiis inhærentes qui non vult mortem peccatoris, sed majus ut convertatur et vivat, te Naprous Boneta prædictam tantos et tam enormes errores et hæreses, ut præmittitur sustinentem et defendere volentem protervia improba et anima pertinaci, sæpe ac sæpius caritative prius per nostrum prædecessorem multipliciter monitam et rogatam iteratis vicibus, nihilominus requisivimus, rogavimus, monuimus et per probos viros religiosos et sæculares moneri et rogari salubriter et humiliter fecimus ut a prædictis erroribus resilire et eos revocare verbo et animo ac etiam abjurare velles, redeundo fideliter et veraciter ad sanctæ matris ecclesiæ unitatem quæ claudere non consuevit, imo potius aperire gremium ad eam redire volenti; tu vero monitiones et requisitiones hujusmodi et preces admittere hactenus recusasti et adhuc etiam recusas tuæ sævitiæ inhærens et insuper asserens te velle in ipsis erroribus et hæresibus, quos veros et catholicos asseris, vivere atque mori, nolens nostris et peritorum proborumque virorum in sacra scriptura et in utroque jure doctorum consilio credere, quoquomodo attento per nos, et viso per experientiam manifestam quod per impunitatis audaciam fiunt qui nequam fuerunt quotidie nequiores, ex nostro compulsi officio, ad quod cum diligentia exercendum ex præcepto sanctæ obedientiæ obligamur, nolentes sicuti nec debemus tam nefanda et totæ ecclesiæ et fidei catholicæ obviantia periculosissime ulterius tolerare, de multorum virorum religiosorum et sæcularium peritorum in utroque jure super præmissis consilio præhabito diligenti, Deum habentes præ oculis, sacrosanctis evangeliis Jesu Christi positis coram nobis ut de vultu Dei nostrum prodeat judicium et rectum appareat coram Deo, oculique nostri videant æquitatem, hac die loco et hora præsentibus per nos peremptorie assignatis ad audiendum diffinitivam sententiam, sedentes pro tribunali, Christi nomine invocato, te Naprous, in et cum his scriptis pronuntiamus, judicamus et declaramus esse hæreticam et hæresiarcham impoenitentem et in tua duritia pertinacem, et ecclesia non habeat quid ulterius faciat de talibus, te, tanquam hæreticam et hæresiarcham impoenitentem et obstinatam relinquimus curiæ sæculari, eamdem curiam rogantes, prout suadent canonicas sanctiones, ut tibi vitam et membra citra mortis periculum illibata conservet.

IV.

CONFESSION OF A FRATICELLO OF LANGUEDOC.

(Doat, XXVII. fol. 202.)

Frater Bartholomeus Bruguiere, sicut per ipsius confessionem sub anno Domini MCCCXXVIII. mense Februarii factam in judicio, legitime nobis constat, quod quibusdam quos nominat dixit: _Loquamur de istis papis_, intelligendo sicut dixit, de Domino Joanne Papa XXII. et de illo Italico, sic intruso, et subjunxit in veritatem: "Modo dum Missam celebrabam, et fui in illo puncto in quo est orandum pro Papa nostro, steti ibi aliquandiu rogitans et hesitans pro quo istorum Paparum orare debuerem, et dum sic stetissem per aliquod spatium, non procedens ultra, cogitavi quod unus illorum ecclesie regimen usurpabat, alio existente vero Papa, et idcirco volui quod oratio mea esset pro illo qui juste regimen Ecclesie tenebat, quicunque esset ille." Nec dixit quid determinasset se ad unum nec ad alium predictorum. Item dixit duobus fratribus predicatoribus: "Vos alii fratres habetis bonum tempus in isto Papa in istis partibus, et fratres nostri malum, sed in Lombardia cum illo Papa Italico est totaliter contrarium." Dixit enim quod audiverat quod in creatione illius Pape italici fuerunt septuaginta prelati. Item dum citatus veniret ad inquisitoris penitentiam et jurasset ad sancta Dei Evangelia certa hora in ejus presentia comparere, hoc non obstante non comparuit, sed abscondit se nolens venire ad inquisitoris mandatum. Item frequenter audivit multos fratres sui ordinis qui dicebant quod bene staret, quod Deus daret Domino Joanni Pape tales facendas quod de negotiis illius ordinis non recordaretur, quia videbatur dictis fratribus quod dictus dominus Papa non haberet aliquid pungere vel restringere nisi ordinem eorumdem, et dixit seipsum dixisse predicta cum aliis; causam suam et dictorum fratrum quare ista dicebant assignavit, quia dominus Papa revocaverat constitutionem per quam dicebant procuratores suos esse procuratores ecclesie Romane. Item dixit quod audivit frequenter a multis fratribus sui ordinis fratrem Michaelem quondam suum ministrum generalem esse injuste depositum et excommunicatum. Item dixit quod dum semel predicabat dixit ista verba: "Dicitur quod habemus duos Papas, et tamen ego credo unum esse verum Papam," et, aliquibus verbis interjectis, subjunxit hec verba: "Teneant se ergo cum fortiori." Item dixit quod dum semel in magna societate fratrum diceret: "Utinam iste Antipapa esset de ordine predicatorum, vel de statu alio" respondit unus de fratribus: "Plus volo quod dictus Antipapa sit de ordine nostro, quia si esset de statu alio, tunc nec ipsum nec istum Joannem Papam haberemus amicum, et tandem istum Italicum habemus amicum." Cujus dicto applauserunt omnes presentes dicentes: "Bene comedit se et rodit semetipsum modo iste Papa Joannes;" et videbatur ipsi qui loquitur, sicut dixit, quod de ruina, infortuniis ecclesie que Domino Joanni pape contingebant, tempore sui regiminis, multum gaudebant. Hec omnia audivit ipse qui loquitur, nec revelavit. Item, mense Maii sequenti, ipse predicta verba que debuit dicere in sermone, videlicet: "Habemus duos Papas, teneamus nos cum fortiori" revocat tanquam falso confessata per eumdem, quam confessionem fecerat, sicut dixit, metu carceris et catene et jejunii et aque, de quibus sibi plurimi minabantur ut dixit. Premissa omnia alia asserit esse vera, dixit tamen quod, istis non obstantibus, nunquam credidit quin dominus noster Papa Joannes XXII. esset verus Papa. Postque, anno quo supra, die nona Septembris, sentiens et videns se convictus per testis super verbis predictis in ipso sermone prolatis, rediit ad confessionem predictam, et ab ipsa revocatione penitus resilivit et se supposuit misericordie Inquisitoris.

(Doat, XXXV. fol. 87.)

Joannes episcopus, servus servorum Dei, dilecto filio Inquisitori heretice pravitatis in partibus Carcassonensibus, auctoritate apostolica deputato, salutem et apostolicam benedictionem. Exposuit nobis dilectus filius Raimundus de Ladots ordinis fratrum minorum, ejusdem ordinis procurator generalis, quod licet Bartholomeus Brugerie olim predicti ordinis jamdudum, suis culpis et delictis exigentibus, per dilectum filium Geraldum Ottonis ipsius ordinis generalem ministrum ab eodem ordine fuerit per sententiam deffinitivam expulsus, tu tamen ipsum ratione criminis heresis de qua se respersum reddidit et convictum, cum habitu dictorum fratrum detines tuis carceribus mancipatum; sane quia in opprobrium redundaret fratrum et ordinis predictorum si dictus Bartholomeus postquain sic expulsus extitit ab eorum ordine ipsorum habitum in carceribus gestaret predictis, discretioni tue per apostolica scripta mandamus quatenus habitum ejusdem Bartholomei prefato procuratori vel dilecto filio guardiano fratrum ejusdem ordinis Carcassone studeas quantocius assignari. Datum Avenione decimo sexto Kalendas Octobris, Pontificatus nostri anno quintodecimo (16 Sep. 1331).

V.

EXTRACTS FROM THE SENTENCE OF CECCO D'ASCOLI.

Senza nissuna opressione di forza per sua libera e spontanea voluntà costituito dinanzi a noi in giudizio disse e confessò che mentre che fu citato e ricevuto per il religioso e reverendo Fr. Lamberto del Cordiglio del Ordine de' Predicatori, inquisitore dell' eretica pravità della Provincia de Lombardia comparse dinanzi a lui e confessò in giudizio che elli aveva detto e dogmatizato publicamente, leggendo che un uomo poteva nascere sotto la Costellazione che necessariamente fosse rico o povere e d'esser decapitato o appiccato, se Iddio non mutasse l'ordine della natura, nè altrimenti potesse essere parlando della potenza di Dio ordinata, overo ordinario, benchè per potenza assoluta di Dio potesse essere altrimenti.

Ancora che aveva detto in una certa sua lezione che dal segno dell' ottava sfera nascono homini felici di divinità, i quali si chiamo _dijnabet_, i quali mutano le leggi secondo più o meno, come fu Moyse, Ermete Mello e Simone Mago.

Ancora che egli aveva detto e dogmatizato perchè Cristo figliolo di Dio ebbe nella sua nascita la Libra nel decimo grado d' essa per ascendente, che per ciò doveva essere giusta la sua morte per destinazione, e doveva morire di quella morte e modo che mori, e perchè Cristo ebbe il Capricorno nell' angolo della terra però nacque in una stalla, e perchè ebbe lo Scorpione in secondo grado, però doveva esser povero, e perchè l' istesso Cristo ebbe Mercurio in Gemmini in casa propria nella nona parte del cielo, però doveva avere scienza profonda data sotto metafora.

Ancora perchè aveva detto che l' istesso Anticristo era per venire in forma di buon soldato et accompagnato nobilmente, ne verrà in forma di poltrone, como venne Cristo accompagnato da poltroni--

--Ancora disse e confessò che doppo la predetta abiurazione e penitenza ... confessò d' aver osservato le costellazioni de' corpi celesti e che secondo il corso della stel a crede che nascono i costumi degli huomini e azioni e fini e che secondo queste cose giudicò nel comprare e vendere per argomentare il bene e schifare il male, et ancora nel fare essercizij et altre azzioni umane.

Ancora disse e confessò che quando fu interrogato da un certo fiorentino rispose che credeva esser vere quelle cose che si contengono nell' arte magica o Negromantia, e replicando il medesimo fiorentino che se fosse vero i principi e potenti huomini nel mondo acquisterebbero tutto, rispose e disse che non s'acquistano perchè non sono in tutto il mondo tre astrologi che sappiano servirsi bene di quell' arte, e questo disse aver detto per se medesimo perchè fecce più in quell' arte astrologica che alcun altro che fosse stato da Tolomeo in qua--

--Pronunciamo in questi scritti il predetto Maestro Cecco eretico a sentire questa sentenza, e costituto in nostra presenza di essere ricaduto nella eresia abiurata e di essere stato relasso, e per questo doversi rilassare al giudizio secolare, e lo rilasiamo al nobil soldato e cavaliere illustrissimo signor Jacopo da Brescia Vicario fiorentino di questo ducato presente e recipiente, che lo debba punire con debita considerazione, e di più che il suo libretto e scritto superstizioso pazzo e negromantico fatto dal detto Maestro sopra la sfera pieno di eresie falsità e ingane, et un cert' altro libretto volgare intitolato Acerbo, il nome del quale esplica benissimo il fatto, avenga che non contenga in se maturità o dolcezza alcuna Cattolica, ma v' abbiamo trovato molte acerbità eretiche e principalmente quando v' include che si appartengono alia virtù e costume che riduce ogni cosa alle stelle come in causa, e dannando i loro dogmi e dottrine e riprovandoli deliberiamo e comandiamo per sentenza doversi abbrucciare, et al eretico desiderando toglier la vena della fonte pestifera per qualsivoglia meato derivino--

--Il sopradetto Signor Vicario immediatamente e senza dilazione mandando per il capitano e sua famiglia il predetto Maestro Cecco al luogo della giustizia dinanzi ad una moltitudine grande radunata di popolo in quel luoga, lo fece abbrucciare come richiedevano li suoi errori, sino alla morte sua penale, et a terrore et esempio di tutti gli altri, come riferiscono di aver visto con li proprij occhij Signor Vandi dal Borgo, Borghino di Maestro Chiarito dal Prato, Manovello di Jacopo, e Giovanni Serafino, familiari dell' Uffizio andando all' istesso luogo, come in Firenze e publico e per evidenza del fatto manifesto.

VI.

SENTENCE OF A CARMELITE SORCERER.

(Archives de l'Inquisition de Carcassone.--Doat, XXVII. fol. 150.)

In nomine Domini amen. Quoniam nos frater Dominicus Dei gratia et apostolicæ sedis Appamiæ episcopus et fratres Henricus de Chamayo Carcassonæ et P. Bruni Tholosanus ordinis prædicatorum inquisitores hæreticæ pravitatis in regno Franciæ auctoritate apostolica deputati, per tuam confessionem propriam in judicio legitime factam coram reverendo patre in Christo domino Jacobo tunc Appamiæ episcopo nunc vero sedis apostolicæ cardinalis,[695] et postmodum coram nobis per te recognitam, et etiam duobus vicibus confirmatam legitime invenimus et nobis constat quod tu, frater Petrus Recordi ordinis beatæ Mariæ de Carmelo a quinque annis ante confessionem per te factam in judicio de infrascriptis et citra diversis temporibus et locis, diabolico seductus consilio et libidinis ardore succensus, voto castitatis quod in professione tui ordinis emiseras, pro dolor! violato, multa gravia et enormia commisisti sortilegia hæresim sapientia, modis et conditionibus variis et abominabilibus, etiam recitatione indignis, et inter alia quinque imagines cereas diversis temporibus succesive fecisti et fabricasti, multas et diversas dæmonum conjurationes et invocationes dicendo dum dictas imagines fabricabas, et quamplurima venenosa etiam immiscendo, et sanguinem bufonis terribili et horribili modo extractum infra dictas imagines infundendo et ipsas imagines supra unam tabulam tapazeto vel panno coopertam prostratas de sanguine narium tuarum in ventre spargendo et etiam de saliva tua immiscendo, intendens per hoc diabolo sacrificare, quas imagines sic factas et aliis modis recitatione indignis ponebas clandestine in limine hospitiorum aliquarum mulierum quas cognoscere volebas carnaliter, et de quarum numero tres isto modo habuisti et carnaliter cognovisti et duas alias cognovisses carnaliter nisi de loco ad locum per ordinem tuum transmissus fuisses; et cognitis eisdem mulieribus et cum eis actu luxuriæ perpetrato dictas imagines recipiens easdem in flumine jaciebas et unum papilionem dabas diabolo in sacrificium, et ejusdem diaboli præsentiam per ventum aut alias sentiebas, credens dictas imagines habere virtutem astringendi dictas mulieres ad amorem tui vel si consentire nollent per dæmones affligendi, et in dicta credentia stetisti per sex annos vel circa usque captus fuisti. Item quamdam de imaginibus prædictis in ventre percussisti, et inde sanguis exivit. Item cuidam personæ quam sciebas esse de hæresi culpabilem, in muro de Alemannis detentæ favorem impertivisti quamdam cedulam manu tua scriptam cum qua se defenderet scribendo et tradendo eidem, et multa alia sortilegia commisisti quæ prolixum esset referre et audientibus forte tædiosum. Multociens in confessionibus tuis variasti et revocasti eas sæpius contra juramentum proprium temere veniendo. Demum tamen ad cor rediens ad istas confessiones pristinas redeundo et eas ratificando et approbando tanquam veras, dixisti te corde et animo poenitere et velle redire ad viam veritatis, et sanctæ matris ecclesiæ unitatem, supponens te humiliter misericordiæ ejusdem sanctæ matris ecclesiæ ac nostræ et petens absolutionis beneficium a sententia excommunicationis, quam pro præmissis culpis incurreras tibi per nos misericorditer impendi, offerendo te paratum portare et complere humiliter pro posse poenitentiam quam pro prædictis et aliis per te commissis tibi duxerimus injungendam. Ideirco nos episcopus et inquisitores præfati, attenta gravitate culparum tuarum prædictarum et aliarum quæ commisisti, et revocationes varias quas fecisti, considerantes rectæ intentionis oculo quod si talia nefanda crimina transires impune, forsitan ad eadem vel similia imposterum iteranda facilius relabereris et mala malis ultimaque pejora prioribus aggregares; quodque si austeritatem justitiæ et rigorem apud te vellemus cum totali severitate judicialiter exercere gravibus poenis et quasi insupportabilibus punire deberes, quia tamen ecclesia non claudit gremium redeunti humiliter misericordiam et gratiam postulanti, æstimantes et per experientiam æstimantes te corde bono et intentione non ficta demum fuisse confessum, et recognovisse de te et aliis veritatem, necnon toto posse ad promotionem negotii inquisitionis existens in carcere cum quibusdam personis de hæresi culpabilibus et delatis, veritatem super dicto crimine celantibus et confiteri nolentibus, ad confitendum multipliciter induxisti multaque gravia quæ ab ipsis audiveras revelare curasti, de quibus in fidei negotio et dictæ inquisitionis officio bonum spirituale non modicum provenit et in futurum etiam provenire poterit, Domino annuente, propter quod majori gratia et misericordia te reddidisti in hoc casu spiritualiter digniorem, et insuper pensato dicti ordinis tui honore, cui quantum bono modo poterimus deferre volumus, et ipsius confusionem effugere, gratiose in facto hujusmodi procedentes, te præfatum fratrem Petrum Recordi a sententia excommunicationis qua ligatus eras pro culpis prædictis, abjurata primitus per te in judicio coram nobis omni imaginum talium indebita fabricatione, adoratione, et dæmonum sacrificiis et immolatione, ac credentia sortilegiorum aliorutn quorumcumque hæreticam sapientium pravitatem, et aliam quamcumque et specialiter omnem fautoriam hæreticorum et etiam hæresim necnon credentiam et receptationem et fautoriam sortilegorum et hæreticorum quorumcumque, de peritorum consilio super hoc habito misericorditer duximus absolvendum, et sedentes pro tribunali, sacrosanctis Dei evangeliis positis coram nobis, ut de vultu Dei nostrum prodeat judicium, et oculi nostri videant æquitatem rectum quoque appareat coram ipso, hac die loco et hora præsentibus tibi per nos peremptorie assignatis, de prædictorum peritorum consilio, in et cum his scriptis, per hanc nostram diffinitivam sententiam dicimus et pronunciamus te fuisse sortilegum ac immolatorem dæmonum et fautorem hæreticorum et te tanquam talem et corde non ficto ut asseris poenitentem et ad sinum matris ecclesiæ reversum, et nostris mandatis obedire paratum, promittentemque pro posse tuo complere pænitentiam tibi per nos injungendam in et cum eisdem præsentibus scriptis te primitus omni sacerdotali et quocumque alio ecclesiastico seu clericali ordine dicimus et decernimus degradandum, et te sicut præmittitur postquam degradatus fueris ad agendum pænitentiam pro commissis ex nunc pro tunc et ex tunc pro nunc ad perpetuum carcerem in Tholosano conventu tui ordinis tibi per nos deputatum sententialiter condemnamus et etiam adjudicamus; in quo quidem carcere in vinculis et compedibus ferreis detineri et panem et aquam dumtaxat pro omni cibo et potu tibi ministrari volumus et mandamus, ut ibidem perpetuo peccata tua defleas et panem pro cibo doloris et aquam pro potu tribulationis habeas et recipias patienter; ita quod vivere inibi sapiat tibi mortem, et mors quam ibi tuleris tibi vitam tribuat sempiternam. Verum si, quod absit et Deus avertat, te in posterum antequam ad dictum carcerem venias vel in ipso fueris intrusus, diabolico instinctu fugere contigerit vel ipso carcere modo quolibet exire vel frangere absque nostro speciali mandato vel licentia et negligere aut non complere poenitentiam prædictam tibi per nos impositam, volumus, ordinamus, et præsentis scripti serie declaramus absolutionem per nos et gratiam tibi factam penitus esse nullam, et te tanquam impoenitentem ficteque et dolose conversum, pristinæ excommunicationis vinculo fore totaliter irretitum. Porro, ne priores et fratres dicti conventus ubi fueris in carcere detrusus negligenter aut scienter te permiserint evadere vel licentiam dederint evadendi, vel procurantibus assenserint, opem vel auxilium dederint scienter, protestamur eisdem et auctoritate qua fungimur nobis et nostris in officio successoribus potestatem specialiter reservamus procedendi contra ipsos et eorum quemlibet prout de jure, stylo, cursu, usu et privilegiis inquisitionis fuerit procedendum; retinemus autem nobis et nostris in hoc officio successoribus liberam potestatem et auctoritatem mutandi in dicta poenitentia, et eam mitigandi vel minuendi, vel ipsam totaliter remittendi, si et quando et prout de peritorum consilio nobis visum fuerit faciendum, et in favorem tui ordinis super degradatione actualiter facienda de speciali gratia dispensamus, et dictam degradationem facere nec fieri volumus ob reverentiam ordinis memorati. Lata fuit hæc sententia anno Domini MCCC vicesimo octavo, die Martis in crastino festi Sti. Marcelli (17 Jan. 1329), indictione XII., pontificatus SSmi patris et domini, Domini Joannis divina providentia papæ XXII. anno decimo tertio, in aula episcopali urbis Appamiæ, præsentibus venerabilibus et discretis viris (sequuntur 43 nomina), testibus ... et notariis....

VII.

BULL OF JOHN XXII. REMOVING SORCERY FROM THE JURISDICTION OF THE INQUISITION.

(Archives des Frères-prêcheurs de Toulouse.--Doat, XXXIV. fol. 181.)

Johannes episcopus servus servorum Dei venerabilibus fratribus archiepiscopo tholosano ejusque suffraganeis et dilecto filio inquisitori hæreticæ pravitatis in regno Franciæ per sedem apostolicam depututo, Tholosæ residenti, salutem et apostolicam benedictionem. Dudum venerabilis frater noster Guillelmus episcopus Sabinensis scripsit tibi, fili inquisitor, de mandato nostro per suas litteras in hac forma: Guillelmus miseratione divina episcopus Sabinensis religioso viro inquisitori hæreticæ pravitatis in partibus tholosanis salutem in Domino sempiternam. Sanctissimus pater noster et dominus, dominus Johannes divina providentia papa vicesimus secundus optans ferventer maleficos infectores gregis Dominici effugare de medio domus Dei, vult, ordinat, vobisque committit quod auctoritate sua contra eos qui dæmonibus immolant vel ipsos adorant aut homagium ipsis faciant, dando eis in signum cartam scriptam seu aliud quodcumque; vel qui expressa pacta obligatoria faciunt cum eisdem, aut qui operantur vel operari procurant quamcumque imaginem vel quodcumque aliud ad dæmonem alligandum seu cum dæmonum invocatione ad quodcumque maleficium perpetrandum, aut qui sacramento baptismatis abutendo imaginem de cera seu re alia factam baptizant, sive faciunt baptizare, seu alias cum invocatione dæmonum ipsam fabricant quomodolibet, aut faciunt fabricari, aut si scienter baptismus seu ordo vel confirmatio iterantur. Item de sortilegis et maleficis qui sacramento eucharistiæ seu hostia consecrata necnon et aliis sacramentis ecclesiæ, seu ipsorum aliquo, quoad eorum formam vel materiam utendo eis in suis sortilegiis seu maleficiis abutuntur, possitis inquirere et alias procedere contra ipsos, modis tamen servatis qui de procedendo cum prælatis in facto heresis vobis a canonibus sunt præfixi. Ipse namque dominus noster præfatus potestatem inquisitoribus datam a jure quoad Inquisitionis officium contra hæreticos, necnon et privilegia, ad prætactos casus omnes et singulos ex certa scientia ampliat et extendit quoadusque duxerit revocandum. Nos itaque præmissa omnia vobis significamus per has nostras patentes litteras de præfati Domini nostri Papæ speciali mandato facto nobis ab ipso oraculo vivæ vocis. Datum Avenione die vicesima secunda mensis Augusti anno Domini MCCC vicesimo, pontificatus prædicti Domini Papæ anno quarto. Sane noviter intellecto quod errores et abominationes in eisdem litteris comprehensi in partibus illis, de quibus in litteris ipsis habetur mentio, adhuc vigent, nos cupientes super ipsis, ne deinceps pullulent, plenius providere, discretioni vestræ præsentium tenore committimus et mandamus quatinus omnes inquisitiones quas auctoritate litterarum hujusmodi, vos, fratres Archiepiscope et suffraganei, prout quemlibet vestrum tangit, et tu inquisitor præfate, cum singulis eorumdem insimul, vel tu inquisitor solus per teipsum inchoastis, si completæ non fuerint, vos, Archiepiscope et suffraganei, quilibet vestrum videlicet in sua diocesi per se vel alium, quem ad huc deputandum duxeritis, et tu inquisitor prædicte, insimul celeriter compleatis; quas postquam compleveritis una cum illis quæ jam per te solum, præfate inquisitor, forsitan sunt completæ, nobis sub vestris sigillis fideliter interclusas quanto citius poteritis transmittatis, ut eis visis quid faciendum sit tam super illis de quibus fuerit inquisitum, quam super omnibus cæteris de quibus nondum est inceptum inquiri, plenius et certius, auctore Domino, disponamus. Tu vero, inquisitor prædicte, super illis de quibus adhuc inquirere non coepisti prætextu dictarum litterarum, nisi forsan aliud a nobis receperis in mandatis, te nullatenus intromittas. Per hæc autem non intendimus vobis vel vestrum alicui, quantum ad illa quæ a jure vobis alias sunt permissa, in aliquibus derogari. Datum Avinione secundo Nonas Novembris, pontificatus nostri anno decimo quinto (Nov. 4, 1330).

VIII.

DECISION OF THE COUNCIL OF VENICE CONCERNING THE WITCHES OF BRESCIA.

(Archivio di Venezia. Misti Cons. X. Vol. 44, p. 7.)

1521 Die 21 Martii in Cons. X. cum additione. É sta sempre instituto del religiosissimo stato nostro in scontar li heretici et extirpar cussi detestando crimine, siccome nella promission del Serenissimo Principe et capitular de conseieri nei primi capituli se leze. Dal che sine dubbio è processa la protectione che sempre el Signer Dio ha havuta della Republica nostra come per infinite experiente de tempo in tempo se ha veduto. Unde essendo in questa materia de i strigoni et heretici da proceder cum gran maturità però l' andarà parte che chiamado nel collegio nostro el Revmo Legato intervenendo i capi di questo conseio li sia per el Sermo Prencipe nostro cum quelle grave et accomodate parole pareranno alla sapientia de sua serenità dechiarito quanto l' importi che questa materia sia cum maturità et justicia rite et recte et per ministri che manchino de ogni suspitione tractata et terminata in forma che iuxta la intention et desiderio nostro tutto passi iuridicamente et cum satisfaction dell' honor del Signor Dio et della fede catholica. E però ne par debino esser deputadi ad questa inquisitione uno o doi Reverendi Episcopi insieme cum uno venerabile Inquisitor i qual tutti siano de doctrina, bontà et integrità prestanti ac omni exceptione majores: Azò non se incorri nelli errori vien ditto esser seguiti fin questo jorno et unitamente cum doi excellenti doctori de Bressa habbino a formar legitime i processi contra i dicti strigoni et heretici. Formati veramente i processi (citra tamen torturam) siano portati a Bressa dove per i predicti cum la presentia et intervento de ambi li Rectori nostri et cum la corte del Podestà et quattro altri Doctori de Bressa della qualità sopradicta: siano lecti essi processi facti cum al dir etiam i rei et intender se i ratificheranno i loro dicti o se i voranno dir altro nec non far nove examinatione o repetitione et etiam torturar se cussi indiciaranno. Le quel cose facte cum ogni diligentia et circumspectione se procedi poi alla sententia per quelli a chi l' appartien, iuxta el conseio dei sopranominati. Ala execution de la qual servatis omnibus premissis et non aliter, sia dato el brachio secular; et questo che se ha a servar neli processi da esser formati nel advenir sia medesimamente servato et exequito neli processi formati per avanti; non obstante che le sententie fusseno sta facte sopra de quelli. Preterea sia efficacemente parlato cum dicto Revmo Legato e datogli cargo che circa la spese da esser fatte per la inquisitione el facci tal limitatione che sia conveniente e senza extorsion o manzarie come se dice esser sta facte fin al presente. Sed in primis se trovi alcun expediente che lo appetito del danaro non sia causa de far condennar o vergognar alcuno senza aver cum minima culpa sicome vien divulgato finhora in molti esser seguito. Et die cader in considerazione che quelli poveri di Valcamonica sono gente simplice et de grossissimo inzegno et che hariano non minor bisogno de predicatori cum prudente instructione della fede catholica che de persecutori cum animadversione essendo uno tanto numero de anime quante se ritrovano in quelli monti e vallade.

Demum sia suaso el Rmo Legato a la deputation de alcune persone idonee qual habbino ad reveder et investigar le manzarie et altre cose mal fatte che fusseno sta commesse fin questo jorno ne la inquisitione, et che habbino ad syndicar et castigar quelli che havesseno perpetrati de i mancamenti che si divulgano cum murmuration universale. Et questo sia facto de presenti senza interposition de tempo per bon exemplo de tutti.

Et ex nunc captum sit: che da poi facta la presente execution cum el Rmo Legato se vegni a questo Conseio per deliberar quanto se havrà ad scriver alli Rectori nostri de Bressa et altrove sicome sarà indicato necessario. Et sia etiam preso che tutte le pignoration ordinate et facte da poi la sospension presa a dì XII Dicembre proximo preterito in questo conseio siano irrite et nulle ne haver debbino alcuna executione.

De parte--24. De non--1. Non sinceri--2.

IX.

CONFESSION OF A PARDONER.

(Doat, XXVI. fol. 314.)

Anno Domini MCCLXXXIX quinto Kalendas Aprilis, Berengarius Pomilli clericus uxoratus de Narbona predicator questuarius citatus comparuit Carcassone coram fratre Guillelmo de Sancto Secano inquisitore, et juratus super sancta Dei evangelia dicere veritatem, requisitus per dictum inquisitorem sponte recognovit et dixit quod officium questuarii exercuerat pro fabrica pontium et ecclesiarum et pro aliis negotiis triginta annis vel circa in diocesi Carcassone et Narbone et quibusdam aliis. Dixit etiam quod in diocesi Carcassonensi infra annum pluries predicavit publice clero et populo, dum missa solemniter celebrabatur, et inter alia predicavit ut dixit quod qui daret ei pro hospitali Sancti Johannis unam poneriam bladi pro dicta mensura haberet triginta missas. Item dixit quod crux, in qua pependit Dominus Jesus Christus et quam portavit in suis humeris, erat adeo magna et tanti ponderis quod decem homines essent onerati de ea portanda. Item dixit quod cum beata Virgo staret ad pedem crucis, ad preces ipsius crux inclinata est ad eam versus terram, et ipsa osculata est pedes et manus filii sui dum penderet in dicta cruce, et iterato crux se erexit. Dixit etiam quod beata Maria Magdalena quandocumque esset peccatrix et exposita operibus luxurie, non tamen se exponebat hominibus effectu libidinis vel desiderio voluptatis carnalis, sed cum ipsa vocaretur Maria et Christus debebat concipi et nasci de Maria, credebat quod Christum debebat concipere et parere, et se diversis hominibus exponebat. Dixit etiam se predicasse quedam fabulosa de Purgatorio et de liberatione animarum benefacto eleemosinarum et Missarum, que tamen in scriptura reperiuntur, sed dixit se a bonis hominibus audivisse; et ista predicavit in presentia fratris Berengarii de ordinis hospitalis sancti Johannis qui moratur Narbone. Requisitus si predicta que superius scripta sunt credit et credidit esse vera, respondit quod non, sed falsa et mendosa et erronea, sed ea predicavit ut moveret homines quod darent sibi aliquid. Dixit etiam quod predicta predicavit in ecclesiis de Podionauterio, de Aragone, de Villasicca, de Sancta Eulalia, de Comelano, de Monteclaro, de Roffiaco. Inquisitus si intelligit Latinum, respondit quod non. Super quibus petivit penitentiam et indulgentiam quam predictus inquisitor voluerit sibi injungere. Hec deposuit coram predicto inquisitore, presentibus fratribus Petro de Leva, Petro Regis, Joanne de Felgosio, ordinis fratrum predicatorum, et me Raimundo de Malveriis, notario inquisitionis qui hec scripsi et recepi.

INDEX.

ABBREVIATIONS.--Abp. = Archbishop.--Bp. = Bishop.--C. = Council.--exc. = excommunication or excommunicated.--Inq. = Inquisition.--inq. = inquisitor.

Abelard on the sale of salvation, i. 41. his "_Sic et Non_," i. 57.

Abjuration of penitents in _autos de fé_, i. 392. of suspects, i. 456. by confessed heretics, i. 457. receivable at the stake, i. 542. necessity of, ii. 476. required of Huss, ii. 485. modified offered to Huss, ii. 488, 489. of Jerome of Prague, ii. 499. of Joan of Arc, iii. 370. of sorcery, iii. 499. not required of Savonarola, iii. 234; nor of Gilles de Rais, iii. 486.

Abruzzi, a refuge for Cathari, ii. 245.

Absentees, trial of, i. 403. confiscation of their property, i. 504.

Absolution by wholesale, i. 40. concurrence of bishop and inq. in, i. 336. of familiars, i. 381. mutual, of inqs., i. 422. priestly, unavailing, i. 462.

Abundia, Domina, iii. 494.

Abuses of familiars, i. 382. pecuniary, of Inq., i. 477.

Abyssinia, Dominican missions in, i. 298. Inq. in, i. 355.

Academy of Rome, iii. 570.

Acciajuoli, their debt to Clement VI., ii. 277.

Accomplices, evidence of, i. 434.

Accursio, Frà, his proceedings against Ghibellines, iii. 201. burns Cecco d'Ascoli, iii. 443.

Accusatio, i. 310. discouraged by Inq., i. 401.

Accusations of heresy, their political utility, iii. 191.

Accused, examination of, i. 410. preliminary oath of, i. 399.

Accuser, security required of, i. 402.

Acerinus, St., i. 460.

Achaia, Templars prosecuted in, iii. 285.

Acquittal prohibited, i. 453; iii. 513.

Acre, fall of, in 1291, iii. 246.

Acts, unimportance of, i. 100; iii. 644.

Ada d'Avesnes, her piety, i. 45

Adalbert, Bp., teaches angel-worship, iii. 412.

Adam, inquisitorial trial of, i. 406.

Adam of Bremen, his account of northern church, iii. 183.

Adam de Marisco, his belief in pseudo-Joachim, iii. 13.

Adamites in Bohemia, ii. 518.

Adamo da Como, his rigor, ii. 244.

_Ad conditorem_, bull, iii. 133.

_Ad extirpanda_, bull, i. 337, 421, 510; ii. 214; iii. 191, 431.

Adjuration for mercy, i. 227, 534.

Adoptianism, i. 217.

Adoration of heretics, its significance, i. 95, 450.

_Ad providam_, bull, iii. 323.

Adrian IV. overcomes Arnald of Brescia, i. 74.

Adrian V. protects John of Parma, iii. 25.

Adrian VI. commends Maximus, i. 214. orders persecution of witches, iii. 546.

Advocates of heretics, their punishment, i. 321. denial of, i. 444; ii. 478. appointed by inq., iii. 517.

Æneas Sylvius--see Pius II.

Æsir, their magic powers, iii. 403.

Affirmative apostoli, i. 451.

Affonso II. (Portugal) persecutes heresy, ii. 188.

Africa, Inq. in, i. 355.

Age for holding benefices, i. 25; ii. 433. of inqs., i. 374. of responsibility, i. 402, 436; ii. 399.

_Agnus Dei_, iii. 410.

Agostino Luciano serves Calixtins, ii. 565.

Agobard (St.) of Lyons denies sorcery, iii. 414.

Agrippa, Cornelius, on suspicion of heresy, i. 455. his belief in Joachim, iii. 11. defends a witch, iii. 545.

Ahriman, influence of the conception of, iii. 379.

Aicardo, Abp. of Milan, tries Matteo Visconti, iii. 199.

Aikenhead, hanged for heresy, i. 354.

Ailly, Pierre d', on toleration, i. 540. recognizes the Inq., ii. 139. condemns William of Hilderniss, ii. 406. condemns Matthew Grabon, ii. 410. his dealing with Huss, ii. 485, 489. favors Jerome of Prague, ii. 501. his belief in Joachim, iii. 11. his astrological work, iii. 438, 445.

Aimeric Castel, son of Castel Fabri, ii. 69, 73, 90, 93, 102, 574.

Akkads, lustful spirits of, iii. 383.

Alain de l'Isle refutes the Waldenses, i. 79. his derivation of Cathari, iii. 495.

Alaman de Roaix, case of, i. 508, 550.

Albanenses, i. 115; ii. 193.

Albania, inq. provided for, ii. 311. Greek Church in, iii. 617, 619.

Albano, Pierre, Cardinal of, i. 284, 332, 370; iii. 426.

Alberic of Ostia confutes Éon, i. 66.

Alberic, legate, assails Henry of Lausanne, i. 70.

Alberico, first inq. in Lombardy, ii. 201.

Alberico da Romano, his death, ii, 228.

Albero of Mercke, his heresy, i. 63.

Albert, inq., burns Martin of Mainz, ii. 395.

Albert of Austria, his reign in Bohemia, ii. 539.

Albert, Bp. of Halberstadt, tried for heresy, ii. 392.

Albert of Saxony protects Gregory of Heimburg, ii. 418.

Albertino, Arnaldo, on Lully, iii. 589.

Alberto de' Capitanei, his crusade against Waldenses, ii. 160, 266.

Alberto, Giovanni, his Inq. resisted, ii. 259.

Alberto of Pisa, Franciscan general, iii. 7.

Albertus Magnus controverts the Ortlibenses, ii. 323. overcomes Wm. of St. Amour, iii. 23.

Albi, Henricians in, i. 70. struggle with Cathari in, i. 117. quarrel between bishop and inq., i. 363. viguier of, disabled, i. 380. bribery of inqs. at, i. 478. Inq. in, ii. 10. insurrection in 1234, ii. 12. zeal against heresy, ii. 40. appeals to Philippe III., ii. 58. quarrels with Bp. Bernard, ii. 68, 78. arrest of citizens in 1299, ii. 71, 76, 81, 83. persecution of Dominicans, ii. 82. suspension of persecution, ii. 87. it escapes by bribery, ii. 89. petition of clergy against Inq., ii. 91, 571. accuses the Inq., ii. 92, 574. state of prisons at, ii. 94. prisoners of, delay in their trials, ii. 95, 572. question of their guilt, ii. 603. reconciliation of, ii. 102.

Albi, Bp. of, imprisoned, i. 123. share in confiscations, i. 515.

Albi, C. of, 1254, regulates the Inq., ii. 51, 317, 340, 350, 380, 432, 435, 444, 476, 489, 507, 526.

Albigenses, i. 115.

Albigensian crusades, i. 147.

Albik of Unicow, ii. 447.

Albizio, Cardinal, on burning heretics, i. 536. on political heresy, iii. 198.

Alchemy not considered a crime, iii. 482. aid of Satan requisite, iii. 436, 473. cultivated by Arnaldo de Vilanova iii. 52. Lully's opinion, iii. 582.

Alcoran des Cordeliers, i. 262.

Aldhelm, St., his test of continence, iii. 109.

Aldobrandini, Accursio, case of, i. 433.

Aldobrandini, Frà, prosecutes Armanno Pongilupo, ii. 241.

Alessandro da Alessandria, iii. 61.

Alexander II., his laxity, i. 32.

Alexander III. exempts Templars from papal legates, i. 16. on promotion of minors, i. 25. regulates wills, i. 29. maintains monastic exemption, i. 35. on abuse of indulgences, i. 41. his leniency to Cathari, i. 112, 220. his measures against heresy, i. 118. prohibits ordeals, i. 306. his uncertainty as to penalties, i. 308. his leniency to sorcery, iii. 422.

Alexander IV. supports the Mendicants, i. 284. condemns Wm. of St. Amour, i. 287. bull to Franciscan missionaries, i. 297. restricts legatine Inq., i. 317; ii. 51. annuls episcopal concurrence in sentences, i. 335. forces Mantua to obey the Inq., i. 341. case of Capello di Chia, i. 343. on removability of inquisitors, i. 344. revises bull _ad extirpanda_, i. 339. orders capture of Niccolò da Vercelli, i. 397. allows inqs. to torture, i. 422. admits heretics as witnesses, i. 435. lightens disabilities of descendants, i. 498. assumes the confiscations, i. 510. suspends Inq. in Besançon, i. 530; ii. 120. punishment for relapse, i. 546. on relapse in suspicion, i. 547. on unfulfilled penance, i. 548. his energetic support of Inq., ii. 222. orders crusade against Ezzelin da Romano, ii. 227. his treatment of Uberto Pallavicino, ii. 228, 230. urges suppression of heresy, in 1258, ii. 238.

Alexander IV. introduces Inq. in Bohemia, ii. 428. forces John of Parma to resign, iii. 24. on the question of poverty, iii. 27, 28. preaches crusade against Manfred, iii. 193. grants restricted jurisdiction on sorcery to Inq., iii. 434. his dealings with Greek Church, iii. 619. on _quæstuarii_, iii. 622.

Alexander V. provides for expenses of Inq., i. 532; ii. 138. orders Talmud burned, i. 556. orders Wickliff's books suppressed, ii. 443. orders Hussitism suppressed, ii. 447. his instructions to Pons Feugeyron, ii. 157; iii. 204.

Alexander VI., his excommunication scorned in France, ii. 137. tolerates Waldenses, ii. 160. supports the Mendicants, i. 292. his dealings with Savonarola, iii. 214-21, 232. orders persecution of witches, iii. 546. rehabilitates Giov. Pico, iii. 574. evades question of Immaculate Conception, iii. 602. his cynicism, iii. 644.

Alexander VIII. canonizes Capistrano, ii. 555.

Alexians, ii. 351.

Alexis Comnenus converts the Paulicians, i. 90.

Alfonso I. (Naples), his Humanism, iii. 566, 567.

Algisius releases heretics, i. 452. commutes penances, i. 473.

Alibi, resort to, i. 447.

Alienations by heretics invalid, i. 520.

Allart on Templar possessions, iii. 252.

Allegiance dissolved by heresy, ii. 469.

_Alma mater_, bull, iii. 297.

Alonso I. (Aragon), his bequest to Military Orders, iii. 240. addicted to divination, iii. 429.

Alonso II. (Aragon), persecutes Waldenses, i. 81. decrees confiscation, i. 502.

Alonso V. (Aragon) favors Lullism, iii. 587.

Alonso IX. (Castile) wins battle of Las Navas, i. 169.

Alonso X. (Castile), his laws on heresy, i. 221; ii. 183. on Jewish books, i. 555. on occult arts, iii. 430. on denial of immortality, iii. 560. denounced as Antichrist, iii. 24.

Alonso XI. (Castile) retains Templar property, iii. 333.

Alonso de Almarzo, his heresy, ii. 186.

Alonso of Avila on plenary indulgence, i. 43. on Spanish Inq., ii. 186.

Alonso de Spina on death-penalty, i. 535. on condition of Spain, ii. 186, 187. condemns astrology, iii. 445. disbelieves the Sabbat, iii. 496.

Aloutier, Jean, denies sinlessness of Virgin, iii. 603.

Alphonse of Poitiers marries Jeanne of Toulouse, i. 206. urges use of synodal witnesses, i. 317. commutes confiscations, i. 515. his zeal for the Inq., i. 519, 527, 528; ii. 48. grants jurisdiction to Inq., iii. 435. his death, ii. 56.

Alphonse of Portugal, burning of, ii. 142.

Altburg, Beguines ejected, ii. 413.

Altenesch, battle of, 1234, iii. 188.

Amadeo VI. (Savoy) ordered to persecute, ii. 153, 261.

Amadeo VII., his lukewarmness, ii. 256, 261.

Amadeo VIII. elected pope, ii. 533.

Amadeo de' Landi, case of, ii. 271.

Amasis of Egypt, iii. 418.

Amauri de Bène, his heresy, ii. 320. influences German mysticism, ii. 354, 360.

Amauri de Montfort, i. 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 198, 205.

Amauri of Tyre arrests Templars of Cyprus, iii. 309.

Amaurians, their suppression, ii. 321. doctrine of the three eras, iii. 17.

Ambrose, St., excommunicates Maximus, i. 214.

Amelius of Toulouse represses Cathari, i. 117.

Amiel de Perles, i. 393; ii. 106, 107, 130, 240.

Amiens, Bp. of, refuses to burn witches, iii. 533.

Amistance of Narbonne, ii. 13.

Amizzoni, Lanfranco de', inq., iii. 98.

Amosites, ii. 566.

Amselfeld, battles of, ii. 306, 311.

Amulets, relics worn as, i. 49.

Anagni, Commission of, condemns Joachim, iii. 16, 22. prevalence of heresy in 1258, ii. 238.

Anathema, papal, heresy of disregarding, iii. 181.

Ancona, Clareni in, iii. 40. Franciscan laxity in, iii. 34. Fraticelli persecuted, iii. 175, 176, 177.

Andrea Saramita, iii. 91, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 100, 101.

Andrea da Segna protects Spirituals, iii. 40.

Andreani, burned at Pisa, ii. 282.

Andreas of Caffa, inq. of Tartary, i. 355.

Andreas of Hungary, ii. 294.

Andreas of Krain summons a general council, iii. 223.

Andreas, Bp. of Minorca, on corruption of Church, iii. 638.

Andreas of Prague condemned, ii. 437.

Andres, abbey of, its litigation, i. 22.

Aneberg, Count, accused of heresy, ii. 339.

Angel-worship, iii. 412.

Angèle de la Barthe, her demon child, iii. 384.

Angelo da Clarino, his punishment, iii. 33. his expatriation, iii. 38. returns to Italy, iii. 39. becomes chief of Spirituals, iii. 40. his estimate of Clementines, ii. 97; iii. 60. his pacific temper, iii. 64. imprisoned and released, iii. 70. denounced by Olivists, iii. 81. his death and beatification, iii. 65.

Angelo Ricciardino persecutes Waldenses, ii. 267.

Angelo of Verbosa, ii. 308, 315.

Angermünde, Luciferans burned at, i. 456; ii. 375. Waldenses suppressed, ii. 416.

Anglo-Saxon legislation on sorcery, iii. 420.

Angrogna, Waldenses of, ii. 195, 259, 267.

Anhalt, Flagellants burned in, ii. 409.

Anjou, number of heretics in, i. 127. C. of, 1294, on sorcery, iii. 426.

Annibaldo, his laws against heresy, i. 324. sent to Aragon, ii. 163. sent to Milan, ii. 200. sent to Germany, ii. 331.

Anno of Cologne, his tolerance, i. 219.

Anquira, C. of, on the Sabbat, iii. 494.

Anselm of Liége, his tolerance, i. 219.

Anselm, St., on the Conception of the Virgin, iii. 596.

Antichrist, belief in, iii. 527.

Antipopes of Spirituals, iii. 38, 63, 65, 80.

Antisacerdotal heresies, i. 62.

Antisacerdotalism of Waldensianism, i. 83. of Flagellants, ii. 407. of Wickliff, ii. 441. of Apostolic Brethren, iii. 121.

Antonino, St., on the Templars, iii. 328.

Antonio, Frà, his failure at Venice, ii. 253.

Antonio da Brescia, ii. 272.

Antonio, Bp. of Massa, his campaign against Waldenses, ii. 154.

Antony, St., of Padua, persecutes heretics, i. 197. scourged by Elias, iii. 6. his canonization, i. 256.

Antwerp, church of, in eleventh century, i. 64. origin of Lollards in, ii. 350.

Apollonius of Tyana, iii. 389, 390. transmits Notory Art, iii. 436.

Apostasy of Jewish converts, ii. 63.

Apostates, confiscation for, i. 502.

Apostoli, i. 361. application for, i. 451. in witch-trials, iii. 517.

Apostolic Brethren, iii. 103. their growth, iii. 105. their austerity, iii. 108. their doctrines, iii. 109, 111, 121. their organization, iii. 112. persecuted in Spain ii. 184. burned in Mecklenburg, ii. 402.

Apostolic Succession in Bohemia, ii. 564.

Appeals from Inq., i. 450. punished, ii. 62. refused in witch-trials, iii. 517, 531.

Appellate jurisdiction of Rome, its influence, i. 17.

Appointment of bishops, i. 6. of inqs., i. 344; ii. 272. of notaries, i. 379.

Appuleius, his trial, iii. 391.

Apulia, Waldensian settlements in, ii. 248, 259, 268.

Aquila, Bp. of, his fate, i. 558.

Aquileia, nature-worship in, ii. 301.

Aquinas, St. Thomas, on punishment of heresy, i. 229, 535. on guilt of heresy, i. 236. on burning for relapse, i. 546. answers William of St. Amour, i. 286. confutes Joachim, iii. 14. on withdrawal of cup from laity, ii. 473. concessions as to poverty, iii. 1. denies papal dispensation for vows, iii. 77. on heresy of disobedience, iii. 192. on Incubi and Succubi, iii. 385. admits sorcerers' power over elements, iii. 415. on Ars Notoria, iii. 436. condemns astrology, iii. 439. on divination by dreams, iii. 447. on the Divine Vision, iii. 591. denies Immaculate Conception, iii. 598. on papal simony, iii. 628.

Aquitaine, Cathari appear in, i. 108. number of heretics in, i. 127. confiscations in, ii. 112.

Arabic literature of magic, iii. 429.

Aragon, Waldenses persecuted in, 1194, i. 81. its subjection to St. Peter, i. 157. inqs. appointed, i. 302. legislation of Jayme I., i. 319, 323. subjection of State, i. 340. confiscation for heresy, i. 502. expenses of Inquisition, i. 531. Jewish books seized, i. 555. lampoons on Church, ii. 3. career of Inq. in, ii. 162. Arnaldo de Vilanova, iii. 55. Spirituals in, iii. 85. Fraticelli, iii. 168. crusade against Pedro III., iii. 190. bequest of Alonso I. to the Templars, iii. 240. proceedings against Templars, iii. 310. Templar property, iii. 332. laws on sorcery, iii. 430. controversy over Lully, iii. 584.

Arbitrary procedure, i. 406, 440.

Archdeacons superseded, i. 309.

Ardingho, Bishop of Florence, his statutes, i. 327.

Argentières, Waldenses of, ii. 147, 154, 157, 160.

Arians, persecution by, i. 216.

Aristotle, his works suppressed, i. 58, 554; ii. 322.

Arius, his writings suppressed, i. 213.

Arles, conference of, in 1211, i. 166.

Aries, C. of, 1234, orders synodal witnesses, i. 317. regulates episcopal Inq., i. 331. orders converts imprisoned, i. 484. C. of, 1265, condemns the Joachites, iii. 26.

Arlotto di Prato condemns Olivi's writings, iii. 44.

Arms, familiars to bear, i. 382. licenses to bear, sold by inqs., i. 383.

Armanno Pongilupo, case of, i. 404; ii. 240.

Armenia, Franciscan missions in, i. 298. Inq. in, i. 355. Paulicians in, i. 90. Spirituals sent to, iii. 35.

Arnald of Brescia, i. 72.

Arnaldistas, i. 75.

Arnaldo of Castelbo, his condemnation, ii. 169.

Arnaldo di Pelagrua leads crusade against Ferrara, iii. 195.

Arnaldo de Vilanova, his career, iii. 52. intercedes for Spirituals, iii. 56. his description of inqs., ii. 249. his writings burned, iii. 85.

Arnaud Catala, ii. 8, 10, 12.

Arnaud of Citeaux appointed legate, i. 139. orders crusade preached, i. 147. leads the crusade, i. 153. his ferocity at Béziers, i. 154. selects de Montfort, i. 159. obtains archbishopric of Narbonne, i. 15, 168. leads crusade into Spain, i. 169. supports Raymond VI., i. 182. exc. de Montfort, i. 184. his death, i. 196.

Arnaud Dominique, his murder, ii. 16.

Arnaud Garsia resists the Inq., ii. 82, 100, 101.

Arnaud Morlana, ii. 60.

Arnaud Novelli, of Fontfroide, ii. 87, 572.

Arnest of Prague persecutes heresy, ii. 434.

Arnold the Catharan burned at Cologne, i. 104.

Arnold of Trèves buys off papal legates, i. 16.

Arnoul, Bp. of Lisieux, iii. 422.

Arrabbiati, opponents of Savonarola, iii. 215, 221.

Arras, Bp. of, burns Beghards, ii. 127. Vaudois of, i. 505, 532; iii. 384, 519.

Arrest, preliminaries requisite to, ii. 139. destroys power of witches, iii. 509.

Arringer of Ragusa, ii. 292.

Ars Notoria, iii. 429, 436.

Art of Lully, iii. 582.

Art of St. George, iii. 436.

Articles, the four, of the Hussites, ii. 519, 533, 534. the forty-five of Wickliff, ii. 446, 482.

Artisson, Robert, the demon, iii. 457.

Artois, Cathari in, 1153, i. 111.

Artus III. (Brit.) persecutes witches, iii. 537.

Ascalon, siege of, iii. 242. execution of witches, iii. 396.

Asceticism a sign of heresy, i. 87. akin to Manichæism, i. 100. of Cathari, i. 96, 101. of St. Dominic, i. 251. of Observantines, iii. 179. of Order of the Temple, iii. 239. of Ortlibenses, ii. 357. of Peter Martyr, ii. 214. of Waldenses, i. 86; ii. 150. influence of, i. 238.

Aschaffenburg, C. of, 1292, condemns Beghards, ii. 367.

Aschersleben, Flagellants of, ii. 408.

Ashes of heretics thrown in river, i. 75, 553; ii. 420, 493; iii. 234, 374, 608.

Asia, Inq. in, i. 355.

Assalit, Arnaud, his accounts, i. 528.

Assembly of experts, i. 377, 387, 389, 390. not used in northern France, ii. 123; iii. 367.

Assessors in the case of Joan of Arc, iii. 361.

Assisi, church of St. Francis in, iii. 4.

Assises de Jerusalem, heresy in, i. 356; iii. 431.

Assistants of inqs, i. 374.

Assizes of Clarendon, i. 113, 311, 481.

Assyrian Lil and Lilit, iii. 383.

Asti, introduction of Inq., i. 322; ii. 221.

Astrolabe, punishment for use of, iii. 422.

Astrologers employed in behalf of church, ii. 227. burned by Ramiro I., iii. 429.

Astrology, forbidden in Rome, iii. 392, 437. its connection with necromancy, iii. 426, 444. permitted in Spain, iii. 430. its origin, iii. 437. tacit toleration in the Middle Ages, iii. 438. condemned as fatalistic, iii. 439. condemned in France, iii. 446. used by Henry III. (Eng.), i. 196. Marsilio Ficino's belief, iii. 572. Pomponazio's belief, iii. 575.

Astruchio da Piera, his heresy, ii. 175.

Asylum, right of, denied to heretics, ii. 121.

Athelstan, King, on sorcery, iii. 420.

Atto of Vercelli on angel-worship, iii. 412. on clerical sorcerers, iii. 416.

Aubinas, C. of, in 1208, i. 149.

Aubriot, Hughes, case of, ii. 127.

Aubry, Huguet, iii. 526, 532.

Audeneham, Marshal, defends the Inq., ii. 132.

Augury by birds, iii. 403. 429, 431.

Augustin, St., on persecution, i. 211, 214. disbelieves in incubi, iii. 384. on magic transformation, iii. 391. on efficacy of prayer, iii. 395. disbelieves in astrology, iii. 437. on the Divine Vision, iii. 590.

Augustin (England), his missionary labors, iii. 400.

Augustinians, Order of, iii. 32, 103.

Ausch, Abp. of, summoned to persecute, i. 136. Waldenses in, ii. 148.

Austria, Inq. in, i. 301; ii. 347. Luciferans in, ii. 358, 375. Waldenses in, ii. 400, 416. order to arrest Templars in, iii, 303.

_Auto de fé_, or sermo, i. 389, 391. in Rome in 1231, ii. 200.

Auvergne, Templar possessions in, iii. 251.

Auzon, charter of, in 1260, i. 407, 423.

Avegliana, disregard of Inq. in, ii. 263.

Averrhoes, iii. 558.

Averrhoism, iii. 561. of Limoux Noir, ii. 108. toleration of, in 15th cent., iii. 574. taught throughout 16th cent., iii. 577. in Aragon, ii. 169. in Castile, ii. 183. in Portugal, ii. 188.

Averrhoists, their numbers, iii. 564.

Avignon, besieged by crusaders, i. 199. magistrates present at trials, i. 377. Inq. introduced in, ii. 118. Waldenses in, ii. 147. the Black Death in, ii. 379. Fraticelli burned in, iii. 168. Petrarch's description of, iii. 633. C. of 1209, on preaching, i. 23. establishes episcopal Inq. i. 314. C. of 1457, asserts Immaculate Conception, iii. 600.

Avignonet, massacre of, ii. 35.

Avis, Order of, in Portugal, iii. 317.

Aymeri de Collet, Catharan bp., ii. 26.

Aymon, Bp. of Vercelli, his capture, i. 11.

Aymond Picard rejects transubstantiation, ii. 144.

Azzo IX. attacks Ezzelin, ii. 228.

Azzo X. settles case of Armanno Pongilupo, ii. 241.

Bacon, Roger, his career, iii. 552. on civil law, i. 309. on magic, iii. 425. on alchemy, iii. 436. on Notory Art, iii. 436. on astrology, iii. 439.

Bafomet, iii. 270.

Bail taken of accused, i. 407, 476.

Baines, Bp. Peter A., on Immaculate Conception, iii. 611.

Bajolenses, i. 98; ii. 193.

Balardi, Tommaso, his witch-trials, iii. 518.

Balbinus, his praise of Huss, ii. 445.

Baldwin of Toulouse, his fate, i. 168.

Bamberg, quarrels with its bp., ii. 532. Observantine reformation in, iii. 173. witches burned in, iii. 549. C. of 1491, on heresy, ii. 413, 423.

Bandello, Vincenzo, denies Immaculate Conception, iii. 601.

Banishment for heresy, i. 220, 462; ii. 170.

Barbara, Empress, her character, ii. 539.

Barbarian codes, sorcery in, iii. 409.

Barbarians, toleration under, i. 216. their helpful spirits, iii. 382. their magic, iii. 401.

Barbes, their missionary circuits, ii. 248, 268.

Barcelona, its subjection to Charlemagne, ii. 162. Inq. organized in, ii. 166. separate Inq. for, ii. 179. complains of Eymerich, iii. 586.

Baroni of Florence, their protection of heresy, ii. 209, 210. their prosecution, i. 496; ii. 211.

Barozzi, Bp. of Padua, protects Nifo, iii. 576.

Bartholomew the Augustinian, ii. 360.

Bartolino da Perugia, his inquest at Todi, iii. 149.

Bartolo, his perplexity as to witchcraft, iii. 534.

Bartolomeo da Cervere, his martyrdom, ii. 264.

Bartolomeo di Tybuli, i. 355.

Bartolomeo of Pisa, his belief in Joachim, iii. 11.

Basilius the sorcerer burned, iii. 399.

Basle, its reconciliation in 1348, iii. 157. Beguines persecuted in, 1400, ii. 403. C. of, indicated, ii. 528. abolishes annates, ii. 530. its quarrels with Eugenius IV., ii. 531, 533. negotiates with Hussites, ii. 530, 533, 534, 536, 537. withdraws cup from laity, ii. 473, 539. burns Nicholas of Buldesdorf, iii. 89. decides in favor of Observantines, iii. 173. asserts Immaculate Conception, iii. 600. failure of its reform, iii. 638.

Bassani, Giacobba de', iii. 98, 100.

Bavaria, the Inq. in, ii. 347. slaughter of Jews, ii. 379. Waldenses in, ii. 397.

Beatific Vision, the, iii. 590.

Beaucaire, siege of, i. 184. restriction on bearing arms, i. 382.

Beauffort, Payen de, case of, iii. 523, 525. 529, 532.

Beaumanoir on sorcery, iii. 427.

Beaurevoir, Joan of Arc confined in, iii. 359

Beauvais, Bp. of, his capture, i. 11.

Bech, Giacomo, case of, ii. 265.

Bedford, Regent, on Joan of Arc, iii. 346. purchases Joan of Arc, iii. 358.

Beggary, holy, ii. 352. its merit called in question, ii. 367; iii. 131. of the Templars, iii. 242.

Beghards and Beguines (see also Ortlibenses and Brethren of the Free Spirit). their origin, ii. 350. efforts at repression, ii. 354, confusion as to the name, ii. 355. commencement of persecution, ii. 367. condemned by C. of Vienne, ii. 369. persecuted under the Clementines, ii. 371. as Tertiaries of Mendicant Orders, ii. 371, 413. severely persecuted, ii. 386, 387, 390, 392, 395, 401, 403, 411. their houses confiscated, i. 530; ii. 389, 391. protected by bishops, ii. 394. Wasmod's account of them, ii. 397. protected by C. of Constance, ii. 409. aid the Reformation, ii. 413. in Bohemia, ii. 430, 435, 517.

Beguinages, ii. 352, 363. canon of Vienne concerning, ii. 369. their destruction under the Clementines, ii. 371.

Beguines, or Olivists of Languedoc, iii. 50, 77, 81.

Beirut, Bp. of, iii. 520, 522, 529.

Beissera, case of, ii. 12.

Bela IV. (Hungary), his crusades against Bosnia, ii. 295, 296, 297.

Belgrade, victory of, ii. 553.

Bellarmine, Card., condemns Lully, iii. 588.

Bembo, Card., protects Pomponazio, iii. 576.

Benedict XI. tries to reconcile clergy and Mendicants, i. 290. deprives bps. of financial control, i. 336. represses extortion, i. 478. regulates confiscations, i. 510, 512. favors the Inq. of Languedoc, ii. 84. prejudges Pequigny, ii. 85. orders arrest of Bern. Délicieux, ii. 86. reconciles Philippe le Bel, ii. 86. his mercy to Ghibellines, ii. 236. introduces Inq. in Sicily, ii. 248. releases Jacopone da Todi, iii. 41. penances Arnaldo de Vilanova, iii. 55. summons Ubertino da Casale, iii. 59. reconciles the Colonnas, iii. 194. his dealings with Greek Church, iii. 619.

Benedict XII. urges Inq. on England, i. 354. his persecution of Waldenses, ii. 151. annuls the laws of Siena, ii. 275. persecutes Cathari of Dalmatia and Croatia, ii. 301, 302. appoints inqs. in Bohemia, ii. 431. builds palace of Avignon, iii. 68. rejects appeal of Felipe of Majorca, iii. 81. orders Dolcinists suppressed, iii. 123. refuses submission of Louis of Bavaria, iii. 155. assails the Fraticelli, iii. 159. annuls condemnation of Visconti, iii. 202. burns sorcerers, iii. 459. asserts the Divine Vision, iii. 595. on clerical demoralization, iii. 632. tries Pierre Recordi, iii. 657.

Benedict XIII. on Savonarola's saintliness, iii. 236.

Benedict XIV. regards Savonarola as a saint, iii. 236. on Raymond Lully, iii. 589. on Immaculate Conception, iii. 611.

Benedict XIII. (antipope) protects Vicente Ferrer, ii. 176. divides Inq. of Majorca, ii. 177.

Benedictines, their corruption, i. 37; iii. 640. as inqs., ii. 118.

Benefices, distribution of, i. 24.

Benevento, battle of, ii. 232. witches' gathering-place, iii. 500.

Benigno, Frà, his extortions, i. 478.

Berard, Thomas, purchases Sidon, iii. 271.

Bérard Tremoux, inq., imprisonment of, ii. 141.

Berardo da Rajano, ii. 246, 585.

Berenger of Carcassonne, expelled by heretics, i. 138.

Berenger de Frèdole, iii. 278, 283.

Berenger of Narbonne, his trial, i. 15. refuses assistance against heresy, i. 137.

Berenger de Palau organizes Inq. in Barcelona, ii. 166.

Berenger of Tours, his heresy, i. 218. accused of magic, iii. 419.

Bergamo, Waldensian conference, i. 76; ii. 196. toleration of heresy in 1232, ii. 202. its laws against the Inq., ii. 230. persistence of heresy, ii. 239, 271. witches of, contest over, i. 539; iii. 546. C. of, 1311, revives episcopal Inq., i. 359.

Berlaiges, heretics burned at, i. 537; ii. 46.

Berger, W., his argument as to Huss's safe-conduct, ii. 463.

Bernabo Visconti condemned as heretic, iii. 202.

Bernard, St., his condemnation of the Church, i. 16, 24, 52. on the study of the civil law, i. 59. confutes Henry of Lausanne, i. 70. opposes Arnald of Brescia, i. 73. admits the virtues of Cathari, i. 101. his uncertainty of tolerance, i. 219. approves of ordeal in heresy trials, i. 306. frames the Templar Rule, iii. 239. denies Immaculate Conception, iii. 596.

Bernard Aspa, case of, iii. 73.

Bernard Audoyn, ii. 240.

Bernard de Castanet as inq., i. 356. his liberality, i. 516. his persecution of heretics, ii. 67, 71. his reception at Albi, ii. 78. deprived of inquisitorial power, ii. 93. his trial, ii. 572.

Bernard de Caux issues sentences in his own name, i. 333. complained of by Jayme I., i. 395. mercy shown by, i. 486, 550. his liberality, i. 528. imprisons for relapse, i. 544. his activity in 1246, ii. 45.

Bernard de Combret, his agreement with St. Louis, i. 515.

Bernard Délicieux, his character and career, ii. 75. his impeding Inq., i. 349. on falsification of records, i. 380; ii. 72. on hopelessness of defence, i. 450; ii. 570. defends Castel Fabri, i. 445; ii. 73. attacks the Inq., ii. 70, 79, 81, 82, 84, 87. his arrest and release, ii. 86. before Philippe at Toulouse, ii. 87. negotiates with Ferrand of Majorca, ii. 88. his treason pardoned, ii. 90. appeals to Clement V., ii. 92. his belief in Joachim, iii. 11, 73. his relations with Arnaldo de Vilanova, iii. 55. appeals to John XXII., iii. 70. accused of magic, iii. 452. his trial and fate, ii. 100.

Bernard l'Espinasser, ii. 52.

Bernard Gui on use made of officials, i. 340. on Clementines, i. 344, 454, 478; ii. 97. on itinerant inquests, i. 370. on advantages of time of grace, i. 372. on limitation of familiars, i. 384. enforces oath of obedience, i. 385. requires episcopal concurrence, i. 387. his great _autos de fé_, i. 393. approves of torture, i. 424. on evidence of heresy, i. 432. discovers false witness, i. 440. on advocates of heretics, i. 444. on penance of crosses, i. 470. penalties inflicted by, i. 495, 551. on death-penalty, i. 535. on relapse in fautorship, i. 548. on unfulfilled penance, i. 548. burns the Talmud, i. 555. his career at Toulouse, ii. 104, 107. his account of Waldensian tenets, ii. 149. drives Dolcinists to Spain, ii. 184. on Olivi's remains, iii. 45. his description of Olivists, iii. 83. of Apostolic Brethren, iii. 122. sent as nuncio to Lombardy, iii. 196.

Bernard de Montesquieu, case of, i. 519.

Bernard Peitevin, case of, ii. 8.

Bernard Pons, case of, i. 448.

Bernard du Puy, inq., i. 396.

Bernard Raymond, i. 123, 124.

Bernardino of Cona, his condemnation as heretic, iii. 202.

Bernardino da Feltre, ii. 275; iii. 601.

Bernardino, St., of Siena, ii. 272; iii. 172.

Bernardo, inq. of Aragon, ii. 170.

Bernardo del Bosco, ii. 271; iii. 546.

Bernardo di Como proves reality of Sabbat. iii. 498.

Bernardo de Puycerda persecutes Spirituals, iii. 85.

Bernardo Travesser, inq., his martyrdom, ii. 167.

Berne, Beguines persecuted, ii. 403. Dominicans burned at, ii. 424; iii. 604. witches in, iii. 534.

Berner de Nivelle, heresy of, ii. 121.

Bernez, proceedings at, ii. 265.

Bernhard of Hirsau ejects Beguines, ii. 413.

Berthold of Coire murdered by heretics, ii. 346.

Berthold of Ratisbon, his preaching, i. 268. on merits of contemplation, iii. 2. on papal dispensation, iii. 28. on simony, iii. 624.

Berthold, Bp. of Strassburg, persecutes Beghards, ii. 374.

Berti, Michele, burned at Florence, iii. 165.

Bertrand, Bp. of Albi, i. 515.

Bertrand de la Bacalairia, ii. 42.

Bertrand Blanc denounces the Inq., ii. 92.

Bertrand de Bordes of Albi disregards Clement's orders, ii. 95.

Bertrand, Cardinal-legate, i. 185, 187.

Bertrand de Cigotier as inq., ii. 118; iii. 44.

Bertrand de Clermont, ii. 55, 71.

Bertrand of Embrun on scandals of familiars, i. 383, 572; ii. 276.

Bertrand of Metz, his troubles with Waldenses, ii. 318.

Bertrand de Poyet, Cardinal, iii. 68, 135.

Bertrand de Sartiges, iii. 293, 297.

Bertrand de la Tour, Cardinal, iii. 69, 132, 148, 196.

Bertrando Piero, his activity, ii. 264.

Besançon, trial of Abp. of, i. 14. Abp. of, uses magic, i. 306. Inq. in, i. 530; ii. 119, 149. wer-wolves burned at, ii. 145.

Bethlehem chapel, Huss's sermons in, ii. 445.

Betrayal of accomplices, i. 409.

Béziers, Bp. of, refuses to persecute, i. 137. prevalence of heresy in, i. 138. Pierre de Castelnau threatened at, i. 142. sack of, i. 154. assembly of experts in 1329, i. 390. heresy of disobedience at, ii. 66. the Black Death in, ii. 379.

Béziers, Raymond Roger of, endeavors to make peace, i. 150. resists the crusade, i. 153. his capture and death, i. 156. Spiritual convent of, iii. 43, 62, 70. C. of, in 1233, on monastic abuses, i. 39. regulates episcopal Inq., i. 331, 469, 507. C. of, 1243, Raymond VII. urges episcopal Inq., ii. 39. C. of, 1246, orders synodal witnesses, i. 317. regulates the Inq., i. 332, 370, 375, 386, 404, 438, 444, 462, 464, 466, 469, 471, 485, 489, 496, 507, 514, 517, 526, 544; ii. 45. C. of, 1299, on growth of Catharism, ii. 71. condemns Olivists, iii. 50, 71.

Bianchi, pilgrimage of, ii. 404.

Bible, prohibition of, i. 131, 324; iii. 612. translation forbidden, iii. 613.

Bidon de Puy-Guillem, i. 452; ii. 127.

Billon, Martin, inq., claims Joan of Arc, iii. 357.

Bingen, Waldenses burned in 1392, ii. 397.

Birds, divination by, iii. 403, 429.

Birgitta, St., on the Franciscans, i. 296. on John XXII., iii. 69. on Fraticelli, iii. 159. on corruption of the Church, iii. 634.

Biscay, case of Alonso de Mella, iii. 169.

Bishops, methods of appointment, i. 6. military character of, i. 9. their salvation impossible, i. 13. prostitution of their power, i. 16; iii. 630, 631, 632, 643. abuse of their letters, i. 19. their methods of extortion, i. 20. their quarrels with the Mendicants, i. 278. origin of their jurisdiction, i. 308. inq. of parishes by, i. 312. their indifference as to heresy, i. 315. responsible for persecution, i. 330. asked to aid inqs., i. 329. they regulate the Inq., i. 331. their co-operation with inqs., i. 364; ii. 87, 94, 96, 140; iii. 479. their concurrence in sentences, i. 332, 333, 387. their jealousy of Inq., i. 350, 357; ii. 132. obliged to enforce inquisitorial sentences, i. 333. their presence required in torture, i. 426. share in control of prisons, i. 493; ii. 96. as assistants of inqs., i. 374. as inqs., ii. 163, 198. their jurisdiction questioned, i. 358. distinction of jurisdiction, iii. 482. surrender their jurisdiction to Inq., ii. 578. not subject to jurisdiction of Inq., i. 347. to obey inqs., i. 348. jurisdiction over inqs., i. 363; ii. 80, 87, 94, 133. supervised by inqs., iii. 27. delegate their powers to inqs., i. 388. responsible for expenses of Inq., i. 489, 525; ii. 139, 154, 174. endeavor to share in the spoils, i. 336, 359, 510, 512, 514. complain of leniency of Inq., ii. 46. appeals from, i. 450. they protect the Beghards, ii. 394, 401. their obligation of poverty, iii. 132. their complaints of the Templars, iii. 241. ordered to examine Templars, iii. 282. ordered to employ torture, iii. 286. cognizance of sorcery reserved to, iii. 434.

Bishops, Catharan, i. 93, 119.

Bishops, French, oppose the Inq., ii. 114. ordered to aid Inq., ii. 116.

Bishops, German, resist the Inq., ii. 338, 346.

Bishops of Languedoc, their seizure of lands, ii. 3.

Bishops, Waldensian, i. 83; ii. 522, 564.

Bishoprics, sale of, i. 8.

Bizenus, Eleutherus, his triumph of Reuchlin, ii. 424.

Bizochi, iii. 37, 75.

Black Death, the, ii. 379. services of Mendicants in, i. 290.

Blaise Boerii assists Olivists, iii. 74.

Blanc, Humbert, his crusading enterprise, iii. 248. his trial in England, iii. 301.

Blanche, Regent, her difficulties, i. 201, 202. relations with the Pastoureaux, i. 270, 271.

Blanchet, Eustace, iii. 475.

Blasio di Monreale, inq., ii. 266.

Blasphemy, punishment of, i. 235; ii. 122. profitable to Inq., i. 479.

Blomaert confuted by John of Rysbroek, ii. 377.

Blood, judgments of, forbidden to clergy, i. 223. duty of Church to shed, i. 536.

Blood of Christ, quarrel over, ii. 171.

Blouyn, Jean, inq., tries Gilles de Rais, iii. 479.

Bluebeard, iii. 489.

Boccaccio on Florentine inq., i. 479. on the Templars, iii. 328. story of the Three Rings, iii. 564. on corruption of the curia, iii. 634.

Böckeler, inq., persecutes Winkelers, ii. 400. condemns John Malkaw, iii. 206.

Bogomili, i. 90, 216.

Bohemia, ii. 427. Flagellants in 1260, i. 272. Franciscan inqs. in, i. 302. heretics escape to, ii. 269. Luciferans in, ii. 358. indignation at Huss's death, ii. 494. renounces obedience to Rome, ii. 507. its condition in 1418, ii. 511. defeat of the crusades, ii. 516, 525, 530. religious discord in, ii. 517. commerce with, prohibited, ii. 527. fear of its influence in Germany, ii. 532. peasantry reduced to serfdom, ii. 536. peace with C. of Basle, ii. 537. reaction under Sigismund, ii. 538. supremacy of Calixtins, ii. 540. situation under Podiebrad, ii. 541. Capistrano's mission, ii. 550. its independence of Rome, ii. 556. its anomalous position, ii. 559. Templar property in, iii. 330. sorcerers reproved, iii. 419. canons against sorcery, iii. 460.

Bohemian Brethren, their origin, ii. 561. their creed, ii. 563. their discipline, ii. 565. they unite with Waldenses, ii. 416, 564. their mission to Savoy Waldenses, ii. 267. their persecutions, ii. 566. their missionary zeal, ii. 567.

Bolbonne, mutilation of monks of, i. 162.

Bologna, restriction on bearing arms, i. 382. abuses of familiars in, i. 383. Giovanni Schio at, ii. 203. decay of Inq. in, ii. 283. C. of, on the Templars, iii. 307.

Bomm, Johann, burns wer-wolves, ii. 145.

Bonaccorso, Filippo, i. 303.

Bonageta, Pedro, his heresy, ii. 175.

Bonagrazia da Bergamo attacks Olivi, iii. 49. defends the Conventuals, iii. 59. placed in confinement, iii. 61. imprisoned in 1323, iii. 133. escapes to Louis of Bavaria, iii. 148. his death, iii. 156.

Bonagrazia di S. Giovanni, iii. 43.

Bonato, Fray, case of, iii. 85.

Bonaventura, St., on torment of the damned, i. 241. his cardinalate, i. 264. answers William of St. Amour, i. 286. replies to Gerald of Abbeville, i. 287. on Franciscan corruption, i. 296. persecutes the Spirituals, iii. 24. his zeal for poverty, iii. 26. his mysticism, iii. 27. his efforts at reform, iii. 29. denies Immaculate Conception, iii. 547. on clerical corruption, iii. 631.

Boncampagno di Prato, his austerity, iii. 28.

Bond, bail-, form of, i. 476.

Bones, exhumation of, i. 232, 404, 553; iii. 188.

_Boni Homines_, i. 115.

Boniface, St., his suppression of heresy, i. 308. a legendary inq., ii. 181. suppresses sorcery, iii. 412.

Boniface VIII., his character, iii. 51. grants jubilee indulgence, i. 42. tries to settle the question of burials, i. 281. tries to reconcile clergy and Mendicants i. 290. on removability of inqs., i. 344. subjects bishops to inqs., i. 348. asserts episcopal jurisdiction, i. 358. authorizes inqs. to appoint deputies, i. 375. suspends office of inq.-general, i. 398. orders witnesses' names withheld, i. 438. on extortion of inqs., i. 477. lightens disabilities of descendants, i. 498. prohibits confiscation in advance, i. 517. subjects secular officials to Inq., i. 536; ii. 67. his capture at Anagni, ii. 58. his quarrel with Philippe le Bel, ii. 66. threatens Aimeric Castel, ii. 69. orders prosecution of Castel Fabri, ii. 73. heresies charged against him, ii. 97; iii. 450. favors Pierre de Fenouillèdes, ii. 111. decides case of Armanno Pongilupo, ii. 241. cases of leniency, ii. 243. acknowledges Frederic of Trinacria, ii. 248. organizes Inq. in Slavonia, ii. 299. condemns Ortlibenses, ii. 367. annuls acts of Celestin V., iii. 36. persecutes irregular mendicancy, iii. 37. persecutes Spirituals, iii. 39. imprisons Jacopone da Todi, iii. 41. silences Arnaldo de Vilanova, iii. 55. his quarrel with Colonnas, iii. 194. tries to unite the Military Orders, iii. 247. enforces obedience among the Templars, iii. 253. his bull _Unam Sanctam_, iii. 568, 616.

Boniface IX. favors the Mendicants, i. 273. appoints inq. for Portugal, i. 530. appoints inq. for Spain, ii. 185. reproves cruelty of inq., ii. 264. appoints inqs. for Sicily, ii. 285. his policy with Beghards, ii. 401. appoints inq. for Germany, ii. 402. suppresses the Bianchi, ii. 404. sells dispensations to Franciscans, iii. 170. his financial expedients, iii. 627, 628.

Bonn, Tanchelmites burned in, i. 65. Cathari burned in 12th cent., i. 113.

Bonrico di Busca, case of, i. 386.

Books, burning of, i. 554. Luther's, condemned, ii. 284. Wickliff's burned, ii. 446. Huss's burned, ii. 490. Arnaldo de Vilanova's burned, iii. 85. astrological, burned, iii. 446. of magic to be burned, iii. 438, 453. Villena's burned, iii. 490. censorship of, iii. 612.

Bordeaux, wealth of Templars in, iii. 251. C. of, in 1255, on judgments of blood, i. 223.

Borel, François, his persecution of Waldenses, ii. 152-6, 261, 263.

Bortolamio, Bp. of Vicenza, ii. 223, 234.

_Bos homes_, i. 118.

Bosnia, recurrence of Cathari to, ii. 256. career of Catharism in, ii. 291. Inq. organized in, ii. 299.

Bourges, Pastoureaux in, i. 271. inq. of, ii. 141. C. of, in 1225, i. 194. C. of, 1432, on Waldenses, ii. 157.

Boys, age of responsibility, i. 403.

Brabant, Lollards in, ii. 368.

Braccio da Montone, iii. 569.

Braine, Cathari burned in, 1204, i. 131.

Brancaleone, crusade preached against him, ii. 226.

Branda, his reforming decree, ii. 527.

Brandeis, Synod of, in 1490, ii. 565.

Brandenburg, demon worship in, 1337, ii. 375. Waldenses in, ii. 416, 435. Templar property in, iii. 330.

Branding for heresy, ii. 182.

Brandt, Sebastian, his ferocity against Dominicans, ii. 424.

Braunsberg, sorcery in laws of, iii. 432, 536.

Bread, holy, of the Cathari, i. 94. of the Waldenses, ii. 146. dipped in wine for Eucharist, ii. 472. and water the prison diet, i. 488, 491.

Brehal, Jean, inq., rehabilitates Joan of Arc, iii. 378.

Bremen, Abps. of, and the tithes, iii. 183. C. of, 1230, on the Stedingers, iii. 185.

Brennon, Roger, defends witches, iii. 545.

Brescia, Bp. of, on quarrel over blood of Christ, ii. 172. heretic troubles in, 1224, ii. 198. captured by Ezzelin da Romano, ii. 227. case of Guido Lacha, ii. 242. heresy in, 1457, ii. 271. witches of, contest over, i. 539; iii. 546.

Breslau, John of Pirna in, ii. 431. Sigismund's cruelty, ii. 515. Capistrano's labors, ii. 548.

Brethren, Apostolic, iii. 303.

Brethren of the Common Life, ii. 361.

Brethren of the Cross, ii. 407.

Brethren of Felipe of Majorca, iii. 82, 163.

Brethren of the Free Spirit--see also Ortlibenses. their origin, ii. 323. in France, ii. 123, 126, 406, 578. in Bohemia, ii. 518.

Brethren of the Hermitages, iii. 172.

Bretonelle, Jean, on the blood of Christ, ii. 171.

Briançon, persecution in, ii. 152, 157, 160.

Bribery of the curia, i. 195; ii. 90, 92; iii. 628. of inqs., i. 477.

Bridges, fines used for, i. 474.

Brigandi, i. 125.

Britanny, Cathari in, i. 112. no heretics in, i. 127. sorcerers and heretics in, iii. 537.

Brixen, Bp. of, drives inq. away, iii. 541.

Brocken, witches' gathering-place, iii. 500.

_Brod durch Gott!_ ii. 353, 412.

Bruges, Tanchelm expelled from, i. 65.

Bruguière Bart., case of, iii. 151, 654.

Brulliano, Observantines founded at, iii. 172.

Brünn, Dominican scandal in, i. 274. Sigismund at, in 1419, ii. 514.

Bruno of Segni reproaches Paschal II., iii. 181.

Brussels, Ortlibenses in, ii. 377.

Buda, C. of, 1279, on judgments of blood, i. 223. suppression of council in, ii. 298.

Bugres, i. 115.

Buildings of Inq., i. 373; ii. 145.

Bulgari, i. 115.

Bulgaria, its submission to Rome, ii. 292. inq. provided for, ii. 311.

Bull in Cæna Domini on forgeries, i. 19. George Podiebrad cursed in, ii. 558.

Burchard, Bp., does not allude to heresy, i. 218. denies power of Tempestarii, iii. 416. on belief in sorcery, iii. 417. on witch cannibalism, iii. 503.

Burchard III. (Magdeburg) and the Templars, iii. 302.

Burchard of Oldenburg, his crusade against Stedingers, iii. 187.

Burgin the Beghard, ii. 405.

Burgundy, heretics in, i. 127. Inq. introduced in, ii. 113, 120. Waldenses in, ii. 148. witchcraft in, iii. 535.

Burgundian minister, his supervision, ii. 140.

Burial of heretics forbidden, i. 132.

Burials, quarrels over, i. 30, 280; iii. 241.

Burning alive introduced, i. 216, 221. seignorial right of, i. 537. a last resort, i. 541. for relapse, i. 544. frequency of, i. 549. details of, i. 551. expenses of, i. 553.

Burning of Templars for revoking confessions, iii. 295, 308, 324, 325. invariable for witches, iii. 515. of books, i. 554; ii. 466, 490; iii. 85, 438, 446, 453, 490.

Burzet, Sire de, killed by love-potion, iii. 463.

Cabasse, Raymond, burns Catharine Sauve, ii. 157.

Cabestaing, C. of, 1166, i. 119. Olivists burned at, iii. 77.

Cæsarius of Heisterbach on episcopal wickedness, i. 13. on monastic disorders, i. 36. on spread of heresy, i. 128. on liberty, ii. 321. his demonology, iii. 381, 383.

Cæsarius of Speier, his martyrdom, iii. 6.

Cagots, the, ii. 108.

Cahors, Inq. in, ii. 9.

Caietano, Card., his dealings with Luther, ii. 426.

Cairo, martyrdom of Templars in, iii. 277.

Calabria, Cathari in, i. 116; ii. 245. Waldensian settlements, ii. 248, 268, 269.

Calcagni, Ruggieri, inq. of Florence, i. 327; ii. 210.

Caldron, the witches', iii. 406, 408.

Caligula, cause of his insanity, iii. 391.

Calixtins--see Utraquists.

Calixtus II. condemns Cathari, i. 117.

Calixtus III. favors the Mendicants, i. 293. stimulates the Inq., ii. 265, 271. orders crusade against Turks, ii. 553. invites Rokyzana, ii. 556. orders rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, iii. 378. orders witches persecuted, iii. 546. patronizes Lorenzo Valla, iii. 567.

Calo Johannes of Bulgaria, ii. 292.

Calvinists, merger of Waldenses with, ii. 268.

Cambrai, heresy in 11th cent., i. 110. case of Marie du Canech, i. 479. heretics burned at, ii. 115, 317. Men of Intelligence, ii. 406. chapter of, and their Bp., iii. 447.

Camerino, the Fraticelli favored in, iii. 159, 160.

Can Grande della Scala, iii. 197, 201.

Canavese, witches of, iii. 503, 515-18.

Canidia, iii. 390.

Canneman, John, suppresses Waldenses, ii. 416.

Cannibalism of witches, iii. 407, 503.

Canonical purgation--see Compurgation.

Canonries, papal efforts to control, i. 195; iii. 67.

Canterbury, pilgrimages to, ii. 31.

Cap of darkness, iii. 406, 421.

Capello di Chia, case of, i. 342; ii. 239.

Capistrano, his character, ii. 546, 554. appointed inq., ii. 270. suppresses Tommaso of Florence, ii. 272. investigates the Jesuats, ii. 274. persecutes Jews, ii. 286, 287, 549. rebukes Nicholas of Cusa, ii. 473. his mission to Bohemia, ii. 547. endeavors to reunite the Franciscans, iii. 173. persecutes Fraticelli, iii. 176, 177. veneration felt for him, iii. 179. his death and canonization, ii. 554, 555.

Capitani di Santa Maria of Florence, ii. 211.

Caracalla persecutes magicians, iii. 392.

Caraman, Catharan Council of, i. 119.

Carbonello, Lorenzo, in Tunis, iii. 167.

Carcassonne, preponderance of heresy in, i. 138. capture of, i. 155. assembly of experts in 1329, i. 390. prison of Inq. at, i. 491, 492, 494. appeals to Philippe III., ii. 58. attempt to destroy records, i. 381; ii. 59. appeals to king and pope, ii. 60. struggles with Inq., ii. 68, 69, 70, 78, 82. its despair and treason, ii. 88. its punishment, ii. 90. accuses the Inq., ii. 92. investigation by cardinals at, ii. 93. contempt for Dominicans, ii. 132. contest between inqs. in 1424, ii. 138. persecution of Waldenses, ii. 148. convent given to Spirituals, iii. 62. Olivists burned, iii. 77. C. of, 1310, on Templars, iii. 295, 296.

Carieulx, Pierre des, iii. 523, 526.

Carino Balsamo, his murder of Peter Martyr, i. 460; ii. 214.

Carlovingian legislation on heresy, i. 218. system of inquests, i. 308. sorcery under, iii. 413.

Carmelites, recognition of the Order, iii. 32, 103, 107. they cite the pseudo-Joachim, iii. 12. their Averrhoism, iii. 564.

Cardinals, oath of, in conclave, i. 6. bribery of, ii. 90, 92.

Carnaschio, Rio, iii. 116, 117.

Carpentras, conclave of, ii. 98.

Carta de Logu, inqs. in, i. 311.

Casser, capture of, i. 162.

Castel Fabri, case of, i. 445, 449; ii. 69, 73.

Castelbo, heretics persecuted in, ii. 165, 167.

Castelnaudary, siege of, i. 168.

Castile, punishment for heresy in, i. 221. law as to houses of heretics, i. 482. treatment of Jewish books, i. 555. dealings with heresy, ii. 180.

Castile, case of Alonzo de Mella, iii. 169. prosecution of Templars, iii. 316. Templar property, iii. 333. laws on sorcery, iii. 430. astrology condemned, iii. 444.

Castores, iii. 395.

Castres, seizure of Jean Ricoles at, ii. 83. Waldenses in, ii. 148.

Castruccio of Lucca condemned for heresy, iii. 201.

Cat, worship of, iii. 263, 496.

Catalan Fabri murdered by Waldenses, ii. 150.

Catalano, Frà. his murder, ii. 215.

Catalonia, separate Inq. for, ii. 179.

Cathari, i. 89. their predominance in Languedoc, i. 135. their growth under the crusades, i. 187, 189, 193. converted by Foulques de Neuilly, i. 244. evidences of, i. 432. of Languedoc, betrayed by Raymond Gros, ii. 22. their loss at Montségur, ii. 43. their indomitable zeal, ii. 44, 49, 61. their numbers about 1250, ii. 49. driven to forests and caves, ii. 52. their revival ii. 71, 104. their extinction in Languedoc, ii. 108. in northern France, ii. 113, 120, their relation with Waldenses, ii. 146, 579. their existence in Aragon, ii. 162, 165. their development in Leon, ii. 181. their numbers in Italy, ii. 193. Milan their headquarters, ii. 194. numerous in Naples, ii. 244. classed with usurers in Venice, ii. 251. their persistence in Italy, ii. 255. of Bosnia, ii. 290. their numbers east of the Adriatic, ii. 297. they welcome the Turks, ii. 307. of Bosnia embrace Islam, ii. 314. their disappearance from Germany, ii. 318. of Orleans, their infernal rites, ii. 334. in Bohemia, ii. 428. their conjectured relations with the Templars, iii. 249.

Catharism, causes of its failure, i. 106; ii. 254. varieties of, in Piedmont, ii. 256.

Catharine de Medicis a Tertiary, i. 268.

Catharine Sauve burned, ii. 157.

Catharine de la Rochelle, iii. 376.

Catharine de Thouars, iii. 469, 487.

Catharine, St., of Siena, her stigmata, i. 262; ii. 217. on corruption of the Church, iii. 635.

Cathedrals, suffering caused by their building, i. 23.

Cato, his dread of divination, iii. 397.

Catoptromancy, iii. 422.

Cauchon, Pierre, Bp. of Beauvais, iii. 357. claims Joan of Arc, iii. 358. commences her trial, iii. 360. abandons her to secular arm, iii. 372.

Caurzim, Calixtins slain in, ii. 514.

Cavalcanti, Aldobrandino, inq., i. 327.

Cazzagazzari, i. 115.

Cecco d' Ascoli, iii. 441.

Ceccone manipulates Savonarola's confessions, iii. 230, 233.

Celestin III. intercedes for Bp. of Beauvais, i. 11. excommunicates Raymond VI., i. 133.

Celestin IV., his short pontificate, ii. 26.

Celestin V. protects the Spirituals, iii. 35. his acts annulled, iii. 36. insulted by Conventuals, iii. 37.

Celestin, Spiritual antipope, iii. 63, 65.

Celibacy, clerical, its effect, i. 3, 31. disregarded in Bohemia, ii. 427.

Cella, Pierre, joins Dominic, i. 251. his sentences in Querci, i. 465, 469; ii. 30, 579. his lenity to Waldenses, ii. 147.

Cellites, ii. 351.

Censorship intrusted to Inq., ii. 391; iii. 612.

Cerdaña, Inq. in, ii. 177.

Cesarini, Giuliano, legate to Germany, ii. 529, 530, 531.

Cesena, massacre of, i. 559; iii. 204. miracle by St. Peter Martyr, ii. 208.

Chains for prisoners, i. 487.

Chakamim, Egyptian, iii. 387.

Chalons, Cathari of, i. 109, 218. C. of, 813, on legacies, i. 29.

Champagne, Inq. in, ii. 121, 575.

Charlemagne complains of clerical rapacity, i. 29. establishes episcopal jurisdiction, i. 308. his Missi Dominici, i. 311. his laws on sorcery, iii. 413.

Charles IV. (Emp.), his election, iii. 156. his duty to persecute, i. 226. divides the confiscations, i. 507. his submissiveness, ii. 378. represses Flagellants, ii. 382. organizes German Inq., i. 530; ii. 388. increases powers of Inq., ii. 391. confirms John of Boland, ii. 393. sends Rienzo to Avignon, iii. 203. censorship of Inq., iii. 612.

Charles V. (Emp.), cruelty of his code, i. 235. he favors Lullism, iii. 587.

Charles II. (Engl.) repeals persecuting laws, i. 353.

Charles IV. (France) shares spoils with John XXII., iii. 68. his life attempted by sorcery, iii. 458.

Charles V. (France) seizes church revenues, i. 196. forbids destruction of houses, i. 482. aids the Inq., i. 531; ii. 126, 155.

Charles V. (France) orders persecution, ii. 154. monopolizes confiscations, ii. 155.

Charles VI. (France), attempts to cure him by sorcery, iii. 465. asserts the Immaculate Conception, iii. 599.

Charles VII. (France), his independence of Rome, ii. 134. on Franciscan quarrels, iii. 173. his desperate position, iii. 339. receives Joan of Arc, iii. 343. ennobles the Darc family, iii. 351. abandons Joan of Arc, iii. 359. rehabilitates Joan of Arc, iii. 377.

Charles VIII. (France) permits persecution of Waldenses, ii. 159. his relations with Savonarola, iii. 213. proposes a general council, iii. 224.

Charles I. (Naples) allows one inq. assistant, i. 374. assists French inqs., i. 395. his rapacity, i. 511, 517, 520. defrays expenses of Inq., i. 525, 527. marries Sanche of Provence, ii. 27. his conquest of Naples, ii. 231. his power in Italy, ii. 232. his active persecution, ii. 245. his letters concerning Inq., ii. 584. his attempts on Constantinople, iii. 618.

Charles II. (Naples) divides the confiscations, i. 512. defrays expenses of Inq., i. 526. an eager persecutor, ii. 247, 586. persecutes Spirituals, iii. 39. protects Spirituals, iii. 56. his crusade, iii. 247.

Charles III. (Naples) receives inqs., ii. 285. confiscates estate of Bp. of Trivento, iii. 204.

Charles I. (Savoy) orders investigation, ii. 266. pacifies the Waldenses, ii. 267.

Charles II. (Navarre), mortuary offering by, i. 31.

Charles de Banville threatened for his tolerance, ii. 153.

Charles Robert (Hungary), his relations with Bosnia, ii. 299, 301.

Charles de Valois, his crusading projects, iii. 247. hangs Enguerrand de Marigny, iii. 451.

Charms for endurance of torture, iii. 509.

Charroux, Abbey of, lawsuit with, i. 22.

Chartres, C. of, 1366, on sorcery, iii. 459.

Châtelet of Paris, punishes sorcery, iii. 461.

Chiabaudi, Francesco, his witch-trials, iii. 516, 518.

Chiaravalle, Abbey of, iii. 92, 99, 102.

Chieri, Catharans of, ii. 255.

Chiersy, C. of, in 849, i. 217.

Chiliasts in Bohemia, ii. 518.

Children, crusade of the, i. 147, 268. evidence of, i. 436. responsibility of, ii. 399.

Children admitted to Order of Templars, iii. 268. devoted to Satan, iii. 382. eaten by witches, iii. 502, 503, 504. frequent Sabbat, iii. 501, 505. unbaptized, killed by witches, iii. 504. of demons, iii. 384. of heretics, disabilities of, i. 321.

Chilperic I., his treatment of sorcery, iii. 410.

Chindaswind, his laws on sorcery, iii. 399.

Chinon, Templar chiefs detained at, iii. 281, 283. Joan of Arc at, iii. 342.

Chiuso, his torture and constancy, iii. 178.

Christ, proclaimed King of Florence by Savonarola, iii. 213. blood of, question as to, ii. 171; iii. 127, 166. Cecco's horoscope of, iii. 442, 656. incarnations of, iii. 102. lancing of, on the cross, iii. 46, 207. place of his conception, iii. 603. poverty of--see Poverty. Soldiery of, i. 267.

Christann of Prachatitz, ii. 497, 512.

Christian V. (Denmark) on blasphemy, i. 235.

Christian theurgy overcomes pagan, iii. 393.

Christianity, pagan influences on, iii. 400.

Christine de Pisan on Joan of Arc, iii. 350.

Christopher, St., power of his image, i. 49.

Christopher of Sweden, his laws on sorcery, iii. 433.

Chrysostom, St., on persecution, i. 214. on exc. of the dead, i. 230. denies the power of demons, iii. 380. disbelieves in Incubi, iii. 384.

Church, the, i. 1. its corruption explains heresy, i. 54, 129; iii. 163, 164. it enforces persecution, i. 224. its spiritual jurisdiction, i. 309. its early aversion to torture, i. 422. its responsibility for death-penalty, i. 224, 534; iii. 547. its subordination to the state in France, ii. 57. its repression of magic, iii. 396. its jurisdiction over sorcery, iii. 398, 399. its inconsistent views of sorcery, iii. 417. governed by astrology, iii. 438. its responsibility for witchcraft, iii. 505, 512, 544, 546. powerless against witchcraft, iii. 506. its infidelity in 15th cent., iii. 566, 577. its corruption in later Middle Ages, iii. 627, 630.

Churches, justice not administered in, i. 223. right of asylum in, ii. 121. pollution of, ii. 440.

Churland, magicians in, iii. 403.

Cincinnati, Perfectionists in, iii. 102.

Cinthio, Legate, judges Henry Minneke, i. 315; ii. 325, 330.

Circumcisi, i. 88.

Ciruelo on Ars Notoria, iii. 436.

Cistercians undertake conversion of Albigenses, i. 142. abandon their missions, i. 144. preach the crusade, i. 147. clerical opposition to them, i, 281. their penalties for sorcery, iii. 455.

Citation, secrecy of, i, 406.

Citeaux, Abbey of, payments to, ii. 2.

Citizen, duty of, to aid Inq., i. 340, 386.

Civil Law, revival of the, i. 58.

Claessens, his defence of the Church, iii. 646.

Clamme, Waldenses of, ii. 347.

Clareni, the, iii. 40, 65.

Claudius of Turin, i. 217.

Clavelt, persecution at, ii. 337.

Clement IV. demands release of Bp. of Verona, i. 12. supports the Mendicants, i. 287, 289. intervenes in quarrels of Mendicants, i. 302, 303. confirms episcopal concurrence in sentences, i. 335. enforces bull _ad extirpanda_, i. 339. enlarges powers of inqs., i. 357. on episcopal jurisdiction, i. 358. on withholding witnesses' names, i. 438. on unfulfilled penance, i. 475, 548. on confiscation, i. 504. on parsimony of bishops, i. 525. on Jewish books, i. 555. on apostate Jews, ii. 63. persecutes heretics of Rousset, ii. 118. enlarges power of Burgundian provincial, iii. 141. stimulates the Inq., ii. 230. aids the Angevine conquest of Naples, ii. 231. tries Manfred for heresy, iii. 193. allows Franciscans to receive legacies, iii. 29. favors the Templars, iii. 242. patronizes Roger Bacon, iii. 552. represses simony, iii. 626.

Clement V., his election, ii. 91. his plunder of churches, i. 17. increases episcopal responsibility, i. 335, 358; ii. 96. on punishment of inqs., i. 344. restricts number of familiars, i. 383. requires episcopal concurrence, i. 387. restricts use of torture, i. 424. on abuses of Inq., i. 453, 478. investigates Inq. of Languedoc, i. 493; ii. 85, 92, 571. intercedes for Carcassonne, ii. 90. fails to secure trial of prisoners, ii. 94, 572. protects the Jews, ii. 96. his condemnation of Beguines, ii. 369.

Clement V. orders trial of Bernard de Castenet, ii. 572. on the heretics of Langres, ii. 578. protects the Spirituals, iii. 56, 58, 59, 61. prosecutes Italian Spirituals, iii. 62. orders crusades against Dolcino, iii. 114, 116, 118. suppresses the Spirit of Liberty, iii. 125. seizes Ferrara, iii. 194. summons de Molay to France, iii. 248. disregards accusations of Templars, iii. 258. his indignation at the Templar arrest, iii. 277. orders arrest of Templars throughout Europe, iii. 278, 285, 298, 302, 304, 309, 310, 316. suspends proceedings in France, iii. 279. comes to an agreement with Philippe, iii. 281. orders proceedings resumed, iii. 282. his bulls of Aug. 12, 1308, iii. 284. his orders to use torture, iii. 286, 300, 310, 312, 318. urges prosecution in Germany, iii. 303. sends commission to States of the Church, iii. 305. orders relapsed Templars burned, iii. 308. abolishes the Temple without condemnation, iii. 321. endeavors to secure Templar property, iii. 329. assumes Templar property in Morea, iii. 333. his death, ii. 98, 372; iii. 326.

Clement VI. on emperor's duty to persecute, i. 225. defends the Mendicants, i. 290. revives office of inq.-general, i. 398. prosecutes inqs., i. 511. extends Inq. over Touraine, ii. 126. persecutes Waldenses, ii. 152, 170. decides as to the blood of Christ, ii. 171. orders investigation of Lombard Inq., ii. 269. his proceedings against Florence, ii. 277. punishes apostate Jews, ii. 284. his intervention in Bosnia, ii. 303. reproves Charles IV., ii. 378. prohibits Flagellants as heretics, ii. 383. on benefices for minors, ii. 432. grants the cup to John of Normandy, ii. 473. refuses submission of Louis of Bavaria, iii. 156. form of absolution imposed on Germany, iii. 157. persecutes the Fraticelli, iii. 160. warns the East against Fraticelli, iii. 167. orders Jayme Justi prosecuted, iii. 168. encourages Gentile of Spoleto, iii. 171. proceedings against the Maffredi, iii. 203. dealings with Greek Church, iii. 617.

Clement VI., state of Church under, iii. 633.

Clement VII. subjects Mendicants to Inq.. i. 363.

Clement VIII. proposes to canonize Savonarola, iii. 237.

Clement XIV. abolishes the Jesuits, iii. 322.

Clement VII. (Avignon), his cruelty, i. 559; iii. 204. renews Borel's commission, ii. 156. accepts Immaculate Conception, iii. 599.

Clement VIII, antipope, iii. 351.

Clementines, delay in issuing, ii. 370; iii. 60. legislation of the, ii. 96. restriction on torture in, i. 424. disregard of, i. 493. enforced in Milan, ii. 270. observed in witch-trials, iii. 512. persecution of Beguines caused by, ii. 369, 371.

Clergy, their separation from the laity, i. 3. character of, i. 24, 286; ii. 527, 531; iii. 630, 631, 632. immunity of, i. 32. contempt felt for them, i. 54. popular dislike for, i. 127, 270, 271. their quarrels with the Mendicants, i. 281, 289, 290. heresies among, ii. 3. antagonism to Inq., ii. 4.

Clermont, Bp. of, his treatment of Templars, iii. 286. C. of, 1095, on communion, ii. 472.

Cluson, Val, attack on, in 1488, ii. 160.

Coining, boiling to death for, i. 235.

Cold produced by witches, iii. 537, 549.

Collar, wooden, penance of, i. 468.

College of Abbreviators, iii. 570, 571.

Colmar, arrest of Beghards at, ii. 367.

Cologne, Tanchelm condemned in, i. 65. Henricians and Cathari in, i. 72. Cathari punished in 12th cent., i. 113. number of Beguines in, ii. 352. persecution of Beghards in, ii. 373, 386. Flagellants persecuted, 1353, ii. 385. opposition to Inq. in 1374, ii. 394. burning of Martin of Mainz, ii. 395. John Malkaw's career, iii. 207. witch killed in 1074, iii. 419. witches burned in, iii. 537. C. of, on wandering monks, i. 38. C. of, 1306, on Dolcinists, iii. 123. C. of, 1307, persecutes Beghards, ii. 367.

Coloman of Hungary, ii. 294.

Colombini, Giov., founds the Jesuats, iii. 170.

Colonna, Ottone, see Martin V.

Colonnas, their quarrel with Boniface VIII., iii. 194.

Columbus, Franciscans accompany him, i. 298.

Comets, superstitions respecting, iii. 446.

Commerce, influence of confiscation on, i. 524.

Commines, Phil., his belief in Savonarola, iii. 211.

Commission, papal, for defence of Temple at Vienne, iii. 289. appeals to C. of Sens, iii. 295. its sessions interrupted, iii. 296. result of its labors, iii. 297.

Commissioners of Inq., i. 374.

Commissions of inqs., their duration, i. 343, 345. inquisitorial, abuse of, ii. 141.

Communion in both elements, ii. 472, 511. of infants, ii. 474, 512.

Commutation of vows, i. 44. of penance, i. 464, 473. for the dead, i. 475. of imprisonment, i. 496. of confiscation, i. 515.

Como adopts the laws of Fred. II., i. 322. officials slain by witches, iii. 501. date of witchcraft in, iii. 534. number of witches, iii. 540. their persecution, iii. 546, 547.

Compactata, the four articles of, ii. 519. accepted at Basle, ii. 534, 537. definitely rejected by Rome, ii. 550. sworn to by Ferdinand I., ii. 560.

Compacts not to be kept with heretics, ii. 469. with Satan, iii. 424, 464.

Compagna della Fede of Florence, ii. 211.

Compagnacci, iii. 215, 219, 226, 227.

Company of Poverty, ii. 126.

Compassion for heretics a sin, i. 240.

Compiègne, siege of, iii. 356.

Compostella, pilgrimages to, ii. 31. Dolcinists in, ii. 185; iii. 106, 122.

Compromise between Mendicants and seculars, i. 293.

Compurgation, i. 32, 310, 421, 455. in Count Sayn's case, ii. 344. by Templars, iii. 308. in trials for sorcery, iii. 433.

Comtat Venaissin, Inq. introduced in, ii. 118, 148.

Conception, Immaculate, of the Virgin, iii. 596.

_Conciliator_, the, of Peter of Abano, iii. 440.

Conclave, oath of cardinals in, i. 6. after death of Clement V., ii. 98.

Concorrezenses, i. 98, 107; ii. 193.

Concubinage defined to be heresy, ii. 545. of Bohemian clergy, ii. 432. of Hungarian clergy, ii. 543.

Concurrence of bps. in sentences, i. 332, 333, 335, 357.

Conde, Juan, inq. of Barcelona, ii. 179.

Condemnation inevitable, i. 453.

Confession (judicial), spontaneous, inducements for. i. 371. carefully recorded, i. 379. read at _auto de fé_, i. 392. importance of, i. 408, 410; ii. 476; iii. 483. extortion of, i. 415.

Confession (judicial) recorded as free from torture, i. 425, 428; iii. 266. retraction of, i. 428, 543. requires abjuration, i. 457. as alternative of condemnation, ii. 334, 336. required of Huss, ii. 485. of Templars, character of, iii. 274. required in witch-trials, iii. 514.

Confession (sacramental) by wholesale, 40. used as magic formula, i. 51. to laymen sufficient, i. 79. Catharan use of, i. 102. quarrels over, i. 278, 279. used by Waldenses, ii. 146, 150, 160. heresy concerning, in Spain, ii. 187. unnecessary in Wickliffitism, ii. 440. retained by Calixtins, ii. 520. derided by Taborites, ii. 523.

Confessional, priestly neglect of, i. 278. its secrecy set aside, i. 437.

Confessor, inq. as, i. 399. evidence of, i. 436.

Confirmation of confession under torture, i. 427.

Confiscation for heresy, i. 220, 321, 501. division of, i. 338. bp. not to share, i. 359. to be inflicted on prisoners, i. 489. commutation for, i. 515. before condemnation, i. 517. stimulates persecution, i. 532; ii. 371. its results in Languedoc, ii. 56, 110. its thoroughness, ii. 112. forbidden by Louis XI., ii. 159. renewed by Charles VIII., ii. 160. modified, in Spain, ii. 183, 185. assumed by the State in Venice, ii. 252. in Sicily, ii. 285. in Germany, ii. 331, 389. case of the Guglielmites, iii. 102. of the Templars, iii. 255. of Gilles de Rais, iii. 487. of Vaudois of Arras, iii. 522, 525.

Conformities, Book of, i. 262.

Confraternity of St. Cecilia, ii. 40.

Conjurators for suspects, i. 455.

Coni, heretics burned at, ii. 264.

Connecte, Thomas, iii. 208.

Conrad III. (Emp.), rejects Arnald of Brescia, i. 73.

Conrad IV. (Emp.), favors Waldenses, ii. 347. appoints Pallavicino vicar-general, ii. 219. his death, ii. 220.

Conrad of Barenfels, iii. 157.

Conrad of Hildesheim, i. 87; ii. 324, 343.

Conrad II. (Mainz) on the Mendicants, i. 292. persecutes Waldenses, ii. 396.

Conrad of Marburg, his career and character, ii. 325. powers conferred on him, ii. 332. his methods, ii. 336.

Conrad of Marburg, his defeat in assembly of Mainz, ii. 340. his murder, ii. 341. his assassins, ii. 342, 345.

Conrad of Montpellier, ii. 376.

Conrad of Porto, Legate, i. 187, 189.

Conrad of Thuringia exterminates heretics, ii. 343.

Conrad of Vechta (Prague) favors Huss, ii. 447, 457, 461. opposes use of cup by the laity, ii, 471.

Conrad of Waldhausen, ii. 436.

Conradin, his execution, ii. 232.

_Consolamentum_, i. 94, 96.

Constance, Queen, and the Cathari of Orleans, i. 109.

Constance of Hungary, iii. 90, 94.

Constance, Cathari in 11th cent., i. 111. Ortlibenses in 1339, ii. 376. Burgin the Beghard burned, ii. 405. C. of, convoked in 1414, ii. 453. on Flagellants, ii. 384. on the Beghards, ii. 409. on safe-conducts, ii. 468. acts as Inq., ii. 475. tries John Huss, ii. 482. tries Jerome of Prague, ii. 498. its dealings with Bohemia, ii. 494, 507, 510. orders burning for Hussites, i. 227. appeals to Sigismund, ii. 509. its decree _Frequens_, ii. 526. its measures to heal the schism, iii. 207. case of Jean Petit, iii. 336. its failure to reform, iii. 637. C. of, 1463, on Lollards, ii. 413.

Constantine the Great, his persecuting edicts, i. 212. Arian books burned, i. 554. triumphs through the cross, iii. 394. suppresses divination, iii. 397. Donation of, iii. 566.

Constantine the Paulician, i. 90.

Constantine the Beghard burned, ii. 375.

Constantinople, number of Cathari in, ii. 297. Latin and Greek churches in, iii. 618. effect of its capture, ii. 551. C. of, on exc. of dead, i. 230, 231. C. of, 869, its use of wine of Eucharist, ii. 474. C. of, burns Bogomili, i. 116.

Constantius (Emp.) persecutes diviners, iii. 397.

Contarini, Giac., his ducal oath, ii. 251.

Contemplation, merits of, iii. 2.

Continence, test of, among Segarellists, iii. 109, 123.

Continuance of torture, i. 427; iii. 514.

Contumacy, punishment of, i. 404, 542.

Conventicles, heretical, iii. 495.

Conventschwestern, ii. 388.

Conventuals (Franciscan) their origin, iii. 7.

Conventuals (Franciscan) persecute Spirituals, iii. 23, 33, 38, 40, 57, 78. insult Celestin V., iii. 37. supported by Boniface VIII., iii. 41. repressed by Clement V., iii. 58, 61. assail Gentile of Spoleto, iii. 171. their quarrels with Observantines, iii. 173. their prevailing laxity, iii. 174. oppose the Recollects, iii. 180.

Conversion not to be enforced, i. 242. time allowed for, i. 393. procured by torture, i. 417.

Converts from heresy imprisoned, i. 321, 484. confiscation for, i. 507. from Judaism, ii. 63.

Conviction, motives impelling to, i. 408.

Coranda, Wenceslas, ii. 512, 513, 518.

Corasse, the Sieur de, and his demon, iii. 383.

Cord of Chastity of Templars, iii. 314.

Cordes, Dominicans killed at, ii. 12. accuses the Inq., ii. 92. reconciliation of, i. 483; ii. 103.

Cordova, school of magic in, iii. 429.

Cornelis, Wilhelm, his heresy, ii. 352.

Cornille, Martin, iii. 524, 531, 533.

Coronation, imperial, ceremony of, i. 225.

Coronation-edict of Frederic II., how drawn up, i. 322.

Corpses, profits derived from, i. 30, 280. exhumation of, i. 232, 404, 553; iii. 188.

Corrado Coppa, iii. 97.

Corrado da Offida, iii. 41.

Corruption, heresy justified by, i. 54, 129; ii. 493, 531.

Corsica, Inq. in, ii. 255. Templars of, prosecuted, iii. 285.

Cortenuova, battle of, ii. 206.

Cossa, Balthasar--see John XXIII.

_Cossolament_, i. 94.

Cotereaux, i. 125, 205.

Cotta, Dionisio, iii. 92, 93.

Councils, general, dreaded by papacy, ii. 529; iii. 223.

Counsel, denial of, i. 444; iii. 290. appointed by Inq., iii. 517. result of admitting them, iii. 518. refusal of, in Huss's case, ii. 478. offered to Joan of Arc, iii. 366.

Counsellors of inqs., i. 376.

Counter-Reformation, its temper, iii. 578.

Courts, spiritual, character of, i. 21; iii. 630, 632.

_Covenansa, la_, i. 94.

Coventry, Bp. of, accused of sorcery, iii. 451.

Credentes, i. 94. punishment of, i. 321; ii. 10.

Creditors of heretics unpaid, i. 524.

Cremona, decree of, by Frederic II., i. 221. witches of, persecuted, iii. 546.

Crescenzio Grizzi, Franciscan general, iii. 7.

Crete, magicians of, iii. 389. Greek Church in, iii. 620.

Crimea, Fraticelli missions in, iii. 167.

Criminal law, secular, i. 234, 401. influence of Inq. on, i. 559.

Criminals, their evidence received, i. 434.

Crivelli, Leonardo, inq., iii. 574.

Croatia, Wickliffitism in, ii. 542.

Crocesegnati, the, ii. 217.

Cross, veneration of, by the Templars, iii. 272. fetichism of the, iii. 395. sign of, protects from witches, iii. 506.

Crosses, incombustibility of Templars' iii. 303. penance of, i. 468. penalty for evading, i. 396, 549. not known in Germany, ii. 336. first use of, in Germany, ii. 370. in the form of scissors, ii. 361. redemption for, iii. 101.

Crown, extension of its jurisdiction, ii. 57.

Crucigeri, Order of, i. 267.

Crudacio, Abbot of, sent to Germany, iii. 303.

Crusade of the children in 1208, i. 147, 268.

Crusaders, immunities of, i. 44, 148. their savage cruelty, i. 162. their demoralization, i. 42; iii. 642. redemption of their vows, i. 198, 205, 206.

Crusades, origin of indulgences for, i. 42. preached by Foulques de Neuilly, i. 245. ordered as penance, i. 466; ii. 31, 47, 395. first employment of, against heresy in 1181, i. 124. against Albigenses, i. 147. against opponents of the papacy, i. 44; ii. 226; iii. 189, 195. against Ezzelin da Romano, ii. 227. against Manfred of Naples, ii. 231; iii. 193. against Bosnian Cathari, ii. 294, 296, 304, 306, 311. against heretics in Germany, ii. 340, 343. against Hussites, ii. 516, 525, 530, 534, 536. against Hussites urged in 1452. ii. 550. against Turks in 1455, ii. 553. against Bohemia in 1468, ii. 550. against Dolcino, iiii. 114, 115, 116. against the Stedingers, iii. 186. against Viterbo, iii. 189. against Frederick II., iii. 189. against Aragon, iii. 190. against Ferrara, iii. 195. against the Visconti, iii. 197, 201. against the Maffredi, iii. 204.

Culin of Bosnia, ii. 291.

_Cum inter nonnullos_, bull, iii. 134.

Cumans, martyrdom of Dominicans among, ii. 293, 297.

Cup withdrawn from laity, ii. 473.

Curative sorcery condemned, iii. 464, 507.

Curators, i. 403.

Curia, papal, character of, i. 20; ii. 627, 633. its responsibility for corruption of Church, ii. 528; iii. 637. its relations with German prelates, ii. 337. condemns the Sachsenspiegel, ii. 349.

Cyprian on toleration, i. 212. on exc. of the dead, i. 230.

Cypriotes descended from demons, iii. 385.

Cyprus, bought and sold by the Templars, iii. 240. Templars take refuge there, iii. 246, 248. number of Templars in, iii. 251. proceedings against Templars, iii. 309. orders to torture Templars, iii. 318. Templar property in, iii. 331. Greek Church in, iii. 619, 621.

Cyril, prophecies of, iii. 12.

_Dæmonium meridianum_, iii. 494.

Dalmatia, Cathari in, i. 107; ii. 301. Franciscan inqs. in, i. 302.

Damiani, Francesco, driven from Todi, iii. 149.

Damned, the, the saints enjoy their torment, i. 240.

Dance, peculiar, of witches, iii. 501.

Dancing mania, iii. 393.

Dandolo, Giovanni, admits Inq. in Venice, ii. 252.

Daniele da Giussano, i. 472; ii. 215, 237.

Darc family ennobled, iii. 351.

Darc, Isabella, rehabilitates Joan's memory, iii. 378.

Darc, Jacques, iii. 342.

Dauphiné, Inq. introduced in, ii. 118, 148. expenses of Inq. in, i. 531. persecution of Waldenses, ii. 151, 153, 158. Amaurians in, ii. 322.

David of Augsburg, ii. 347.

David de Dinant, i. 554; ii. 319.

Dead, prosecution of the, i. 230, 404, 448, 497; ii. 56. limited in Spain, 184. penance unfulfilled by, i. 475. confiscation of estates of, 504, 522.

Death, power of witches to cause, iii. 502.

Death-bed recantation, i. 436.

Death-penalty for heresy, i. 221. responsibility of Church for, i. 224, 534. frequency of, i. 549. for witchcraft, iii. 515, 521, 532. of witches, Church responsible for, iii. 547.

Debts due to heretics, confiscation of, i. 519; iii. 196. due to the Templars sequestrated, iii. 285, 329. due by heretics confiscated, i. 524.

Debts evaded by crusaders, i. 148. use of Inq. for collecting, ii. 277.

Deceit to procure confession, i, 416. habitual in witch-trials, iii. 514, 522, 532. in trial of Joan of Arc, iii. 361.

Declaration of the Four Masters, iii. 7.

Defamation, relapse into, i. 548.

Defence, i. 443. accused deprived of, i. 405. hopelessness of, ii. 336, 422, 477. left to inquisitor, i. 447. in the case of the Temple, iii. 288, 291, 294, 296, 320. in witch-trials, iii. 517.

Defenders of the Faith, ii. 229.

Defenders of heretics, their punishment, i. 321, 461.

_Defensor Pacis_, the, iii. 139.

_De hoeretico comburendo_, statute of, i. 221, 353.

Delation, necessity of, i. 409, 440.

Delay in inquisitorial trials, i. 419; ii. 94, 572.

Delegated powers of inqs., i. 388.

Delegates of inqs., i. 375.

Demetrius the Bogomil, i. 91.

Demoniality, iii. 385.

Demonology, Christian, iii. 380.

Demons, beneficent, iii. 383. confined in rings, etc., iii. 453, 464. invocation of, among Wisigoths, iii. 399. common in 13th cent., iii. 424. denied by Roger Bacon, iii. 426. punishment in Spain, iii. 430. it is heresy, iii. 435. by Gilles de Rais, iii. 473. witches necessary to, iii. 501. worship of, ii. 324, 335, 375; iii. 200, 426, 493.

Denial of heresy is obstinacy, i. 407, 542.

Deniselle burned for sorcery, iii. 520, 522.

Denmark, Inq. ordered in, i. 355.

Denunciation, duty of, i. 228, 409.

_Denuntiatio_, i. 310.

Deonarii, i. 115.

_De Periculis novissimorum Temporum_, i. 285. its suppression by Louis XIII, i. 288.

Deputies of inqs., i. 375.

Descendants of heretics, disabilities of, i. 321, 498.

Destruction of records attempted, i. 380; ii. 59.

Detentive imprisonment, character of i. 420 488.

Devil-worship ascribed to heretics, i. 105, ii. 334.

Deza. Diego, endeavors to introduce Inq. in Naples, ii. 289.

Diana, the demon, iii. 494.

Didius Julianus uses Catoptromancy, iii. 423.

Diefenbach, his theory of witchcraft, iii. 544.

Diego de Azevedo, i. 141.

Diet of prisoners, i. 491.

Diether of Isenburg, ii. 418, 421.

Dietrich of Friburg on the Divine Vision, iii. 591.

Diniz of Portugal saves the Templars, iii. 317.

Diocesan Inq. by bps., i. 312; iii. 478.

Diocletian, his laws on Manichæism, i. 222.

Diotesalvi of Florence, i. 115.

Disabilities of descendants, i. 321, 380, 498.

Discipline, the, penance of, i. 463, 464.

Discretionary penalties, i. 483.

Disobedience is heresy, i. 229; iii. 181, 189, 192, 616, 617.

Dispensations for pluralities, i. 25. for simony, iii. 626. for vows, papal power of, iii. 28, 77.

Districts, inquisitorial, i. 370.

Divination, Roman laws against, iii. 392. Christian zeal against, iii. 395, 397. restrictions under Wisigoths, iii. 399. Teutonic, iii. 402. in C. of Paris, iii. 414. virtual toleration in 12th cent., iii. 422. punished in Spain in 13th cent., iii. 430. regarded as heresy, iii. 435. by dreams, iii. 446. power of witches in, iii. 502.

Divine Vision, the, iii. 590.

Division of fines and confiscations, i. 338, 510.

Djed, head of Bosnian Church, ii. 305.

Dolcinists--see Apostolic Brethren.

Dolcino, his first letter, iii. 109. his career and character, iii. 110. his memory preserved, iii. 120.

Domenico da Pescia, iii. 214, 216, 224, 228, 233, 234.

_Dominæ nocturnæ_ iii. 494.

Dominic, St., his first appearance, i. 141. his life, i. 248. his missionary zeal, i. 297. not responsible for the Inq., i. 299. penance prescribed by, i. 463, 464. legend of his founding the Inq., ii. 180.

Dominican legend of Spanish Inq., ii. 180. provincials to appoint inqs., i. 329. territory in France, ii. 119. in Italy, ii. 233.

Dominican Order, founding of, i. 252. adopts poverty, i. 254. its rapid growth, i. 255, 266.

Dominicans cause the death of Innocent IV., i. 284. their losses in the Black Death, i. 292. their demoralization, i. 294. their missionary labors, i. 297; ii. 293. as inqs., i. 299, 328; ii. 201. their quarrels with Franciscans, i. 302; ii. 76, 171, 217, 299, 300; iii. 154, 599, 601. immunities claimed for, i. 361. their growth in Toulouse, i. 197; ii. 6. killed at Cordes, ii. 12. their troubles in Toulouse, ii. 18, 19. they ask to be relieved of Inq., ii. 39. persecuted at Albi, ii. 82. Inq. in France confided to them, ii. 117. Inq. of Aragon in their hands, ii. 168. Reformed Congregation, ii. 145. question as to the blood of Christ, ii. 171. they refuse to believe in the Stigmata, ii. 217. assailed in Naples, ii. 245. are inqs. in Germany, ii. 333. killed by Flagellants, ii. 383. their quarrel with the Humanists, ii. 423. they attack Arnaldo de Vilanova, iii. 54. their attitude towards Louis of Bavaria, iii. 154. they regard Savonarola as a martyr, iii. 237. their Realism, iii. 556. they condemn Lully, iii. 588, 589. they deny Immaculate Conception, iii. 598, 599. their troubles over the question, iii. 602, 603, 604, 608.

Domremy, Joan of Arc's birthplace, iii. 338, 340. relieved from taxation, iii. 351.

Donation of Constantine, its evil, ii. 396. rejected by Waldenses, ii. 415. by Bohemian Brethren, ii. 562. disproved by Valla, iii. 566. heresy to deny it, iii. 568.

Donatists, persecution of, i. 210, 211, 214.

Donnici, Gabriele, his sect, iii. 127.

Douai, heretics burned at, ii. 115, 127. Deniselle burned at, iii. 522.

Doubt equivalent to heresy, i. 400.

Douceline, St., iii. 18.

Dowers of wives not confiscated, i. 509.

Drachenfels, Hans, forced to burn heretics, i. 539.

Drändorf, John, burned in 1424, ii. 414.

Dreams, Arabic treatises on, iii. 429. divination by, iii. 446.

_Droit de marquette_, i, 269.

Drowning as punishment for heresy, ii. 373. for sorcery, iii. 414.

Dualism, i. 89, 91. of Cathari, i. 96, 98, 107. Christian, iii. 380.

Du Boys, Jacques de, burns witches at Arras, iii. 520, 527, 529, 532.

Duns Scotus sent to Cologne, ii. 368. his Realism, iii. 556. on Immaculate Conception, iii. 598.

Duprat, Cardinal, procures Concordat with Rome, ii. 134.

Duprat, Jean, claims Pierre Trencavel, iii. 76, 652.

Du Puy, his work on the Templars, iii. 328.

Durán de Baldach, case of, iii. 85.

Durán de Huesca, i. 246.

Durand, Bp. of Albi, ii. 40, 42.

Durand, Bp. of Mende, on ligatures, iii. 418. on sorcery, iii. 426. on the Divine Vision, iii. 593. on trials for simony, iii. 626.

Durand Boissa, case of, i. 420.

Durango, case of Alonso de Mella, iii. 169.

Durant, inq., examines prisoners of Montségur, ii. 43.

Dusii, iii. 383.

Duty of persecution, i. 224. of ruler to burn heretics, i. 536. to burn witches, iii. 547.

Duval, Simon, his formulas, i. 370.

Eating of men by witches, iii. 407, 408, 411, 413, 503.

Ebionitic toleration, i. 210.

Ebner, Margaret, supports Louis of Bavaria, iii. 154.

Ecclesiastical courts, growth of, i. 309. evidence in, i. 430. jurisdiction over sorcery, iii. 428. law means torture, iii. 300. property, immunity of, i. 34.

Ecclesiastics, their personal immunity, i. 32. forbidden to practise surgery, i. 223. their favor for heretics, i. 328. heresy of, ii. 3.

Eck, Dr. John, inq., ii. 425.

Eckart, case of Master, i. 360; ii. 359.

Edeline, Guillaume, case of, iii. 512, 515, 536.

Edward and Guthrum, on sorcery, iii. 420.

Edward the Elder on sorcery, iii. 420.

Edward II. (Eng.), his dealings with the Templars, iii. 298. surrenders Templar property, iii. 331.

Edward III. (Eng.), enslaves Florentine merchants, ii. 281.

Edward VI. (Eng.), repeals persecuting laws, i. 363.

Egidio of Cortenuova protects heretics, ii. 219.

Egidio da Roma, iii. 563.

Egilbert, Abp. of Trèves, iii. 419.

Egiza, his laws on sorcery, iii. 399.

Egypt, belief in incubi, iii. 383. belief in ligatures, iii. 418. magic in, iii. 387.

Einhardt of Soest, his sale of penance, i. 27.

Eleanor de Montfort, her suit, i. 516.

Election of bps., i. 6.

Elias, the Franciscan general, i. 295; iii. 3-7.

Elias Patrice, ii. 88, 90.

Elias Petit, i. 355; iii. 620.

Elijah, his slaughter of Baal-priests, i. 238.

Elipandus of Toledo, i. 217.

Elizabeth of Bosnia persecutes Cathari, ii. 298.

Elizabeth, (Eng.), repeals persecuting laws, i. 353.

Elizabeth of Thuringia, St., ii. 326.

_Elohim acherim_, iii. 387.

Embezzlement by inqs., i. 511; ii. 279.

Embrun, persecution of Waldenses, ii. 147, 152, 157.

Emeric of Anchin on contempt felt for monks, i. 54.

Emeric of Hungary, ii. 291.

Emmerich, Community of, ii. 361.

Empenbach, Waldensian bp. of, ii. 347.

Emperor, his duty to persecute, i. 225.

Empire, papal assertions of supremacy over, iii. 135. its independence of the papacy asserted, iii. 155, 157.

Endura, i. 95, 96, 393.

England, papal extortion in, i. 17. Cathari in, i. 113. punishment for heresy, i. 221. _de hoeretico comburendo_, writ, i. 221. cruelty of criminal law, i. 235. Pastoureaux in, i. 271. inquests in, i. 311. persecution for heresy in, i. 352. _peine forte et dure_, i. 447. prisoners not chained, i. 488. confiscation, i. 503. no prosecution of the dead, i. 522. Joanna Southcote and Mary Ann Girling, iii. 102. proceedings against the Templars, iii. 298. Templar property given to Hospitallers, iii. 331. case of Joan of Arc, iii. 338. conversion by S. Augustin, iii. 400. sorcery under the Saxons, iii. 420. absence of legislation on sorcery, iii. 427. sorcery in 14th and 15th centuries, iii. 458, 467.

Enguerrand de Marigny hanged for sorcery, iii. 451.

Enmity disables witnesses, i. 435, 436. of witnesses the only defence, i. 446, 448; iii. 517.

Enrico da Settala of Milan, ii. 208.

Enrique III. (Castile), decrees confiscation, ii. 185.

Enrique IV. (Castile), favors persecution, ii. 186. his faith suspected, iii. 564.

Enrique de Villena, iii. 489.

Éon de l'Étoile, i. 66.

Ephialtes, iii. 384.

Episcopal censorship of press, iii. 614. co-operation with Inq., i. 387, 392; ii. 96, 140.

Episcopal courts, their character, i. 21, 310; iii. 630, 632. use of torture in, i. 557.

Episcopal Inq., i. 312, 330, 356. tried by Lucius III., i. 313. established by C. of Avignon, i. 314.

Episcopal Inq., tried by Honorius III., ii. 198. regulated, i. 331. similar to papal, i. 364. in Aragon, i. 324; ii. 163. in Bohemia, ii. 435. in Cologne, i. 360; ii. 359, 373, 374. in England, i. 353. in Mainz, ii. 397. in Narbonne, i. 330, 334. in Toulouse, ii. 9. urged by Raymond VII., ii. 38, 39. in Strassburg, ii. 369. in the Templar case, iii. 282, 286. in Westphalia, ii. 374. in Venice, ii. 250, 273.

Episcopal intervention in Inq., ii. 80, 87, 94.

Episcopal jurisdiction, growth of, i. 308. alone recognized in Germany, ii. 349. over pardoners, iii. 624. over sorcery, iii. 450, 467. over witchcraft, iii. 512.

Episcopal opposition to Inq., ii. 132, 395.

Episcopal power, prostitution of, i. 16; iii. 630, 631, 632.

Episcopal supremacy reasserted, ii. 133.

Episcopate, its relations with Inq., i. 331. German, its resistance to Inq., ii. 338, 346.

_Episcopi, Cap._, iii. 494, 497, 498, 524, 534.

Equitius, St., exorcises a demon, iii. 381.

Erard, Abp. of Tours, on sorcery, iii. 414.

Erasmus on the Mendicant Orders, i. 294. on papal wars, iii. 204. on astrology, iii. 446. on scholastic heresy, iii. 557. prints Valla's New Testament, iii. 567.

Erfurt, heretics burned in 1231, ii. 332. Constantine the Beghard burned, ii. 375. massacre of Jews, ii. 379. Flagellants prohibited, ii. 382. heretics burned by Kerlinger, ii. 390.

Eriberto of Milan suppresses Cathari, i. 109.

Eric Blood-Axe, iii. 407, 408.

Erichtho, iii. 390.

Erigena, his Periphyseos condemned, ii. 322; iii. 555.

Ermengaudi, Bernardo, succeeds Eymerich, ii. 176; iii. 585.

Ermessende of Foix, her memory condemned, ii. 169.

Escape from prison, frequency of, i. 494. equivalent to relapse, i. 548.

Esclairmonde de Foix, hereticated, i. 138.

Esclairmonde de Péreille, ii. 34.

Esparrago of Tarragona, ii. 163.

Estaing, Antoine d', of Angoulême, ii. 161.

Estampes, Comte d', and Vaudois of Arras, iii. 521, 523, 525.

Estates, claims of the Church on, i. 30. of dead heretics confiscated, i. 522.

Este, Oppizo d', and Rainaldo condemned as heretics, iii. 202.

Este, Frisco d', his struggle for Ferrara, iii. 194.

Étienne de Combes prosecutes Dominicans, iii. 204.

Étienne de Gâtine, i. 528; ii. 55, 56.

Étienne Mascot, his visit to Lombardy, ii. 50.

Étienne de S. Thibéry as inq., i. 302; ii. 21, 36.

Étienne de Sissy resists Urban IV., iii. 242.

Étienne Tempier, Bp. of Paris, condemns Averrhoism, iii. 561.

Étienne de Verberie, blasphemy of, ii. 122.

Eucharist, sale of, i. 28. its use as a fetich, i. 49. given to penitents at the stake, i. 546. questions concerning its substance, ii. 175. Wickliff's theory of, ii. 442. veneration of, in Bohemia, ii. 474. belief of Bohemian Brethren, ii. 562. used in sorcery, iii. 435. _quodlibet_ concerning, iii. 567. (see also Transubstantiation.)

Euchitæ, i. 91, 102.

Eudes, Bp. of Toul, persecutes Waldenses, ii. 147.

Eudes de S. Amand, Templar Gr. Master, iii. 242.

Eudes de Bures, his Templar initiation, iii. 277.

Eugenio, Somma, inq. of Slavonia, ii. 311.

Eugenius III., his disinterestedness, i. 22. tries Éon de l'Étoile, i. 66. his relations with Arnald of Brescia, i. 73. confers red cross on Templars, iii. 239.

Eugenius IV. favors the Mendicants, i. 293. grants power of removal, i. 345. his favor to Inq., i. 351. divides confiscations, i. 512. orders prosecution of exc., ii. 140. his intervention in Bosnia, ii. 310. protects the Beghards, ii. 411. urges convocation of C. of Basle, ii. 530. his quarrels with C. of Basle, ii. 531, 533. his relation to the Compactata, ii. 541. persecutes Hungarian Hussites, ii. 542. concubinage is heresy, ii. 545. renews Capistrano's commission, iii. 177. burns Thomas Connecte, iii. 209. on the power of witches, iii. 407, 502, 512. buries Braccio da Montone, iii. 569.

Euric persecutes Catholics, i. 216.

Eusebius, his description of Constantine, iii. 394.

Eusebius of Dorylæum, i. 210.

Eutyches, his heresy, i. 210.

Eutychianus, Pope, inquests ascribed to, i. 312.

Eutychius, Patriarch of Constantinople, i. 230.

Evasions practised by accused, i. 414.

Everard of Châteauneuf burned, i. 130.

Everard, Dominican astrologer, ii. 227.

Everlasting Gospel, its appearance, i. 285; iii. 20. condemned at Anagni, i. 287; iii. 22. its theory, iii. 21. its authorship, iii. 22, 23. its doctrines revived, iii. 48, 65. new heresy based upon it, iii. 50. its influence on Olivists, iii. 74, 80. its influence on Guglielmites, iii. 92. its influence on the Apostolic Brethren, iii. 120. last echoes of, iii. 88, 89, 583.

Everwach of Stalum, case of, iii. 424.

Evervin of Steinfield appeals to St. Bernard, i. 72.

Evidence, i. 430. justifying torture, i. 426. of heretics received, i. 321, 435. slight, sufficient for conviction, i. 437. withholding of, i. 316, 439. retraction of, i. 439, 441. in cases of relapse, i. 547. against Templars, character of, iii. 267, 269. how obtained, iii. 293. how garbled, iii. 318, 321. of witchcraft, iii. 505, 508.

Evil Eye, iii. 490.

Evil, personification of, iii. 379.

Exactions of inqs., i. 472, 480.

Exactitude of records, i. 379.

Examination of accused, i. 410.

Exclusive salvation, doctrine of, i. 237.

Excommunicated officials obliged to aid the Inq., i. 386.

Excommunication, its effects, i. 207. for neglect to persecute, i. 225. of the dead, i. 230. heresy of enduring it, i. 404; ii. 122, 140; iii. 181. by inqs., i. 500. for refusal to burn heretics, i. 538; ii. 569. abuses of, ii. 3. papal, disregarded, ii. 137; iii. 219. for sorcery, iii. 423, 434.

Execution, delay of twenty-four hours, i. 393. expenses of, i. 535. details of, i. 551.

Executioner, inq. can serve as, i. 537.

Exemptions of monasteries, i. 35. of Mendicants, i. 274.

Exequaturs of inqs., ii. 575, 578.

Exhumation of dead heretics, i. 232, 404, 553. coercion of secular authority, i. 498.

Exhumation waived in case of Stedingers, iii. 188.

_Exiit qui seminat_, bull, iii. 30, 34, 36, 37, 130.

Exile as a penance, i. 230, 462.

_Exivi de Paradiso_, bull, iii. 60.

Expenses of Inq. immoderate, i. 382, 528; iii. 548. how defrayed, i. 332, 342, 525; ii. 132, 138, 154, 252. of burning heretics, i. 553.

Experts bound to aid inqs., i. 342. assembly of, i. 387, 389, 442.

Extortions practised by bps., i. 20; iii. 630, 631, 632, 643. by inqs., i. 477.

Eylard burns Dolcinist at Lubec, iii. 124.

Eymerich, Nicolas, his career, ii. 174; iii. 583. on independence of inqs., i. 346. on co-operation of bp., i. 364. on itinerant inquests, i. 370. recommends legal assistants, i. 376. on appointment of notaries, i. 378. on limitation of armed familiars, i. 384. on risk to witnesses, i. 439. on counsel for heretics, i. 445. his view of confiscation, i. 509. on poverty of Inq., i. 531. on relapse in fautorship, i. 548. condemns astrology, iii. 444.

Eyvind Kellda, the sorcerer, iii. 421.

Eyvind Kinnrif refuses baptism, iii. 421.

Ezzelin da Romano executes Franciscans, i. 276. protects heretics, ii. 197, 219, 223. invites Fred. II. to Lombardy, ii. 206. his character, ii. 224. tried by Inq., ii. 225. crusade against him, ii. 226. represented as a heretic, iii. 192. his faith in astrology, iii. 438.

Fabiano, Inq. of Bosnia, ii. 300.

Fabiano of Bacs, Inq. of Slavonia, ii. 310, 544.

Fabriano, Fraticelli persecuted, iii. 176, 178.

_Faciens misericordiam_, bull, iii. 284, 285, 294, 302, 316.

Faenza, Cathari in, i. 117. Waldenses in, ii. 194. case of the Maffredi, iii. 203.

Fairies' Tree of Domremy, iii. 341.

Faith not to be kept with heretics, i. 174, 228; ii. 468.

Faith more important than morals, iii. 644. and reason, antagonism of, iii. 583.

False Decretals on character of witnesses, i. 434.

False-witness, i. 440, 441. in retracted confessions, i. 429.

Falsification of papal letters, i. 19. justiciable by Inq., iii. 102. of records, ii. 72.

Familiars, i. 381. absolved by inqs., i. 343. tortured in Venice, ii. 273. armed, abuse of, i. 382; ii. 270, 274.

Fantinus, papal orator, imprisoned, ii. 557.

Farignano, Franciscan general, iii. 171, 172.

Fastolf, Sir John, iii. 347.

Fasts of the Cathari, i. 97. of Templars, iii. 275.

Fatalism taught by Albert of Halberstadt, ii. 392. the heresy in astrology, iii. 439.

Fauns, iii. 384.

Fautorship, punishment of, i. 321, 461. relapse in, i. 547. advocates guilty of, i. 444.

Faydits, i. 180, 205; ii. 252.

Fazio da Doneratico surrenders Pier di Corbario, iii. 151.

Fazio degli Uberti on Virgin Mary, iii. 598.

Feast of the Conception, iii. 596, 598, 599, 600, 601.

Fees for marriage and funerals, i. 28.

Felipe of Majorca, iii. 81.

Felix V. elected by C. of Basle, ii. 533. orders Inq. at Bernez, ii. 265. his abdication, ii. 541.

Felix de Guzman, i. 248.

Felix of Urgel, his heresy, i. 217.

Fenouillèdes, confiscation of, ii. 111.

Ferdinand I. (Emp.), swears to support the Compactata, ii. 560.

Ferdinand IV. (Aragon) urges Huss's burning, ii. 469.

Ferdinand V. (Aragon) strengthens Inq. of Aragon, ii. 179. confirms diploma of Fred. II., ii. 288. fails to introduce Inq. in Naples, ii. 289. threatens a general council, iii. 223. favors Lullism, iii. 587.

Fernando III. (Castile) punishes heretics, ii. 182.

Fernando IV. (Castile), his dealings with the Templars, iii. 316.

Fernando de Cordoba taken for Antichrist, iii. 527.

Ferrand of Majorca, Carcassonne offered to, ii. 89.

Ferrara, Cathari in, i. 117, 192. case of Armanno Pongilupo, ii. 240. Clement V.'s seizure of, iii. 194. C. of, 1438, ii. 544.

Ferrer, inq., his vengeance on Albi, ii. 12. investigates massacre of Avignonet, ii. 37. exc. Raymond VII., ii. 41. examines prisoners of Montségur, ii. 43.

Ferrer, S. Vicente, converts Waldenses, ii. 176. prosecuted by Eymerich, ii. 176. his Alpine mission, ii. 258, 264. defends Flagellants, ii. 384. prophesies Antichrist, iii. 87.

Ferri, Noel, iii. 533.

Ferriz, Miguel, burns Wickliffites, ii. 179.

Fetichism of mediæval religion, i. 47.

Feudal oath required of inqs., i. 351.

Feyjoo, Fr., on Raymond Lully, iii. 578.

Ficino, Marsilio, his belief in Savonarola, iii. 211. his paganism, iii. 571.

Figurines in Greece, iii. 389. in Rome, iii. 391. in Spain in 13th cent., iii. 430. case in 1279, iii. 434. constitute heresy, iii. 435. use of, i. 51; iii. 453, 455, 458, 467, 468. denied by University of Paris, iii. 464.

Filippo Bonaccorso purifies Sermione, ii. 235.

Filippo of Fermo, legate to Hungary, ii. 298.

Filippo Neri, St., his opinion of Savonarola, iii. 236.

Filippo of Ravenna leads crusade against Ezzelin, ii. 227.

Filippo, Bp. of Sidon, ii. 565.

Filius Major and Minor, i. 93.

Fines as penance, i. 460, 471. inqs. not to levy, i. 331. inqs. allowed to levy, i. 332. abuses of, i. 477. ruler obliged to exact, i. 338. bp. not to share in, i. 359. used for expenses of Inq., i. 525. taken by the State in Venice, ii. 252.

Finns, magic among, iii. 403.

Fiore, Order of, founded, iii. 10, 14.

Fish eaten by Cathari, i. 97.

Flacius Illyricus, his Manichæism, i. 100.

Flagellants appear in 1259, i. 272. origin of, in 1349, ii. 381. denounced as heretics, ii. 383. their persecution, ii. 385, 395, 405. their developed heresy, ii. 406.

Flagellation, penance of, i. 464.

Flagge, Georg, case of, i. 235.

Flanders, heresy of Tanchelm, i. 64. Cathari in, i. 110, 112. confiscation in, i. 521. heretics burned in, ii. 115, favor shown to Beguines, ii. 352. dancing mania in 1373, ii. 393.

Florence, Cathari in, i. 117. legatine Inq. rejected, i. 317. laws on heresy in 1227, i. 320. accepts laws against heresy, i. 323, 339. Inq. founded in, i. 326. troubles about armed familiars, i, 383. extortions of Pier di Aquila, i. 479; ii. 276. destruction of houses, i. 482. confiscations in, i. 506, 510, 524. embezzlement by inqs., i. 511. mission of Giovanni Schio, ii. 203. triumph of Peter Martyr, ii. 209, 212.

Florence, laws restricting the Inq., ii. 280. the Black Death in, ii. 379. alarm of Tertiaries, iii. 77. laws against the Fraticelli, iii. 161. Michele Berti burned, iii. 165. Fraticelli persecuted in 1424, ii. 283; iii. 175. Capistrano's reception in, iii. 179. Savonarola's career, iii. 211. reaction after Savonarola, iii. 235. torture of Templars, iii. 318. C. of, 1439, on the Divine Vision, iii. 595. on Immaculate Conception, iii. 600.

Florent, Abp. of Aries, iii. 25.

Florent of Holland, his crusade against Stedingers, iii. 187.

Florent, Bp. of Utrecht, ii. 360.

Florio, Frà, excites trouble in Parma, ii. 237.

Flusse Sajo, battle of, ii. 296.

Foetus used in divination, iii. 398.

Foix, heresy in, i. 138. ravaged by inqs., ii. 55. Count of, claims right to burn heretics, i. 538. persecuted by Inq., ii. 52.

Folquet of Marseilles, i. 134.

Forbearance, payments for, i. 480.

Forli, its quarrel with Martin IV., iii. 196.

Forgery of papal letters, i. 19. justiciable by Inq., iii. 192. of inquisitorial letters, i. 442.

Formosus (Pope) condemned after death, i. 231.

Formulas of devotion, magic character of, i. 45.

Fortescue, Sir John, on inquisitorial process, i. 429, 561.

Forty-five articles of Wickliff, the, ii. 446, 482.

Foulques de Neuilly, i. 130, 244.

Foulques, Bp. of Toulouse, i. 134, 179, 201. he aids Dominic, i. 250, 251, 252. acts as inq., i. 316.

Foulques de S. Georges, his powers restricted, ii. 65. he cites opponents of Inq., ii. 76. accusations against him, ii. 77. his removal, ii. 79. tomb erected to him, ii. 103.

France, heresy of Éon de l'Étoile, i. 66. southern, characteristics of, i. 66. heresies in, i. 66. rise of Waldenses, i. 76. Cathari in, i. 109, 111, 117. Cotereaux, i. 125. heresy in Nivernois, i. 130. condition of Languedoc, i. 133. Innocent III.'s efforts at persecution, i. 136. the Albigensian crusades, i. 147. legislation on heresy, i. 221. cruelty of criminal law, i. 235. Foulques de Neuilly, i. 244. Poor Catholics, i. 247.

France, the Pastoureaux, i. 269. the University of Paris and the Mendicants, i. 281. C. of Reims, 1287, against the Mendicants, i. 290. divided between Dominicans and Franciscans, i. 301. legislation against heresy, i. 323. independence of episcopate, i. 332. subjection of State, i. 340. introduction of torture, i. 423. confiscation, i. 503, 504, 513. expenses of Inq., i. 526, 531. Jewish books condemned, i. 555. heretics driven to Languedoc, ii. 51. career of Inq. in, ii. 113. Waldenses in, ii. 145. Amaurians, ii. 320. the Black Death, ii. 379. Pastoureaux in 1320, ii. 380. Jews and lepers massacred, ii. 380. Flagellants suppressed, ii. 382. Marguerite la Porete, ii. 575. Beghards in Langres, ii. 578. Joachitism in the south, iii. 17, 25. Spiritual Franciscans, iii. 42. condition of Church in 1423, iii. 69. Fraticelli, iii. 168. strife between Conventuals and Observantines, iii. 173. overthrow of the Temple, iii. 227. case of Jean Petit, iii. 334. case of Joan of Arc, iii. 338. legislation on sorcery, iii. 427, 544. secular jurisdiction over sorcery, iii. 460. case of Gilles de Rais, iii. 464. case of Guill. Edeline, iii. 512, 515, 536. the Vaudois of Arras, iii. 519. Averrhoistic errors, iii. 561. the Immaculate Conception, iii. 599.

Francesco dal Borgo San Sepolcro, iii. 63.

Francesco, Bp. of Camerino, favors the Fraticelli, iii. 159.

Francesco Chioggia suppresses nature-worship, ii. 301.

Francesco Marchisio, iii. 166.

Francesco di Paola, St., regards Savonarola as a saint, iii. 236.

Francesco da Pistoia burned, iii. 160.

Francesco della Puglia, iii. 218, 224.

Francesco of Venice tried for heresy, iii. 140.

Franche Comté, Inq. in, ii. 120. Waldenses in, ii. 147, 149.

Francis I., his concordat with Leo X., ii. 134.

Francis, St., of Assisi, i. 256. his adoration of poverty, i. 264. his veneration for priests, i. 279. releases his followers from purgatorv, i. 293. predicts the demoralization of the Order, i. 295. his missionary labors, i. 297.

Francis, St., procures Portiuncula indulgence, i. 41; iii. 246. his approach to Manichæism, i. 100. his favor for Elias, iii. 3. his defiance of demons, iii. 382.

Franciscan habit, its use by the dying, i. 293.

Franciscan heretic in 1226, iii. 3.

Franciscan inqs., their term of office, i. 345. in Bohemia, ii. 428, 430. they burn Olivists, iii. 78.

Franciscan Order, its origin and growth, i. 257, 258. founded on poverty, i. 265; iii. 2.

Franciscan Rule divinely revealed, i. 259; iii. 3, 30. equal to the Gospel, iii. 28, 29. not to be commented on, iii. 31. relaxation of, iii. 5, 34, 60.

Franciscan property, proprietorship in Holy See, iii. 8, 60, 133.

Franciscan sorcerers in Venice, ii. 274; iii. 547.

Franciscan statute against sorcery, iii. 452.

Franciscan territory in France, ii. 119, 138. in Italy, ii. 221, 233.

Franciscans at first persecuted as heretics, i. 259. their care of the sick, i. 261. banished by Frederic II., i. 275. cause the death of Honorius IV., i. 290. their losses in the Black Death, i. 292. their demoralization, i. 294; iii. 170, 173. their missionary labors, i. 297. as inqs., i. 301. their quarrels with Dominicans, i. 302; ii. 76, 171, 217, 299, 300; iii. 154, 599, 601. subject to Inq., i. 362. they assume defence of Castel Fabri, ii. 73. their antagonism to Inq., ii. 76, 86; iii. 98. question as to the blood of Christ, ii. 171. their labors in Bosnia, ii. 295-313, 315. they persecute heretics in Germany, ii. 334, 346. their labors with the Hussites, ii. 555, 560. their tendencies to mysticism, iii. 2. their devices to elude poverty, iii. 5, 7, 8, 29, 30. annulled by John XXII., iii. 132. heresy of the Spirit of Liberty, iii. 125. their breach with John XXII., iii. 132, 152. their alliance with Louis of Bavaria, iii. 137, 153. they maintain the poverty of Christ, iii. 143, 148. their sympathy with Fraticelli, iii. 158. ascetic movements among, iii. 171. their Nominalism, iii. 556. they hold Lully as a saint, iii. 589. at first deny Immaculate Conception, iii. 598. afterwards assert it, iii. 599. (see also Conventuals, Spirituals, Fraticelli, Observantines, Mendicants.)

François Aimeric denounces the Inq., ii. 92.

François Sanche, his imprisonment, iii. 71.

Frankfort, diet of, 1234, ii. 343. diet of, in 1454, ii. 552. Reichstag of, in 1338, iii. 155.

Franquet d'Arras, iii. 356.

Franz von Lautern, iii. 138.

Franz von Sickingen supports Reuchlin, ii. 425.

Fraticelli, the, iii. 81, 129. their development in Italy, iii. 158. their popes, iii. 164, 175. their refuge in Naples and Sicily, ii. 248, 249; iii. 158, 165. their relics worshipped in Sicily, ii. 284; iii. 166. active persecution in 15th cent., ii. 283; iii. 175.

_Fratres de paupere vita_, iii. 72, 75, 159.

Fredegonda burns sorceresses, iii. 410.

Frederic I. (Emp.), his treatment of Arnald of Brescia, i. 74. on duty of persecution, i. 224. his indifference to persecution, i. 319.

Frederic II. (Emp.), on obduracy of Cathari, i. 105. decrees burning for heresy, i. 221. admits his duty to persecute, i. 225. his policy as to persecution, i. 233; ii. 197, 245. his cruelty, i. 235. his troubles with the Mendicants, i. 275. tries secular Inq., i. 325. his rules for suspects, i. 403, 454. admits evidence of heretics, i. 434. orders houses destroyed, i. 481. orders converts imprisoned, i. 484. inflicts disabilities on descendants, i. 498. orders death for relapse, i. 543. assumes Lombards to be heretics, ii. 194. conquers Lombardy, ii. 206. his forged Sicilian diploma, ii. 287. supports inqs. in Germany, ii. 333. subjects episcopal cities to their bishops, ii. 338. welcomes Elias, iii. 6. his praise of the Stedingers, iii. 185. crusades against him, iii. 189. confirms grant of Countess Matilda, iii. 190. expels the Templars, iii. 244. his belief in astrology, iii. 431. the Three Impostors, iii. 560. spreads Averrhoism, iii. 561. consequences of his death, ii. 213.

Frederic II. (Emp.), his legislation on heresy, i. 320. embodied in public law, i. 227. ordered entered in all local statutes, i. 339; ii. 214, 221. introduced in Provence, ii. 148. refused by Rimini, ii. 198. introduced in Brescia, ii. 199. rejected by Venice, ii. 250, 252. suspended in Tuscany, ii. 243.

Frederic III. (Emp.), his attempt on Bohemia, ii. 540. intercedes for Bohemia, ii. 558. imprisons Andreas of Krain, iii. 223.

Frederic of Naples, confirms Waldensian privileges, ii. 268.

Frederic of Trinacria, acknowledged by Boniface VIII., ii. 248. his relations with Arnaldo de Vilanova, iii. 52, 54, 57. he protects Spirituals, iii. 63. is the expected deliverer, iii. 80, 110, 112. he arrests the Templars, iii. 305. on clerical corruption, iii. 631.

Frederic III. (Sicily), supports the Inq., i. 531; ii. 285.

Frederic of Alvensleben, iii. 324.

Frederic of Austria, his disputed election, iii. 135. refuses aid of Satan, iii. 456.

Frederic of Blankenheim, Bp. of Strassburg, iii. 205.

Frederic, Bp. of Ratisbon, ii. 434.

Frederic of Salm, the Templar, iii. 303.

Free Companies, origin of, i. 125.

Frequency of burning, i. 549.

Freyssinières, Waldenses of, persecuted, ii. 147, 154, 157, 160. emigration from, ii. 268.

Friends of God, ii. 362.

Frisia, no laws on sorcery, iii. 433.

Frisians, their troubles with their bps., iii. 185.

Froissart, his account of demon Orton, iii. 383.

Fuero Juzgo, laws on sorcery in, iii. 399. its authority in 11th cent., ii. 430.

Fuero Real, laws of heresy in, ii. 183.

Fulcrand, Bp. of Toulouse, i. 134.

Fünfkirchen, concubinary priests of, ii. 543.

Gabriele de Barcelona, ii. 283.

Gabriele, pope of Fraticelli, iii. 164.

Gaerbald of Liége on sorcery, iii. 413.

Gage, Thomas, debates on the Immaculate Conception, iii. 609.

_Galder_, iii. 404.

Galeazzo Visconti, condemned for heresy, iii. 201.

Gall of Neuburg, inq. in Prague, ii. 431.

Gallican Church, its privileges, ii. 134.

Gallo, Piero, his conversion, ii. 223.

Galosna, Antonio, case of, ii. 256.

Galvan the Waldensian, ii. 7.

Garbagnate, Francesco, iii. 96, 198.

Garbagnate, Mirano di, burned, iii. 101.

Garigh, Piero, the Son of God, iii. 166.

Garments, male, worn by Joan of Arc, iii. 352, 368, 371.

Garric, Bernard, i. 381.

Garric, Guillem, case of, i. 381, 419, 467, 517; ii. 59, 70, 95.

Gascony, prevalence of heresy in, i. 118.

Gaston de Béarn, i. 165, 171.

Gastone of Milan, revives episcopal Inq., i. 359.

Gaudini, Templar Gr. Master, iii. 246.

Gauls, their lustful spirits, iii. 383.

Gautier de Montbrun, his memory attacked, ii. 72.

Gavarnie, Templar relics at, iii. 328.

Gazzari, i. 115.

Gelasius I. on exc. of the Dead, i. 230.

Gemistus Plethon, iii. 569.

Geneva, contest over Inq. in, ii. 138. witches burned in, iii. 549.

Genoa, bull _Ad extirpanda_ forced upon, i. 339.

Genseric persecutes Catholics, i. 216.

Gentile of Camerino, protects the Fraticelli, iii. 160.

Gentile of Spoleto, iii. 171.

Geoffroi d'Ablis appointed inq., ii. 81. relieves Carcassonne, ii. 70. disables viguier of Albi, i. 380. attacks Pequigny, ii. 83, 85. his services to Philippe IV., ii. 87. his defence, ii. 92, 93. deprived of control of prisons, i. 493. his delay in sentencing, ii. 94, 95. his activity in 1308-9, ii. 104, 106. tomb erected to him, ii. 103.

Geoffroi de Chambonnet, iii. 293, 297.

Geoffroi de Charney, iii. 273, 325.

Geoffroi de Péronne, i. 13.

Geoffroi de Saint-Adhémar, iii. 238.

George Podiebrad, his mission to Louis XI., ii. 521. captures Mt. Tabor, ii. 536, 540. supreme in Bohemia, ii. 540. his reactionary concessions, ii. 546. summoned by Capistrano, ii. 540, 551. his coronation, ii. 556. condemned as heretic, ii. 558. his vassals released from allegiance, ii. 469. protects Gregory of Heimburg, ii. 418. his reverses and death, ii. 559.

George, Bp. of Passau, his humanity, ii. 517.

Gerald of Abbeville attacks the Mendicants, i. 287.

Gerald de Blumac, ii. 92.

Gérard of Besançon, his trial, i. 14.

Gerard Odo, Franciscan general, iii. 143, 148. his troubles with the Divine Vision, iii. 593, 595.

Gerhard the Catharan of Oxford, i. 105.

Géraud, Bishop of Albi, ii. 68, 95.

Géraud de Motte burned, i. 201.

Géraud de Puy-Germer, case of, i. 522.

Gerbald, case of, i. 36.

Gerbert of Aurillac--see Silvester II.

Gerhard, Conrad of Marburg's assistant, ii. 328, 341.

Gerhard von Elten tries John of Wesel, ii. 421.

Gerhardt I. of Bremen supported by the Stedingers, iii. 184.

Gerhardt II. of Bremen attacks the Stedingers, iii. 184.

Germain l'Auxerrois, St., iii. 495.

Germain Frevier, case of, iii, 152.

Germanicus Cæsar, his death, iii. 390.

Germany, Cathari in, i. 110, 112. the Scriptures in Metz and Trèves, i. 131. legislation on heresy, i. 221, 320. cruelty of criminal law, i. 235. Flagellants in 1260, i. 272. Dominican Inq. in, i. 301. independence of episcopate, i. 332. episcopal Inq. in, i. 360. age of witnesses, i. 436. confiscation, i. 503, 507. expenses of Inq., i. 530. career of Inq., ii. 316. papal demands for tithes, ii. 432. corruption of Church, ii. 527. Card. Cesarini's description, ii. 531. invasion of Hussite ideas, ii. 532. complaint of suppression of Basilian canons, ii. 556. Louis of Bavaria and the papacy, iii. 135. Franciscan favor towards Louis, iii. 153. absolution imposed by Clement VI., iii. 157. effect of Great Schism, iii. 205, 207. fate of Templars, iii. 302, 324. legislation on sorcery, iii. 432. censorship of books, iii. 612, 614. its condition invites the Reformation, iii. 648.

Geroch of Reichersperg on military prelates, i. 11. on concubinary priests, i. 63.

Geronimo d'Ascoli--see Nicholas IV.

Gerson, John, his hostility to the Mendicants, i. 292. on toleration, i. 541. condemns Brethren of Free Spirit, ii. 127, 405. condemns John of Rysbroek, ii. 360. condemns Flagellants, ii. 384. defends Beguines, ii. 410.

Gerson, John, on use of cup by laity, ii. 474. his list of Huss's errors, ii. 481. his rancor against Jerome of Prague, ii. 495, 498, 501. on case of Jean Petit, iii. 336. on Joan of Arc, iii. 352. his assertion of sorcery, iii. 465. on Averrhoism, iii. 565. condemns the Art of Lully, iii. 583. on papal simony, iii. 629.

Gervais of Tilbury, his adventure with a Catharan, i. 111.

Ghent, Beguinage of, ii. 353, 413. immorality in, iii. 642.

Gherardo, legate, attacks Bosnian Cathari, ii. 302.

Gherardo da Borgo San Donnino, iii. 19, 22, 24.

Gherardo of Florence, case of, i. 405, 523.

Gherardo of Monforte, i. 104, 109.

Ghibellines, their protection of heresy, ii. 192, 197, 209. defeated in Florence, ii. 212. persecuted by Inq., ii. 236; iii. 201.

Giacomo della Marca, ii. 171. preaches on the blood of Christ, ii. 172. his labors in Bosnia, ii. 308. crushes Hungarian Hussites, ii. 542. preaches crusade against Turks, ii. 555. his account of Fraticelli, iii. 164. threatens Sixtus IV., iii. 174. suppresses Fraticelli, iii. 176.

Giacomo of Turin endeavors to suppress Waldenses, ii. 195.

Giacopo della Chiusa attempts to murder Rainerio, ii. 215.

Giacopo, Bp. of Fermo, favors the Fraticelli, iii. 159.

Giacopo of Palestrina, his efforts in Bosnia, ii. 294.

Giacopo di San Gemignano, iii. 62.

Giacopo di Voragine on Peter Martyr, ii. 216.

Gieremia the heresiarch recants, ii. 234.

Gilbert of Gemblours on condition of the Church, i. 39, 53.

Giles Cantor, ii. 405.

Gilio, disciple of St. Francis, i. 264; iii. 4, 28.

Gilles Flameng, iii. 523, 530.

Gilles de Sillé, iii. 479, 488.

Gilles, Abp. of Bourges, impoverished by Clement V., i. 17.

Gilles, Abp. of Narbonne, condemns Olivists, iii. 50.

Giordano da Rivalto on absence of heresy, ii. 276.

Giorgio di Casale, inq., persecutes witches, iii. 546.

Giovacchino di Fiore--see Joachim.

Giovanni Borelli--see John of Parma.

Giovanni di Borgo, inq., persecutes Fraticelli, iii. 159.

Giovanni da Casemario, ii. 292.

Giovanni di Murro, iii. 42, 44.

Giovanni, Abp. of Pisa, prosecutes Templars, iii. 307, 318.

Giovanni of Ragusa, his account of Bosnia, ii. 311.

Giovanni di Salerno, the first inq., i. 326.

Giovanni Schio da Vicenza, his career, i. 240; ii. 203. made perpetual inq. of Lombardy, ii. 206. reconciles Vicenza, ii. 234.

Girard of Grammont, his worldliness, i. 39.

Girling Mary Ann, her sect, iii. 102.

Girls, age of responsibility, i. 603.

Girona, C. of, in 1197, on Waldenses, i. 81.

Gironde, Olivists burned, iii. 77.

Giulitta of Florence, i. 115.

Glagolitic writing allowed in Bosnia, ii. 297.

_Gloriosam ecclesiam_, bull, iii. 75.

Gloucester, Duchess of, penanced for sorcery, iii. 467.

Glutto, Frà, the Apostle, iii. 105.

God the first inq., 406.

Godefroi de Paris on the Templars, iii. 327.

Godfrey of Bouillon ravages Abbey of S. Tron, i. 10.

Godin the Amaurian burned, ii. 321.

Goetic magic, iii. 389.

Goffredo, legate, his laws on heresy in Milan, i. 320; ii. 200. intervenes in Bergamo, ii. 201.

Gognati, Thomas, inq. of Vienna, ii. 416.

Gokard, the, iii. 513.

Gonsalvo de Balboa suppresses Olivi's writings, iii. 47. reforms the Franciscans, iii. 58. enforces the bull _Exivi_, iii. 61.

Gonsalvo de Cordova protects Naples from Inq., ii. 288.

Goslar, test of Cathari at, i. 99. Cathari hanged in 1052, i. 110.

Gost, or Catharan visitor, ii. 305.

Gottlieben, Huss and John XXII. imprisoned in, ii. 479, 480.

Gottschale, his heresy, i. 217.

Gourdon, usurers of, penanced, i. 358. heretics in, ii. 31.

Grabon, Matthew, at Constance, ii. 409.

Grace, time of, i. 371. its efficacy, ii. 16.

Gradenigo, Piero, his ducal oath, ii. 252. rebuffs the Inq., ii. 253.

Grado, patriarchate of, ii. 273.

Grágás, laws on sorcery in, iii. 422.

Grammont, priory of, its founding, i. 33. impoverished by Clement V., i. 17.

Gran, synods of, 1450, 1480, ii. 543.

Granada, Alonso de Mella put to death, iii. 169.

Granaries and cellars forbidden to Franciscans, iii. 60. heresy of, iii. 70, 72, 74, 78.

Grandchildren of heretics, disabilities of, i. 321.

Grand Jury, origin of, i. 311.

Gratian on duty of persecution, i. 224.

Great Schism, its influence on persecution, ii. 156. mutual charges of heresy, iii. 204, 208. quarrels over, in Germany, iii. 205, 207.

Greece, Inq. in, i. 355. character of its mythology, iii. 383. magic in, iii. 389.

Greek Church, its relations with Rome, iii. 616.

Greek Empire, sorcery under, iii. 398.

Greek services prohibited in Venice, ii. 274.

Greeks, their treatment by the Latins, iii. 619.

Greenland, Moravian missions in, ii. 567.

Gregory I. enforces monastic poverty, i. 37. on sufferings of the damned, i. 240. his demonology, iii. 381. his tolerance of pagan observances, iii. 400.

Gregory VII., his war on simony, i. 7. decides the case of Gerbald, i. 36. on masses of concubinary priests, i. 63. reproves belief in sorcery, iii. 417. accused of necromancy, iii. 419.

Gregory IX. on sacraments in polluted hands, i, 63. protects Louis IX., i. 201. his treatment of Amauri de Montfort, i. 205. restores Provence to Raymond VII., i. 206. reforms the Poor Catholics, i. 248. favors the Mendicants, i. 273, 274, 279. reproves the Dominicans, i. 294. removes Elias, i. 295; iii. 6. first appointments of inqs., i. 300. tries legatine Inq., i. 317. his laws of 1231, i. 324. sent throughout Europe, ii. 163, 200, 208, 331. appoints inqs. in Florence and Rome, i. 326, 327. founds the Inq., i. 328. on advantages of time of grace, i. 373. orders converts imprisoned, i. 484. mitigates confiscation, i. 509, 517. on expenses of Inq., i. 526. duty of Church to shed blood, i. 536. orders imprisonment for relapse, i. 544. condemns Jewish books, i. 554. facilitates degradation of clerks, ii. 3. complains of neglect of University of Tolouse, ii. 5. stimulates Raymond VII., ii. 15, 20, 23. suspends Inq. in Languedoc, ii. 24. his dealings with Robert le Bugre, ii. 114, 115. founds Inq. of Aragon, ii. 163, 166. summons Frederic II. to crusade, ii. 194. summons the Lombards to suppress heresy, ii. 199.

Gregory IX. attacks heresy in Rome, ii. 200. attacks heresy in Piacenza, ii. 202. his dealings with Giovanni Schio, ii. 203, 205. seeks to introduce Inq. in Lombardy, ii. 206. attacks heretics of Viterbo, ii. 209, 210. attacks Ezzelin da Romano, ii, 224, 225. persecutes Waldenses of Piedmont, ii. 261. stimulates Conrad of Marburg, ii. 329, 332. commissions Dominicans in Germany, ii. 333. orders crusade against Luciferans, ii. 336. stimulates German bps., ii. 338. his wrath at murder of Conrad of Marburg, ii. 342. favors the Beguines, ii. 352. suggests evasion of Franciscan poverty, iii. 5. orders crusade against the Stedingers, iii. 186. reconciles the Stedingers, iii. 188. his political crusades, iii. 189. scolds the Hospitallers, iii. 245. accuses Frederic II. about Three Impostors, iii. 560. his dealings with Greek Church, iii. 617, 618.

Gregory X. revives episcopal concurrence in sentences, i. 335. enlarges powers of inqs., i. 357. appealed to in case of Pongilupo, ii. 241. enforces Franciscan Rule, iii. 30. tries to suppress irregular Mendicants, iii. 32. tries to unite the Military Orders, iii. 245.

Gregory IX. orders Inq. in Palestine, i. 356. annuls restriction on familiars, i. 383. orders Inq. in Portugal, i, 530; ii. 188. provides for expenses of Inq., i. 531. pardons Bidon de Puy-Guillem, ii. 127. his active persecution of Waldenses, ii. 153. orders Ramon de Tarraga punished, ii. 175. urges persecution in Corsica, ii. 255. demands revision of Florentine statutes, ii. 281. prohibits worship of Fraticelli relics, ii. 284; iii. 166. claims confiscations in Sicily, ii. 285. persecutes Catharism in Bosnia, ii. 294, 304. warned by the Friends of God, ii. 366. introduces Inq. in Germany, ii. 388, 390. confirms confiscation of Beguinages, ii. 392. orders Flagellants suppressed, ii. 393. investigates the Beghards, ii 394. demands tithes in Germany, ii. 434. condemns Milicz of Kremsier, ii. 436. orders prosecution of Wickliff, ii. 442. represses Fraticelli missions, iii. 167. prosecutes Arnaldo Muntaner, iii. 169. tries Bernabo Visconti, iii. 203. confirms jurisdiction of Inq. over sorcery, iii. 454. his condemnation of Lully, iii. 584, 586, 587. censorship of Inq., iii. 612. dealings with Greek Church, iii. 620. threatened by St. Birgitta, iii. 634.

Gregory XII. aids Sigismund to conquer Bosnia, ii. 305. dealings with Greek Church, iii. 620.

Gregory XIII. investigates Lully, iii. 587.

Gregory XV. forbids discussion on Immaculate Conception, iii. 609.

Gregory, founder of Bohemian Brethren, ii. 563.

Gregory of Fano on death-penalty, i. 228.

Gregory of Heimberg, ii. 417, 558.

Gregory of Tours on sacred medicine, iii 410.

Grillot, Jean, denies Immaculate Conception, iii. 602.

Grimaldo, Inq. of Florence, i. 523.

Grimerio of Piacenza, iii. 196.

Grimoald of Benevento, iii. 415.

Gristan, Abbey of, false saints in, iii. 422.

Groot, Gerard, ii. 360. condemns astrology, iii. 444. persecutes sorcery, iii. 459.

Grosseteste, Robert, denounces the venality of Rome, i. 17, 54. asks for friars, i. 279. his grand inquest, i. 312.

Gualvez, Cristobal, his dismissal, ii. 180.

Guardia Piemontese, ii. 248.

Guardianship, confiscation of, i. 519.

Guelderland, peasant rising in, i. 280.

Guglielma of Milan, iii. 90.

Guglielmites, iii. 91. their fate, iii. 100. the Visconti accused as, iii. 197.

Gui of Auvergne undertakes crusade, i. 148, 155.

Gui II. of Cambrai spares Marguerite la Porete, ii. 123.

Gui Caprier, bribery of, ii. 70.

Gui de Cobardon persecutes Waldenses, ii. 148.

Gui Dauphin, iii. 273.

Gui Foucoix--see Clement IV.

Guy de Levis accused of heresy, ii. 72.

Gui de Montfort, i. 180, 182, 193, 198, 200.

Gui, papal legate to Languedoc, i. 136.

Gui of Reims burns heretics in 1204, i. 307.

Gui of Vaux-Cernay, i. 159, 168.

Guibert of Nogent on ligatures, iii. 418.

Guido Maltraverso condemns Armanno Pongilupo, ii. 241. claims Ferrara for the Church, iii. 194.

Guido of Milan purchases absolution, i. 41.

Guido da Sesto, inq. of Milan, ii. 218.

Guido da Tusis, his tribunal, ii. 242.

Guidone da Cocchenato, inq., ii. 237; iii. 99, 100.

Guillabert of Castres, i. 193; ii. 34.

Guillelma Tournière, case of, ii. 108.

Guillaume d'Auvergne, Bp. of Paris, on pluralities, i. 25. condemns scholastic errors, iii. 561. on the Divine Vision, iii. 590.

Guillaume de Beaujeu, death of, iii. 246.

Guillaume le Berger replaces Joan of Arc, iii. 377.

Guillaume des Bordes converts Waldenses, ii. 152.

Guillaume de Cobardon, ii. 56.

Guillaume the Goldsmith, ii. 320, 322.

Guillaume de Morières, ii. 80, 84.

Guillaume de Paris supports Foulques de S. Georges, ii. 79. condemns Marguerite la Porete, ii. 123, 575. orders seizure of Templars, iii. 260. his trials of the Templars, iii. 262.

Guillaume de Plaisian, iii. 281, 282, 284, 290.

Guillaume de Villars and the Inq., ii. 130.

Guillem Arnaud, inq., acts under legatine authority, i. 330. appointed inq., ii. 8. his activity, ii. 10, 21. driven from Toulouse, ii. 17. exc. Toulouse, ii. 19. exc. magistrates of Toulouse, ii. 24, 569. prosecutes the de Niort, ii. 28. his murder, ii. 36.

Guillem Arnaud, Bp. of Carcassonne, i. 356.

Guillem Autier, ii. 106.

Guillem Calverie, case of, i. 420, 424, 429; ii. 95.

Guillem Falquet, his visits to Lombardy, ii. 50.

Guillem de Fenasse, case of, i. 519.

Guillem Fournier, his visit to Lombardy, ii. 49.

Guillem Fransa, trial of, ii. 100.

Guillem Giraud, Olivist antipope, iii. 80.

Guillem Jean, his treachery and murder, ii. 106.

Guillem du Mas-Saintes-Puelles, ii. 37.

Guillem de Montanagout, ii. 2.

Guillem of Narbonne acts as inq., i. 334.

Guillem Pagès, Catharan missionary, ii. 61.

Guillem Pelisson, ii. 8, 17, 18.

Guillem Pierre, defends the Inq., ii. 87. on extinction of Catharism, ii. 104.

Guillem Ruffi burned as an Apostle, iii. 123.

Guillem de S. Seine on impeding the Inq., ii. 63. his trial of a pardoner, iii. 623, 662.

Guillem Salavert, case of, i. 419, 428; ii. 95, 573.

Guillem Sicrède, case of, i. 409.

Guillem de Solier, i. 316, 435.

Guillem de Tudela, his poem, i. 127, 138.

Guillermo of Valencia threatened by Jayme II., iii. 55.

Guillot of Picardy attacks the Mendicants, i. 287.

Guilt, assumption of, i. 402. entailing confiscation, i. 507.

Guion de Cressonessart, ii. 123.

Guiraud d'Auterive, case of, i. 499.

Guiraud de Niort, ii. 13, 29.

Guiraud Valette deposed by Clement V., iii. 61.

_Gulathingenses leges_, sorcery in, iii. 432.

Gumiel, Abbey of, i. 248.

Gyrovagi, i. 37.

Habonde, Dame, iii. 494.

_Hæreticus indutus_, i. 92.

Hagen, Matthew, burned at Berlin, ii. 415.

Hainault, Lollards in, ii. 368.

Hair, short, worn by Joan of Arc, iii. 352, 368.

Haito II. (Armenia), i. 298; iii. 35.

Hako Hakonsen, his laws on sorcery, iii. 432.

Halberstadt, Bp., exc. Burchard III. of Magdeburg, iii. 302.

Hales, Alexander, on Franciscan poverty, iii. 7.

Halle, Waldensianism in, ii. 347.

_Hamleypur_, iii. 405.

Hammer-Purgstal on Templar idols, iii. 264.

Hans of Niklaushausen, ii. 418.

Harald Harfaager, iii. 408.

Hartmann of Kiburg persecutes heretics, ii. 363.

Hartwig of Bremen, his trouble with the Stedingers, iii. 183.

Haruspex, laws against, iii. 397.

Havemann, his estimate of the Templars, iii. 250.

Haymo of Feversham, iii. 3, 7.

Head, idol, of the Templars, iii. 263, 270.

Hearth-tax granted to Innocent III., i. 161, 165.

Hebrew magicians, iii. 388. witches, iii. 396, 493.

Heidelberg, reform of Franciscans in, iii. 172. witches burned in, 1446, iii. 536.

Heinz von Müllenheim, ii. 345.

Heisterbach, Abbey of, its beneficence, i. 35.

Helinand of Reims, i. 8.

Hemmenrode, Abbey of, its beneficence, i. 35.

Hemmerlin, Felix, assails the Beguines, ii. 411. his account of Hussite missions, ii. 532.

Hendrik of Brabant leads crusade against Stedingers, iii. 187.

Hengst, the curative sorcerer, iii. 508. _Hennins_, iii. 208.

Henrician heresy of opposing the papacy, iii. 182.

Henricians, heresy of, i. 72.

Henry III. (Emp.) hangs Cathari, i. 110.

Henry V. (Emp.), his relations with Paschal II., iii. 181.

Henry VI., his laws on heresy, i. 319, 481, 502. assists Count Sayn, ii. 340. on crusade against heretics, ii, 341, 343.

Henry VII. (Emp.) on confiscation, i. 320.

Henry I. (France), his sale of bishoprics, i. 8.

Henry IV. (France), his death predicted, iii. 446.

Henry I. (Eng.), laws of, on sorcery, iii. 420.

Henry II. (Eng.), persecutes heresy, i. 113, 121.

Henry III. (Eng.), assists Raymond, i. 191. abandons Raymond, i. 196. stops Grosseteste's inquest, i. 312.

Henry IV. (Eng.) persecutes Lollards, i. 352. tries to suppress sorcery, iii. 407.

Henry V. (Eng.), persecutes Lollards, i. 353.

Henry VI. (Eng.), his expedition to Paris, iii. 352. his letters on Joan of Arc, iii. 374.

Henry VIII., his legislation on heresy, i. 353.

Henry de Agro, Inq. of Germany, ii. 386.

Henry of Albano on the Church, i. 52.

Henry of Cambrai and his chapter, iii. 447.

Henry da Ceva, iii. 63, 81, 144.

Henry de Chamay, complains of bp., i. 351. procures confirmation of privileges, i. 385; ii. 130. his assemblies of experts, i. 389. discovers false witness, i. 441. orders destruction of houses, i. 482. prosecutes the dead, i. 523. his sentences on Cathari, ii. 108. his activity ii. 124. his persecution of Waldenses, ii. 151. he burns Olivists, iii. 77, 82, 653.

Henry of Clairvaux assails Cathari, i. 120, 124.

Henry of Coblentz, his complaint at Basle, ii. 533.

Henry, Abp. of Cologne, his quarrels with the curia, ii. 337.

Henry of Fistigen, his career, i. 277.

Henry of Fünfkirchen, ii. 543.

Henry of Ghent on popular sovereignty, iii. 139.

Henry of Hesse converts Nicholas of Basle, ii. 405. on corruption of the Church, iii. 636.

Henry of Lastenbock, ii. 457, 459.

Henry of Lausanne, i. 69.

Henry of Olmütz persecutes Waldenses, ii. 400.

Henry Minneke, his case, i. 315.

Henry Raspe persecutes heretics, ii. 343.

Henry, Bp. of Ratisbon, suppresses heresy, iii. 89.

Henry of Reims persecutes Cathari, i. 112.

Henry of Vehringen, i. 306; ii. 316.

Henry von Virnenburg (Cologne), prosecutes Master Eckart, i. 361; ii. 359. persecutes Beghards, ii. 367, 373.

Heresy, i. 57. popular, i. 60; iii. 550. its technical character, iii, 644. caused by clerical corruption, i. 61, 85; ii. 493, 531. sexual license attributed to, i. 85, 101; ii. 335, 357, 408, 474; iii. 97, 127, 169. supreme guilt of, i. 211, 213, 236. uncertainty of its punishment, i. 220, 308. trials, difficulties of, i. 307. proved by slender testimony, i. 437. jurisdiction over it, i. 437, 462, 495. it entails confiscation, i. 503. created by the Church, i. 541. protection of, in Languedoc, ii. 5. its political relations in Italy, ii. 191, 223, 229; iii. 189. its use as a political factor, iii. 191. mutual accusations in Great Schism, iii, 204, 208. popular sensitiveness to, iii. 592. evils of its suppression, iii. 636.

Heresy of not paying tithes, i. 26; iii. 185. antisacerdotal, i. 64. of the Waldenses, i. 79; ii. 150. of the Cathari, i. 93. of toleration, i. 224. of usury, i. 359. of enduring exc., i. 404; ii. 122. of Boniface VIII., ii. 97. of the Amaurians, ii. 320. of the Luciferans, ii. 335. of the Brethren of the Free Spirit, ii. 356. of the Flagellants, ii. 384. of the Winkelers, ii. 400. of the Men of Intelligence, ii. 406. of the Brethren of the Cross, ii. 407. of Hans of Niklaushausen, ii. 418. of John of Wesel, ii. 420. of the Wickliffites, ii. 440. of communion in both elements, ii. 472. of John Huss, ii. 481. of the Hussites, ii. 519. of the Bohemian Brethren, ii. 561. of the Joachites, iii. 21. of the Spiritual Franciscans, iii. 62. of the Olivists, iii. 78. of the Guglielmites, iii. 90. of the Apostolic Brethren, iii. 120. of the Spirit of Liberty, iii. 124. of the poverty of Christ, iii. 134. of disobedience, i. 229; iii. 181, 189, 192, 616, 617.

Heresy of the Visconti, iii. 198, 200. attributed to Templars, iii. 269. of sorcery, iii. 435, 449, 450. of denial of witchcraft, iii. 465. of the schoolmen, iii. 561. of denying the Divine Vision, iii. 595. of Immaculate Conception, iii. 600. respecting the Virgin, iii. 603. of martyrdom for Immaculate Conception, iii. 610. of simony, iii. 625.

Heretication, i. 94.

Heretics, faith not to be kept with, i. 174, 228; ii. 468. their burial forbidden, i. 232. compassion for them a sin, i. 240. evidence of, i. 316, 321, 434, 436. to be captured and despoiled, i. 322. punishment of intercourse with, ii. 31.

Herman of Ryswick, ii. 423; iii. 565.

Hermann of Minden on papal dispensation, iii. 28.

Hermann of Soest burned for sorcery, iii. 423.

Hermannus Alemannus translates Averrhoes, iii. 561.

Herodias, iii. 494.

Herzegovina defended by the Cathari, ii. 314.

Heyden, John, a sorcerer, iii. 459.

Hildebert of Le Mans on the papal curia, i. 17, 20. confutes Henry of Lausanne, i. 69.

Hildegarda, St., on the abuses of the Church, i. 53.

Hinemar condemns Gottschale, i. 217.

Hindu elements in German mysticism, ii. 364. witches, iii. 493.

Hippolytus of Porto on frauds of sorcerers, iii. 423.

Holda, iii. 494.

Holland, peasant rising in, i. 280.

Holy Ghost, incarnation of, iii. 91.

Holy Land less important than papal interests, iii. 189, 193. causes of its misfortunes, iii. 245.

Holy See--see Papacy.

Holywood, John--see Sacrobosco.

Homicide forbidden by Waldenses, i. 80; ii. 150. by Cathari, i. 99. by Bohemian Brethren, ii. 562.

_Honestis_ bull, iii. 547.

Honorius (Emp.), his laws on sorcery, iii. 398.

Honorius III. grants Portiuncula indulgence, i. 41; iii. 246. denounces clerical corruption, i. 53, 129. his action in Languedoc, i. 185, 186, 187, 190, 191, 198. his efforts to obtain prebends, i. 195. draws up and confirms coronation edict of Frederic II., i. 133, 322. favors the Dominicans, i, 234, 279. condemns Henry Minneke, i. 315; ii. 324.

Honorius III. appoints inqs., ii. 198. his efforts in Bosnia, ii. 292. asserts Joachim's orthodoxy, iii. 14. degrades Muñoz of Santiago, iii. 429.

Honorius IV. rejects appeal of Carcassonne, ii. 60. summons Parma to submit, ii. 238. case of Armanno Pongilupo, ii. 241. relaxes persecution in Tuscany, ii. 242. condemns Apostolic Brethren, iii. 107. his death, i. 290.

Honorius of Autun on priestly superiority, i. 4. on duty of persecution, i. 224.

Hopelessness of defence, i. 450.

Horses, divination by, iii. 403.

Hospitallers, their organization, iii. 239. their demoralization, iii. 245. their conquest of Rhodes, iii. 248. wealth of the Order, iii. 251. threatened in 1307, iii, 278. obtain Templar property, iii. 302, 323, 329, 330, 331, 333. pensions of Templars paid by them, iii. 313, 315, 324, 331, 332. admit Templars, iii. 324.

Host, magic power of the, i. 49.

Houdancourt, heretics burned at, ii. 115.

Houses of heretics destroyed, i. 319, 321, 481; ii. 163.

Hradisch, Martin Loquis burned at, ii. 519.

Hrimthursar, iii. 401, 404.

Hrvoje Vukcié of Bosnia, ii. 304, 305.

Hugo of Salm, the Templar, iii. 303.

Hugolin de Polignac, frauds of, i. 492.

Huguenin de la Meu, iii. 537.

Hugues of Auxerre exterminates heresy, i. 130.

Hugues the blacksmith, ii. 132.

Hugues de Digne, favors Joachitism, iii. 18.

Hugues Gerold, of Cahors, his fate, i. 557.

Hugues le Noir, his inquisitorial powers, ii. 140.

Hugues de Payen founds the Templars, iii. 238.

Hugues de Peraud, iii. 247, 248, 274, 290, 326.

Human sacrifices in magic, iii. 390, 393, 398. in alchemy, iii. 474.

Humanism, its influence in Italy, iii. 565.

Humanists, bitterness towards Dominicans, ii. 423.

Humbert de Beaujeu commands in Languedoc, i. 200.

Humbert of Viennois persecutes Waldenses, ii. 151.

Hungary, its pretensions over Bosnia, ii. 290. Dominican missionaries, ii. 293. the Tartar invasion, ii. 296. contumacy of Ladislas IV., ii. 298. crusades against Bosnia, ii. 304. conquest of Bosnia from the Turks, ii. 314. Flagellants in, ii. 393.

Hungary, Waldenses in, ii. 397, 400. Jerome of Prague preaches Hussitism, ii. 496. prevalence of Hussitism, ii. 525. persecution of Hussites, ii. 542, 544. clerical concubinage, ii. 543. papal collections in, iii. 69. Greek Church in, iii. 617.

Hunneric persecutes Catholics, i. 216.

Huns, descended from demons, iii. 385.

Hunyady, John, his intervention in Bosnia, ii. 311, 312. his victory at Belgrade, ii. 553.

Husbands, betrayal of, by wives, i. 432. required to denounce wives, i. 432.

Huss, John, precursors of, ii. 436. his early career, ii. 444. his obligations to Wickliff, ii. 448. is exc., ii. 450. all-powerful in Bohemia, ii. 452. his presence at Constance necessary, ii. 455. necessity of his arrest, ii. 460. his trial, ii. 469. his unpardonable doctrines, ii. 481. admits that heresy is punishable, i. 540. efforts to obtain his abjuration, ii. 486. his execution, i. 552; ii. 492. venerated as a martyr, ii. 494, 507, 509.

Hussites, the, ii. 506. their relations with Waldenses, ii. 157. their safe-conducts to Basle, ii. 466.

Hussitism in Germany, ii. 410, 412, 414. coalesces with Waldensianism, ii. 415. in Danubian provinces, ii. 543, 544, 545, 549. in Hungary, ii. 525, 542. in Poland, ii. 496, 525, 544, 549, 551.

Hyacinth, St., of Hungary, ii. 293.

Hypothecations by heretics invalid, i. 524.

Ibas of Edessa, case of, i. 230. Ibn Roschd, iii. 558.

Iceland, laws on sorcery, iii. 422, 432.

Idacius prosecutes Priscillian, i. 213.

Idol, the, of the Templars, iii. 263, 270.

Iglau, pacification of, ii. 538.

Ignorance no defence, i. 450.

Illuminism of S. Bonaventura, iii. 26. of the German mystics, ii. 362, 364, 365. of the Ortlibenses, ii. 357.

Illusions of sorcery, iii. 407. of the Sabbat, iii. 493.

Image-worship condemned by Mathias of Janow, ii. 437. by Wickliffites, ii. 440.

Immaculate Conception, the, iii. 596. Order of the, iii. 607.

Immortality, denial of, iii. 559, 560, 562, 564, 565, 569, 572, 574, 576.

Immunity of crusaders, i. 148.

Immunity of ecclesiastics, i. 2, 32; iii. 629. of familiars, i. 381. of monks withdrawn in heresy, i. 314.

Impeccability, heresy of, ii. 320, 322. of Ortlibenses, ii. 356. in German mysticism, ii. 364. in the Spirit of Liberty, iii. 124.

Impeding the Inq., i. 349, 381; ii. 63, 74. by disbelieving witchcraft, iii. 506.

Imperial laws against magic, iii. 392.

Impostors, the Three, iii. 560.

Imprecatory masses, iii. 447.

Imprisonment for heresy, i. 220, 484. harsh, as torture, i. 420. frequency of, i. 485, 494. commutation of, i. 496. in Huss's case, ii. 479. detentive, i. 420, 488.

Incantation, the mass used as, i. 50. powers of, iii. 391. Christian, iii. 400.

Incarceration--see Imprisonment.

Incarnations of Christ, iii. 127, 166.

Incest, condonation of, i. 32.

Incredulity, popular, as to witchcraft, ii. 533, 540, 546.

Incubi, iii. 383, 501, 542.

Indelibility of priestly character, i. 4.

Index, Lully placed in the, iii. 587, 588.

Indulgences, theory of, i. 41. plenary, i. 42. sale of, i. 43, 44, minor, i. 45. used against the Church, i. 184. for inqs., i. 239. for missionary work, i. 297. rejected by Jean Vitrier, ii. 137. by Waldenses, ii. 150. by Luther, ii. 425. in Prague in 1393, ii. 438. by Wickliffites, ii. 440. by Huss, ii. 449. popular resistance to, ii. 450. issued by John XXII., iii. 67. given Savonarola on the scaffold, iii. 234. abuse of, iii. 246. to reward the use of torture, iii. 300. for persecuting witches, iii. 546. sellers of, iii. 621, 662.

Industry, influence of confiscation on, i. 524.

Infantile communion, ii. 474, 512, 534.

Infants dedicated to Satan, iii. 504.

Infernal deities in Latin sorcery, iii. 390.

Infidelity of the Church in 15th cent., iii. 566, 577.

Informality of early procedure, ii. 8.

Influence of Inq., i. 557; iii. 641.

Ingelger of Anjou recovers the relics of St. Martin, i. 48.

Ingheramo da Macerata, ii. 198.

Initiation into Order of Templars, iii. 268, 272.

Innocent II. claims feudal power over benefices, i. 6.

Innocent II. on masses of concubinary priests, i. 63. condemns Henry of Lausanne, i. 70. condemns Arnald of Brescia, i. 73. persecutes Cathari, i. 117.

Innocent III. on priestly superiority, i. 4. deprecated simony, i. 7. his prosecutions of bps., i. 14. his disinterestedness, i. 18. punishes forgery of papal letters, i. 19. claims benefices for his friends, i. 25. protects Waldemar of Sleswick, i. 33. opposes Cathari in Slavonia, i. 107; ii. 291. suppresses Cathari of Viterbo, i. 116. proclaims war on heresy, i. 128. explains heresy by clerical corruption, i. 129. forbids Bible to laity, i. 131. removes exc. of Raymond VI., i. 133. his dealings with Languedoc, i. 136-83. convokes the Council of Lateran, i. 181. his legislation on heresy, i. 220, 232, 320, 431, 444, 502. faith not to be kept with heretics, i. 228. makes Foulques de Neuilly preach the crusade, i. 245. approves the Poor Catholics, i. 246. approves Dominican Order, i. 252. approves Franciscan Rule, i. 257. forbids use of ordeal, i. 306; ii. 317. degrades Bp. of Coire, i. 403. heresy in Rome, ii. 192. threatens Milan, ii. 194. settles troubles at Piacenza, ii. 196. condemns Joachim's Trinitarian error, iii. 13. scolds the Templars, iii. 243. denies Immaculate Conception, iii. 596. his dealings with Greek Church, iii. 617, 619.

Innocent IV., his election, ii. 26. his use of pluralities, i. 25, 26. on immunity of crusaders, i. 44, 148. restricts the Poor Catholics, i. 248. favors the Mendicants, i. 273, 282. his bull against the Mendicants, i. 283. prayed to death by Dominicans, i. 284. forces the adoption of persecuting laws, i. 322. subjects Mendicants to Inq., i. 362. his bull _ad extirpanda_, i. 337. his legislation on Inq., i. 301, 333, 335, 344, 370, 381, 382, 421, 438, 452, 467, 471, 472, 473, 489, 495, 496, 505, 509, 510, 546; ii. 3, 40, 45, 46, 94, 119, 120, 166, 167, 168, 221, 233. on case of Manfredo di Sesto, i. 461. restricts use of interdict, ii. 3. refuses to relieve Dominicans of Inq., ii. 39. removes Raymond VII.'s exc., ii. 41. his liberality to Raymond, ii. 47.

Innocent IV. appoints Giovanni Schio perpetual inq., ii. 206. orders persecution in Florence, ii. 211. utilizes death of Frederic II., ii. 213. canonizes Peter Martyr, ii. 216. alienates Milan, ii. 219. orders Gatta destroyed, ii. 220. attacks Ezzelin da Romano, ii. 225, 226. urges inqs. to activity, ii. 238. seeks to introduce Inq. in Venice, ii. 250. transfers Bosnia to Kalocsa, ii. 296. forbids crusades against Bosnia, ii. 297. orders persecution in Bohemia, ii. 427. relaxes Franciscan rule of poverty, iii. 8. orders crusade against Frederic II., iii. 189. his political power, iii. 190. dealings with Greek Church, iii. 617, 618, 619.

Innocent V. first Dominican pope, i. 256.

Innocent VI., his trouble with Venice, ii. 273. demands revision of Florentine statutes, ii. 280. orders crusade against Bosnia, ii. 303, 304. introduces Inq. in Germany, ii. 385. represses Flagellants, ii. 393. authorizes pursuit of Jews, i. 396. demands tithes in Germany, ii. 433. persecutes Fraticelli of Crimea, iii. 167. burns Fraticelli in Avignon, iii. 168. persecutes Gentile of Spoleto, iii. 171. summons Bernabo Visconti, iii. 202. reduces the Maffredi, iii. 203. dealings with Greek Church, iii. 617.

Innocent VIII. exempts Franciscans from Inq., i. 363; iii. 178. on refusal to burn heretics, i. 539; iii. 547. condemns Jean Laillier, ii. 143. orders crusade against Waldenses, ii. 159, 266. approves of the Recollects, iii. 180. asserts existence of Incubi, iii. 384. stimulates witchcraft, iii. 540, 547. threatens Giov. Pico, iii. 573. his dealings with Greek Church, iii. 621. he justifies immorality, iii. 644.

Innocent X. unites Beguines with Tertiaries, ii. 413.

Innsbruck, witches of, iii. 541.

_In pace_, i. 487.

Inquests, general use of, i. 311. of bishop, i. 312. itinerant, i. 370. of Bernard de Caux, ii. 45.

_Inquisitio_, i. 310.

Inquisition, its origin, i. 305. episcopal, i. 356. papal, tentative commencement, i. 326. organized, i. 330. its relations with episcopate, i. 331. becomes permanent, i. 335.

Inquisition made supreme over state, i. 337. organized under bull _ad extirpanda_, i. 340. opposition to, i. 349. refuses its records to bishops, i. 350. its effectiveness, i. 364, 366, 394. its organization, i. 369. secrecy of its proceedings, i. 376, 380. appeals from, i. 450. its penal functions, i. 459. its relations with confiscation, i. 505. provision for its expenses, i. 352, 512, 525. its influence on the Church, i. 557. its influence on secular law, i. 559. its establishment in Toulouse, ii. 8. its introduction in France, ii. 113. its introduction in Aragon, ii. 165. its absence in Castile, ii. 180. its failure in Portugal, ii. 188. its development in Italy, ii. 201. its career in Naples, ii. 245, 284. its introduction in Venice, ii. 249, 273. its introduction in Bosnia, ii. 299. its commencement in Germany, ii. 333. finally established in Germany, ii. 385. its commencement in Bohemia, ii. 428. its employment against the Hussites, ii. 506, 542, 545. use of, for secular ends, ii. 226, 227, 230; iii. 149, 190, 259, 357. employed to crush the Templars, iii. 259. employed in case of Joan of Arc, iii. 357. forbidden cognizance of sorcery, iii. 434. organizes prosecution of sorcery, iii. 448. its jurisdiction over witchcraft, iii. 511. it stimulates witchcraft, iii. 538, 539, 543. opposition to its efforts in witchcraft, iii. 544, 546. number of its witch victims, iii. 549. its indifference to Averrhoism, iii. 565. punishes discussion on Immaculate Conception, iii. 609. its censorship of books, iii. 612. what it did not effect, iii. 616. its jurisdiction over pardoners, iii. 622. its neglect of heresy of simony, iii. 625. its failure at the Reformation, iii. 648. Inquisitor-general, creation of, i. 397.

Inquisitorial exc., power of, i. 500.

Inquisitorial process, i. 310, 399. its effectiveness, ii. 334, 336. applied to witchcraft, iii. 513. in secular courts, i. 402, 408, 560.

Inquisitors, secular, i. 311. papal, their appointment, i. 329. at first assistants of bps., i. 330. their relations with bps., i. 334, 348, 363, 364. forbidden to levy fines, i. 331. allowed to levy fines, i. 332. their arbitrary powers, i. 343, 405, 440. their control over the laws, i. 322, 342. their universal jurisdiction, i. 347.

Inquisitors, they obtain bishoprics, i. 348. oath required of, i. 351. minimum age requisite, i. 374. their ignorance, i. 376, 388. they sell license to bear arms, i. 383. they disregard assembly of experts, i. 391. they act as confessors, i. 399. allowed to use torture, i. 422. the defence intrusted to them, i. 447. presents received by, i. 481. their extravagance, i. 528. can serve as executioners, i. 537.

Insabbatati, or Waldenses, i. 77.

Insanity, plea of, i. 449.

Institoris, Henry, iii. 540, 541.

Intercourse with heretics punishable, ii. 31.

Interdict, abuses of, ii. 3. for collection of debt, ii. 278. effects of, upon commerce, ii. 281; iii. 195.

Interrogatories of Inq., i. 411; iii. 448.

Introduction to the Everlasting Gospel, i. 285, 287; iii. 20.

Inviolability of ecclesiastics, i. 33.

Invocation of demons--see Demons. of saints, power of, i. 50.

Ireland, Observantines introduced, iii. 173. proceedings against Templars, iii. 299, 301. case of Alice Kyteler, i 354; iii. 456.

Irregularity, avoidance of, i. 534, 537, 552.

Isarn Colli, case of, i. 420, 424; ii. 95, 573.

Isarn de Villemur, his poem, ii. 11, 24, 44, 62.

Isidor, St., on duty of persecution, i. 216.

Isle des Juifs, de Molay burned on, iii. 325.

Italy, Arnald of Brescia, i. 72. rise of Waldensianism in, i. 76. Cathari of Monforte, i. 109. Catharism in 12th cent., i. 115. legislation on heresy, i. 221. cruelty of criminal law, i. 235. Poor Catholics in Milan, i. 246. Flagellants in 1259, i. 272. divided between Mendicant Orders, i. 301. the laws of Frederic II., i. 321. persecution in Rome, i. 324. Florence, first Inq. in, i. 324. subservience of episcopate, i. 332. control of bps. over moneys, i. 336. bull _ad extirpanda_, i. 337. case of Capello di Chia, i. 342. restrictions on bearing arms, i. 382. first use of torture in, i. 421. extortion by Inq., i. 477. confiscation, provisions for, i. 505. Florence, special provisions in confiscation, i. 525. expenses of Inq., i. 525. witches of Brescia, i. 539; iii. 546. career of Inq. in, ii. 191. persistence of Cathari, ii. 255 Venturino da Bergamo, ii. 380. pilgrimage of Bianchi, ii. 404.

Italy, Flagellants in 1448, ii. 409. Spiritual Franciscans, iii. 32. their rebellion, iii. 62. Guglielma of Milan, iii. 90. Segarelli and Dolcino, iii. 103. development of Fraticelli, iii. 158. papal policy of conquests, iii. 189. John XXII.'s action in Lombardy, iii. 197. Rienzo and the Maffredi, iii. 203. Savonarola, iii. 209. proceedings against Templars, iii. 304. legislation on sorcery, iii. 431. astrology in, iii. 440. witchcraft in, iii. 518, 546. humanism in, iii. 566. moral degradation, iii. 543.

Ithacius prosecutes Priscillian, i. 213, 215.

Ives Gilemme burned for sorcery, iii. 465.

Ivo of Chartres on persecution, i. 224. on condemnation of dead, i. 231. on sorcery, iii. 417.

Izeshne rite, Mazdean, ii. 472.

Jacob V. Hochstraten and John Reuchlin, ii. 424.

Jacob of Soest prosecutes John Malkaw, iii. 207.

Jacob of Wodnan, ii. 566.

Jacobel of Mies restores cup to laity, ii. 470.

Jacobins, founding of the, i. 255.

Jacobines converted by Dominicans, i. 297.

Jacopo da Brescia, iii. 568.

Jacopo della Chiusa, case of, i. 394.

Jacopone da Todi, i. 263; iii. 41, 104, 554.

Jacquerie of Savoy in 1365, ii. 260.

Jacques Autier, ii. 106.

Jacques Bernard persecutes Waldenses, ii. 150.

Jacques de More, his activity, ii. 126.

Jacques de Polignac, his frauds, i. 490, 521.

Jacquette of Bedford accused of sorcery, iii. 468.

Jailers, rules for, i. 492.

Jamnici, ii. 566.

Janevisio, Bartolo, his heresy, ii. 176.

Jannes and Jambres, iii. 387.

Jaquerius, his _Flagellum_, iii. 538. on origin of Sabbat, iii. 497. on death-penalty, iii. 515.

Jarnsida, punishment of sorcery in, iii. 432.

Jayme I. (Aragon) is a hostage with de Montfort, i. 166, 177. asks for Inq., ii. 168. laws against heresy, i. 319; ii. 163. complains of Bern. de Caux, i. 394. changes Inq. in Narbonne, ii. 46. his laws on sorcery, iii. 430.

Jayme II. (Aragon), his relations with Arnaldo de Vilanova, iii. 52-56. proceeds against Templars, iii. 310, 311, 323, 332. founds Order of Montesa, iii. 333.

Jayme I. (Majorca) arrests the Templars, iii. 314.

Jayme, Fray, of Minorca, ii. 89.

Jean d'Amant, case of, iii. 452.

Jean, Bp. of Arras, his cardinalate, ii. 135.

Jean d'Arsis, his zeal in confiscating, i. 518.

Jean d'Aumônes, his reception in Temple, iii. 276.

Jean Baudier, case of, i. 517; ii. 95, 112.

Jean de Beaumont suppresses Trencavel's insurrection, ii. 26.

Jean de Beaune imprisons Bernard Delicieux, ii. 101. reconciles Albi and Cordes, ii. 102. defends bull _Quorumdam_, iii. 74. starts the question of the poverty of Christ, iii. 130.

Jean aux Bellesmains opposes Waldo, i. 78.

Jean Bertrand, Templar, case of, iii. 296.

Jean de Bourgogne, inq. of Templars, iii. 315, 316.

Jean de Brescain, his errors condemned, iii. 561.

Jean V. (Britanny), and Gilles de Rais, iii. 469, 471, 477.

Jean de Cormèle, Templar, case of, iii. 288.

Jean Duprat, Inq. of Carcassonne, ii. 60, 108; iii. 76.

Jean de Faugoux, ii. 92.

Jean Galande, cruelty of, ii. 58.

Jean de Gorelle, his errors, i. 292.

Jean Graveran, Inq. of Rouen, ii. 140; iii. 363.

Jean de Jandun aids Louis of Bavaria, iii. 139.

Jean Langlois rejects transubstantiation, ii. 144.

Jean de Lorraine, Waldensian teacher, ii. 149.

Jean de Luxembourg and Joan of Arc, iii. 356, 358.

Jean le Maître, inq., tries Joan of Arc. iii. 362, 371, 372, 378.

Jean de Malestroit, Bp. of Nantes, iii. 477, 478, 489.

Jean Martin on falsification of records, ii. 72.

Jean de Maucochin forced to take oath of obedience, i. 385.

Jean de Notoyra appointed inq., ii. 21.

Jean de Penne draws appeal for Castel Fabri, ii. 74.

Jean de Pequigny sent to Languedoc, ii. 77. his struggle with the Inq., ii. 79, 82, 83, 84. his death and rehabilitation, ii. 85.

Jean sans Peur murders Louis of Orleans, iii. 334.

Jean Philibert, case of, ii. 148.

Jean Pierre Donat, case of, ii. 7.

Jean de Poilly on confession to friars, i. 290. vitality of his doctrine, i. 291, 292, 293, 294; ii. 142.

Jean Prime, his persecution, iii. 51.

Jean du Puy prosecutes clerks of Limoges, ii. 140.

Jean de la Rochetaillade, iii. 86.

Jean Ricoles, case of, ii. 83.

Jean Roger, case of, iii. 84.

Jean de S. Michel, ii. 18.

Jean de S. Pierre, inq., i. 545; ii. 45.

Jean Teisseire, case of, i. 98; ii. 9.

Jean de Tourne, exhumation of, iii. 295.

Jean de Varennes, his heresy, i. 64.

Jean de Vienne, his inquisitorial powers, i. 317. orders itinerant inquests, i. 370. sent to Montpellier, ii. 23.

Jean Vidal, case of, i. 475.

Jean Vigoureux, cruelty of, ii. 58.

Jean la Vitte, iii. 519, 520, 523.

Jeanne Daubenton burned, ii. 126.

Jeanne de Toulouse, i. 199, 202, 204; ii. 56.

Jeanne de la Tour, case of, i. 487.

Jerome, St., on persecution, i. 214. on ascetic insanity, i. 239.

Jerome of Prague, his career, ii. 495. burns papal bulls, ii. 450. persuades Huss to go to Constance, ii. 456. safe-conduct offered him, 463. his trial at Constance, ii. 497. his execution, ii. 505.

Jerusalem, kingdom of, Inq. in, i. 356. Assises de, sorcery not referred to, iii. 431.

Jesi, Fraticelli persecuted, iii. 176.

Jesol, a refuge for heretics, ii. 273.

Jesuats, Order of, ii. 274; iii. 171.

Jesuits, their mission work, ii. 567. support Lully, iii. 588. favor Immaculate Conception, iii. 610.

Jesus Christ, Order of, in Portugal, iii. 317.

Jewish astrologers burned in Spain, iii. 429. assessor of inq., ii. 139. books, condemnation of, i. 554. converts, ii. 63, 178, 273.

Jews, their condition in southern France, i. 67. their admission to office a crime, i. 144. not compelled to baptism, i. 242. apostate, persecution of, i. 396; ii. 122, 287. extortions of Louis IX., i. 515. to pay expenses of Inq., i. 532. their relations with Inq., ii. 63, 96; iii. 449. protected by Hugues Aubriot, ii. 128. their persecution in Naples, ii. 284. persecution in Sicily, ii. 285, 286. banished from Sicily, ii. 288. their plunder by Philippe le Bel, iii. 255. persecution in France in 1321, ii. 380. persecution in the Black Death, ii. 379. persecuted by Flagellants, ii. 382. Reuchlin protects them, ii. 424. burned by Capistrano in Breslau, ii. 549. forced conversion of, in Spain, ii. 187. magic among them, iii. 387. their incantations cause the Black Death, iii, 459.

Joachim of Flora, i. 102; ii. 197; iii. 10. his prophecies, i. 285; iii. 11. his error as to the Trinity, iii. 13. his three eras, iii. 15.

Joachites in Provence, iii. 17, 25.

Joachitism of Arnaldo de Vilanova, iii. 53. of Olivists, iii. 44, 48, 65, 79. of Guglielmites, iii. 91. of Apostolic Brethren, iii. 108, 109. of Fraticelli, iii. 163. of the Lullists, iii. 583.

Joan of Arc, iii. 338. her visions and voices, iii. 340. popular belief in her, iii. 347. learned discussions over her, iii. 352. captured at Compiègne, iii. 356. her trial, iii. 361. articles proved against her, iii. 368. she abjures and is reconciled, iii. 370. her relapse and despair, iii. 371. her execution, iii. 373. her imitators, iii. 376. her rehabilitation, iii. 378.

Joanna I. (Naples) supports the Inq., ii. 284. Cecco's prediction, iii. 442.

Joanna II. (Naples) persecutes the Jews, ii. 286.

João III. of Portugal, ii. 190.

Johannistæ, iii. 164.

John IX. on condemnation of the dead, i. 231.

John XXI., his hostility to the Mendicants, i. 289. his fate, i. 290. his leniency to Sermione, ii. 235. favors John of Parma, iii. 25. condemns Averrhoistic errors, iii. 562.

John XXII., his election, ii, 99. his character, i. 557; iii. 66. his sale of indulgences, i. 44, 45. limits inquisitorial jurisdiction, i. 347. case of Master Eckart, i. 361; ii. 359. orders transfer of Pierre Trencavel, i. 367; iii. 652. on abuses of familiars, i. 383. orders Talmud burned, i. 556. promotes Bernard de Castanet, ii. 78. publishes the Clementines, ii. 96. favors the Inq., ii. 102, 574. orders Waldenses of Turin suppressed, ii. 259. his efforts in Bosnia, ii. 299. protects the Beguines, ii. 372. persecutes Venturino da Bergamo, ii. 381. imprisons Bp. of Prague, ii. 429. sends inqs. to Bohemia and Poland, ii. 430.

John XXII. absolves from oaths of allegiance, ii. 469. condemns Olivi's Postil, iii. 48. persecutes Spirituals, iii. 63, 69, 71, 72, 84, 85. summons all Tertiaries, iii. 77. denounced as antichrist, iii. 79. raises the question of the poverty of Christ, iii. 129. suspends the bull _Exiit_, iii. 130. issues bull _Ad conditorem_, iii. 133. issues bull _Cum inter nonnullos_, iii. 134. quarrels with Louis of Bavaria, ii. 377; iii. 135, 138, 154. condemns Marsiglio of Padua, iii. 140. prosecutes believers in poverty of Christ, ii. 248, 249; iii. 143. arrests Michele da Cesena, iii. 147. burned in effigy by Louis of Bavaria, iii. 149. refuses the submission of Todi, iii. 150. his treatment of Pier di Corbario, iii. 151. prosecutes German Franciscans, iii. 153. his proceedings against the Visconti, iii. 96, 196, 199. his dealing with the Templar question, iii. 317, 324, 331, 333. stimulates belief in sorcery, iii. 452. attempts on his life by sorcery, iii. 452, 458. takes sorcery from Inq., iii. 453. his heresy on the Divine Vision, iii. 592. dealings with Greek Church, iii. 619. his taxes of penitentiary, iii. 67, 626.

John XXIII. subjects inqs. to provincials, i. 346. orders Wickliff's books examined, ii. 443. imprisons Wenceslas's envoys, ii. 446. orders Hussitism suppressed, ii. 447. issues indulgences, ii. 449. exc. Huss, ii. 450. convokes C. of Constance, ii. 453. his policy as to Huss, ii. 460. his rupture with the C., ii. 480. his deposition and fate, ii. 481, 483. on case of Jean Petit, iii. 336.

John, K. of England, supports Raymond, i. 181.

John, K. of France, moderates monastic prison, i. 488. allowed communion in both elements, ii. 473.

John, K. of Bohemia, procures election of Charles IV., iii. 156.

John Arnoldi, inq., threatened, ii. 400.

John of Baconthorpe an Averrhoist, iii. 564.

John the Baptist, power of his relics, i. 48.

John of Bavaria arrests Jerome of Prague, ii. 498.

John of Boland, inq., ii. 393.

John of Burgundy asks for the Inq., i. 530; ii. 120, 147.

John of Chlum, his declaration at Constance, ii. 452.

John of Chlum accompanies Huss, ii. 457, 460. protests against the arrest, ii. 461, 462. his sympathy for Huss, ii. 486, 490. his submission, ii. 505.

John of Constantinople prosecutes Jerome of Prague, ii. 502. inq. to try Hussites, ii. 507.

John of Damascus denies Immaculate Conception, iii. 596.

John of Drasic, Bp. of Prague, ii. 428, 431.

John of Falkenberg, iii. 337.

John Gallus, inq. in Asia, i. 355.

John of Jenzenstein, of Prague, ii. 437.

John of Litomysl, ii. 494, 507, 508.

John of Luxemberg urges persecution, ii. 429.

John II. of Mainz persecutes Beguines, ii. 404.

John of Mechlin, his heresy, ii. 377.

John of Moravia persecutes Beghards, ii. 413.

John of Nottingham tried for sorcery, iii. 458.

John of Ocko persecutes heresy, ii. 435.

John of Oldenburg subjects the Stedingers, iii. 183.

John of Parma elected Franciscan general, iii. 8. promises of Alex. IV. to him, i. 284. his puritan zeal, iii. 9. favors Joachitism, iii. 18. the Everlasting Gospel ascribed to him, i. 285; ii. 22. accused of errors and deposed, iii. 23, 24, 25.

John of Pirna, ii. 431.

John of Ragusa (Card.) reconciles John Malkaw, iii. 207.

John of Ragusa on communion in both elements, ii. 473. at Siena and Basle, ii. 529, 533.

John of Rutberg, ii. 363.

John of Rysbroek, ii. 360, 377.

John of S. Angelo, his legation to Bohemia, ii. 540.

John of Salisbury on superiority of priesthood, i. 4. on tyrannicide, iii. 335. on power of magic, iii. 418. on catoptromancy, iii. 422. on heresy in sorcery, iii. 435. on astrology, iii. 439. on divination by dreams, iii. 447. on children eaten by witches, iii. 503.

John of Sumosata, i. 90.

John of Schweidnitz, inq., slain, ii. 431.

John of Soissons protects heretics, i. 110.

John of Strassburg, burned in 1212, ii. 316.

John of Syrmia, ii. 293.

John of Wesel, case of, ii. 420; iii. 556.

John of Wildeshausen, Bp. of Bosnia, ii. 294.

John of Winterthur on John XXII., iii. 154. on simony, iii. 625.

John of Würzburg, his heresy, iii. 89.

John of Zara, Abp., supports heretics, ii. 300.

John of Zurich, Bp. of Strassburg, persecutes Beguines, ii. 369.

Jordan, Friar, burns Luciferans, i. 456; ii. 375.

Joscelin d'Avesnes, his prudent piety, i. 46.

Joselme, Guillaume, at C. of Siena, ii. 528.

Joseppini, i. 88.

Jotuns, iii. 402, 404.

Jourdemayne, Margery, burned for sorcery, ii. 467.

Juan I. (Arag.) denounces Eymerich, ii. 176; iii. 586.

Juan I. (Castile) condemns astrology, iii. 445.

Juan II. (Castile) prosecutes Alonso de Mella, iii. 169. burns Villena's books, iii. 490.

Juan de Aragon, his miracles in Bosnia, ii. 303.

Juan, Bp. of Elne, trouble with converted Jews, 178.

Juan de Epila, inq. of Aragon, ii. 179.

Juan de Llotger persecutes Spirituals, iii. 85. prosecutes Templars, iii. 310, 313.

Juan de Pera-Tallada, iii. 86.

Juana de Aga, St., i. 248.

Jubilee of 1300, pilgrims to, i. 465.

Judaism, suppression of magic in, iii. 396.

Judaizing Christians to be burned, ii. 184.

Judas Iscariot, heresy concerning, ii. 176.

Judge, recusation of, i. 449.

Judges, witches powerless over, iii. 510.

Judgment, secular, after Inq. iii. 516.

Julian on Christian intolerance, i. 213.

Julian of Sidon, iii. 271.

Julius II. grants privileges to Savoy, i. 425. assents to suppression of Inq. in Naples, ii. 289. orders persecution of witches, iii. 546. suppresses heresy as to Christ's conception, iii. 603. confirms Order of Immaculate Conception, iii. 607.

Julius III. orders Talmud burned, i. 556.

Jurados of Sardinia, i. 311.

_Juramentum de calumnia_, iii. 481, 482.

Jurisdiction, spiritual, extent of, i. 2. universal, of Inq., i. 347. of bps. questioned, i. 358. royal, extension of, ii. 57. over witchcraft, iii. 511.

Jury-trial for sorcery, iii. 422, 433, 458, 541.

_Jus primoe noctis_, i. 269.

Justi, Jayme, case of, iii. 168.

_Justificatio Ducis Burgundioe_, iii. 334.

Justinian condemns the Talmud, i. 554.

Kalevala, magic in the, iii. 403.

Kaleyser, Henry, his exequatur, ii. 139, 578.

Kaloosa, its endeavors to conquer Bosnia, ii. 293, 296.

Kerlinger, Walter, inq., ii. 387, 388, 392.

Kethene, John, iii. 8.

Ketzer, derivation of, i. 115.

Keynkamp, Werner, ii. 361.

Kilwarby, Abp., condemns errors, i. 352; iii. 562.

Kings subject to jurisdiction of Inq., i. 347.

Kiss, indecent, of the Templars, iii. 255, 263, 276.

Klokol, Adamites burned at, ii. 518.

Knights of the Faith of Jesus Christ, i. 187.

Knights of Jesus Christ, ii. 210.

Knyvet, Sir J., his treatment of sorcery, iii. 467.

Königsaal, monastery of, ii. 432.

Koran, translated by Robert de Rétines, i. 58.

Kosti, the, i. 92.

Kostka of Postubitz, ii. 521.

Krasa, John, his martyrdom, ii. 515.

Kritya, iii. 386.

Kuttenberg, Hussites persecuted in, ii. 511, 514. Diet of, 1485, ii. 559.

Kyteler, Alice, case of, i. 354; iii. 456.

Labarum, the, iii. 394, 396.

Labor enjoined in Benedictine Rule, iii. 640. in Franciscan Rule, i. 260, 264.

Lacha, Guido, a heretic saint, ii. 242.

La Charité, heresy in 1202, i. 130. Robert le Bugre at, ii. 114. Joan of Arc's defeat, iii. 355.

Lacordaire on S. Dominic, i. 300.

Lactantius on toleration, i. 212.

Ladice of Cyrene, iii. 418.

Ladislas I. (Bohemia), his minority, ii. 540, 541. asks moderation of Capistrano, ii. 551. his flight from the Turks, ii. 553. his death, ii. 556.

Ladislas II. (Bohemia) tolerates Utraquism, ii. 559. persecutes Bohemian Brethren, ii. 566. letter from Savoy Waldenses, ii. 267.

Ladislas IV. (Hungary), his irreligion, ii. 298.

Ladislas of Naples favors Hrvoje Vukcic, ii. 305.

Ladislas III. (Poland) orders persecution, ii. 430.

Ladislas V. (Poland) persecutes Hussites, ii. 525.

Lagny, Abbot of, papal inq. in England, iii. 299. Joan of Arc at, iii. 355.

La Grasse, Abbey of, iii. 641.

Laillier, Jean, heresy of, i. 294; ii. 142.

Laity, ministrations of, among Waldenses, i. 84. culpable disbelief in witchcraft, iii. 516, 546.

Laity, corruption of, iii. 641.

Lambert le Bègue, ii. 350.

Lambert de Foyssenx, case of, ii. 103.

Lambert of Strassburg, ii. 395.

Lamberto del Cordiglio condemns Ghibellines, iii. 201. condemns Cecco d' Ascoli, iii. 443.

Lamberto, Frà, fines Theate, i. 401.

Lamiæ, iii. 494, 503.

Lancing of Christ, heresy of, iii. 46, 206.

Landucci, Luca, his disenchantment, iii. 231.

Langham, Abp., condemns errors, i. 352.

Langland, William, on pardoners, iii. 622. on love and truth, iii. 646.

Langres, case of canon of, 1211, i. 307. heretics of, ii. 578. C. of, 1404, on sorcery, iii. 466.

Languedoc, prevalence of heresy in, i. 68. Waldenses in, i. 78; ii. 579. spread of Catharism in, i. 121, 127. condition of Church in, i. 134. crusades in, i. 147. organization of Inq., i. 330. subjection of the State, i. 340. first use of torture, i. 423. papal interference with Inq., i. 452. pilgrimages customary in, i. 466. Clement V. investigates Inq., i. 492. confiscation, i. 504, 513, 515. expenses of Inq., i. 526. career of Inq. in, ii. 1. its relations with Paris, ii. 119. activity of Henri de Chamay, ii. 124. supremacy of the Parlement, ii. 130. degradation of Inq., ii. 144. Waldenses in, ii. 147-9. heretics pursued in Naples, ii. 246, 584. documents concerning Inq., ii. 69-74. Joachitism, iii. 17. Fraticelli, iii. 167. Dolcinists, iii. 122, 124.

Lantelmo of Florence, i. 476; ii. 203.

Laon, sorcerers in 1390, iii. 460.

La Palu, his crusade against Waldenses, ii. 160.

Lapidation for sorcerers, iii. 408.

Lapina, Donna, condemned for heresy, iii. 125.

Lapland sorcerers, iii. 407.

Larneta, assembly of, in 1241, ii. 26.

Las Navas de Tolosa, victory of, i. 169.

Lateran C., 1102, on heresy of disobedience, iii. 181.

Lateran C., 1111, sets aside oaths, iii. 182.

Lateran C., 1139, i. 6. condemns Arnald of Brescia, i. 73. condemns Cathari, i. 117. on duty of persecution, i. 224.

Lateran C., 1179, Waldenses appear before it, i. 78. condemns heresy, i. 123. on duty of persecution, i. 224. restricts the Templars, iii. 240.

Lateran C., 1215, its convocation, i. 181. orders preaching, i. 24. condemns abuses, i. 41, 46. failure of its reforms, i. 53. condemns Raymond VI., i. 182. on judgments of blood, i. 223. Dominic present, i. 252. revives Order of Crucigeri, i. 267. makes sacramental confession obligatory, i. 278. prohibits ordeals, i. 306. orders episcopal Inq., i. 314. its legislation on heresy, i. 320. on absent suspects, i. 403. condemns Amaurianism, ii. 323. condemns Joachim's error, iii. 13. failure to repress unauthorized Orders, iii. 103.

Lateran C., 1515, represses the Mendicants, i. 294. condemns philosophical errors, iii. 574. establishes censorship of press, iii. 614.

Latin kingdoms of East, Greek Church in, iii. 618.

Latin sorcery, iii. 390.

Latins in the East, their character, iii. 245, 620.

La Trémouille, his opposition to Joan of Arc, iii. 347, 354, 355.

Lavaur, siege of, i. 166. church of, fines for, i. 473. C., 1213, i. 170, 171. C., 1364, condemns Dolcinists, iii. 124.

Law, influence of Inq. on, i. 559.

Laws restricting Inq. annulled, i. 338, 340; ii. 275, 280.

Lawyers required for inqs., i. 376.

Lazzaretti, David, of Arcidosso, iii. 126.

Learning, Spirituals despise, iii. 8, 554.

Ledrede, Bp. of Ossory, prosecutes Alice Kyteler, i. 354; iii. 456.

Legacies for pious uses, i. 28. Franciscans competent to receive, iii. 29, 30.

Legates, papal, their exactions, i. 16.

Legatine Inq. attempted, i. 315, 317. abolished, ii. 51.

Legislation, secular, against heresy, i. 81, 113, 319. sorcery, iii. 409, 413, 420, 422, 427.

Leidrad converts Felicians, i. 217.

Le Mans, preaching of Henry of Lausanne, i. 69.

Leo I. regulates profits of burials, i. 30. urges persecution, i. 215. on exc. of the dead, i. 230.

Leo X., his concordat with France, ii. 134. favors the Mendicants, i. 294. on false witness, i. 442. on refusal to burn heretics, i. 539; iii. 547. his vacillation in Reuchlin's case, ii. 424. his instructions concerning Luther, ii. 426. reorganizes the Franciscans, iii. 66, 173.

Leo X. condemns philosophical errors, iii. 574. establishes censorship of press, iii. 614.

Leo, friar, breaks the coffer at Assisi, iii. 4.

Leon, Cathari in, ii. 181.

Leonardo de Tibertis obtains Templar property, iii. 329.

Leonhard of Formbach, iii. 640.

Leonor de Liminanna, case of, ii. 179.

Lepers, Franciscan, charity for, i. 260. Waldensian school for, ii. 347. persecuted in 1321, ii. 380. compassionated by Olivists, iii. 82.

Lerida, ignorance of persecution in, ii. 168. C. of, 1237, persecutes heretics, ii. 165.

Letser, John, his visions of the Virgin, iii. 605.

Letters, papal, abuses of, i. 18. forgery of, i. 19.

Leuchardis, burned at Trèves in 1231, ii. 331.

Leutard, heresy of, i. 108.

Leuvigild, persecution under, i. 216.

Le Vasseur, Nicaise, iii. 639.

Levone, witches of, iii. 503, 516.

Lewin of Würzburg, his heresy, iii. 89.

Lhotka, assembly of, in 1467, ii. 564.

_Liber Conformitatum_, i. 262; iii. 11.

_Liber de Tribus Impostoribus_, iii. 560.

Liberato da Macerata, iii. 33, 35, 38, 39, 40.

Liberty, Brethren of the Spirit of, iii. 124.

License to bear arms sold, i. 383. to rebuild heretic houses, i. 483.

Licinius, his overthrow, iii. 394.

Liége, Cathari of, i. 109, 111. tolerant spirit in, i. 219. Beguines of, ii. 350. Dancing Mania, ii. 393. C. of, 1287, restricts the Beguines, ii. 354.

Ligatures--see Philtres.

Lilith, iii. 383.

Lille, confiscation in, i. 521. heretics burned at, ii. 115, 139, 142, 158.

Lille (Venaissin), C. of, 1251, demands records of Inq., i. 350. gives confiscations to bps., i. 514.

Limoges, clerks of, prosecuted, ii. 140. C. of, 1031, on preaching, i. 23.

Limoux, heretics of, released, i. 452. citizens of, hanged, ii. 89.

Limoux Noir, heresy of, ii. 109.

Lipan, battle of, ii. 535.

Lisbon, church claims on the dying, i. 30. heresies of Thomas Scotus, ii. 188.

Lisiard of Soissons persecutes Cathari, i. 110.

Lisieux, clergy of, imprison Foulques de Neuilly, i. 244. C. of, 1448, on sorcerers, iii. 515.

Litanies, Dominican, their power, i. 284. of Olivist saints, iii. 80.

Liticz, seat of Bohemian Brethren, ii. 563.

Litigation, stimulation of, i. 21.

_Litis contestatio_. i. 403. in trial of Gilles de Rais, iii. 480.

Liutgarda, Abbess, iii. 419.

Liutprand, his laws on sorcery, iii. 411.

Llobet, Juan, his zeal for Lully, iii. 581.

Lodève, Olivists burned, iii. 77.

Lodi, Bp. of, on duty of persecution, i. 226. his sermon on Huss, ii. 490. sermon on Jerome of Prague, ii. 504.

Loki, iii. 401.

Lollardry, suppression of, i. 352.

Lollards, ii. 350. in Hainault and Brabant, i. 368. they join the Flagellants, ii. 385. persecution in 1395, ii. 400. forbidden to beg, ii. 413.

Lombard Law, sorcery in, iii. 411.

Lombard League, its disruption, ii. 203.

Lombardy, Cathari in, i. 109; ii. 193. as a refuge for heretics, ii. 49, 219, 229, 240. episcopal Inq. in, i. 359. efforts to establish Inq., ii. 198, 206. threatened by Gregory IX., ii. 199. first inq. in, ii. 201. pacified by Giovanni Schio, ii. 203. murder of Peter Martyr, ii. 214. organization of Inq., ii. 221, 222, 233. decadence of Inq., ii. 269. Ghibellines condemned for heresy, iii. 201. proceedings against Templars, iii. 307. prevalence of witchcraft, iii. 546. errors in 16th cent., iii. 574.

Lombers, Colloquy of, i. 118.

London, C. of, 1310, on the Templars, iii. 299. C. of, 1328, on Immaculate Conception, iii. 598.

Longino Cattaneo, Dolcino's lieutenant, iii. 112, 119.

Lope de Barrientos forbids imprecatory masses, iii. 447. burns Villena's books, iii. 490.

Loquis, Martin, ii. 518, 519.

Lorenzo da Fermo, his asceticism, iii. 179.

Lorenzo de' Medici calls Savonarola to Florence, iii. 211.

Lorica of St. Patrick, iii. 400.

Lorraine, inqs., appointed, i. 302; ii. 120. Waldenses in, ii. 147, 149. downfall of Templars, iii. 301.

Lot, use of, among the Northmen, iii. 402. by Bohemian Brethren, ii. 564.

Lotz, Count, accused of heresy, ii. 339.

Loudon, Cathari burned in, i. 114.

Louis VII. (France) asks for reform of Church, i. 13. urges persecution, i. 112. called upon to suppress heresy, i. 120.

Louis VIII. (France), his Albigensian crusades, i. 174, 180, 187, 190, 191, 196-200. his laws on heresy, i. 319, 503.

Louis IX. (France) restricts immunity of crusaders, i. 44, 148.

Louis IX. (France) is a Franciscan Tertiary, i. 268. his legislation on heresy, i. 221, 323. checks use of torture, i. 423. on inquisitorial process, i. 443, supplies prisons for Inq., i. 490. his relations to confiscation, i. 503, 508, 509, 513, 514, 515, 517, 524. defrays expenses of Inq., i. 527. orders Talmud burned, i. 555. his relations with Raymond VII., ii. 3, 15, 24, 39, 47. his independence of the papacy, ii. 57. restores forfeited lands, ii. 110. his detestation of heresy, ii. 113. supports Robert le Bugre, ii. 115. stimulates the Inq., ii, 117. favors the Beguines, ii. 352.

Louis X. (France) adopts the laws of Frederic II., i. 323; ii. 102.

Louis XI. (France) annuls the Pragmatic Sanction, ii. 134. suppresses Inq. in Dauphiné, ii. 159. protects Waldenses of Savoy, ii. 266.

Louis XII. (France) protects the Waldenses, ii. 160.

Louis XIII. (France) suppresses St. Amour's book, i. 288.

Louis of Bavaria (Emp.), his disputed election, iii. 135. his rupture with John XXII., ii. 377; iii. 145, 149. his alliance with the Franciscans, iii. 137. persecutes ecclesiastics, iii. 153. said to be antichrist, iii. 87. uses the Divine Vision, iii. 593. his death, iii. 157.

Louis of Bourbon, Card., on sorcery, iii. 466.

Louis of Hungary, his action in Bosnia, ii. 303. his crusade against the Maffredi, iii. 203.

Louis of Orleans, murder of, iii. 334. accused of sorcery, iii. 465, 466.

Louis, Bp. of Paris, favors Jean Laillier, ii. 143.

Louis of Willenberg, inq. of Germany, ii. 387.

_Loup-garou_, ii, 145; iii. 391.

Love-potions--see Philtres.

Lubec, Dolcinist burned in, ii. 402.

Lucas of Prague visits Waldenses of Savoy, ii. 267.

Lucas of Tuy on oaths to heretics, i. 229. on guilt of heresy, i. 236. on episcopal indifference, i. 315. on Cathari in Leon, ii 181.

Lucchino Yisconti seeks burial for Matteo, iii. 302.

Luciferans, i. 106. derived from Amaurians, ii. 324. case of Henry Minneke, ii. 325.

Luciferans in Trèves in 1231, ii. 331. persecuted by Conrad of Marburg, ii, 334. their hideous rites, ii. 335. a branch of Ortlibenses, ii. 357. their numbers in Austria, ii. 358. their persecution, i, 456; ii. 375, 376. among Flagellants, ii, 408. in Bohemia, ii. 429.

Lucius III. condemns the Arnaldistas, i. 75. condemns the Waldenses, i. 78. his decree of 1184, i. 126. on duty of persecution, i. 224. exc. all heretics, i. 231. prohibits ordeals, i. 306. abolishes monastic exemption, i. 361. attempts to found an episcopal Inq., i. 313. on confiscation, i. 502. decrees death for relapse, i. 543.

Lugardi, Enrico, his forged diploma of Frederic II., ii. 287.

Luigi di Durazzo, his rebellion, ii. 284; iii. 165.

Luke, Abp. of Gran, i. 18.

Luke, St., his portrait of the Virgin, i. 48. contest over his relics, ii. 315.

Lullists, their extravagances, iii. 583, 585, 586. defend the Immaculate Conception, iii. 584, 599.

Lully, Raymond, iii. 563, 578. condemned as a heretic, ii. 176; iii. 587, 588. his beatification, iii. 589. his writings, iii. 581. contest over them, iii. 584.

Lunel, Olivists burned, iii. 77.

Lupold, Bp. of Worms, i. 11.

Luserna, Waldensian valley of, ii. 195, 260, 265.

Luther, not tried by Inq., ii. 284. his first steps in reform, ii, 425.

_Lyblac_, or sorcery, iii. 420.

Lycanthropi, ii. 145; iii. 391.

Lyons, Feast of the Conception at, iii. 596. C. of, 1244, deposes Fred. II., i. 275. C. of, 1274, on Mendicant Orders, ii. 367; iii. 32. its commands eluded, iii. 105. plans to unite the Military Orders, iii. 245.

Macedonia, Paulicianism in, i. 107.

_Maculistæ_, iii. 601, 604.

Madrid, Feast of the Conception at, iii. 600.

Maestricht, Flagellants expelled, ii. 403.

Maffredi, case of the, iii. 203.

Magdeburg, persecution of Beghards, ii. 374. Flagellants prohibited, ii, 382. heretics burned by Kerlinger, ii. 390.

Magdeburg, expulsion of abp., ii. 532. fate of Templars, in. 301. C. of, persecutes Beghards, ii, 401.

Magic used to detect heretics, i. 306. death of Benedict XI. attributed to, iii. 55. its antiquity, iii. 386. prohibited in Rome, iii. 392, 393. of the Norsemen, iii. 402.

Magic, sacred, of mediæval religion, i. 47. to preserve from witchcraft, iii. 506, 511. to overcome taciturnity, iii. 510.

Magistrates sworn to punish heresy, i. 321.

Magnalata, its destruction by Martin V., iii. 176.

Magnus Hakonsen, his laws on sorcery, iii. 433.

Magonia, iii. 415.

Maguelonne, Bp. of, buys Melgueil, i. 180.

Maguineth, iii. 270.

Maheu, Bp. of Toul, his trial, i. 14.

Mahomet II., conquers Bosnia, ii. 313. his defeat at Belgrade, ii. 554.

Maifreda da Pirovano, iii. 91, 93, 95, 97, 98, 100, 101.

Maimonides on Divine knowledge, iii. 558. Mainatæ, i. 125.

Maillotins release Hugues Aubriot, ii. 129.

Mainhard of Rosenberg, ii. 540, 541.

Maine, Inq. extended to, ii. 126.

Maintenance of prisoners, i. 490; ii. 155.

Mainz, Waldenses burned in 1392, ii. 397. Beguines persecuted, ii. 404. resistance to papal exactions, ii. 434. treatment of Templars in, iii. 303. C. of, 813, on legacies, i. 29. C. of, 1233, on heresy, i. 507; ii. 339. assembly of, 1233, on Count Sayn, ii. 340. C. of, 1234, absolves Count Sayn, ii. 344. C. of, 1259, condemns the Beguines, ii. 354. C. of, 1261, on pardoners, i. 46. condemns heresy, ii. 348. C. of, 1310, condemns Beghards, ii. 367.

Maistre, Joseph de, his error, i. 228.

Majestas, confiscation in, i. 501.

Majorales, Waldensian, i. 84.

Majorca, French possessions of, ii. 88. Inq. in, ii. 177. Franciscan quarrels, iii. 174. proceedings against Templars in, iii. 314, 332.

Malatesta, Gismondo, case of, iii. 569.

Malcolzati, Sibilia, iii. 95, 101.

Malebranca, Latino, inq.-general, i. 398.

Malignity invalidates evidence, i. 436; iii. 517.

Malkaw, John, his career, iii. 205.

_Malleus Maleficarum_, the, iii. 543.

Manenta Rosa, case of, i. 366.

Manfred of Sicily releases Bp. of Verona, i. 12. papal hatred of him, ii. 228. crusade against, how stimulated, iii. 626. his trial for heresy, iii. 193. his defeat and death, ii. 232. his practical tolerance, ii. 245. he spreads Averrhoism, iii. 561.

Manfredo, inq., burns Segarelli, iii. 107.

Manfredo Clitoro, his murder of inqs., ii. 215.

Manfredo di Donavia, inq., iii. 97.

Manfredo di Sesto, case of, i. 461.

Manichæans detected by paleness, i. 110, 214, 306. under Roman law, i. 409. refuse the cup to the laity, ii. 472.

Manichæism, i. 90, 107.

Manoel of Portugal revives the Inq., ii. 190.

Mantua, Catharan bp., in 1273, ii. 239. bull _ad extirpanda_ forced upon, i. 339. _mont de piété_ established, ii. 275. assembly of, ii. 417.

Mapes, Walter, on Waldenses, i. 78. on spread of heresy, i. 127. on the Military Orders, iii. 243.

Marchisio Secco, iii. 91, 102.

Marcus Aurelius, his belief in charms, iii. 391. his recourse to Christ, iii. 394.

_Mare Magnum_, i. 274.

Margherita di Trank, iii. 112.

Margot de la Barre, burned for sorcery, iii. 461.

Marguerite la Porete, ii. 123, 575.

Marguerite of Saluces, her intolerant zeal, ii. 267.

Maria Roberta, case of, i. 520.

Marie du Canech, case of, i. 479; ii. 133.

Marie de Rais, iii. 488.

Mariolatry, Olivi rebuked for, iii. 43. growth of, iii. 597.

Marion l'Estalée burned for sorcery, iii. 461.

Marmande, massacre of, i. 187.

Marriage forbidden among Cathari, i. 97. dissolution of, by sorcery, iii. 418.

Marseilles, quarrels between Mendicants in, i. 302. seized by Raymond VII., ii. 23. the four martyrs of, iii. 73, 80. rigor of Inq. there, iii. 78.

Marsiglio of Padua on heresy, ii. 377. his political theories, iii. 139. on clerical corruption, iii. 632.

Martin IV. favors the Mendicants, i. 289. grants special privileges to Florence, i. 525. denies asylum to heretics, ii. 121. orders crusade against Aragon, ii. 248; iii. 190. confiscates debts due to Forli, iii. 196.

Martin V., his election, ii. 610. favors the Dominicans, i. 303. subjects inqs. to provincials, i. 346. orders Inq. in Denmark, i. 355. dispenses for age, i. 374. restores Geneva to Dominicans, ii. 133.

Martin V. authorizes Jewish assessor of Inq., ii. 139. case of Pedro Freserii, ii. 178. tries to strengthen the Inq., ii. 283. appoints inqs. in Naples, ii. 287. protects Brethren of the 'Common Life, ii. 361. protects the Beguines, ii. 409. summons Huss, ii. 449, 481. orders Inq. in Bohemia, ii. 511. effort to reform Germany, ii. 527. eludes reform at Siena, ii. 528. forced to convoke Council of Basle, ii. 529. persecutes Fraticelli of Aragon, iii. 169. seeks to reunite the Franciscans, iii. 173. tries to suppress the Fraticelli, iii. 174, 175, 176.

Martin l'Advenu, iii. 366, 372.

Martin, Bp. of Arras, defends Jean Petit, iii. 337.

Martin of Bomigny, his theft of relics, i. 48.

Martin, Card., his disinterestedness, i. 7.

Martin, Henri, on the Templars, iii. 328.

Martin Gonsalvo of Cuenca, ii. 175.

Martin, inq., persecutes Beghards, ii. 395.

Martin of Mainz burned in 1393, ii. 395.

Martin of Rotenburg, ii. 418.

Martin of Sicily restrains the Inq., ii. 285.

Martin, St., of Tours, his relics, i. 47. on the execution of Priscillian, i. 213.

Martino del Prete, his Catharan sect, ii. 256.

Martinique, condemnation for suspicion, i. 561.

Mary of England, persecution under, i. 353.

Mary of Valenciennes, ii. 127, 405.

Mascæ, iii. 494.

Mascate de' Mosceri complains of extortion, i. 478.

Mas Deu, trial of Templars of, iii. 314.

Mass, sale of, i. 28. employed as an incantation, i. 50. comminatory, iii. 447.

Massacio, Fraticelli expelled, iii. 176.

Massacre of Avignonet, ii. 35. of Béziers, i. 154. of Marmande, i. 187.

Mastic-tree, Raymond Lully's, iii. 579.

Mathias Corvinus, his intervention in Bosnia, ii. 313, 314. his crusade against Bohemia, ii. 559.

Mathias of Janow, ii. 437, 471.

Matilda of Savoy reforms Franciscans, iii. 172.

Matteo d' Acquasparta, iii. 34, 44.

Matteo of Agram, ii. 300.

Matteo of Ancona, iii. 106.

Matteo of Catania, ii. 286.

Maiteo da Chieti persecutes Bizochi, iii. 37.

Matteo de Rapica, his trouble with converted Jews, ii. 178.

Matteo da Tivoli forms an ascetic Order, iii. 180.

Matteo Visconti accused of Guglielmitism, iii. 96. his trial for heresy, iii. 197, 200. his retirement and death, iii. 199. his condemnation annulled, iii. 202.

Matthieu Aychard commutes penance, i. 474.

Matthieu de Bodici, antipope, iii. 38.

Matthieu le Gaulois, Dominican abbot, i. 253.

Matthieu de Pontigny, i. 347.

Maupetit, Jacotin, iii. 529.

Maurice the Spaniard, ii. 322.

Maurice, inq. of Paris, i. 451; ii. 124.

Maurillac, capture of, i. 179.

Mauvoisin, Robert, his ferocity, i. 162.

Maxentius, his reliance on magic, iii. 395.

Maximus executes Priscillian, i. 213.

Mazzolino, Silvestro--see Prierias.

Meat not eaten by Cathari, i. 97.

Meaux, Bp. of, his heresy, ii. 143.

Medicine, skill of Waldenses in, ii. 146. sacred, iii. 395, 410. astrologv necessary in, iii. 440.

Medina, Cortes of, 1464, ii. 186.

_Mekasshepha_, iii. 396.

Melgueil, sale of, i. 180.

_Melioramentum_, i. 95.

Mendicant Orders, the, i. 243. their special character, i. 265. papal favor for, i. 273. their services to the papacy, i. 275; iii. 190. their missionary labors, i. 297. their demoralization, i. 294, 304; iii. 630, 631. immunities claimed for, i. 361. hostility between, i. 302; ii. 76, 138, 171, 217; iii. 98. unauthorized, their numbers, iii, 32, 103.

Mendicants released from episcopal jurisdiction, i. 274. used as papal commissioners, i. 276. enormous powers conferred, i. 279. their quarrel with the University of Paris, i. 281, 288. privileges curtailed by Innocent IV., i. 283. privileges restored by Alexander IV., i. 284. as inqs., i. 299, 318. their quarrels with the clergy, i. 278, 281, 290. their services in the Black Death, i. 290. commissioned as inqs. in Germany, ii. 333. assailed as heretics, ii. 371. denounced by Flagellants, ii. 383. assailed by Arnaldo de Vilanova, iii. 53.

Men of Intelligence, ii. 405.

_Menn forspair_, iii. 402.

Mental conditions the subject of Inq., i. 400; iii. 644.

Mercato, Michele, denies immortality, iii. 572.

Merchants, Florentine, seizure of, ii. 281.

Mercy, adjuration for, i. 227, 534; iii. 491.

Merlin, son of a demon, iii. 385.

Merovingians, toleration under, i. 216. sorcery under, iii. 410.

Merswin, Rulman, ii. 364, 365.

Metz, Waldenses of, i. 131; ii. 318. Begharda burned in 1335, ii. 374. Corn. Agrippa defends a witch, iii. 545.

Metza V. Westhoven burned in 1366, ii. 387.

Michael de Causis, ii. 458, 459, 472, 499.

Michaelistæ, iii. 164.

Michel le Moine tries the Olivists, iii. 71. captures Pierre Trencavel, iii. 76.

Michele de Cesena limits term of inq., i. 345. enforces the bull _Exivi_, iii. 66. persecutes the Olivists, iii. 72, 75. regulates vestments, iii. 78. upholds the Poverty of Christ, iii. 132. seeks to preserve peace, iii. 143. deposed from generalate, iii. 148. on the Divine Vision, iii. 593, 594. his death, iii. 155.

Michele di Lapo, inq. of Florence, ii. 279.

Michele da Pisa, his misadventure, ii. 273.

Michelet, his argument as to the Templars, iii. 274.

Middleton, Richard, persecutes Olivi, iii. 44.

Midwives, witch, their crimes, iii. 504.

Mignard, his theory as to the Templars, iii. 265.

Miguel of Aragon, case of, i. 474.

Milan, Cathari of Monforte burned in, i. 109. as a centre of heresy, i. 114; ii. 193. Poor Catholics in, i. 246. laws on heresy in 1228, i. 320; ii. 200. episcopal Inq. tried, i. 359. restriction on bearing arms, i. 382. criminal process in, i. 401. exactions of Inq. in 1516, i. 480. Inq. methods adopted, i. 560. Waldensian school in, ii. 194. Rolando da Cremona as inq., ii. 203. influence of St. Peter Martyr, ii. 208. Peter Martyr as inq., ii. 214. Rainerio Saccone as inq., ii. 218, 222. submits to Uberto Pallavicino, ii. 229. ease of Amadeo de'Landi, ii. 271. the Guglielmites, iii. 90. forsakes Matteo Visconti, iii. 198. Inq. expelled by Matteo Viaconti, iii. 200. penalty for sorcery, iii. 450. C. of, 1287, on opposition to Inq., ii. 238.

Milano Sola, iii. 113.

Miliez of Kremsier, ii. 436.

Milita of Monte-Meano, i. 115.

Military Bishops, i. 9, 11.

Military Orders, the, iii. 239. projects for their union, iii. 246, 246, 247, 248.

Militia Jesu Christi, i. 267.

Milo, Legate, his duplicity towards Raymond, i. 150, 161.

Minerva, iii. 494.

Minerve, Cathari burned at, i. 105, 162.

Minneke, Henry, case of, ii. 324.

Minoritessee Franciscans.

Minors, benefices given to, i. 25; ii. 432. responsibility of, i. 402.

Miolerin, Anna, on negligent priests, iii. 640.

Miracles, false, of the Cathari, i. 103. in the Albigensian crusade, i. 154. wrought by Capistrano, ii. 547.

Miravet, siege of, iii. 311.

Mirepoix, Marechaux de, claim confiscations, i. 514. claim the right to burn, i. 537.

Mishna, penalties of magic in, iii. 396.

Missi Dominici, i. 311.

Missionary zeal of Bohemian Brethren, ii. 567. of Cathari, i. 102. of Fraticelli, iii. 166. of Mendicant Orders, i. 297. of Waldenses, i. 80, 86.

Mitigation of penances, i. 495.

Mitre for condemned heretics, ii. 491, 504; iii. 373, 521, 528.

Mladen Subic conquers Bosnia, ii. 299.

Mladenowie, Peter, his zeal for Huss, ii. 484.

Model inq., i. 367.

Modestus puts Catholics to death, i. 213.

Moissac, Inq. in, ii. 10.

Molay, Jacques de, elected Grand Master, iii. 247. called to France by Clement V., iii. 248. justifies the Order to Clement V., iii. 258. his confession, iii. 282. reserved for papal judgment, iii. 282. abandons the Templars, iii. 290. his burning, iii. 325.

Moldavia, Hussitism in, ii. 543, 545. Capistrano sends inqs., ii. 549.

Molitoris, Ulric, on incubi, iii. 385. on witchcraft, iii. 542.

Monaldo, his treatment of Spirituals, iii. 35.

Monarch, duty of, to persecute, i. 224, 320, 536.

Monastic imprisonment, severity of, i. 487. immunity withdrawn in heresy, i. 314. Orders, demoralization of, i. 35; iii. 630, 631, 640.

Monasticism, character of, i. 265.

Monçon, Juan de, denies Immaculate Conception, iii. 599.

Moneta, attempt against his life, ii. 203.

Money, Franciscan troubles over, iii. 4, 30. refusal of Spirituals to beg for, iii. 33.

Mongano, Castle of, ii. 219.

Mongriu, Guillen, of Tarragona, ii. 164, 167.

Monks, contempt felt for, i. 54.

Montauban, heretics in, ii. 31. Waldensian centre at, ii. 146.

Montcucq, heretics in, ii. 31.

Montesa, Order of, iii. 333.

Montmorillon, heretics burned at, ii. 116.

Montoison, murder of inqs. at, ii. 161.

Montpellier, dearth of churches in, i. 278.

Montpellier, Dominican Chapter, of, forbids pecuniary penances, i. 471. asks aid against heretics, ii. 23. its tenure by Majorca, ii. 89. Olivists persecuted, iii. 77. Parlement of, in 1293, ii. 63. C. of, 1195, on heresy, i. 127, 133. C. of, 1215, deposes Raymond VI., i. 179. establishes episcopal Inq., i. 314. C. of, 1224, i. 192.

_Monts de piété_, ii. 275.

Montségur, ii. 34, 35, 38, 42.

Mont Wimer, Catharism at, i. 108; ii. 116.

Moors, forced conversion of, in Spain, ii. 187.

Morals dissociated from religion, ii. 470; iii. 641, 644.

Moravia, Waldenses in, ii. 438. indignation at Huss's death, ii. 494. Capistrano's success, ii. 548. assigned to Matt. Corvinus, ii. 559.

Moravians--see Bohemian Brethren.

Morea, Templar property in, iii. 333.

Morocco, Inq. in, i. 355.

Morosini, Mariano, his ducal oath, ii. 250, 587.

Morret, P., ease of, i. 448.

Morselle, Jean, his heresy as to the Virgin, iii. 603.

Mortal enmity invalidates evidence, i. 436; iii. 517.

Mortality of prisons, i. 494.

Mortuary masses, profits of, i. 30. as incantations, iii. 447.

Mosaic Law on witches, iii. 396.

Moses, his thaumaturgy, iii. 387.

Motives of persecution, i. 233.

Mühlberg, John, persecutes Beghards, ii. 403.

Mühldorff, battle of, in 1322, iii. 135.

Mühlhausen, beguinages confiscated, ii. 391.

Müller, John, preaches Hussitism, ii. 414.

Multitude of prisoners, i. 485, 489; ii. 154.

Mummolus, case of, iii. 411.

Municipal freedom in Languedoc, i. 67.

Muñoz, Pedro, Abp., of Santiago, iii. 429.

Muntaner, Arnaldo, case of, iii. 169.

Murad II. partly conquers Bosnia, ii. 307.

Muratori, L. A., on Immaculate Conception, iii. 611.

Muret, battle of, i. 177.

_Murus_ of Inq., i. 373, 462. _largus_ and _strictus_, i. 486.

Muscata, John, Bp. of Cracow, ii. 630.

Musonius the Babylonian, iii. 392.

Myndekin, Sophia, case of, ii. 398.

Mysticism, Franciscan tendencies to, iii. 2. German, in 14th cent., ii. 359, 362, 364.

NAAKVASA, martyrdom of, ii. 514.

Naczeracz, Peter, inq. in Moravia, ii. 431.

Nævius, I., slaughters sorcerers, iii. 392.

Najac, church of, fines for, i. 473. punishment of heretics of, i. 518.

Nakedness as a test of grace, ii. 357, 367, 518.

_Nämd_, iii. 433.

Names of witnesses withheld, i. 437; ii. 477; iii. 517.

Nantes, Cathari in, i. 112. execution of Gilles de Rais, iii. 487.

Naples, one assistant allowed, i. 374. French inqs. in, i. 395. use of torture in Inq., i. 422. royal prisons used for heretics, i. 491. confiscation in, i. 511, 517. expenses of Inq. defrayed, i. 525. its conquest by Charles of Anjou, ii. 231; iii. 193. Inq. in, ii. 244, 584. immigration of Waldenses, ii. 247, 268. decline of Inq., ii. 247, 268, 284, 287. Spanish Inq. not introduced, ii. 288. Flagellants in 1361, ii. 393. Arnaldo de Vilanova's influence, iii. 54. Spirituals protected by Robert, iii. 144. the Fraticelli protected, iii. 159, 165. subjected to Innocent IV., iii. 190. arrest of Templars, iii. 304. Greek Church in, iii. 616, 621.

Napoleon I. transfers papal archives to Paris, iii. 319.

Naprous Boneta, case of, iii. 80, 82, 653.

Narbona, Diego de, case of, iii. 610.

Narbonne, Abp. Berenger tried, i. 15. Jewish school in, i. 67. Colloquy of, in 1190, i. 78. purchases immunity from crusade, i. 155. dismantling of, i. 180. submits to de Montfort, i. 186. ceded to the crown, i. 204. episcopal Inq. in, i. 330, 334. destruction of records, i. 380. bishops forced to convict, i. 388. assembly of experts in 1328, i. 389. quarrel over right to burn heretics, i. 538. troubles, 1234-8, ii. 13. Abp. of, besieges Montségur, ii. 42. murder of officials in, ii. 46. Waldeuses in, ii. 147. Spiritual convent of, iii. 62. Olivists burned, iii. 77. Feast of Conception, iii. 598. C. of, 1227; i. 201. orders episcopal Inq., i. 315. C. of, 1229, on penance of crosses, i. 469. C. of, 1244, on duty of persecution, i. 226. regulates Inq., i. 331, 395, 431, 438, 462, 463, 464, 471, 475, 484, 489, 495, 543, 548. C. of, 1374, condemns Dolcinists, iii. 124.

Nardi, Giacopo, his belief in Savonarola, iii. 211.

Narses urged to persecute, i. 216.

Natural Science, its study prohibited, ii. 322.

Naturalists, i. 99.

Nature-worship in Lausanne, ii. 259. among Slavs, ii. 301.

Navarre, mortuary offerings in, i. 30. inqs. appointed, i. 302. localization of laws, i. 320. confiscation in, i. 504. Inq. in, ii. 166. prosecution of Templars, iii. 316.

Necromancy among the Northmen, iii. 402. in the 13th cent., iii. 424. its connection with astrology, iii. 444. necessary to alchemy, iii. 473.

Negative apostoli, i. 451.

Nelipic, Count, attacks Bosnian Cathari, ii. 302.

Neo-Platonists, their magic, iii. 389. their Christianity, iii. 572.

Nero suppresses magic, iii. 392.

Nestorian books, burning of, i. 534.

Neuburg, assembly of, in 1455, ii. 552.

Nevers, Dean of, accused of heresy, i. 130.

New Learning, paganism of the, iii. 571.

New Testament, Catharan versions of, i. 102. Valla's corrections of, iii. 567.

Newenhoffen, Waldensiau school for lepers, ii. 347.

Neyseeser, John, case of, iii. 436.

Nicetas, Catharan bp., i. 119.

Niccolò da Cremona secures fines, i. 472.

Niccolò di Girgenti, ii. 284.

Niccolò of Trau, inq. of Bosnia, ii. 310.

Niccolò of Santa Maria, ii. 279.

Niccolò da Vercelli, case of, i. 396.

Nicholas II., on coucubinary priests, i. 62. represses heresy in Auagni, ii. 239.

Nicholas III., as inq.-general, i. 397. on apostate Jews, ii. 63. avenges Corrado Pagano, ii. 237. offers cardinalate to John of Parma, iii. 25. issues the bull _Exiit_, iii. 30. confirms Bacon's condemnation, iii. 554.

Nicholas IV. increases indulgence for crusaders, i. 42. intervenes in quarrels of Mendicants, i. 303. gives control over fines to bps., i. 336. on tenure of inqs., i. 344. orders Inq. in Palestine, i. 356. orders transfers of prisoners, i. 366. on refusal to burn heretics, i. 539. organizes Inq. in Burgundy, ii. 120. enforces laws of Frederic II. in Provence, ii. 148. vindicates the Stigmata, ii. 216. stimulates inqs., ii. 243. orders Inq. in Venice, ii. 251, 252. orders crusade against Bosnia, ii. 298. sends John of Parma to Greece, iii. 25. condemns a tract of Olivi, iii. 43. represses Spirituals, iii. 44. condemns the Apostolic Brethren, iii. 107. tries to unite the Military Orders, iii. 246. enlarges jurisdiction over sorcery, iii. 512.

Nicholas V. favors the Mendicants, i. 293. reorganizes French Inq., ii. 140. separates Catalonia from Aragon, ii. 179. orders prosecution of Alonzo de Almarzo, ii. 186. his leniency to Waldenses, ii. 265. silences Amadeo de'Landi, ii. 272. persecutes Jews, ii. 287. his intervention in Bosnia, ii. 311. makes Beguines Tertiaries, ii. 413. sends legate to Bohemia, ii. 540. approves acts of C. of Basle, ii. 541. rejects the Compactata, ii. 545. sends Capistrano to Bohemia, ii. 546. burns Fraticelli, iii. 178. gives dispensation to employ sorcery, iii. 507. patronizes Lorenzo Valla, iii. 567. his dealings with Greek Church, iii. 621. his death, ii. 552.

Nicholas V., antipope, iii. 146.

Nicholas d'Abbeville, his arbitrary proceedings, i. 445; ii. 62, 67-73. his removal, ii. 81. tomb erected to him, ii. 103.

Nicholas Bailly investigates Joan of Arc, iii. 361.

Nicholas of Basle, ii. 404.

Nicholas of Bethlehem, case of, ii. 515.

Nicholas of Buldesdorf, case of, iii. 88.

Nicholas of Calabria, his heresy, ii. 175.

Nicholas de Clemangis on corruption of Church, iii. 630.

Nicholas dc Corbie, papal legate, i. 200.

Nicholas of Cusa, his quarrel with Sigismund of Austria, ii. 417. rebuked by Capistrano, ii. 473. demands submission of Bohemia, ii. 550. opposes Capistrano's canonization, ii. 555. enforces Observantine reform, iii. 173.

Nicholas de Houppeland, iii. 360.

Nicholas, John, inq. in Denmark, i. 355.

Nicholas of Nazareth, inq. at Prague, ii. 456.

Nicholas l'Oyseleur, iii. 361, 366, 372.

Nicholas the painter burned in 1204, i. 131.

Nicholas de Péronne, inq. of Cambrai, i. 479; ii. 133.

Nicholas of Pilgram, ii. 522, 524.

Nicholas, Provincial of France, iii. 34.

Nicholas de Rupella on Jewish books, i. 554.

Nicholas of Silesia, ii. 416.

Nicholas of Strassburg, i. 361.

Nicholas of Vilemonic, ii. 447.

Nicolinistae, ii. 416.

Nicosia, C. of, 1360, on Greek Church, iii. 620.

Nider, John, conversion obtained by suffering, i. 418. on Beghards, ii. 412. his account of witchcraft, iii. 534. on hopelessness of reform, iii. 638.

Nifo, Agostino, his submission to the Church, iii. 575. answers Pomponazio, iii. 575.

Nilus, St., his reliance on prayer, iii. 395.

Nîmes, repeated torture of Templars, iii. 318.

Ninoslav, Ban of Bosnia, ii. 293-297.

Ninth Rock, the, ii. 365.

Niort, seigneurs de, case of, i. 431; ii. 21, 27.

Nivelle, beguinage of, ii. 352.

Nivernois, heresy in, i. 130.

Noffo Dei, story of, iii. 255.

Nogaret, Guillaume de, seizes Boniface VIII., ii. 58. prepares to assail the Templars, iii. 257. seizes the Temple, iii. 261. cautions de Molay, iii. 290. summoned to judgment, iii. 327.

Nominalists, iii. 555.

_Non compos_, plea of, i. 449.

Norbert, St., his labors in Antwerp, i. 65.

Nordhausen, nunnery of, reformed, ii. 330. Beghards burned by Kerlinger, ii. 390.

Normandy, witches in, iii. 536, 537.

Norse magic, iii. 402.

Northfield, Thomas, accused of sorcery, iii. 467.

Norway, Inq. ordered in, i. 355. magic in, iii. 403. repression of pagan sorcery, iii. 421. legislation on sorcery, iii. 432.

Notables assembled at _autos da fé_, i. 388.

Notaries, i. 377. forbidden to draw up retractions, i. 428; ii. 63. danger of drawing appeals, i. 445, 446; ii. 74. appointed by inq., ii. 391.

Notory Art, iii. 436.

Not proven, verdicts of, i. 453.

Novati, Giacobbe de', iii. 93.

Nuñez Sancho, of Rosellon on heresy, i. 319.

Nunneries, their demoralization, iii. 631, 635.

Nürnberg abandons Gregory of Heimberg, ii. 418. restrictions on alms to Franciscans, iii. 58. Protest of 1324, iii. 136.

OATH of cardinals in conclave, i. 6. to persecute, required of rulers, i. 225. to heretics not binding, i. 228; ii. 468; iii. 182. of compurgation, i. 310. required of inqs., i. 351. of obedience to Inq., i. 385. preliminary, of accused, i. 399. accused obliged to take, i. 413. refusal of, punished with burning, i. 542. imposed on Languedoc, ii. 39. of secular inqs. in Venice, ii. 251. papal dispensations for, ii. 470. forbidden by Waldenses, i. 80, 87; ii. 150. forbidden by Cathari, i. 97. forbidden by Bohemian Brethren, ii. 562. forbidden by Apostolic Brethren, iii. 109, 121. not rejected by Wickliffites, ii. 441.

Obedience, Franciscan enforcement of, i. 263; iii. 2. oath of, required of officials, i. 385. implicit among the Templars, iii. 253.

Observantine Franciscans founded, iii. 172. they absorb the Clareni, iii. 65. their zeal, ii. 307. become dominant, iii. 173. suppress the Fraticelli, iii. 179. used against Savonarola, iii. 218. they condemn printing, iii. 436.

Obstinacy punished with burning, i. 313, 541.

Occult arts, iii. 379.

Ockham, William of, asserts poverty of Christ, iii. 134. defends Louis of Bavaria, iii. 146, 148. revives Nominalism, iii. 556. his death, iii. 156.

Octavian, legate, condemns Everard of Châteauneuf, i. 130, 307.

Odin, his knowledge of runes, iii. 404.

Offerings for mortuary masses, i. 30.

Official, episcopal, his functions, i. 309.

Officials, episcopal, their character, i. 20, 22. secular, bound to aid inqs., i. 340.

Olaf, St., his missionary raids, iii. 406.

Olaf Tryggvesson, his contest with paganism, iii. 406. he suppresses sorcery, iii. 421.

Olans Magnus on sorcery, iii. 433.

Old Testament rejected by Cathari, i. 91, 563.

Oldegardi, Catella and Pietra, iii. 101.

Oldenburg, Counts of, attack the Stedingers, iii. 183.

Oldrado da Tressino of Milan, ii. 208.

Oler, Pedro, case of, iii. 85.

Olier, J. J., his approach to Manichæism, i. 100.

Olivi, Pierre Jean, on merits of contemplation, iii. 2. recognizes Boniface VIII., iii. 38., his career, iii. 42. his death and his relies, iii. 45. not condemned by C. of Vienne, iii. 46. Joachitism attributed to him, iii. 48. demand for bis worship, iii. 57.

Olivi, his books forbidden by the Inq., iii. 73. on papal dispensing power, iii. 79. his exaggerated cult, iii. 82. prescribes poverty for bps., iii. 132. on ownership of property, iii. 183. used in the Sachsenhaüser Protest, iii. 138. venerated by the Fraticelli, iii. 164.

Olivists, their Joachitism, iii. 44. their revolutionary doctrines, iii. 65. forced to rebellion, iii. 70. deny papal authority, iii. 73, 79. popular sympathy for them, iii. 75. numbers burned, iii. 77. their saints and martyrs, iii. 80. their love and charity, iii. 82. their mode of life, iii. 83. their extinction, iii. 84.

Oller, Geron., predicts death of Henry IV., iii. 446.

Olmütz, Inq. in 1335, ii. 431. John of Prague burned in 1415, ii. 495.

Ombraida, murder of inqs. at, ii. 215.

Oneiroscopy, iii. 446.

Opizo, Bp. of Parma, and Segarelli, iii. 106, 107.

Oppert, his explanation of Labarum, iii. 395.

Opstallesboom, laws of, sorcery not alluded to, iii. 433.

Ordeal used to detect heresy, i. 110, 305; ii. 317. of fire in Savonarola's case, iii. 226.

Ordelaffi, crusade against the, iii. 204.

Ordelaffi, Basilio, ease of, iii. 238.

Ordenamiento de Aleala, ii. 184.

Ordibarii--see Ortlibenses.

Ordinaries, episcopal, i. 22, 309.

Organization of Inq., i. 369. its effectiveness, i. 394.

Origen, his demonology, iii. 381.

Origin of Evil, iii. 380. of witchcraft, iii. 492.

Orleans, selection of bp. for, i. 9. Cathari of, i. 108; ii. 334. Pastoureaux in. i. 270. siege of, iii. 339, 345.

Orozco, Geronymo, i. 248.

Orphans, Hussite, ii. 525.

Orsini, Caietano, inq.-general, i. 397.

Orsini, Napoleone, protector of Spirituals, iii. 35, 40, 56.

Ortlibenses, their origin, ii. 319. in Passau, ii. 348. in Suabia, ii. 354. their developed doctrine, ii. 355. their mysticism, ii. 358, 360, 365. condemned by Boniface VIII., ii. 367. by C. of Vienne, ii. 369. their missionary zeal, ii. 368. persecution throughout Germany, ii. 373-6. join the Flagellants, ii. 385.

Ortlibenses, their prevalence in Langres, iii. 578. censorship of their books, iii. 612. (See also Brethren of the Free Spirit.)

Ortlieb of Strassburg, ii. 322.

Orton, the demon, iii. 383.

Orvieto, Catharism in, i. 115; ii. 238.

Osma, Diego of, urges mission work, i. 141.

Osthanes, iii. 389.

Ostrogoths, their laws on sorcery, iii. 399.

Otbert, inq., his salary, i. 529.

Otho IV. (Emp.) appealed to by Raymond VI., i. 149. his laws on heresy, i. 220, 319, 481, 502. persecutes heretics in Ferrara, ii. 192. his letter on the Waldenses, ii. 195.

Otto of Constance, his trouble with Huss, ii. 459.

Otto of Magdeburg, his lenity, ii. 374.

Outlawry for heretics, i. 319, 321.

Oxen eaten and resuscitated, iii. 503.

Oxford, Cathari of, i. 105, 113. spurious letters of University of, ii. 443.

C. of, 1222, burns a Jew, i. 222, 352.

Oxista, Michael, burns Bogomili, i. 216.

Ozasco, disregard of Inq. in, ii. 262.

PACE DI PESANNOLA, ii. 211.

Pace da Vedano, inq., iii. 199, 202.

Padua, inquisitorial extortion in, i. 477. suppression of heresy urged, ii. 210. sack of by crusaders, ii. 227. admiration for Peter of Abano, iii. 441. Averrhoism taught, iii. 577.

Pagan de Bécède, i. 202; ii. 15.

Pagan influences in Christianity, iii. 400.

Paganism revived in the Renaissance, iii. 570.

Pagano, Corrado, his martyrdom, ii. 237.

Pagano di Pietra Santa, iii. 37, 99.

Pain, use of, to procure conversions, i. 417.

Paleez, Stephen, on heresy, i. 236; iii. 551. his relations with Huss-, ii. 445, 446, 449. banished from Prague, ii. 452. assails Huss at Constance, ii. 461, 472, 476. confesses Huss, ii. 487. accuses Jerome, ii. 499. on simony, iii. 627.

Palencia, heretics in, ii. 182.

Palestine, Inq. in, i. 356.

Palestrina, Fraticelli expelled, iii. 176.

Pallor a sign of heresy, i. 110, 214, 306.

Palma, Franciscan church in, iii. 173. Lully's worship there, iii. 581.

Palmiere, Matteo, iii. 573.

Pamiers, assembly of experts in 1329, i. 390. Bp. of, tried for treason, ii. 71, 77. Jews of, subjected to Inq., ii. 96.

Pamplona, quarrel over corpses in, i. 280. Inq. introduced in, ii.. 166.

Pandulfo of Castro Siriani, ii. 238.

Pantaleone, St., inq., i. 355.

Pantheism of the Amaurians, ii. 320. its application to Satan, ii. 323, 358. developed by the Ortlibenses, ii. 356. Master Eckart accused of, i. 361; ii. 359.

Paoluccio da Trinci of Foligno, iii. 166, 171.

Papacy, supremacy of, i. 1. acquires power of appointment, i. 6. appeals to, i. 450. disobedience to, a heresy, i. 229; iii. 181, 192, 616, 617.

Papal archives transferred to Paris, iii. 319. authority denied by Olivists, iii. 73. bulls against sorcery, iii. 453. against witchcraft, iii. 502, 506, 512, 537, 540, 546, 547. claims on the empire, iii. 135. commissioners, Mendicants used as, i. 276. crusades to further temporal interests, i. 44; iii. 190. dispensation for vows, iii. 28, 77. exactions in Germany, ii. 432, 556. favor for Mendicant Orders, i. 273. for Military Orders, iii. 241. Inq., its effectiveness, i. 364. interests more important than Palestine, iii. 189, 193. interference with Inq., i. 452. letters, abuse of, i. 18. forgery of, i. 19. progresses, their ruinous character, i. 17. repugnance for general councils, ii. 530.

Papelards, ii. 322.

Paramo on trial of Adam and Eve, i. 406. on number of witches burned, iii. 549.

Pardonerssee Quæstuarii.

Pardons reserved to Holy See, i. 333, 496.

Parenti, Giov., Franciscan general, iii. 4, 5.

Parete Calvo, the, iii. 114, 119.

Paris, Treaty of, in 1229, i. 203. Dominican Order introduced, i. 255. restriction on bearing arms, i. 382. first _auto da fé_ at, ii. 123. Turelupins in, ii. 126. case of Hugues Aubriot, ii. 127. the Black Death in, ii. 379. Inq. of, jurisdiction extended, ii. 51, 118, 119. demands Joan of Arc's trial, iii. 360. C. of, 829, on sorcery, iii. 414. C. of, 1212, on sorcery, iii. 423. C. of, 1350, on episcopal Inq., i. 363. (See also University of Paris.)

Parlement of Paris, extension of its jurisdiction, ii. 57. assumes supreme spiritual jurisdiction, ii. 130, 131, 133, 144. defends the Pragmatic Sanction, ii. 134. condemns Jean Laillier, ii. 143. assumes jurisdiction over sorcery, iii. 428, 460, 512.

Parlement of Paris, laws against astrology, iii. 446. rehabilitates Vaudois of Arras, iii. 529.

Parma, Knights of Jesus Christ founded, ii. 210. revolt against Inq., ii. 237. Gherardo Segarelli, iii. 103, 107.

Partenay, Sire de, his case, i. 451; ii. 124. Paschal II. on converted heretics, i. 111. on communion, ii. 472. his heresy, iii. 181.

Pasquale, Bart., condemns witches, iii. 516.

Passagii, i. 88.

Passau, the inq. of, i. 54, 128; ii. 347. expulsion of bp., ii. 532.

Passerine of Mantua, iii. 197, 201.

_Pastoralis præeminentiæ,_ bull, iii. 278, 304, 307, 310, 314.

Pastoureaux, the, i. 269; ii. 380.

Pastourel replaces Joan of Arc, iii. 377.

Pastrae, Martin, his capture, ii. 260.

Patarins, i. 114.

Paternon, Filippo, Catharan bp., i. 326.

Patrick, St., his Lorica, iii. 400. C. of, on sorcery, iii. 417.

Patrimony of Peter, Templars in, iii. 305.

Paul II. condemns Podiebrail as heretic, ii. 558. orders crusade against Bohemia, ii. 559. converts Fraticelli, iii. 178. on _Agnus Dei_, iii. 410. his trouble with the Academy, iii. 570.

Paul III. defends Savonarola's memory, iii. 236.

Paul IV. examines Savonarola's works, iii. 236. condemns Lully, iii. 687. forbids discussion on Immaculate Conception, iii. 608.

Paul V. allows Jesuats to take orders, iii. 171. condemns Lully, iii. 588. forbids discussion on Immaculate Conception, iii. 608. on heresy of martyrdom for Immaculate Conception, iii. 610.

Paul, St., on persecution and toleration, i. 209. his triumph over magicians, iii. 394.

Paul Klesic, Bosnian vojvode, ii. 305.

Paul of Samosata, i. 90.

Paulicianism, i. 90.

Pavo, Antonio, slain at Bricarax, ii. 261.

Pavia, C. of, 850, on philtres, iii. 416.

Peasantry, their abject condition, i. 269. Bosnian, aid the Turkish conquest, ii. 306. Bohemian, reduced to serfdom, ii. 536. their sympathy with the Stedingers, iii. 185.

Peckham, Abp., condemns Averrhoism, i. 352; iii. 562.

Pecuniary penances, i. 331, 471.

Pedro I. (Aragon) subjects Aragon to Holy See, i. 157.

Pedro II.(Aragon) persecutes Waldenses, i. 81. his relations with Raymond VI., i. 132. refuses to persecute, i. 140. his character, i. 157. intervenes in Languedoc, i. 170. is slain at Muret, i. 177.

Pedro III. (Aragon) obtains Sicily, ii. 248. crusade against him, iii. 190.

Pedro IV. (Aragon) his faith in astrology, iii. 444. defends the Lullists, iii. 584.

Pedro the Cruel, his faith in astrology, iii. 444.

Pedro Arbalate organizes Inq. in Aragon, ii. 167.

Pedro de Cadreyta, his martyrdom, ii. 169.

Pedro de Ceplanes, his heresy, ii. 176.

Pedro Freserii, case of, ii. 178.

Pedro de Lugo, iii. 106, 123.

Pedro de Luna--see Benedict XIII.

Pedro de Osma, his trial, ii. 187.

Pedro de Tonenes, Inq. of Aragon, ii. 169.

_Peine forte et dure_, i. 447.

Peitavin Borsier, ii. 11.

Pelagius I., urges persecution, i. 215.

Pelagonia destroyed by crusaders, i. 107.

Pelayo, Alvaro, on embezzlement by inq. i. 511. on Dolcino, iii. 123. on poverty, iii. 131. on incubi, iii. 385. denies Immaculate Conception, iii. 598. on clerical corruption, iii. 632. on corruption of the laity, iii. 642.

Pelisson, Guillem, his activity, ii. 10.

Penalties of heresy, uncertainty of, i. 308. as inflicted by Inq., i. 459, 501, 534.

Penance, unfulfilled, i. 396, 475, 548. inquisitorial, i. 459, 462. commutations of, i. 473. of imprisonment, i. 484. power to modify reserved, i. 495. of shaving the head, ii. 336. for Templar sacrilege, iii. 275. unauthorized, of Flagellants, ii. 383. for sorcery, iii. 413.

Penhaiben, case of, iii. 388.

Peniscola, Fraticellian pope at, iii. 175.

Penitence, Brethren of, i. 267. sacrament of, its sale, i. 27.

Penitents, their confessions recorded, i. 379. surveillance over, i. 386, 497. their abjuration in _autos de fé_, i. 392.

Perfectibility of the Brethren of the Free Spirit, ii. 356. in the Spirit of Liberty, iii. 124.

Perfectionists in Cincinnati, iii. 102.

Perfects, Waldensian, i. 84. Catharan, i. 93, 103.

Périgord, heretics in, i. 72. Bp. of, tortures Templars, iii. 287.

Perjurers, crosses for, i. 468.

Perjury, papal dispensations for, ii. 470.

Péronne, heretics burned at, ii. 115.

Péronne of Britanny, burned, iii. 376.

Perosa, Waldensian valley of, ii. 196, 259, 263.

Persant, Jean de, burned for sorcery, iii. 455.

Persecution, i. 209. dependent on confiscation, i. 529. its influence on morals, iii. 641. its consequences, iii. 645.

Perugia, laws restricting the Inq., ii. 280. Chapter of, in 1322, on the poverty of Christ, iii. 132. headquarters of Fraticelli, iii. 164, 166.

Peter, St., his triumph over Simon Magus, iii. 393.

Peter of Abano, iii. 440, 445.

Peter Balsamo, case of, i. 460.

Peter of Benevento, Cardinal, his fraud, i. 178.

Peter of Berne, iii. 504, 510, 534.

Peter of Blois refuses a bishopric, i. 13. on episcopal ordinaries, i. 22. on power of magic, iii. 418. on Virgin Mary, iii. 597.

Peter Cantor on clerical abuses, i. 13, 20, 23, 28, 52. his tolerance, i. 220. aids Foulques de Neuilly, i. 244. disapproves of ordeal, i. 306.

Peter Chelcicky reproaches Taborites, ii. 524. his influence, ii. 561, 562.

Peter the Celestinian as inq., i. 301, 398.

Peter Damiani on character of clergy, i. 7. on redemption of penance, i. 41. Peter of Dresden suggests communion in both elements, ii. 471.

Peter Lombard on torment of the damned, i. 241. attacked by Joachim of Flora, iii. 13. denies Immaculate Conception, iii. 596.

Peter Martyr, St.--see Pietro da Verona.

Peter, Abp. of Mainz, favors the Templars, iii. 303.

Peter of Pilichdorf, pseudo, ii. 398.

Peter of S. Chrysogono refuses a bribe, i. 7, 121.

Peter the Venerable refutes the Koran, i. 58. confutes the Petrobrusians, i. 69. on the Talmud, i. 554.

Peter Waldo--see Waldo.

Petit, Jean, case of, iii. 334. accuses Louis of Orleans of sorcery, iii. 466.

Petosiris, iii. 437.

Petrarch on John XXII., iii. 197. on astrology, iii. 444. on Averrhoism, iii. 564. on papal court, iii. 633.

Petrobrusians, the, i. 68.

Petroc, St., theft of his relics, i. 48.

Petronilla, burned for sorcery, iii. 457.

Petronille de Valette burned for sorcery, iii. 428.

Pexariacho, de, ii. 127.

Pézénas, Olivists burned, iii. 77.

Pfalz, witches burned at, iii. 549.

Pfefferkorn, his quarrel with Reuchlin, ii. 424.

Phantasm, the Sabbat a, iii. 493.

Pharees, Simon, case of, iii. 446.

Philadelphia, Bp. of, head of Fraticelli, iii. 164.

Philip II. (Spain) favors Lullism, iii. 687, 588.

Philip III. (Spain) asks for Lully's canonization, iii. 588.

Philip, Inq. of Abyssinia, i. 298.

Philip of Achaia arrests the Templars, iii. 304.

Philip, Chancellor of University, i. 25.

Philip the necromancer, iii. 424.

Philippe I. (France), exc. of, i. 5. his sale of bishoprics, i. 8, 9.

Philippe II. (France), his disinterestedness, i. 7. his dealings with the Albigenses, i. 140, 145, 148, 149, 174, 183, 188. his death and its effects, i. 190. is bequests to Military Orders, iii. 240. abandons Ingeburga, iii. 418.

Philippe III. (France) acquires Toulouse, i. 206. visits Languedoc, ii. 56. appeal of Carcassonne to, ii. 58. his crusade against Aragon, iii. 190.

Philippe IV. (France), on torture, i. 423. agreement with Bp. of Albi, i. 516. condemns the Talmud, i. 555. his reforms of Inq., ii. 62, 65, 80, 87. dealings with the Jews, ii. 63, 64, 81; iii. 225, 449. his quarrel with Boniface VIII., ii. 88, 66, 97; iii. 258. his dealings with Languedoc, ii. 67, 77, 78, 79, 86, 88, 90, 91. his exequatur for inq. of Champagne, ii. 575. his dealings with the Templars, iii. 252, 253, 258, 260, 261, 278, 280, 281, 289, 290, 294, 321. his death, iii. 326.

Philippe V. (France) forces election of John XXII., ii. 98. persecutes lepers and Jews, ii. 380. project to give him the Templar lands, iii. 254. settlement of Templar property, iii. 330.

Philippe VI. (France) subjects the State to Inq., i. 385; ii. 126. repairs prison of Carcassonne, i. 490. on debts of heretics, i. 519. extends royal jurisdiction, ii. 130. suppresses Flagellants, ii. 382. invades Lombardy, iii. 197. confirms jurisdiction of Inq., iii. 454. on the Divine Vision, iii. 592, 593.

Philippe I. (Flanders) persecutes Cathari, i. 112.

Philippe le Bon (Flanders) on confiscation, i. 521.

Philippe le Bon (Flanders) his commission to Kaleyser, i. 535; ii. 578. besieges Compiègne, iii. 356. the Vaudois of Arras, iii. 523, 525, 530.

Philippe of Dreux, Bp. of Beauvais, i. 11.

Philippe de Marigny, Abp. of Sens, ii. 576; iii. 294.

Philippe de Montfort, his gains by confiscation, ii. 111.

Philosophy, its contest with theology, iii. 557, 562.

Philtres in Egypt, iii. 388. in Greece, iii. 389. in Rome, iii. 391. among Norsemen, iii. 405. used by Mummolus, iii. 411. penances for, iii. 413, 414, 416. marriage dissolved by, iii. 418. punishment in 13th cent., iii. 427, 430. in Sicilian constitutions, iii. 431. regarded as heresy, iii. 435. case in Châtelet of Paris, iii. 461. case in Velay, iii. 463. power of witches, iii. 502.

Physicians, Waldenses as, ii. 146.

Physiognomy, science of, iii. 431.

Piacenza, Cathari in, i. 117. troubles in 1204, ii. 196. troubles over heresy, ii. 202, 223, 235.

Piagnoni, Savonarola's followers, iii. 214, 219, 227.

Pichardus in Bohemia, ii. 518.

Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni, his belief in Savonarola, iii. 211. his errors, iii. 573.

Pico della Mirandola, G. F., on the Sabbat, iii. 498. urges reform, iii. 639.

Piedmont, Waldenses in, i. 426; ii. 194, 259. confiscations in, i. 512. Catharism in, ii. 255.

Pierre Amiel, Abp. of Narbonne, i. 196, 201, 330; ii. 13, 28.

Pierre d'Aragon, case of, ii. 244.

Pierre Autier, career of, ii. 105, 107.

Pierre de Boulogne, iii. 293, 296, 297.

Pierre le Bronsart, Inq. of Arras, iii. 520.

Pierre Bruni, his activity, ii. 125.

Pierre de Brays, i. 68.

Pierre Cardinal, his poems, i. 55; ii. 2, 14.

Pierre de Castelnau, papal legate, i. 137, 140, 142. his murder, i. 146.

Pierre Cella, inq., i. 544; ii. 8, 10, 17, 21.

Pierre de Cherrut, his Templar initiation, iii. 277.

Pierre de Colmien--see Albano, Cardinal of.

Pierre Fabri, inq., his poverty, i. 532. persecutes Waldenses, ii. 157.

Pierre de Fenouillèdes, ii. 111.

Pierre Flotte, influence of, ii. 68.

Pierre de l'Hôpital, iii. 481, 484, 486.

Pierre Julien, case of, i. 390.

Pierre Mauclerc plots against Louis VIII., i. 199.

Pierre Mauran, case of, i. 122.

Pierre de Montbrun investigates the Inq., ii. 72.

Pierre de Mulceone falsifies records, ii. 72.

Pierre de la Palu on the Templars, iii. 327.

Pierre Paschal murdered by Waldenses, ii. 150.

Pierre of Poitiers, case of, iii. 428.

Pierre Probi, ii. 82, 100, 101.

Pierre Raymond, his _endura_, i. 394.

Pierre Raymond Dominique, case of, i. 486.

Pierre de la Rive, his errors, iii. 556.

Pierre Roger of Mirepoix, ii. 35.

Pierre Sanche, Catharan missionary, ii. 106.

Pierre de Tornamire, case of, i. 377, 449.

Pierre Tort on granaries and cellars, iii. 78.

Pierre des Vaux, Waldensian teacher, ii. 146.

Pierre de Voie, Inq. of Evreux, ii. 136.

Pietro d'Aquila sells licenses to bear arms, i. 383. his extortions, i. 479. his embezzlements, i. 511. his services and reward, ii. 276.

Pietro of Assisi, case of, i. 417.

Pietro di Bracciano, his murder, i. 461; ii. 215.

Pietro di Corbario, antipope, iii. 146, 151.

Pietro da Lucca, his heresy, iii. 603.

Pietro di Parenzo, St., his martyrdom, i. 116.

Pietro di Ruffia slain at Susa, ii. 260.

Pietro di Ser Lippo, ii. 280.

Pietro da Verona, his career, i. 49; ii. 207. his labors in Florence, ii. 211. inq. of Lombardy, ii. 213. his martyrdom, ii. 215. fate of his assassins, i. 460.

Pifferi, Francesco, his comment on Sacrobosco, iii. 442.

Pifres, i. 115.

Pignerol, statutes of, on heresy, i. 319; ii. 195. failure of Inq. in, ii. 262.

Pikardi in Bohemia, ii. 517.

Pilardi, i. 125.

Pilgrimages, demoralizing effects of, i. 42. penance of, i. 465.

Piombino, Fraticelli in 1471, iii. 178.

Piphili, i. 115.

Pisa, heretics burned in, ii. 210, 282. John XXII. burned in effigy, iii. 149. withheld from Florence by Charles VII., iii. 214. C. of, 1409, its supplication to Alex. V., iii. 637.

Piso, Cneius, kills Germanicus, iii. 390.

Pistoia, restriction on bearing arms, i. 382. laws restricting the Inq., ii. 280.

Pius II. settles jurisdiction over Franciscans, i. 362. commutes penance, i. 474.

Pius II. procures abrogation of Pragmatic Sanction, ii. 135. intervenes in Burgundian Inq., ii. 141. on the quarrel over blood of Christ, ii. 172. confirms Inq. of Barcelona, ii. 179. his intervention in Bosnia, ii. 313. lays interdict on the Tyrol, ii. 417. his estimate of Huss, ii. 446, 505. heresy dissolves compacts, ii. 469. his description of Mount Tabor, ii. 522, 525, 560. his dealings with Bohemia, ii. 642, 646, 553, 557, 558, 559. his efforts for crusade in 1454, ii. 551. his characterization of Capistrano, ii. 554. his opinion of Franciscans, iii. 173. his toleration, iii. 569. orders witches prosecuted, iii. 537. his defence of temporal power, iii. 568. on morals of Europe, iii. 643. his lack of reverence, iii. 567. on heresy of disobedience, iii. 617.

Pius III., his offer to Savonarola, iii. 220.

Pius IV. subjects Mendicants to Inq., i. 363.

Pius V., his bull _Multiplices inter_, ii. 469.

Pius IX. canonizes the martyrs of Avignonet, ii. 36. beatifies Raymond Lully, iii. 589. adopts dogma of Immaculate Conception, iii. 611.

Platina, his trouble with Paul II., iii. 570.

Plead, refusal to, i. 447.

Plenary indulgence, i. 42.

Ploireri, François, persecutes Waldenses, ii. 160.

Pluralities, i. 25.

_Poenoe confusibiles_, i. 462, 468.

Poggio, on Jerome of Prague, ii. 502. on papal curia, iii. 628. his quarrel with Lorenzo Valla, iii. 567.

Poisoning of fields by magic, iii. 415.

Poland, Waldenses in, ii. 397. Inq. in, ii. 430, 431, 549. Hussitism in, ii. 496, 525. league to suppress heresy, ii. 544. Capistrano's visit, ii. 551.

Police, local, of Inq., i. 386.

Politian, Angelo, ii. 546, 582.

Political activity of the Mendicants, i. 275. use of Inq., iii. 190. heresies, used by the Church, iii. 181. used by the State, iii. 238.

Politics and heresy, their relations, ii. 191; iii. 191.

Pollentianus, case of, iii. 398.

Pollution of blood, i. 223. of sacraments, i. 62.

Pomeranian Waldenses, i. 84; iii. 398, 415.

Pomilli, Berenger, a pardoner, iii. 623, 662.

Pomponazio, his teaching, iii. 574.

Pomponio Leto, iii. 570, 571.

Ponce de Blanes, poisoning of, ii. 167.

Pons, heresy of, i. 72.

Pons, inq., and the Count of Foix, ii. 54.

Pons Arnaud, a false witness, i. 440.

Pons Botugati, his martyrdom, iii. 47.

Pons Carbonelli, St., iii. 48.

Pons Delmont, inq. in Querci, ii. 17.

Pons de l'Esparre, his activity, ii. 23.

Pons Feugeyron, his commissions, ii. 138; iii. 204, 511.

Pons of Narbonne opposes Catharism, i. 118, 124.

Pons de Poyet, inq., i. 528; ii. 56, 111.

Pons de Rodelle, his tolerance, i. 141.

Pons de S. Gilles, his activity, ii. 10, 16.

Ponsa, Bp. of Bosnia, ii. 295.

Pont de l'Arche, C. of, 1310, on Templars, iii. 295.

Ponzinibio on suspicion of heresy, i. 455. on the Sabbat, iii. 498.

Poor Men of Italy, i. 75.

Poor Men of Lyons, i. 77.

Poor Catholics, Order of, i. 247.

Popelicans, i. 115.

Popes, appeals to, i. 450. alone can pardon heresy, i. 495. grasp the confiscations, i. 512. heretic, iii. 165. universal supremacy claimed, iii. 192, 616. their dealings with Greek Church, iii. 616. can they commit simony f iii. 627, 628, 629.

Poppo, Abp. of Trèves, case of, iii. 418.

Popular enthusiasms, i. 269. favor for Mendicants, i. 280. belief, weight of, i. 431. sovereignty in 14th cent., iii. 139. incredulity as to witchcraft, iii. 533, 640, 546.

Portiuncula indulgence, i. 41; iii. 246.

Portugal, church claims on the dying, i. 30. failure of Inq. in, i. 530. career of Inq. in, ii. 188. Spirituals in, iii. 85. Templars protected, iii. 317.

Potho of Pruhm on the Church, i. 52.

Pothon de Xaintrailles, iii. 339, 356, 377.

Poverty, merits of, proclaimed by Pons, i. 72. professed by Durán de Huesca, i. 246. adopted by Dominicans, i. 264. enjoined in Franciscan Rule, i. 260. zeal of St. Francis for, i. 264. eulogized by Bonaventura, i. 286, 288. exaggerated laudation of, ii. 352. concessions of Aquinas, iii. 1. evasions of, among Franciscans, iii. 5. dissensions caused by it, iii. 6. Franciscan, its impossibility, iii. 75. perfect, among Apostolic Brethren, iii. 121. reaction against it, iii. 130.

Poverty, Franciscan disregard of, iii. 170, 174.

Poverty of Christ asserted by Bona venture, i. 286. asserted in bull _Exiit_, iii. 30. called in question, iii. 130. pronounced a heresy, iii. 134. becomes a European question, iii. 138. abjuration of belief in, iii. 160. the heresy of the Fraticelli, iii. 164.

Poyet, Cardinal, legate, iii. 68, 197.

Pragelato, Waldenses of, ii. 160, 261, 263, 264.

Pragmatic Sanctions of 1438, ii. 134; iii. 629.

Prague, Dolcinists reported in, ii. 429. papal Inq. in, ii. 431, 447. besieged by Sigismund, ii. 517. massacre of Taborites, ii. 535. reaction under Sigismund, ii. 538. C. of, in 1301, on heresy, ii. 428. C. of, 1412, condemns innovations, ii. 442. Calixtin council in 1421, ii. 520. councils of, on sorcery, iii. 460.

Prato, Cathari in, i. 117.

Prayer, efficacy of, iii. 395.

Preaching, neglect of, i. 23. by the Waldenses, i. 77. licenses for, issued by legates, i. 142. quarrels over, i. 278. restricted in England, i. 353. free among Wiekliffites, ii. 441. free, in Bohemia, ii. 448.

Preaching Friars, i. 253.

Precursors of Huss, ii. 436.

Predestination, i. 217. Wickliff's doctrine of, ii. 442.

Preferment, abuse of, i. 24; iii. 629, 630, 632, 639.

Prégent de Coétivy, iii. 488.

Prejudgment of accused, i. 407; iii. 468.

Prelati, Francesco, iii. 473, 477, 483.

Premysl Ottokar II., ii. 428.

Prescription of time in heresy, i. 522.

Presents received by inqs., i. 481.

Press, censorship of, iii. 613.

Prierias on indulgences, i. 43. condemns Luther, ii. 284. asserts existence of incubi, iii. 384. on heresy of sorcery, iii. 435. proves reality of Sabbat, iii. 499. on death-penalty for witches, iii. 515. on extension of witchcraft, iii. 546. he attacks Pomponazio, iii. 576.

Priests, their immunity, i. 2; iii. 629. their superiority to the laity, i. 4. to be present at execution of wills, i. 29. their immorality, i. 31; iii. 636. supplanted by friars, i. 279. required to aid the Inq., i. 386. evidence of, i. 436. practice of magic by, iii. 422.

Priestly character indelible, i. 4.

Princes, their duty to persecute, i. 215, 224, 536.

Princes dispossessed for tolerating heresy, i. 321.

Printing, use of, by Bohemian Brethren, ii. 566. condemned by Observandnes, iii. 436.

Priscillian, his execution, i. 213.

Priscillianists detected by paleness, i. 110, 214.

Prisons of Inq., i. 373. under episcopal control, i. 334. supplied by the crown, i. 342. use of harsh, i. 420. fines to be employed on, i. 471. character of, i. 488; ii. 93. mortality in, i. 494. difficulties in absence of, ii. 4. reform ordered by Philippe IV., ii. 87. difficulty of maintaining, ii. 154. provided for German Inq., ii. 390.

Prison-breaking, i. 549.

Prisoners, treatment of, i. 487. quarrels over their support, i. 489. their diet, i. 491. multitude of, i. 485, 489; ii. 154.

Procedure, summary nature of, i. 405.

Proceedings, secrecy of, i. 406.

Process, inquisitorial, i. 399.

Procession of Holy Ghost, iii. 616.

Procopius Rasa praises the Waldenses, ii. 522. succeeds Ziska, ii. 525. his free speech at Basle, ii. 533. slain at Lipan, ii. 535.

Prophecy frequent in the Middle Ages, iii. 210.

Prosecution of bishops, i. 13. of advocates and notaries, i. 445; iii. 518. of the dead, i. 448.

Property, church, immunity of, i. 3, 34. individual, among monks, i. 37. Franciscan device to hold, iii. 5, 8. Templar, iii. 282, 283.

Prouille, monastery of, founded, i. 250.

Provence ceded to the Church, i. 204. restored to Raymond VII., i. 206; ii. 15. Franciscan inqs. of, i. 301. expenses of Inq., i. 527. Inq. in, ii. 23, 51, 118. laws of Frederic II. introduced, ii. 148. rise of Joachitism, iii. 17. Fraticelli in, iii. 167. arrest of Templars in, iii. 304.

Provincials to appoint inqs., i. 329. their control over inqs., i. 344. justiciable by inqs., i. 346. of Burgundy, their supervision, ii. 141. Ptacek, Calixtin ruler of Bohemia, ii. 540.

Publicani, i. 115.

Puigcercos, Bernardo, Inq. of Aragon, ii. 170.

Punishments, cruelty of mediæval, i. 234. of Inq., i. 459.

_Purgatio canonica_, i. 310, 455.

Purgatory, doctrine of, among Waldenses, i. 79, 83; ii. 150, 160. retained by Calixtins, ii. 512. rejected by Taborites, ii. 512, 023.

Puritanism of the Calixtins, ii. 521.

Putagi, Guidone, organizes Apostolic Brethren, iii. 106.

QUADI, M. Aurelius's victory over, iii. 394.

_Quoestuarii_, i. 46; iii. 621, 662.

Quarrels of Mendicants and secular clergy, i. 281, 290. between the Mendicant Orders, i. 299, 300, 302; ii. 76, 138, 171, 217; iii. 98, 173, 599. of clergy with Military Orders, iii. 241. between the Military Orders, iii. 245.

Querci, Inq. in, ii. 21, 30.

Quéribus, castle of, captured, ii. 52.

Querio, Jacopo da, burned at Avignon, iii. 122.

_Quia nonnunquam_, bull, iii. 130, 143.

_Quia quorumdam_, bull, iii. 138.

_Quilibet tyrannus_, proposition, iii. 337.

Quiutilla on baptism, i. 210.

_Quod super nonnullis_, bull, i. 344; iii. 434.

_Quorumdam_, bull, iii. 72, 73, 74.

RABANUS condemns Gottschalc, i. 217.

Radak, treason of, ii. 314.

Radewyus, Florent, ii. 361.

Radivoj invites the Turks, ii. 307.

Radomjer, Catharan Djed, ii. 305.

Ragusa, Catharism in, ii. 292.

Raimbaud de Caron, his confession under torture, iii. 266.

Rainaldo, Abp. of Ravenna, favors the Templars, iii. 307.

Rainaldo, pope of Fraticelli, iii. 164.

Rainerio, Bp. of Vercelli, attacks Dolcino, iii. 114, 118.

Rainerio Saccone, his estimate of Cathari, ii. 49, 193, 297. his attempted murder, ii. 215. as Inq. of Milan, ii. 218, 220, 222, 229. his last appearance, ii. 233.

Rainier, legate to Languedoc, i. 136.

Rais, Gilles de, accompanies Joan of Arc, iii. 345, 469. case of, iii. 468. as Bluebeard, iii. 489.

Ramiro I. burns sorcerers, iii. 429.

Ramon Costa, Bp. of Elnc, tries the Templars, iii. 314.

Ramon de Malleolis, case of, ii. 167.

Ramon Sa Guardia of Mas Deu, iii. 311, 314, 315, 316.

Ramon de Tarraga, his heresy, ii. 175.

Raoul of Fontfroide, papal legate, i. 137, 144.

Raoul de Nemours betrays the Amaurians, ii. 321.

Rasez, Catharan see of, i. 193.

Ratification of confession under torture, i. 427.

Rationalism among Cathari, i. 99.

Ratisbon, Waldeuses of, ii. 348, 427. Begliards persecuted, ii. 377, 412. Henry Grünfeld burned, ii. 414. heretics burned, iii. 509.

Raud the Strong, iii. 406.

Ravenna, decree of Frederic II., i. 221; ii. 333.

Ravenna, C. of, 1311, on Templars, iii. 307.

Ravensburg, witches burned in, iii. 540.

Raymond V. (Toulouse) represses Catharism, i. 120. his indifference, i. 124. his laws against heresy, i. 163.

Raymond VI. (Toulouse), his accession in 1195, i. 132. his indifference to religion, i. 133. swears to expel heretics, i. 137. repeated exc., i. 142, 146. penance and absolution, i. 150. again exc., i. 152. guides the crusaders, i. 153, 166. appeals to Innocent III., i. 163. refused a hearing, i. 165. takes up arms, i. 168. submits unqualifiedly, i. 178. condemned by Lateran Council, i. 182. defends Toulouse, i. 185. his death, i. 188. remains unburied, i. 189.

Raymond VII. (Toulouse) encouraged by Innocent III., i. 183. heads the rising in Provence, i. 184. his negotiations, i. 189, 192, 193, 194. permits persecution, i. 197. resists the crusade, i. 199. accepts terms of peace, i. 203. his position and motives, i. 207. his position towards the Church, ii. 14. his laws of 1234, i. 323, 469, 482, 503; ii. 15. intervenes in Toulouse, ii. 17. procures suspension of Inq., ii. 24. his revolt in 1242, ii. 38. reconciled to papacy, ii. 40. his persecuting zeal, i. 537; ii. 46, 47. his Christmas court in 1244, i. 132. finally undertakes crusade, i. 467; ii. 47. his death, ii. 48.

Raymond, Master, his errors condemned, iii. 561.

Raymond d'Alfaro, ii. 35, 37.

Raymond de Baimiac, i. 123, 124.

Raymond Bern, de Flascau, ii. 54.

Raymond Calverie, confiscation of, ii. 112.

Raymond de Costiran, ii. 36.

Raymond Delboc, ii. 61.

Raymond Durfort, inq. of Majorca, ii. 177.

Raymond du Fauga draws up laws against heresy, i. 323. made Bp. of Toulouse, ii. 6. his activity, ii. 8, 9, 11, 15, 28. driven from Toulouse, ii. 18.

Raymond Gaufridi favors the Spirituals, iii. 34, 35, 44. condemns Roger Bacon, iii. 554. removed by Boniface VIII., iii. 36. his death, iii. 58.

Raymond Godayl, ii. 61.

Raymond de Goth, bribery of, ii. 92.

Raymond Gros, conversion of, ii. 22.

Raymond Gozin, inq., his troubles, ii. 144.

Raymond Jean, the Olivist, iii. 65, 76.

Raymond Martius founds Inq. in Tunis, i. 355.

Raymond of Pennaforte on duty of persecution, i. 229. on relapse, i. 544. his instructions, ii. 164. at C. of Tarragona, ii. 167.

Raymond de Péreille, ii. 34, 43.

Raymond du Puy organizes the Hospitallers, iii. 238.

Raymond Vitalis, case of, i. 499.

Raymonde Barbaira, i. 475.

Raymonde Manifacier, her crosses, i. 470.

Realists, iii. 555. Huss's support of, ii. 444. prosecute John of Wesel, ii. 421.

Recantation on death-bed, i. 436.

Recared, his laws on sorcery, iii. 399.

Receivers of heretics, their punishment, i. 321, 461.

Recollects, the, iii. 180.

Reconciled converts, confiscation for, i. 507.

Reconciliation, preliminaries requisite, ii. 487.

Recordi, Pierre, case of, iii. 455, 657.

Records of Inq. demanded by bps., i. 350. extent of, i. 378. their perfection, i. 379. their falsification, i. 380; ii. 72. attempts to destroy them, i. 380; ii. 59. transcripts ordered, i. 397. extracts not to be furnished, i. 406.

Recusation of judge, i. 449.

Redemption of penance, i. 464.

Redemption of vows, sale of, i. 198, 205, 206.

Redwald, King, his Christianity, iii. 400.

Reformation, heretics contribute to, ii. 414, 416. influence of Brethren of Common Life, ii. 362. premonitions of, in France, ii. 142. its approach, iii. 647. its influence on philosophy, iii. 577.

Reformed Congregation of Dominicans, ii. 145.

Refusal to plead, i. 447.

Refusal to perform penance, i. 549. to burn heretics punished, i. 227, 538.

Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, iii. 378. of Vaudois of Arras, iii. 530.

_Regnans in coelis_, bull, iii. 284.

Reichhelm of Schöngau, his demonology, iii. 381.

Reichstag of Frankfort asserts independence of empire, iii. 165.

Reims, Cathari in, 11th cent., i. 111. decline of Inq. in, ii. 133. Charles VII.'s coronation, iii. 349. C. of, 1149, condemns Cathari, i. 119. C. of, 1157, orders ordeal for heretics, i. 306. C. of, in 1287, against the Mendicants, i. 290. C. of, 1301, 1303, on excommunicates, ii. 122.

Reinhold of Strassburg appeals to Innocent III., ii. 317.

Reiser, Frederic, case of, ii. 415.

Relapse into heresy, burning for, i. 230, 313, 321, 543, 544. case of Joan of Arc, iii. 371. not punished with death, i. 484, 545; ii. 587. in suspicion, i. 456, 547. in defamation, i. 548. in fautorship, i. 548. question of retracted confession, ii. 429, 543; iii. 286, 295, 308, 324, 325.

Relapsed Fraticelli to be reconciled, iii. 175. to be burned, iii. 178.

Relaxation, i. 534. sentence of, not read in church, i. 392. for relapse, i. 429, 544.

Relics, magic power attributed to, i. 47. contest over, ii. 315. of Huss venerated, ii. 493. of Olivists worshipped, iii. 80. of Savonarola worshipped, iii. 235. magical use of, iii. 409. ridiculed by Pomponazio, iii. 575.

Religion, character of mediæval, i. 40. dissociated from morals, iii. 641, 644.

Remanence, Wickliff's doctrine of, ii. 442. in Bohemia, ii. 446. charged against Huss, ii. 474, 476.

Removability of inqs., i. 344.

Renaissance, its effect on morals, iii. 209. its influence in Italy, iii. 565. Renaud de Chartres opposes 'burning for relapse, i. 545.

Renaud de Chartres, Abp. of Reims, iii. 348.

Renaud de Provins, iii. 293, 296, 297.

Repentance, delation necessary to, i. 409.

Repetition of torture, i. 427; iii. 514.

Report, common, importance of, i. 426, 431.

Reserved case, heresy a, i. 437, 462. sorcery a, iii. 426.

Resistance to Inq., i. 321. in Narbonne, ii. 13.

Resistance to Inq. in Toulouse, ii. 17. in Carcassonne and Albi, ii. 59 sqq. in Florence, ii. 210. by Ghibelline chiefs, ii. 223. in Parma, ii. 237. in Viterbo, ii. 239.

Responsibility of minors, i. 402, 435. public, for heresy, i. 234. evasion of, by the Church, i. 215, 534; ii. 166. of Church for witchcraft, iii. 544, 546.

Resuscitation after eating by witches, iii. 503.

Retraction of evidence, i. 439, 441. of confession--see Revocation.

Reuchlin, John, ease of, ii. 423.

Reverential apostoli, i. 451. Revergade, Jeanette, burned for sorcery, iii. 463.

Revocation of confession forbidden, ii. 63. treatment of, i. 428. equivalent to relapse, i. 429, 543; iii. 286, 295, 324, 325. not relapse, iii. 296, 308.

Rewards for betrayal of accomplices, i. 409.

Ricchini on S. Dominic, i. 300.

Ricci, St. Catarina, invokes Savonarola as a saint, iii. 236.

Richard I. (England) and the Bp. of Beauvais, i. 11. his answer to Foulques de Neuilly, i. 245. sells Cyprus to the Templars, iii. 240.

Richard III. (England) accuses Jaquette of Bedford of sorcery, iii. 468.

Richard of Armagh and the Mendicants, i. 291.

Richard of Canterbury on monastic exemptions, i. 35.

Richard, Frère, his devotion to Joan of Arc, iii. 348. countenances Cath. de la Rochelle, iii. 376.

Richard Nepveu sent to Languedoc, ii. 77.

Rienzo, Cola di, his belief in Joachim, iii. 11. joins the Fraticelli, iii. 161. condemned as heretic, iii. 203.

Rieti, persecuting laws forced upon, i. 322. Apostolic Brethren at, iii. 123.

Riez, Bp. of, papal legate, i. 170, 172.

Rimini, persecuting laws forced upon, i. 322. Cathari in, i. 117; ii. 198.

Rings, demons confined in, iii. 453, 464.

Ripaille, Abbey of, ii. 195.

Ripuarian code, sorcery in, iii. 409.

Risk of witnesses, i. 438.

Ritual, Catharan, i. 94.

Rivara, witch-trials at, iii. 518.

Robert the Pious (Naples) burns Cathari, i. 100, 218. aids church of St. Peter Martyr, i. 506; ii. 247. supports the Inq., ii. 284.

Robert the Pious (Naples) cultivates alchemy, iii. 52. attempts supremacy in Italy, iii. 135. protects the Spirituals, iii. 144. arrests the Templars, iii. 304. endeavors to get Templar property, iii. 330. on the Divine Vision, iii. 594.

Robert, Bp. of Aix, accused of sorcery, iii. 453.

Robert d'Arbrissel converts Cathari, i. 117.

Robert de Baudricourt, iii. 342.

Robert le Bugre, his career, ii. 113.

Robert of Geneva--see Clement VII.

Robert Grosseteste on corruption of Church, i. 17, 20, 54. explains heresy by it, i. 129.

Robert the Hierosolymitan, iii. 181.

Robert de Rétines translates the Koran, i. 58.

Robert, Count of Rosellon, case of, ii. 164.

Roberto Patta reduced to obedience, ii. 220.

Rodez, lip. of, his suit, i. 516. his Inq., i. 518.

Rodolph of Hapsburg confirms inqs., ii. 348.

Rodolph of Würzburg burns Hans of Niklaushausen, ii. 419.

Rodrigo, Fran. Jav., his defence of the Church, i. 540.

Rodrigo de Cintra, inq. of Portugal, ii. 189.

Rodrigo of Compostella captures Dolcinists, ii. 185.

Roger IV. (Foix) and the Inq., ii. 53.

Roger Bernard II. (Foix), i. 165, 166, 205; ii. 52.

Roger Bernard III. (Foix) and the Inq., ii. 55, 169.

Roger Bernard IV. (Foix), ii. 56.

Roger de Briqueville, iii. 471, 479, 488.

Roger of Chalons and the Cathari, i. 109, 218.

Roger of Sicily introduces confiscation, i. 501. his laws on sorcery, iii. 431.

Roger the Templar, iii. 247.

Rögnvald Rettilbein, iii. 408.

Rohacz, John, his execution, ii. 539.

Rohle, Wenceslas, denounces indulgences, ii. 428.

Rokyzana (John) on safe conducts, ii. 466, 467 administers communion to infants, ii. 474. his views as to Eucharist, ii. 525. his ambition, ii. 536, 545, 551, 552, 556, 557. his flight from Prague, ii. 537, 539. his reactionary concessions, ii. 546. condemned as heretic, ii. 558. tolerates Bohemian Brethren, ii. 563.

Rolando da Cremona, his zeal in Toulouse, ii. 6. his career as inq., ii. 202.

Rolando da Cremona, makes inq. on Ezzelin, ii. 225.

Romagnuola, Inq. of, ii. 242, 234. Ghibellines condemned as heretics, iii. 201. proceedings against Templars, iii. 307.

Roman Law, revival of the, i. 58. influence of, i. 309; ii. 57. heretic buildings, i. 481. disabilities of descendants, i. 498. confiscation, i. 501.

Romance versions of Scripture forbidden, i. 324.

Romania, Templars arrested in, iii. 304.

Romano, Cardinal-legate, i. 191, 193, 202, 316.

Rome, ancient, magic in, iii. 390. laws on magic, iii. 392. prevalence of astrology, iii. 437. magic practices in 8th cent., iii. 412. troubles in, excited by Arnald of Brescia, i. 74. heretics sent to, for punishment, i. 308. heresy in, ii. 192, 238, 269. legislation against heresy, 1231, i. 324; ii. 200. Fraticelli penanced in 1467, iii. 178. Thomas Connecte burned, iii. 209. mortality of soul taught in, iii. 576. its condition under Innocent VIII., iii. 643. C. of, 1413, condemns Wickliff, ii. 443.

Romolino, Francesco, tries Savonarola, iii. 232. finds no heresy in his writings, iii. 236.

Rondinelli, Giuliano, offers to undergo the ordeal, iii. 225.

Roric the Franciscan, i. 277.

Rosary, devotion of, i. 176.

Resell, Pedro, the Lullist, iii. 583.

Roselli, Nicholas, inq. of Aragon, ii. 168, 169, 171.

Roskild, Inq. in, ii. 402.

Rossano, Greek rite in, iii. 616.

Rossi, de', their triumph in Florence, ii. 212.

Rostain of Embrun persecutes Waldenses, ii. 160.

Rostock, woman burned in, ii. 403.

Rotelfinger, Nicholas, case of, iii. 607.

Rotharis, his laws on sorcery, iii. 411.

Rouen, Jean Graveran, inq. of, ii. 140. trial of Joan of Arc at, iii. 362. C. of, 1050, on simony, i. 7. C. of, 1189, on sorcery, iii. 423. C. of, 1231, on lawyers, i. 22. C. of, 1445, on sorcerers, iii. 515.

Rousset, heretics of, persecuted, ii. 118, 164.

Roussillon, independent Inq. in, ii. 177. Templar possessions in, iii. 252. prosecution of Templars, iii. 314.

Rubello, Monte, iii. 115, 120.

Ruddlan, Statute of, silent on sorcery, iii. 427.

Ruffach, nun accused of sorcery, iii. 434.

Ruggieri Calcagni, his labors in Florence, i. 506, 644; ii. 210.

Rulers, duty of, to suppress heresy, i. 320, 321, 461, 536. rendered subservient to Inq., i. 337, 340.

Runcarii, i. 88.

Runes, iii. 402, 404.

Ruptarii, i. 125.

Rustand, his demand for papal subsidy, i. 17. preaches crusade against Naples, iii. 193.

Ruteboeuf on villeins, i. 269.

SABBAT, Witches', iii. 408. origin of belief in, iii. 493. controversy over, iii. 497. details of, iii. 500. eating of men and beasts at, iii. 503. attendance a mortal crime, iii. 516. preparation for, iii. 526. growth of belief in, iii. 534. is an illusion, iii. 542. enormous attendance at, iii. 547.

Sacerdotalism of mediæval religion, i. 47.

Sachsenhaüser Protest, iii. 137.

Sachsenspiegel, penalty for heresy in, i. 221; ii. 349. destruction of houses in, i. 483. sorcery in, iii. 432.

Sacquespée, Antoine, case of, iii. 524, 527.

Sacraments, sale of. i. 27; iii. 630. infernal, of Cathari, i. 101. Waldensian, i. 83; ii. 146. replaced by flagellation, ii. 407. superseded in Joachitism, iii. 15, 21. rejected by Olivists, iii. 80, 82. void in heretic hands, iii. 159. vitiation of, in sinful hands, i. 62, 64, 75. taught by Waldenses, i. 79, 80; ii. 150, 160. by Cathari, i. 93. by Jean Vitrier, ii. 137. by Bp. of Meaux, ii. 143. by Bohemian Brethren, ii. 563. by Fraticelli, iii. 162, 163. not admitted by Wickliff, ii. 441. Huss denies it, ii. 476.

Sacrifices, divinatory, iii. 402.

Sacrilege of Templar initiation, iii. 272.

Sacrobosco, his Spæera, iii. 442.

Saddarah, the, i. 92.

Safe-conduct, Huss's, ii. 457, 462, 466.

Safe-conducts valueless to heretics, ii. 467.

Saga, iii. 391.

Saint Amour, William of, i. 283. his _De Periculis_, i. 285. his mission to Rome, i. 286. on the Everlasting Gospel, iii. 22, 23, 25. he is justified, iii. 131.

Saint Gall, Abbey of, i. 10.

Saint Felix de Caraman, Catharan council of, i. 119.

Saint Gilles, Pierre de Bruys burned at, i. 68. Raymond's penance at, i. 150.

Saint Malo, Cathari in, i. 112.

Saint Tron, Abbey of, i. 10, 35, 37.

Saint William of the Desert, Order of, iii. 107.

Saintes, Bp. of, tortures Templars, iii. 287.

Saints, their suffrages discarded by Waldenses, i. 83; ii. 150, 160. by Wickliffites, ii. 440. heretic, ii. 182, 241-2. new, exploitation of, iii. 93. canonization of, reserved to Rome, iii. 422.

Saints, sect of, in Calabria, iii. 127.

Salamanca, C. of, acquits the Templars, iii. 316.

Salary of inq., i. 625, 529, 532.

Sale of benefices, i. 24. of indulgences, i. 43, 44; iii. 621. of licenses to bear arms, i. 383.

Sales by heretics invalid, i. 520.

Salic Law, sorcery in, iii. 406, 408, 409.

Salimbene, his Joachitism, iii. 19, 24. on exploiting new saints, iii. 93.

Salvation, exclusive, influence of belief in, i. 237.

Salvestro Maruffi, iii. 214, 216, 228.

Salvo di Cassetta, ii. 288.

Saluces, persecution of Waldenses in, ii. 267.

Salzburg, Luciferanism in, 1340, ii. 376. C. of, 1291, on Military Orders, iii. 246. C. of, 1386, against the Mendicants, i. 291. C. of, 1418, recognizes the Inq., ii. 411.

Samaritan belief in magic, iii. 387.

Sail Marco, siege of, iii. 227.

San Martino, Waldensian valley of, ii. 195.

Sancha of Naples, Ferrara given to her, iii. 196.

Sanche Mercadier, ii. 106.

Sanche Morlana, ii. 59.

Sancho II. (Majorca), his dealings with Templars, iii. 315, 332.

_Sancta Romana_, bull, iii. 75, 84.

Sandalj Hranic of Herzegovina, ii. 304, 307.

Sangerhausen, Flagellants burned in, ii. 407, 408.

Santa Sabina, Cardinal of, his claim on Florence, ii. 277.

Sarabaitæ, i. 37.

Saracens not compelled to baptism, i. 242. cultivation of sorcery by, iii. 429.

Sardinia, early heresy in, i. 108. secular inquests in, i. 311. Inq. introduced, ii. 244. Templars of, prosecuted, iii. 285.

Sarrasin, Jean, his heresy, i. 275.

Satan overcome by the Eucharist, i. 49; iii. 46. his final reconciliation, ii. 323, 408. medieval conception of, iii. 379. Teutonic conception of, iii. 402. compacts with, iii. 386, 424, 464. his function as Tempter, iii. 436. his power of transportation, iii. 456, 496. witches necessary to, iii. 501. infants dedicated to, iii. 504. limits of his power, iii. 542. his faithlessness, iii. 543.

Savcuse, Philippe de, iii. 523, 527, 532.

_Savi dell'eresia_, in Venice, ii. 252.

Savi, Domenico, burned at Ascoli, iii. 125.

Savin, Nich. inq., persecutes witches, iii. 545.

Savonarola, his career, iii. 209. on astrology, iii. 438, 446. on infidelity of the Church, iii. 566, 577. his Crucis Triumphus, iii. 583.

Savoy, special privileges granted to, i. 425. subject to Inq. of Provence, ii. 118. Waldenses of, ii. 195, 259, 260, 267. statutes of, in 1513, ii. 268. witches burned in, iii. 549.

Sawtré, burning of, i. 352.

Saxons, troubles arising from tithes among, i. 26. Charlemagne's laws on sorcery, iii. 413.

Saxony, Dominican provincials of, i. 348. inq. in, ii. 375, 402. Waldenses in, ii. 388.

Sayn, Count, his trial, ii. 339, 340, 344.

Scavius originates witchcraft, iii. 535.

Schandeland, John, inq. of Germany, ii. 378, 386.

Schism is heresy, iii. 616.

Schismatics, Inq. directed against, ii. 157.

Schmidt, Conrad, the Flagellant, ii. 406.

Schöneveld, Eylard, his activity, ii. 402.

Schöneveld, Henry, burns Flagellants, ii. 407.

Schorand, Ulrich, at Huss's execution, ii. 492.

Schwabenspiegel, penalty for heresy in, i. 221; ii. 349. French version of, ii. 156. sorcery in, iii. 432.

Scissors, crosses in form of, as penance, ii. 361.

_Scobaces_, iii. 536.

Scot, Michael, his reputation as magician, iii. 431. introduces Averrhoes, iii. 561.

Scotists, iii. 556.

Scotland, persecution in, i. 354. proceedings against Templars, iii. 299, 301.

Scourging as a penance, i. 463, 464. as torture, iii. 457, 532.

Scriptures, heretic use of, i. 86, 102, 131. prohibition of, i. 131, 324; iii. 612, 613. contempt for, in the schools, iii. 552.

Scriveners, abuses of, i. 382.

Sebislav of Usora, ii. 295.

Secco, Antonio, i. 372, 472; ii. 255, 261.

Secrecy of Inq., i. 376, 380, 406; iii. 99. imposed on witnesses, ii. 93. not observed in trial of Gilies de Rais, iii. 480. in the Order of the Temple, iii. 255. suspicion caused by, iii. 309.

Secular courts, process in, i. 401, 408. use of torture in, i. 421. influence of Inq. on, i. 559.

Secular Inq. attempted, i. 324; ii. 164. in Venice, ii. 250.

Secular jurisdiction over sorcery, iii. 428, 450, 460. over witchcraft, iii. 511, 513, 544, 547.

Secular legislation on heresy, i. 319. on sorcery, iii. 427.

Secular officials subjected to Inq., i. 385; ii. 51, 67, 576, 578.

Secular use made of Inq., ii. 277; iii. 190.

Secularization of the Church, i. 5.

Security required of accusers, i. 402. against confiscation, i. 524.

_Seid_, iii. 404, 406.

Segarelli, Gherardo, iii. 103. his teachings, iii. 108.

Seleucia, Abp. of, a Fraticello, iii. 167.

Senlis, dispute over sorcery in, iii. 428. C. of, 1310, on Templars, iii. 295.

Sens, Abp. of, remonstrates against Inq,, i. 330; ii. 114. C. of, 1223, i. 190. C. of, 1310, on the Templars, iii. 293, 294, 295.

Sentence, the, i. 459. rendered in name of inqs., i. 332. episcopal concurrence in, i. 332, 333, 335, 387. of relaxation not read in church, i. 392. power to modify reserved, i. 495.

Sentences, the, of P. Lombard, i. 241; iii. 552.

Sequestration of property, i. 517, 520.

Sergius III. condemns Pope Formosus, i. 231.

Sermione purified of heresy, ii. 235.

_Sermo generalis_, or _auto de fé_, i. 389, 391.

Servants, evidence of, i. 436.

Servia, inq. provided for, ii. 311.

Serving brethren of the Templars, iii. 243.

Severus, Septimius, persecutes Christians, i. 311.

Seville, C. of, 618, on condemnation of the dead, i. 231.

Sexual excesses ascribed to heretics, i. 85, 101; ii. 150, 335, 357, 408, 474; iii. 97, 127, 163. ascribed to witches, iii. 501.

Shares of confiscations, i. 510.

Shaving the head as penance, ii. 336.

Sibylla Borell, case of, i. 457.

Sibylla of Marsal, ii. 353.

Sicard of Albi persecutes Cathari, i. 117.

Sicard de Lavaur, papal inq. in England, iii. 299.

Sicci da Vercelli, Antonio, his stories, iii. 256 271.

Sicilian Constitutions on heresy, i. 221, 325, 501. torture in, i. 421. on sorcery, iii. 431.

Sicily, Inq. established, ii. 246, 248. a refuge for Fraticelli, ii. 249, 284; iii. 166. for Spirituals, iii. 38, 63. maintenance of Inq., ii. 284. forged diploma of Frederic II., ii. 287. Spanish Inq. introduced, ii. 288. Arnaldo de Vilanova's influence, iii. 54. arrest of Templars in, iii. 305. Greek Church in, iii. 616, 621.

Sidon, its purchase by the Templars, iii. 271.

Siena, laws checking the Inq., ii. 275. C. of, 1423, stimulates inq. ii. 414. urges persecution, ii. 527. reform eluded at, ii. 528. on Fraticelli, iii. 175. _Siete Partidas_, _las_, laws on heresy in, ii. 183. laws on sorcery, iii. 430.

Sigfried of Mainz restrains Conrad of Marburg, ii. 337. assembles C. in 1233, ii. 339.

Sigismund (Emp.), his dealings with Bosnia, ii. 305, 309. selects Constance for the C., ii. 453. his action at the C., ii. 464, 483, 486, 493. his efforts for reform, iii. 637. his dealings with the Hussites, ii. 508, 511, 514, 515, 516, 631, 533, 538. his death in 1437, ii. 639.

Sigismund of Austria exc., ii. 417. inquires into witchcraft, iii. 542.

Signs of heresy, i. 432.

Silence under torture, i. 427; iii. 510, 514.

Silesia, heresy in, ii. 431.

Silvester II., oath required of him at Reims, i. 108. his reputation as magician, iii. 416.

Simon Magus, iii. 393.

Simon of Bacska exc. Giac. della Marca, ii. 544.

Simon of Bourges, i. 368.

Simon Brisetête protects Jews, ii. 64.

Simon Duval, his activity, ii. 120.

Simon de Montfort, his character, i. 158. accepts the crusaders' conquests, i. 159. his conduct of the crusades, i. 160, 161, 167, 177, 179, 182, 185. killed in 1218, i. 186. his legislation on heresy, i. 220.

Simon ben Shetach, iii. 396.

Simon de Tournay, his fate, iii. 568, 560.

Simone da Amatore, his career, ii. 285.

Simone Filippi persecutes Dolcinists, iii. 123.

Simone de Montesarculo, torture of, i. 276.

Simone da Novara, his ignorance, ii. 283.

Simone del Pozzo, ii. 281, 284.

Simony, its universal prevalence, i. 7, 21, 27; iii. 624. papal, in Bohemia, ii. 433. is a heresy, iii. 625. question of papal, iii. 627, 628.

Sinibaldo di Lago prosecutes Pandulfo, ii. 238.

Siscidentes, i. 88.

Sixtus IV. on Stigmata of St. Catharine, i. 262; ii. 217. compromise with Mendicants by, i. 293. limits inquisitors, i. 302. on power of removal, i. 345. on jurisdiction over Mendicants, i. 363. orders persecution of Waldenses, ii. 158. replaces Jayme Borell, ii. 179. dismisses Cristobal Gualvez, ii. 180. orders trial of Pedro de Osma, ii. 187. remonstrates with Louis XI., ii. 266. orders Hussites suppressed, ii. 416. removes condemnation of Olivi's writings, iii. 46. threatened by Giac. della Marca, iii. 174. his dread of a general C., iii. 223. condemns responses from demons, iii. 436. evades question of Immaculate Conception, iii. 601. revives the Homan Academy, iii. 571. his immorality, iii. 639.

Sixtus V. stimulates the cult of Peter Martyr, ii. 216. on Dominic as inq., i. 299.

Skerry of Shrieks, iii. 421.

Slavic Christianity, ii. 290.

Slavonia, Catharism in, ii. 290. Inq. organized in, ii. 299.

Slavs in Albigcnsian crusades, i. 149. nature worship among, ii. 301. belief in transformations, iii. 405.

Sleep-thorn, iii. 405.

Sleswick, no laws on sorcery, iii. 433.

Society, condition of, in Middle Ages, iii. 641.

Soderini, Paolo Antonio, iii. 222, 227.

Soissons, uncertainty in punishing heretics, i. 308. C. of, 1403, on sorcery, iii. 466.

Soldiery of Christ, i. 267.

Solenfain, Georges, burned at Rouen, iii. 374.

Solidarity of responsibility for heresy, i. 234.

Solitary confinement for converts, i. 491.

Solms, Count, his compurgation, ii. 344.

Sondershauscn, Flagellants of, ii. 408.

Sophia of Bohemia supports Huss, ii. 445. endeavors to preserve peace, ii. 513. favors the Pikardi, ii. 517.

Sorcerers, burning alive for, i. 222. their allegiance to Satan, iii. 386.

Sorcery, iii. 379. tolerated under the barbarians, iii. 409. a reserved case, iii. 426.

Sorcery, secular legislation on, iii. 427. subject to secular and eccles. courts, iii. 429. heresy in, iii. 435, 450. interrogatories of Inq. on, iii. 448. treated as heresy by Inq., iii. 449. increase in 14th cent., iii. 454. known as Vauderie, ii. 158. its definition by University of Paris, iii. 464. of Franciscans in Venice, ii. 274; iii. 547. curative, iii. 507. to overcome sorcery, iii. 510.

Sordello, his adventure with Ezzelin, ii. 225.

_Sortes Sanctorum_, use of, i. 159, 257.

Sotomayor, Conde de, founds Recollects, iii. 180.

Soulechat, Denis, case of, iii. 168.

Southcote, Joanna, iii. 102.

Sovereign, duty of, to persecute, i. 224, 503, 536.

Spain, heresy of Vilgardus in, i. 108. persecution of Arians in, i. 216. St. Dominic, i. 248. confiscation, i. 513. career of Inq. in, ii. 162. Apostolic Brethren, iii. 132. Fraticelli, iii. 168. proceedings against Templars, iii. 310. Templar property, iii. 332. Gothic laws on sorcery, iii. 399. legislation on sorcery, iii. 429. denial of immortality, iii. 560, 564. controversy over Lully, iii. 588. devotion for the Virgin, iii. 610.

Spalatro, Cathari in, ii. 291, 301.

Speier, Peter Turman burned, ii. 414.

_Sperimento del Fuoco_, iii. 224.

Speronistæ, i. 115.

Spies, use of, in prisons, i. 417.

Spina, Bartolomeo de, on the Sabbat, ii. 499.

Spini, Doffo, chief of Compagnacci, iii. 215, 226, 228.

Spirit of Liberty, Brethren of the, iii. 124.

Spirit world, the, iii. 380.

Spiritual courts, jurisdiction of, i. 2, 309. their character, i. 21; iii. 630, 632. jurisdiction for collection of debt, ii. 278. over witchcraft denied in France, iii. 544.

Spiritual Franciscans, iii. 1. their origin, iii. 7. they compose the pseudo-Joachitic prophesies, iii. 12. adopt Joachitism, iii. 18. their revolt against the papacy, iii. 37. the Italian branch, iii. 38, 39, 62, 144. the French branch, iii. 42. their Joachitism, iii. 48. their sufferings, iii. 51. their persecution by the Conventuals, iii. 57. discussion before Clement V., iii. 58.

Spirituals obtain three convents in Languedoc, iii. 62. their antipopes, iii. 63, 65, 80. persecuted by John XXII i. 388: iii. 72. their adherence to their vestments, iii. 79. their subdivisions, iii. 81. in Aragon, iii. 85. relations with Guglielmites, iii. 99. connection with Apostolic Brethren, iii. 108.

Spoleto, heresy of Spirit of Liberty, iii. 125.

Spontaneous confession, inducements for, i. 371. formula of, i. 428; iii. 266, 484.

Sprenger, Jacob, at trial of John of Wesel, ii. 421. his labors, iii. 540. his _Malleus Maleficarum_, iii. 543. on co-operation of bps. and inqs., i. 364. on death-penalty, i. 536; iii. 515. on watchfulness of demons, iii. 382. on incubi and succubi, iii. 385. condemns astrology, iii. 445. on denial of witchcraft, iii. 465. explanation of the Sabbat, iii. 498.

Squin de Florian, story of, iii. 255.

Sreim, Giacomo della Marca's work in, ii. 543.

Staedelin teaches witchcraft, iii. 535.

Stake, the, i. 534.

Stanislas of Znaim, ii. 445, 446, 452.

Starac, Catharan elder, ii. 305.

Starvation, use of, i. 420. not used in Huss's ease, ii. 478.

State, its duty to persecute, i. 215, 224, 503, 516. subjected to Inq., i. 322, 337. officials subjected to luq., i. 385; ii. 51, 67, 575, 578.

States of the Church, Templars in, iii. 305.

Statutes of the Templars, iii. 266.

Stedingers, case of the, iii. 182.

Stefano Confaloniero, sentence of, i. 460; ii. 214.

Steinccker, Henry, burned at Berne, iii. 607.

Stephen VII. (Pope) condemns Pope Formosus, i. 231.

Stephen, St., of Thiern, his miracles, i. 38.

Stephen, the Apostolic Brother, iii. 107.

Stephen, Dabisa, King of Bosnia, ii. 304.

Stephen Dragutin persecutes Cathari, ii. 298.

Stephen Dusan the Great of Servia, ii. 302.

Stephen Kostromanic, Ban of Bosnia, ii. 299, 301, 302.

Stephen Ostoja, King of Bosnia, ii. 304, 306.

Stephen Thomas Ostojic, ii. 309.

Stephen Thomasevic, ii. 306, 312, 313, 314.

Stephen of Tournay, i. 19, 126.

Stephen Tvrtko, his reign, ii. 303.

Stephen Tvrtko II., ii. 306, 307, 309.

Stephen, Waldensian bp., ii. 416, 564.

Stephen Vuk appeals to Urban V., ii. 304.

Stephen Vukcic, ii. 309, 310, 312, 314.

Stertzer, i. 37.

Stettin, Waldenses persecuted, ii. 399.

Steyer, Waldenses persecuted, ii. 399.

Stigandi, iii. 407.

_Stigma diabolicum_, iii. 497.

Stigmata of St. Francis, i. 262; iii. 4. Mendicant quarrels over, i. 262; ii. 217. attributed to Catharine of Siena, ii. 217. attributed to Guglielma of Milan, iii. 91. of Guillaume le Berger, iii. 377. of John Letser, iii. 604, 605.

Stralsund, priest burned in, ii. 403.

Strassburg, persecution in 1212, ii. 316. persecution repressed, ii. 346. persecution of Beghards, ii. 369, 374, 387, 403. contest over its bishopric, ii. 370. the Black Death in, ii. 379. Winkclers persecuted in 1400, ii. 400. Observantine reformation, iii. 172. adventures of John Malkaw, iii. 205.

Strix, iii. 391.

Stroncoui, Giovanni, provincial of Observantines, iii. 172.

Students exempt from secular jurisdiction, i. 282.

Stürtzel, Conrad, on witchcraft, iii. 542.

Suabia, Ortlibenses in, ii. 323, 376. Waldenses in, ii. 397. Succubi, iii. 383, 501, 542. at Council of Constance, ii. 454.

Suciro Gomes tries to introduce Inq. in Portugal, ii. 188.

Suger de Verbanque, heresy of, ii. 121.

_Summis desiderantes_, bull, iii. 540.

Sunday, _autos de fé_ held on, i. 392.

Sun-worship in Savoy, ii. 259. disproved by Marsilio Ficino, iii. 572.

Supervision over penitents, i. 497.

Support of prisoners, quarrels over, i. 489; ii. 154.

Supremacy of the crown in France, ii. 130.

Surgery, clerks forbidden to practise, i. 223.

Suspected heretics, purgation for, i. 421. condemned in absentia, i. 403. incapacitated for office, ii. 163.

Suspects of heresy, i. 321.

Suspicion of heresy, i. 433, 454. punishment of, i. 543, 560. relapse in, i. 547. disbelief of witchcraft, grounds for, iii. 465.

Suzerain's control over heretic vassal's lands, i. 149.

Swearing enforced on accused, i. 413.

Sweden, Inq. ordered in, i. 355; ii. 402. laws on sorcery, iii. 433.

Switzerland, heresy in 11th cent., i. 111. Inq. in French cantons, ii. 120.

Symbol, Catharan, of recognition, ii. 194.

Synagogues, superstitious use of, ii. 118.

Synodal witnesses, i. 312, 315, 317, 350; ii. 117.

TAAS, crusaders defeated at, ii. 630.

Tables, Laws of XII., on magic, iii. 392.

Tabor, Mount, ii. 513, 515. captured by Podiebrad, ii. 536, 540. described by Æneas Sylvius, ii. 660.

Taborites, their doctrines, ii. 512, 518, 523. their relations with Waldenses, ii. 522. their defeat at Lipan, ii. 535. suppression of, ii. 539, 540, 560.

Taciturnity, gift of, iii. 509, 514, 532.

Tacquet, Jean, iii. 523, 525.

Tagliacozzo, battle of, ii. 232.

Taillebourg, battle of, ii. 39.

Taincture, Jean, his tract on witchcraft, iii. 533.

_Tulio_, enforced in accusation, i. 310; iii. 350. danger of, i. 401. for false witness, i. 442.

Talismans, sacred, i. 49.

Talmud, condemnation of, i. 554; ii. 157. penalties of magic in, iii. 396.

Talon, Berenger, asserts the poverty of Christ, iii. 130.

Tanchelm, i. 64.

Tarantaise, persecution in, ii. 153. subjected to Inq. of Provence, ii. 260.

Taria, Guglielmite cardinal, iii. 95, 101.

Tarragona, C. of, 1238, on lampoons, ii. 3. C. of, 1242, regulates persecution, i. 464; ii. 167. C. of, 1291, supports Inq., ii. 169. C. of, 1297, persecutes Spirituals, iii. 85. C. of, 1310, on Templars, iii. 312. C. of, 1312, acquits the Templars, iii. 313.

Tarralba, Eugenio, his confession, iii. 576.

Tartar invasion of Hungary, ii. 296.

Tartary, Inq. in, i. 355.

Tarvesina, Mendicant quarrels in, i. 303.

Tauler, John, i. 100; ii. 362; iii. 154.

Taxes of the Penitentiary, iii. 67, 626.

Tears, witches cannot shed, iii. 514.

Telchines, iii. 389.

Telesforo da Cosenza, his belief in Joachim, iii. 11. on corruption of the Church, iii. 636.

Telonarii, i. 115.

Tempelhaus, iii. 328.

_Tempestarii_, penalties among Wisigoths, iii. 399. powers among Norsemen, iii. 406. admitted and denied by the Church, iii. 414, 416. universal popular belief, iii. 415. encouraged in Spain, iii. 430. tempests caused by witches, iii. 502.

Templars, their complaint of papal legates, i. 16. case of the, iii. 238. question of their guilt, iii. 264. their treatment in France, iii. 277. chiefs reserved for papal judgment, iii. 282, 285, 302, 323. not convicted in England, iii. 301.

Templars acquitted in Germany, iii. 303. forced to confession in Naples, iii. 305. acquitted in Bologna, iii. 308. not convicted in Cyprus, iii. 310. acquitted in Aragon, iii. 313. acquitted in Majorca, iii. 315. acquitted in Castile, iii. 316. acquitted in Portugal, iii. 317. forced to confession in Tuscany, iii. 318. Clement's orders to torture them, iii. 318. not condemned by C. of Vienne, iii. 321. final disposition of them, iii. 324. opinions as to their guilt, iii. 327. fate of documents of their trial, iii. 319.

Templar property, its sequestration, iii. 285. disposition of, iii. 322, 329.

Temple, Order of, promised opportunity for defence, iii. 284, 288. denied a hearing at Vienne, iii. 320. abolished unconvicted, iii. 322.

Temporalities, Wiekliffite rejection of, ii. 441.

Tento of Agen, Catharan bp., ii. 34.

Termes, siege of, i. 160, 162.

Terrie the heretic burned, i. 130.

Tertiary Orders, i. 267.

Tertiarics, Franciscan, known as liegnines, ii. 355. Beguines as, ii. 371, 372, 413. Franciscan, become Olivists, iii. 50, 75. persecuted in Aragon, iii. 85.

Tertullian, his intolerance, i. 210, 212. complains of pagan theurgy, iii. 393. on prophetic dreams, iii. 447.

Testament of St. Francis burned, iii. 34.

_Testes synodales_ i. 312, 315, 317, 350; ii. 117.

Testimony--see Evidence.

Testimony, interpolation of, ii. 72, 73; iii. 517.

Teutonic knights, assisted by the Stedingers, iii. 185. their withdrawal from the East, iii. 248. accused of heresy in 1307, iii. 257.

Teutonic magic, iii. 402.

Texerant or Textores, i. 115.

Theate, fine imposed on, i. 401.

Theodisius, legate, i. 150, 164, 170, 172, 192.

Theodore the astrologer, iii. 431.

Theodore of Canterbury on sorcery, iii. 413.

Theodore of Montferrat, i. 11.

Theodore of Mopsuestia, i. 230.

Theodore a Niem on papal curia, iii. 627.

Theodore, Pope, his use of the wine of Eucharist, ii. 474.

Theodoret of Cyrus, case of, i. 230.

Theodoric, his laws on sorcery, iii. 399.

Theodoric of Thuringia on Conrad of Marburg, ii. 326, 330.

Theodosius II. burns Nestorian books, i. 554.

Theodwin of Liège, his intolerance, i. 219.

Theology, scholastic, iii. 551. its superiority to Scripture, iii. 552. its contest with philosophy, iii. 557, 662. not to be taught logically, iii. 583.

Theology, scholastic, superseded by Reformation, iii. 578.

Theophilus of Cilicia, iii. 425.

Theurgy, Greek, iii. 389. Christian, its rivalry with pagan, iii. 393, 406, 409. magic, iii. 464.

Thibaut of Champagne negotiates with Amauri, i. 188, 199, 203.

Thiebault of Lorraine kills Maheu of Toul, i. 14.

Thiebault of Lorraine, his treatment of Templars, iii. 301.

Thierry d'Avesnes, fate of, i. 45.

Thierry, Catliaran bp., i. 130, 141.

Thomas of Apulia, his Joachitism, ii. 129; iii. 88.

Thomas, St., of Canterbury, power of his invocation, i. 50.

Thomas of Cantimpré, his demonology, iii. 381. admits power of Tempestarii, iii. 416. on Satan's power of transportation, iii. 496, 497. on pardoners, iii. 622.

Thomas de Courcelles, iii. 362.

Thomas of Celano on the Franciscan Rule, iii. 29.

Thomas Germanus visits Savoy Waldenses, ii. 267.

Thomas Scotus, heresies of, ii. 188.

Thomas of Stitny defends remanence, ii. 446.

Thomists, iii. 556.

Thrace, Paulicians transplanted there, i. 90, 107.

Thread, sacred, of Cathari, i. 92.

Three Rings, story of the, iii. 564.

Thurgau, Ortlibenses burned in, ii. 323.

Thuringia, Flagellants burned in, ii. 407, 408.

Tiberius, his law on haruspices, iii. 397.

Tiem, Wenceslas, ii. 449, 458.

Tiepoli, Giacopo, his ducal oath, ii. 250.

Time of grace, i. 371. results of, ii. 30.

Tithe, papal, refused by French clergy, ii. 137. resistance to, in Germany, ii. 433.

Tithes, troubles arising from, i. 26. their refusal by Tanchelm, i. 64. troubles in Abpric. of Bremen, iii. 183.

Toad, its use in witchcraft, iii. 513.

Todi, inquisitorial proceedings at, iii. 149.

Toldos Jeschu, i. 556.

Toledo, influence of school of, i. 58. C. of, in 694, forbids imprecatory masses, iii. 447. C. of, 633, on priestly sorcerers, iii. 416. C. of, 1291, on denial of immortality, iii. 561.

Toleration in the early dark ages, i. 109, 217. is a heresy, i. 224, 640. in Languedoc, ii. 1.

Toleration shown by the Turks, ii. 315. taught by the Friends of God, ii. 366.

Tolls, unlawful, condemned by the Church, i. 124.

Tommasino da Foligno, ii. 281.

Tommaso I. (Savoy), his law against heresy, i. 319; ii. 195.

Tommaso of Aquino, Fraticellian pope, iii. 163.

Tommaso d'Aversa, i. 422; ii. 216, 248; iii. 39.

Tommaso da Casacho, ii. 256, 258, 261.

Tommaso da Casteldemilio, iii. 33.

Tommaso di Como, inq., iii. 98.

Tommaso of Florence, his beatification, ii. 272.

Tommaso, Bp. of Lesina, ii. 310, 311.

Tommaso di Scarlino persecutes Fraticelli, iii. 178.

Tonalc, Sabbat hold at, iii. 547.

Tongues, red, worn by false witnesses, i. 441.

Tonsure, obliteration of, ii. 491.

Torcy, sorcerers in, iii. 537.

Torriani, Giovacchino, iii. 211, 232, 236.

Torriani, Pier, podestà of Bergamo, ii. 201.

Tors, Conrad, ii. 333, 342, 345.

Torsello, Catharan bp. of Florence, i. 327; ii. 209.

Torture used on Priscillian, i. 213. clerks not to be present at, i. 223. minimum age for, i. 403. introduction of, i. 421. severity of, i. 423. confession recorded as free from, i. 425, 428; iii. 266, 484. rules for its use, i. 426. of witnesses, i. 436. used in episcopal courts, i. 557. used in secular courts, i. 560. forbidden by Philippe le Bel, ii. 62. of citizens of Albi, ii. 71. of Bernard Delicieux, ii. 101. of, by Bernard Gui, ii. 107. forbidden in Aragon in 1325, ii. 170. of familiars in Venice, ii. 273. not used on Huss or Jerome, ii. 478, 502. used on Guglielmites, iii. 100. in Savonarola's trial, iii. 229, 231, 233, 234. ordered for the Templars, iii. 260, 286, 300, 310, 313, 318. its unsparing employment on them, iii. 262, 266, 287, 300, 310, 313, 318. not used on Templars in Castile, iii. 316. not used on Joan of Arc, iii. 366. Charlemagne permits it on sorcerers, iii. 413. its efficacy on sorcerers, iii. 415. prolonged, its effect, iii. 457, 462. not used on Gilles de Rais, iii. 484. its agency in creating witchcraft, iii. 492, 496, 505.

Torture, taciturnity under, iii. 509, 514. severity of, in witch-trials, iii. 532.

Toul, trial of bp. of, i. 14.

Toulouse, heresy in 1178, i. 122. edict to expel heretics in 1202, i. 137. edict against trials of dead, i. 140. interdict laid on, i. 163. three sieges of, i. 167, 185, 187. reversion of, to royal family, i. 204. deaths in prison, i. 494. exc. for refusal to burn heretics, i. 538; ii. 569. protection of heretics in, ii. 6. first appointment of inqs., ii. 8. troubles in 1235, ii. 17. removal of Foulques de S. Georges, ii. 79. Philippe le Bel's visit, ii. 86. Inq. under Bernard Gui, ii. 104. oath given to Inq. in, ii. 131. Abp. of, suspends the Inq., ii. 132. contest between inqs. in 1414, ii. 138. degradation of Inq., ii. 144. persecution of Waldenses, ii. 149, 152. Olivists burned, iii. 77. sorcerers punished in 1274, iii. 428. witches burned in, iii. 537. C. of, 1119, against Gathari, i. 117. C. of, 1229, enforces duty of persecution, i. 226, 340. acts as Inq., i. 316. forbids Scriptures to laymen, i. 324. on destruction of houses, i. 482. orders converts imprisoned, i. 484. on support of prisoners, i. 489. on disabilities, i. 498. on expenses of Inq., i. 526. Counts of, their power, i. 132. House of, its extinction, ii. 48. see of, its poverty, i. 134. see of, its enrichment, i. 514.

Touraine, Inq. extended to, ii. 126.

Tournay, witches acquitted, iii. 533.

Tours, C. of, 813, on legacies, i. 29. C. of, 1163, on confiscation, i. 502. C. of, 1239, synodal witnesses ordered, i. 317; ii. 117. assembly of, in 1308, iii. 280.

Traducianism among Cathari, i. 98.

Transformation, magic, iii. 405. power of witches, iii. 502.

_Transitus sancti patri_, iii. 45, 83, 164.

Transmigration in Catharism, i. 91, 98.

Transubstantiation, introduction of, i. 218. denied by Pierre de Bruvs, i. 68. denied by Henry of Lausanne, i. 70. Waldensian beliefs, i. 82, 150, 160; ii. 150, 396. denied by Wickliff, ii. 442. Huss professes it, ii. 476. maintained by the Calixtins, ii. 520. Taborite views of, ii. 524. evaded by Bohemian Brethren, ii. 562.

Transubstantiation, growth of disbelief in, in 15th cent., ii. 144; iii. 577.

Trapani, quarrels over the Stigmaja, ii. 217.

Trau, Catharism in, i. 107; ii. 301.

Treaty of Paris in 1229, i. 203.

Tree and fountain worship among Slavs, ii. 301.

Trencavel, Pierre, case of, i. 367; iii. 75.

Trencavel, Raymond, insurrection of, ii. 25.

Trencavel, Roger, his offences, i. 123, 124.

Trent, C. of, rehabilitates Lully, iii. 587. leaves question of Immaculate Conception open, iii. 608. abolishes pardoners, iii. 624.

_Treitga Hertrici_, sorcery in, iii. 432.

Trèves, Cathari in, i. 112. use of Bible by heretics in 1231, i. 131. quarrel over see of, in 1260, i. 277. heretics active in 1231, ii. 331. acquittal of Templars, iii. 303. burning of witches, iii. 549. C. of, 1267, reproves the Beguines, ii. 354. C. of, 1310, on heretics, ii. 368; iii. 123. on sorcery, iii. 434.

Treviso, Cathari in, i. 117. heresy tolerated, ii. 197. transferred to Dominicans, ii. 234. relations with Venice, ii. 249, 273.

Trials of bps., difficulties of, i. 13. for heresy, difficulties of, i. 307.

Triaverdins, i. 125.

Tribunal, sent of, i. 373.

Trieste, Cathari driven from, ii. 291. insubordination to Rome in 1264, ii. 298. rebels against inq., ii. 300.

Trilles, Martin, burns Wickliffites, ii. 179.

Trinacria, or kingdom of Sicily, ii. 248.

Trinity. Joachim's error as to, iii. 13.

Trithemius, his estimate of the Templars, iii. 250. on monastic corruption, iii. 640.

Trolla-thing, iii. 408, 493.

Trolldom, iii. 406.

Trolls, iii. 401.

Troubadours, they denounce the Inq., ii. 2.

Troyes, heretics burned, i. 131. captured by Joan of Arc, iii. 348. C. of, 1128, organizes the Templars, iii. 239.

Truce of God, observance of, enjoined, i. 161. Templars made conservators of, iii. 240.

Tunis, Inq. in, i. 355. Fraticello missionary in, iii. 167.

_Turbato corde_, bull, ii. 63.

Turelupins, ii. 126, 158.

Turkish conquests aided by Christians, ii. 306.

Turks, their toleration of Christianity, ii. 315.

Turin, Waldenscs of, ii. 259.

Tuscany, number of Cathari in, ii. 193. favor shown by Honorius IV., ii. 243. decline of Inq., ii. 275.

Tuscany, absence of heresy in, ii. 276. alarm of Tertiaries, iii. 77. Fraticelli in 1471, iii. 178. proceedings against Templars, iii. 307, 318.

Tyrannicide a heresy, iii. 335.

Tyrol, witchcraft in. iii. 503, 541.

UBAN PRIJESDA, ii. 294, 297.

Ubertino di Carleone escapes the Inq., ii. 270.

Ubertino da Casale, iii. 59. defends Olivi, iii. 49. transferred to Benedictines, iii. 70. betrays the Scgarellists, iii. 108. argues on the poverty of Christ, iii. 132. flies to Louis of Bavaria, iii. 143.

Uberto Pallavicino drives off Flagellants, i. 272. vicar-general of Lombardy, ii. 219. his protection of heretics, ii. 223, 229. overthrows Ezzelin, ii. 228. his trial by Inq., ii. 230. his downfall and death, ii. 232.

Ucitelji, Catharan teachers, ii. 305.

Ugolin of Kalocsa seeks to obtain Bosnia, ii. 293.

Uguccione Pileo defeats Giovanni Schio, ii. 205.

Ulchi, Francis, burned at Berne, iii. 607.

Ulm, Beghards persecuted, ii. 412.

Ulmet, Sire d', accused of sorcery, iii. 451.

Ulric III., Abbot of St. Gall, i. 10.

Ulric der Wilde, iii. 138.

Ulric of Znaim, his free speech at Basle, ii. 533.

Umberto de' Romani on pardoners, iii. 622.

Umbilicani, iii. 104.

Umiliati, i. 76; ii. 194.

_Unam sanctum_, bull, iii. 192, 616.

Unfulfilled penance, i. 475.

Universidad Lulliana, iii. 582.

University of Bologna teaches persecution, i. 322. adopts Averrhoism, iii. 564.

University of Cologne and John Malkaw, iii. 207. prosecutes John of Wesel, ii. 421. on witchcraft, iii. 506.

University of Louvain, iii. 556, 557.

University of Padua, Averrhoism in, iii. 440, 564.

University of Paris on indulgences, i. 43. its quarrel with the Mendicants, i. 281, 292. condemns Marguerite la Porete, ii. 123, 577. attacks Hugues Aubriot, ii. 128. condemns Thomas of Apulia, ii. 129. supports the Pragmatic Sanction, ii. 134. participates in the government, ii. 135.

University of Paris, its theological supremacy, ii. 136. supplants the Inq., ii. 137. rejects Jean Laillier, ii. 142. question as to blood of Christ, ii. 171. condemns Arnaldo de Vilanova, iii. 54. condemns Denis Soulechat, iii. 168. favors a general council in 1497, iii. 224. consulted as to case of Templars, iii. 280. condemns Jean Petit, iii. 336. its zeal against Joan of Arc, iii. 358, 360, 367. does not condemn astrology, iii. 438. condemns astrology, iii. 446. on imprecatory masses, iii. 448. its articles on sorcery, iii. 464. belief in antichrist, iii. 527. prosecutes Edeline, iii. 536. its Nominalism, iii. 556. condemns Jean Fabre, iii. 557. condemns philosophical errors, iii. 561. Lully teaches in, iii. 582. favors the Immaculate Conception, iii. 599, 600, 602.

University of Prague founded, ii. 432. Wickliff's books read in, ii. 443. revolution in, ii. 446. defends Huss and Jerome, ii. 508. declares in favor of Utraquism, ii. 511, 512. adopts the Four Articles, ii. 519.

University of Toulouse, i. 204; ii. 5.

University of Vienna suspected of Hussitism, ii. 496.

Unnatural lust, its prevalence, i. 9, 52; iii. 256, 472, 639.

Urban II. exc. Philip I., i. 5. grants indulgence for crusades, i. 42.

Urban III. defines limitation's on the Templars, iii. 240.

Urban IV. demands release of Bp. of Verona, i. 12. reproves the Franciscans, i. 277. restores episcopal concurrence in sentences, i. 335. annuls laws impeding the Inq., i. 341; ii. 231. enlarges powers of inqs., i. 357, 375. creates inquisitor-general, i. 397. assumes the confiscations, i. 510. reorganizes Inq. of Aragon, ii. 168. urges crusade against Manfred, iii. 193. removes Étienne de Sissy, iii. 242.

Urban V. recognizes episcopal Inq., i. 363. persecutes Waldenses, ii. 152. persecutes Fraticelli, ii. 284; iii. 163, 165. his intervention in Bosnia, ii. 304. appoints inqs. for Germany, ii. 387. favors Milicz of Kremsier, ii. 436. approves Order of Jesuats, iii. 171.

Urban V. condemns Bernabo Visconti, iii. 202. orders Templar property in Castile to Hospitallers, iii. 338.

Urban VI., his cruelty, i. 557.

Urban VIII. restrains the Mendicants, i. 304.

Urgel, Bp. of, exc. Roger Bernard, ii. 165. persecution of heretics in, ii. 167, 169. Fraticelli in, iii. 169.

Uri, Beghards persecuted, ii. 412.

Urrea, Miguel de, his necromancy, iii. 459.

Use and consumption, question of, iii. 133.

Usury justiciable by bps., i. 358. subject to Inq., i. 359. heresy of, i. 400; iii. 644. practised by bps., i. 479. strictness of construction, i. 480. relapse into, imprisonment for, i. 545.

Utraquism, its rise in Bohemia, ii. 471. becomes predominant, ii. 511. quarrel over, at Iglau, ii. 538. prevents reunion of Bohemia, ii. 543. obtains enforced toleration, ii. 559.

Utraquists, their doctrines, ii. 519. their Puritanism, ii. 521. their victory at Lipan, ii. 535. obtain control of Bohemia, ii. 540. their reaction towards Rome, ii. 546. extreme veneration for Eucharist, ii. 562. their trouble about apostolical succession, ii. 564.

VALA, the Norse, iii. 402.

Valcamonica, witches of, burned, iii. 547.

Valence, C. of, 1248, coerces the bps., i. 333. threatens advocates of heretics, i. 444. on penance of crosses, i. 409. on unfulfilled penances, i. 548. forbids cognizance of sorcery by Inq., iii. 434.

Valencia, heresies in, ii. 176. separate Inq. in, ii. 177. Fraticelli in, iii. 168. Templar property in, iii. 333. laws on sorcery, iii. 430. complains of Eymerich, iii. 585.

Valens puts Catholics to death, i. 213. persecution of magic by, iii. 397.

Valentine of Makarska, ii. 303.

Valentine of Milan accused of sorcery, iii. 466.

Valentinian I. persecutes sorcerers, iii. 398.

Valla, Lorenzo, his career, iii. 566.

Valladolid, favor to Mendicants in, i. 293.

Valori, Francesco, iii. 218, 222, 227.

Val Pute (or Louise), Waldenses of, ii. 147, 154, 157, 160.

Valsesia, memory of Dolcino in, iii. 120.

Valtelline persecution of heretics, ii. 237.

Vasquez, Martino, first Portuguese inq., ii. 189.

_Vaticiuia Pontificam_, iii. 12.

Vauderie, or sorcery, ii. 158. or Sabbat, iii. 522.

Vaudois of Arras, iii. 519. in the Schwabenspiegel, ii. 156. Cathari misnamed, ii. 257.

Vaudoisie, character of, iii. 521.

Venality of spiritual courts, i. 17, 20, 21, 22; iii. 627, 632, 643.

Vence, trial of Bp. of, i. 15.

Vendôme, Bâtard de, captures Joan of Arc, iii. 356.

Veneration among Cathari, i. 95.

Venetia, number of Waldenses in, ii. 269.

Venice, burning for heresy in, i. 221; ii. 587. restrictions on armed familiars, i. 384. confiscations in, i. 512. expenses of Inq. defrayed, i. 525. career of Inq. in, ii. 249, 273. rejects the laws of Frederic II., ii. 250, 252. refuge for heretics in, ii. 251. exc. by Clement V., iii. 195. humanity towards Templars, iii. 308. laws against sorcery, iii. 431. witches of Brusuia defended, i. 539; iii. 546, 661. Pomponazio's book burned, iii. 576. treatment of Greek Church, iii. 620.

Venturino da Bergamo, ii. 380.

Ver, Jean de, denies Immaculate Conception, iii. 602.

Verberati, ii. 404.

Vercruysse, his dogma of the conception of the Virgin, iii. 611.

Verfeil, St. Bernard's failure there, i. 71.

Verona, Bp. of, captured by Manfred, i. 12. statutes of 1228 against heretics, i. 227, 421, 481. secular inqs. in, i. 311. restriction on bearing arms, i. 382. Giovanni Schio's cruelty, ii. 204. maintenance of heresy, ii. 239. C. of, 1184--see Lucius III.

Vertus, Catharism at, i. 108.

Vespers, Sicilian, ii. 248.

Vestments, Franciscan, quarrel over, iii. 70. heresy of, iii. 74, 78.

Vetter, John, burned at Berne, iii. 607.

Veyleti, Jean, persecutes Waldenses, ii. 159.

Vezelai, Cathari in 1163, i. 111.

Vicars of inqs., i. 375.

Vicente de Lisboa, inq. for Spain, ii. 185, 189.

Vicenza, inquisitorial extortion in, i. 477. Giovanni Schio imprisoned, ii. 205. heresy tolerated, ii. 223. reconciliation of, ii. 234. persistence of heresy, ii. 239. Capistrano's reception in, iii. 179.

Vienna, Nicholas of Basle burned, ii. 405. Waldensian Bp. Stephen burned, ii. 416.

Vienna, Jerome preaches Hussitism, ii. 496.

Vienne, C. of, 1311, its canons, ii. 96; iii. 60. on inquisitorial abuses, i. 424, 478. condemns Beguines, ii. 369. on Olivi's errors, iii. 46. decides in favor of Spirituals, iii. 60. on papal dispensing power, iii. 79. convoked for trial of Templars, iii. 282, 284. its postponement, iii. 296. fate of its archives, iii. 319. Order of Temple denied a hearing, iii. 320. disposes of Templar property, iii. 322. founds Oriental colleges, iii. 580. on the Divine Vision, iii. 591. on pardoners, iii. 623.

Vigoros de Bocona, ii. 22.

Vilgardus, heresy of, i. 108.

Villani, absence of heresy in Florence, ii. 276. his account of John XXII., iii. 68. his story of the Templars, iii. 250.

Villehardouin, Isabelle de, iii. 39.

Villeins, their abject condition, i. 269.

Villemagne, marriage of monks of, i. 119.

Villena, Enrique marquis of, iii. 489.

Virgin, her portrait stolen by the Venetians, i. 48. Dominican reverence for, i. 255; iii. 604. Immaculate Conception of, iii. 596.

Visconti, cruelties of the, i. 559. their quarrel with John XXII., iii. 197. reconciled to papacy, iii. 202.

Visconti, Girolamo, persecutes witches, iii. 540, 546.

Vision, the Divine, iii. 590.

Visits to prisoners, i. 486.

Viterbo, struggle with Cathari, i. 116. attacks Capello di Chia, i. 342. attempt to establish Inq., ii. 209. heretics punished by Gregory IX., ii. 210. resistance to Inq. in, ii. 239. crusade against in 1238, iii. 189. case of Templars in, iii. 305, 306.

Vitrier, Jean, his heresies, ii. 137.

Vivet, Peter Waldo's assistant, i. 77.

Vivian, Catharan bp. of Toulouse, ii. 50, 245.

Viviano da Bergamo, Inq. of Lombardy, ii. 213.

Viviano Bogolo, ii. 223, 234.

Vohet, Philippe de, threatens Templars with burning, iii. 286. his testimony to their innocence, iii. 295.

Voodooism, iii. 519.

Vows, commutation of, i. 44. papal power of dispensation, iii. 28, 77.

Voyle, Jean, persecutes Waldenses, ii. 158.

_Vox inexcelso_, bull, iii. 321.

Vulcan of Dalmatia, ii. 291.

Vulgate, corruption of the text, iii. 553. its correction by Valla, iii. 567.

WADDING, LUKE, seeks Capistrano's canonization, ii. 555. on condition of morals, iii. 643.

Wafer, consecrated, its magic power, i. 50. in wine for Eucharist, ii. 472. its supremacy over demons, iii. 426. its use in sorcery, iii. 435. its use by witches, iii. 500.

Wainamoinen, his magic power, iii. 403.

Waldemar of Bremen supported by the Stedingers, iii. 184.

Waldemar of Sleswick, case of, i. 33.

Waldenses, their origin, i. 77. their variations of belief, i. 79, 82; ii. 150, 396, 564. persecuted in Aragon, i. 81; ii. 170. their organization, i. 83. virtues ascribed to them, i. 85. in Metz, i. 131; ii. 318. burned at Maurillac, i. 179. of Piedmont, i. 319, 425; ii. 195, 259. distinctive signs, i. 432. their reputation as physicians, ii. 82. their career in France, ii. 145. their relations with Cathari, ii. 140, 579. with Hussites, ii. 157, 415. in Valencia, ii. 177, 179. their numbers in Italy, ii. 194. conference of Bergamo, ii. 196. emigration to Naples, ii. 247, 259, 268. of Strassburg, ii. 319. of Germany, ii. 347, 396. early foothold in Bohemia, ii. 427. development in Bohemia, ii. 429, 430, 438, 438, 448, 512. their connection with Taborites, ii. 512, 522. unite with Bohemian Brethren, ii. 416, 564.

Waldensianism, causes of its persistence, ii. 254. its kinship to Wickliffitism, ii. 441.

Waldo, Peter, i. 76. mythical mission to Bohemia, ii. 427.

Waleran of Cologne orgnnizes episcopal Inq., ii. 374.

Wallachia, Inq. in, i. 355.

Walleys, Thomas, persecuted, iii. 592.

Walpurgis Night, iii. 408.

Walter of Bruges summons Clement V. to judgment, iii. 327.

Walter the Lollard, his death, ii. 373.

Walter of Naples, the Templar, iii. 306.

Walter, Bp. of Strassburg, i. 10.

Walther von der Yogelweide on the Church, i. 54.

Wand, magician's, iii. 405.

Warlike character of ecclesiastics, i. 10.

Wasmod, John, his tract on Beghards, i. 397.

Wazo of Liége and the Cathari, i. 109, 218.

Weather--—see _Tempestarii_.

Weeping, inability of, in witches, iii. 514.

Weiler, Anna, burned, ii. 415.

Wenceslas (Emp.) deposed for neglect to persecute, i. 226. his indifference to religion, ii. 395. supports Huss, ii. 445. revolutionizes the University, ii. 447. banishes lluss's opponents, ii. 452. opposes use of cup by the laity ii. 471. threatened by Sigismund, ii. 509, 511. his death in 1419, ii. 513. his fondness for magic, iii. 46O.

Wenceslas the Chiliast, burned in 1421, ii. 519.

Wenceslas of Duba procures safe-conduct for Huss, ii. 457.

Wertheim, Count of, ii. 419, 421.

Wer-wolves, ii. 145; iii. 391.

Wibald of Corvey, iii. 422.

Wickliff, John, measures against, i. 362. his career, ii. 488. veneration for him in Bohemia, ii. 444, 446. condemned by C. of Constance, ii. 482.

Wickliffite doctrines, ii. 440. resemble Waldensianism, ii. 441. disseminated in Bohemia, ii. 443, 445.

Wickliffites in France, ii. 142. in Spain, ii. 177, 178.

Wilbrand, Bp. of Utrecht, his crusade against Frisians, iii. 185.

Wilge Armen, ii. 388.

Wilhelm, Dolcinist, burned, ii. 402.

Willaume le Febvre, iii. 524, 531, 533.

William, Cardinal, inq.-general, i. 398.

William the Conqueror employs sorcery, iii. 420.

William of Esseby, i. 263.

William the Franciscan, i. 277.

William of Gennep (Cologne) persecutes heretics, ii. 385, 386.

William of Hilderniss, ii. 406.

William of Montpellier offers to suppress heresy, i. 136.

William de la More, iii. 301.

William of Reims persecutes Cathari, i. 111, 112.

William of Vezelai, uncertainty in punishing heretics, i. 308.

Willnsdorf, destruction of, ii. 343.

Wills, presence of priest necessary to, i. 29.

Wimpfeling, Jacob, urges reform, iii. 639.

Windesheim, convent of, ii. 362.

Winkel, Flagellants of, ii. 408.

Winkelers, persecution of, ii. 400.

Wirt, Wigand, his quarrel over Immaculate Conception, iii. 605. his retraction, iii. 607.

Wisigoths, their laws on sorcery, iii. 399.

Wismar, Dolcinist burned in, ii. 403.

Witch of Endor, the, iii. 388.

Witch of Eye, the, iii. 467.

Witch-burning, Church responsible for, iii. 532, 547.

Witchcraft, iii. 492. absence of, in 13th cent., iii. 448. distinctive origin of, iii. 497, 499, 534. disbelief in, punishable, iii. 405, 506. papal bulls against, iii. 502, 506, 512, 537, 540, 546, 547. only curable by witchcraft, iii. 507. causes of its spread, iii. 508, 539. incentives to, iii. 538. under secular jurisdiction, iii. 512, 544, 547. its extension in 16th cent, iii. 549.

Witches, their allegiance to Satan, iii. 386. proscribed in Mosaic Law, iii. 396. their powers, iii. 407, 502. necessary to Satan, iii. 501. lose power when arrested, iii. 509. their power over judges, iii. 535. are heretics, iii. 542. of Brescia, contest over, i. 539; iii. 547, 661.

Witch-trials, process of, iii. 514.

Witnesses, danger incurred by, i. 317, 438. of proceedings, i. 376. torture of, i. 425, 430, 56O. character of, i. 434. age of, i. 435. inimical, rejected, i. 436. their names kept secret, i. 437; ii. 477; iii. 517. sworn in presence of accused, i. 439. retraction of evidence, i. 439, 441. enmity of, the only defence, i. 446, 448; iii. 517. disabling of, in Huss's case, ii. 477. secrecy imposed on, ii. 93. for defence, rarity of, i. 447. collected against the Templars, iii. 257.

Witnesses, synodal, origin of, i. 312, 315, 317, 350; ii. 117. in prosecution of Gilles de Rais, iii. 479.

Wives, betrayal of, by husbands, i. 373. bound to denounce husbands, i. 432. evidence of, i. 436. dowers not confiscated, i. 509.

Wok of Waldstein burns papal bulls, ii. 450.

Wolsey, Cardinal, his efforts at reform, ii. 4.

Women specially are sorcerers, iii. 503.

Worcester, C. of, in 1240, on estates, i. 30.

Worms, Diet of, 1231, on confiscation, i. 507; ii. 331. John Drandorf burned, ii. 414.

Writ de _hoeretico comburendo_, i. 221.

Würzburg, Ortlibenses in 1342, ii. 376. Hussitism suppressed in, ii. 414. witches burned in, iii. 549.

Würzburg, C. of, 1287, condemns apostles, iii. 105. C. of, 1448, on Beghards, ii. 412.

YATUDHANA, iii. 386.

Ybañez, Rodrigo, Master of Castile, iii. 316.

Yoke, wooden, penance of, i. 468.

Yolande of Savoy persecutes Waldenses, ii. 265.

York, heretics found in, i. 114. the Templars in, iii. 299, 301.

Youth in admission to Order of Templars, iii. 268.

Ypres, lack of churches in, i. 278.

Ysarn, Arnaud, case of, i. 396.

Yves Favins, case of, iii. 512.

Yvo of Narbonne, his account of Cathari, ii. 193, 295.

ZARABELLA, Card., his participation against Huss, ii. 481. offers modified abjuration to Huss, ii. 489. labors for Jerome of Prague, ii. 501.

Zaccaria, Matteo, his testimony as to Templars, iii. 277.

Zachary, Pope, instructions as to heresy, i. 308. suppresses angel-worship, iii. 412.

Zamberg, Michael of, founder of Bohemian Brethren, ii. 563, 564.

Zanghino Ugolini, his treatise on heresy, i. 229; ii. 242. on corporate responsibility, i. 334. on ignorance of inqs., i. 334. on restrictions as to familiars, i. 384. on arbitrary procedure, i. 400. on confiscations, i. 506, 509. on worship of new saints, iii. 92. on astrology, iii. 439. on jurisdiction over sorcery, iii. 449.

Zanino del Poggio carries Waldenses to Naples, ii. 247.

Zanino da Solcia, case of, ii. 271; iii. 568.

Zaptati, or Waldenses, i. 77.

Zara, Catharism in, ii. 295, 300, 301.

Zatce, Peter of, a Chiliast, ii. 519.

Zbinco of Prague, ii. 443, 444, 446, 447.

Zeal of Waldenses, i. 86. of Cathari, i. 104.

Zeger, Observantine general, ii. 559.

Zegna, heresy in, ii. 301.

Zeno (Emp.) refuses toleration, i. 216.

Zepperenses, ii. 413.

Zimiskes, John, transplants the Paulicians, i. 90, 107.

Zion, Taborite stronghold taken, ii. 539.

Ziska, John, heads a tumult in Prague, ii. 513. destroys churches, ii. 514.

Ziska fortifies Mount Tabor, ii. 515. burns the Adamites, ii. 518. his death in 1424, ii. 525. patron saint of M. Tabor, ii. 560.

Zoen of Avignon, legate, ii. 40. deprived of inquisitorial power, i. 317; ii. 51.

Zoen holds C. of Albi in 1254, i. 334. persecutes Waldenses, ii. 147.

Zoppio spreads the Doleinist heresy, iii. 123.

Zurich, Beghards persecuted, ii. 411.

Zwestriones, ii. 401, 402.

Zyto, conjuror of Weneeslas, iii. 460.

THE END.

* * * * *

The following typographical errors were corrected by the etext transcriber:

Accordingly, in 1494, we hear of four of them--two men and two women--burned at Parma,=>Accordingly, in 1294, we hear of four of them--two men and two women--burned at Parma,

Elsewhere thoughout Europe=>Elsewhere throughout Europe

win the palm of martydom=>win the palm of martyrdom

* * * * *

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Th. Aquin. Summ. Sec. Sec. Q. clxxxviii. art. 7. ad 1.

[2] Even the great Franciscan preacher, Berthold of Ratisbon (who died in 1272) will concede only qualified merit to those who labor to save the souls of their fellow-creatures, and such labors can easily be carried to excess. The duty which a man owes to his own soul, in prayer and devotion, is of much greater moment.--Beati Fr. Bertholdi a Ratisbona Sermones (Monachii, 1882, p 29). See also his comparison of the contemplative with the active life. The former is Rachael, the latter is Leah, and is most perilous when wholly devoted to good works (Ib. pp. 44-5).

So the great Spiritual Franciscan, Pierre Jean Olivi--"Est igitur totius rationis summa, quod contemplatio est ex suo genere perfectior omni alia actione," though he admits that a lesser portion of time may allowably be devoted to the salvation of fellow-creatures.--Franz Ehrle, Archiv für Litteratur-und Kirchengeschichte, 1887, p. 503.

[3] Thom. de Eccleston de Adventu Minorum Coll. v.--S. Francis. Testament. (Opp. 1849, p. 48).--Nicolai. PP. III. Bull. _Exiit qui seminat_ (Lib. v. Sexto xii. 3).--Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. pp. 301, 303.

[4] Chron. Turonens. ann. 1326 (D. Bouquet, XVIII. 319).--Alberic. Trium Font. Chron. ann. 1228.

[5] Frat. Jordani Chron. c. 9, 14, 17, 31, 50 (Analecta Franciscana, Quaracchi, 1885, I. 4-6, 11, 16).--S. Francis. Testament. (Opp. p. 47); Ejusd. Epistt. vi., vii., viii., (Ib. 10-11).--Amoni Legenda S. Francisci, p. 106 (Roma, 1880).--Wadding. ann. 1229, No. 2.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1227 (Analect. Franciscana II. p. 45).

[6] Thomæ de Eccleston Collat. XII.--Jordani Chron. c. 61 (Analecta Franc. I. 19).--Chron. Anon. (Ib. I. 289).

[7] Gregor. PP. IX. Bull._Quo elongati_ (Pet. Rodulphii Hist. Seraph. Relig. Lib. II. fol. 164-5).--Rodulphii op. cit. Lib. II. fol. 177.--Chron. Glassberger, ann. 1230, 1231 (Analecta II. 50, 56).--Frat. Jordani Chron. c. 18, 19, 61 (Analecta I. 7, 8, 19).--Franz Ehrle (Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1886, p. 123).--Wadding, ann. 1239, No. 5.

The ingenious casuistry with which the Conventuals satisfied themselves that the device of Gregory IX. enabled them to grow rich without transgressing the Rule is seen in their defence before Clement VI., in 1311, as printed by Franz Ehrle (Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1887, pp. 107-8).

[8] Jordani Chron. c. 62, 63 (Analecta I. 18-19).--Thomæ de Eccleston Collat. XII.--Chron. Glassberger, ann. 1239 (Analecta II. 60-1).--Huillard-Bréholles, Introd. p. DIII.; Ib. VI. 69-70.

Elias still managed to excite disturbance in the Order; he died excommunicate, and a zealous Franciscan guardian had his remains dug up and cast upon a dunghill. Frà Salimbene gives full details of his evil ways, and the tyrannous maladministration which precipitated his downfall. After his secession to Frederic II. a popular rhyme was current throughout Italy--

"Hor attorna fratt Helya, Ke pres' ha la mala via."

Salimbene Chronica, Parma, 1857, pp. 401-13.

Affò, however, asserts that he was absolved on his death-bed.--Vita del Beato Gioanni di Parma, Parma, 1777, p. 31. Cf. Chron. Glassberger ann. 1243-4.

[9] Thomæ de Ecclest. Collat. VIII., XII.--Wadding, ann. 1242, No. 2; ann. 1245, No. 16.--Potthast No. 10825.--Angeli Clarinens. Epist. Excusator (Franz Ehrle, Archiv für Litt-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1885, p. 535; 1886, pp. 113, 117, 120).--Hist. Tribulation. (Ib. 1886, pp. 256 sqq.).

The _Historia Tribulationum_ reflects the contempt of the Spirituals for human learning. Adam was led to disobedience by a thirst for knowledge, and returned to grace by faith and not by dialectics, or geometry or astrology. The evil industry of the arts of Aristotle, and the seductive sweetness of Plato's eloquence are Egyptian plagues in the Church (Ib. 264-5). It was an early tradition of the Order that Francis had predicted its ruin through overmuch learning (Amoni Legenda S. Francisci, App. cap. xi.).

Karl Müller (Die Anfänge des Minoritenordens, Freiburg, 1885, p. 180) asserts that the election of Crescenzio was a triumph of the Puritans, and that he was known for his flaming zeal for the rigid observance of the Rule. So far from this being the case, on the very night of his election he scolded the zealots (Th. Eccleston Collat. XII.), and the history of his generalate confirms the view taken of him by the Hist. Tribulationum. Affò (Vita di Gioanni di Parma, pp. 31-2) assumes that he endeavored to follow a middle course, and ended by persecuting the irreconcilables.

[10] Hist. Tribulat. (loc. cit. 1886, pp. 267-8, 274).--Affò, pp. 38-9, 54, 97-8.--Wadding, ann. 1256, No. 2.

[11] Tocco, L'Eresia nel Medio Evo, Firenze, 1884, pp. 265-70.--Profetie dell' Abate Gioachino, Venezia, 1646, p. 8.

[12] Tocco. op. cit. pp. 271-81.--Coelestin. PP. III. Epist. 279.

[13] Lib. Concordiæ Præf. (Venet. 1519).--Fr. Francisci Pipini Chron. (Muratori S.R.I. IX. 498-500).--Rog. Hovedens. ann. 1190.--MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 4270, fol. 260-2.--Comba, La Riforma in Italia, I. 388.--Lechler's Wickliffe, Lorimer's Translation, II. 321.--Lib. Conformitat. Lib. I. Fruct. i. P. 2; Fruct. ix. P. 2 (fol. 12, 91).--Telesphori de magnis Tribulationibus Proeem.--Henric. de Hassia contra Vaticin. Telesphori c. xi. (Pez Thesaur. I. II. 521).--Franz Ehrle (Archiv für Lit.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1886, p. 331).--P. d'Ailly Concord. Astron. Veritat. c. lix. (August. Vindel. 1490).--H. Cornel. Agripp. de Occult. Philosoph. Lib. II. c. ii.

The _Vaticinia Pontificum_ of the pseudo-Joachim long remained a popular oracle. I have met with editions of Venice issued in 1589, 1600, 1605, and 1646, of Ferrara in 1591, of Frankfort in 1608, of Padua in 1625, and of Naples in 1660, and there are doubtless numerous others.

Dante represents Bonaventura as pointing out the saints--

"Raban è quivi, e lucemi dallato Il Calavrese abate Giovacchino Di spirito profetico dotato."--(Paradise xii.).

[14] Pseudo-Joachim de Oneribus Ecclesiæ c. iii., xv., xvi., xvii., xx., xxi., xxii., xxiii., xxx.--Ejusd. super Hieremiam c. i., ii., iii., etc.--Salimbene p. 107.--Monumenta Franciscana p. 147 (M.R. Series).

The author of the Commentary on Jeremiah had probably been disciplined for freedom of speech in the pulpit, for (cap. i.) he denounces as bestial a license to preach which restricts the liberty of the spirit, and only permits the preacher to dispute on carnal vices.

[15] Concil. Lateran. IV. c. 2.--Theiner Monument Slavor. Meridional. I. 63.--Lib. I. Sexto, 1, 2 (Cap. _Damnamus_).--Wadding, ann. 1256, No. 8, 9.--Salimbene Chron. p. 103.

Nearly half a century later Thomas Aquinas still considered Joachim's speculations on the Trinity worthy of elaborate refutation, and near the close of the fourteenth century Eymerich reproduces the whole controversy.--Direct. Inquisit. pp. 4-6, 15-17.

[16] Joachimi Concordiæ Lib. IV. c. 31, 34, 38; Lib. V. c. 58, 63, 65, 67, 68, 74, 78, 89, 118.

Joachim was held to have predicted the rise of the Mendicants (v. 43), but his anticipations looked wholly to contemplative monachism.

[17] Joachimi Concordiæ Lib. I. Tract. ii. c. 6; IV. 25, 26, 33; V. 2, 21, 60, 65, 66, 84.

The Commission of Anagni in 1255 by a strained interpretation of a passage in the Concordia (II. i. 7) accused Joachim of having justified the schism of the Greeks (Denifle, Archiv f. Litt.-u. K. 1885, p. 120). So far was he from this that he never loses an occasion of decrying the Oriental Church, especially for the marriage of its priests (_e.g._, V. 70, 72). Yet when he asserted that Antichrist was already born in Rome, and it was objected to him that Babylon was assigned as the birthplace, he had no hesitation in saying that Rome was the mystical Babylon.--Rad. de Coggeshall Chron. (Bouquet, XVIII. 76).

[18] Rigord. de Gest. Phil. Aug. ann. 1210.--Guillel. Nangiac. ann. 1210.--Cæsar. Heisterb. dist. v. c. xxii.

[19] Salimbene Chron. pp. 97-109, 124, 318-20.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1286.--Vie de Douceline (Meyer, Recueil d'anciens Textes, pp. 142-46).

Salimbene, in enumerating the special intimates of John of Parma, characterizes several of them as "great Joachites."

[20] Protocoll. Commiss. Anagniæ (Denifle, Archiv für Litteratur-und Kirchengeschichte, 1885, pp. 111-12).

[21] Hist. Tribulat. (ubi sup. pp. 178-9).--Salimbene, pp. 102, 233.

According to the exegesis of the Joachites, Frederic II. was to attain the age of seventy. When he died, in 1250, Salimbene refused to believe it, and remained incredulous until Innocent IV., in his triumphal progress from Lyons, came to Ferrara, nearly ten months afterwards, and exchanged congratulations upon it. Salimbene was present, and Frà Gherardino of Parma turned to him and said, "You know it now; leave your Joachim and apply yourself to wisdom" (Ib. pp. 107, 227).

[22] Renan, Nouvelles Études, p. 296.

Joachim had already used the term Everlasting Gospel to designate the spiritual interpretation of the Evangelists, which was henceforth to rule the world. His disciple naturally considered Joachim's commentaries to be this spiritual interpretation, and that they constituted the Everlasting Gospel to which he furnished a Gloss and Introduction. The Franciscans were necessarily the contemplative Order intrusted with its dissemination. (See Denifle, Archiv für Litteratur-etc., 1885, pp. 54-59, 61.) According to Denifle (pp. 67-70) the publication of Gherardo consisted only of the Introduction and the Concordia. The Apocalypse and the Decachordon were to follow, but the venturesome enterprise was cut short.

[23] Protocol. Commiss. Anaguiæ (H. Denifle Archiv für Litt.-etc., 1885, pp. 99-102, 109, 126, 135-6).

It appears to me that Father Denifle's laborious research has sufficiently proved that the errors commonly ascribed to the Everlasting Gospel (D'Argentré I. i. 162-5; Eymeric. Direct. Inq. P. II. Q. 9; Hermann. Korneri Chron. ap. Eccard. Corp. Hist. Med. Ævi. II. 849-51) are the strongly partisan accusations sent to Rome by William of St. Amour (ubi sup. pp. 76-86) which have led to exaggerated misconceptions of its rebellious tendencies. Father Denifle, however, proceeds to state that the result of the commission of Anagni (July, 1255) was merely the condemnation of the views of Gherardo, and that the works of Joachim (except his tract against Peter Lombard) have never been condemned by the Church. Yet when the exaggerations of William of St. Amour are thrown aside, there is in reality little in principle to distinguish Joachim from Gherardo; and if the former was not condemned it was not the fault of the Commission of Anagni, which classed both together and energetically endeavored to prove Joachim a heretic, even to showing that he never abandoned his heresy on the Trinity (ubi sup. pp. 137-41).

Yet if there was little difference in the letter, there was a marked divergence in spirit between Joachim and his commentator--the former being constructive and the latter destructive as regards the existing Church. See Tocco, Archivio Storico Italiano, 1886.

[24] Matt. Paris ann. 1256 (Ed. 1644, p. 632).--Salimbene, p. 102.--Bern. Guidon. Vit. Alex. PP. IV. (Muratori S.R. I. III. i. 593). Cf. Amalr. Auger. Vit. Alex. PP. IV. (Ib. III. ii. 404).

For the authorship of the Everlasting Gospel, see Tocco, L'Heresia nel Medio Evo, pp. 473-4, and his review of Denifle and Haupt, Archivio Storico Italiano, 1886; Renan, pp. 248, 277; and Denifle, ubi sup. pp. 57-8.

One of the accusations brought against William of Saint Amour was that he complained of the delay in condemning the Everlasting Gospel, to which he replied with an allusion to the influence of those who defended the errors of Joachim.--Dupin. Bib. des Auteurs Éccles. T.X. ch. vii.

Thomas of Cantimpré assures us that Saint Amour would have won the day against the Mendicant Orders but for the learning and eloquence of Albertus Magnus.--Bonum Universale, Lib. II. c. ix.

[25] Wadding. ann. 1256, No. 2.--Affò (Lib. 11. c. iv.) argues that John of Parma's resignation was wholly spontaneous, that there were no accusations against him, and that both the pope and the Franciscans were with difficulty persuaded to let him retire. He quotes Salimbene (Chronica p. 137) as to the reluctance of the chapter to accept his resignation, but does not allude to the assertion of the same authority that John was obnoxious to Alexander and to many of the ministers of the Order by reason of his too zealous belief in Joachim (Ib. p. 131).

[26] Wadding. ann. 1256, No. 3-5.--Salimbene, pp. 102, 233-6.--Hist. Tribulat. (Archiv für L. u. K. 1886, p. 285).--Although Salimbene prudently abandoned Joachitism, he never outgrew his belief in Joachim's prophetic powers. Many years later he gives as a reason for suspecting the Segarellists, that if they were of God, Joachim would have predicted them as he did the Mendicants (Ib. 123-4).

The silence of the Historia Tribulationum with respect to the Everlasting Gospel is noteworthy. By common consent that dangerous work seems to be ignored by all parties.

[27] Wadding, ann. 1256, No. 6; ann. 1289, No. 26.--Hist. Tribulat. (loc. cit. p. 285).--Salimbene Chron. pp. 131-33, 317.--Tocco, pp. 476-77.--P. Rodulphii Hist. Seraph. Relig. Lib. I. fol. 117.--Affò, Lib. III. c. x.

[28] Lib. de Antichristo P. I. c. x., xiii., xiv. (Martene Ampl. Coll. IX. 1273, 1313, 1325-35).--Thomæ Aquinat. Opusc. contra Impugn. Relig. c. xxiv. 5, 6.--Concil. Arelatens. ann. 1260 (1265) c. 1 (Harduin. VII. 509-12).--Fisquet, La France Pontificale, Métropole d'Aix, p. 577.--Renan, p. 254.

[29] S. Bonavent. de Paup. Christi Art. I. No. i., ii.--Ejusd. Mystic. Theol. cap. I. Partic. 2; cap. II. Partic. 1, 2; Cap. III. Partic. 1.

[30] Wadding. Regest. Alex. PP. IV. No. 39-41; Annal. ann. 1262, No. 36.--Salimbene, p. 122.

[31] Wadding. ann. 1256, No. 4; Regest. Alex. PP. IV. No. 66.--Bertholdi a Ratispona Sermones, Monachii, 1882, p. 68.--H. Denifle, Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1886, p. 649.

To the true Franciscan the Rule and the gospel were one and the same. According to Thomas of Celano, "Il perfetto amatore dell' osservanza del santo vangelio e della professione della nostra regola, che non è altro che perfetta osservanza del vangelio, questo [Francesco] ardentissimamente amava, e quelli che sono e saranno veri amatori, donò a essi singular benedizione. Veramente, dicea, questa nostra professione a quelli che la seguitano, esser libro di vita, speranza di salute, arra di gloria, melodia del vangelio, via di croce, stato di perfezione, chiave di paradiso, e patto di eterna pace."--Amoni, Legenda S. Francisci, App. c. xxix.

[32] S. Bonavent. Opp. I. 485-6 (Ed. 1584).--Wadding. ann. 1257, No. 9; Regest. Clem. PP. IV. No. I.

Pierre Jean Olivi states that he himself heard Bonaventura declare in a chapter held in Paris that he would, at any moment, submit to be ground to powder if it would bring the Order back to the condition designed by St. Francis.--Franz Ehrle, Archiv für L. u. K. 1887, p. 517.

[33] Lib. v. Sexto xii. 3.--Wadding. ann. 1279, No. 11.

[34] Concil. Lugdunens. II c. 23 (Harduin. VII. 715).--Salimbene, pp. 110-11.

[35] Angel. Clarinens. Epist. Excusat. (Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1885, pp. 523-4).--Histor. Tribulation. (Ibid. 1886, pp. 302-4).--Ubertini Responsio (Ibid. 1887, p. 68).--Cf. Rodulphii Hist. Seraph. Relig. Lib. II. fol. 180.

For the first time the development and history of the Spiritual Franciscans can now be traced with some accuracy, thanks to Franz Ehrle, S.J., who has printed the most important documents relating to this schism in the Order, elucidated with all the resources of exact research. My numerous references to his papers show the extent of my indebtedness to his labors.

[36] Histor. Tribulat. (loc. cit. 1886, p. 305).--Ubertim Responsio (Ibid. 1887, pp. 69, 77).--Articuli Transgressionum (Ibid. 1887, pp. 105-7).--Wadding, ann. 1289, No. 22-3.--Ubertini Declaratio (Archiv, 1887, pp. 168-9).--Dante contrasts Acquasparta with Ubertino da Casale, of whom we shall see more presently--

"Ma non sia da Casal ne d'Acquasparta La onde vegnon tali alla Scrittura Ch' uno la fugge e l'altro la coarta."--(Paradise xii.).

[37] Hist. Tribulat. (loc. cit. 1886, pp. 306-8).--Angel. Clarineus. Epist. (Ibid. 1885, pp. 524-5).--Wadding. ann. 1292, No. 14.

[38] Angel. Clarin. Epist. (op. cit. 1885, p. 526); Hist. Tribulationum (Ib. 1885. pp. 308-9).

[39] Hist. Tribulat. (loc. cit. 1886, pp. 309-10).--Faucon et Thomas, Registres de Boniface VIII. No. 37, 1232, 1233, 1292, 1825.--Wadding. ann. 1295, No. 14.

[40] Franz Ehrle, Archiv für L. u. K. 1886, pp. 157-8.

[41] Raynald. ann. 1297, No. 55.--Jordani Chron. cap. 236, Partic. 3 (Muratori, Antiq XI. 766).

So far was Pierre Jean Olivi from participating in these rebellious movements that he wrote a tract to prove the legality of Celestin's abdication and Boniface's succession (Franz Ehrle, Archiv f. L. u. K. 1887, p. 525).

[42] Angel. Clarin. Epist. (Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1885, pp. 522-3, 527-9).--Hist. Tribulat. (Ibid. 1886, pp. 314-18).--Franz Ehrle (Ibid. 1886, p. 335.)

Franz Ehrle identifies the refuge of the Spirituals with the island of Trixonia in the Gulf of Corinth (Ibid. 1886, pp. 313-14).

[43] Angel. Clarin. Epist. (op. cit. 1885, 529-31).--Hist. Tribulat. (Ib. 1886, 320-6).--Wadding. ann. 1302, No. 8; 1307, No. 2-4.

[44] Cantù, Eretici d'Italia, I. 129.--Comba, La Riforma in Italia, I. 314.

A specimen of Jacopone's attacks on Boniface will show the temper of the times--

"Ponesti la tua lingua Contra religione A dir blasfemia Senza niun cagione.

O pessima avarizia Sete induplicata, Bever tanta pecunia E non esser saziata!" (Comba, op. cit. 312.)

There is doubtless foundation for the story related by Savonarola in a sermon, that Jacopone was once brought into the consistory of cardinals and requested to preach, when he solemnly repeated thrice, "I wonder that in consequence of your sins the earth does not open and swallow you."--Villari, Frà Savonarola, II. Ed. T. II. p. 3.

[45] Hist. Tribulat. (loc. cit. pp. 311-13).

[46] Wadding. ann. 1302, No. 1-3, 7; ann. 1310, No. 9.--Franz Ehrle (Archiv für Litt-u. K. 1886, p. 385).

[47] Wadding, ann. 1278, No. 27-8.--Franz Ehrle, Archiv f. L. u. K. 1887, pp. 505-11, 528-9.

When Geronimo d'Ascoli attained the papacy he was urged to prosecute Olivi, but refused, expressing the highest consideration for his talents and piety, and declaring that his rebuke had been merely intended as a warning (Hist. Trib. loc. cit. 1886, p. 289).

[48] Wadding, ann. 1282, No. 2; ann. 1283, No. 1; ann. 1285, No. 5; ann. 1290, No. 11; ann. 1292, No. 13; ann. 1297, No. 33-4.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1283.--Hist. Tribulat. (loc. cit. pp. 294-5).--Franz Ehrle, Archiv, 1886, pp. 383, 389; 1887, pp. 417-27, 429, 433, 438, 534.--Raym. de Fronciacho (Archiv, 1887, p. 15).

Olivi's death is commonly assigned to 1297, but the _Transitus Sancti Patris_, which was one of the books most in vogue among his disciples, states that it occurred on Friday, March 14, 1297 (Bernard. Guidon. Practica P. v.); Friday fell on March 14 in 1298, and the common habit of commencing the year with Easter explains the substitution of 1297 for 1298.

His bones are generally said to have been dug up and burned a few months after interment, by order of the general, Giovanni di Murro (Tocco, op. cit. p. 503). Wadding, indeed, asserts that they were twice exhumed (ann. 1297, No. 36). Eymerich mentions a tradition that they were carried to Avignon and thrown by night into the Rhone (Eymerici Direct. Inquis. p. 313). The cult of which they were the object shows that this could not have been the case, and Bernard Gui, the best possible authority, in commenting on the _Transitus_ states that they were abstracted in 1318 and hidden no one knows where--doubtless by disciples to prevent the impending profanation of exhumation.

[49] Wadding. ann. 1291, No. 13; 1297, No. 35; 1312, No. 4.--Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. pp. 306, 319.--Coll. Doat. XXVII. fol. 7 sqq.--Lib. I. Clement, i. 1.--Tocco, op. cit. pp. 509-10.--MSS. Bib. Nat. No. 4270, fol. 168.--Franz Ehrle (ubi sup. 1885, p. 544; 1886, pp. 389-98, 402-5; 1887, pp. 449, 491).--Raymond de Fronciacho (Archiv, 1887, p. 17).

The traditional wrath of the Conventuals was still strong enough in the year 1500 to lead the general chapter held at Terni to forbid, under pain of imprisonment, any member of the Order from possessing any of Olivi's writings.--Franz Ehrle (ubi sup. 1887, pp. 457-8).

[50] Hist. Tribulat. (loc. cit. pp. 288-9).--Coll. Doat, XXVII. fol. 7 sqq.--Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. pp. 306, 308.--Bernard. Guidon. Practica P.Y.

[51] Hist. Tribulat. (loc. cit. pp. 300-1).--Tocco, pp. 489-91, 503-4.

Wadding (ann. 1297, No. 33-5) identifies Pons Botugati with St. Pons Carboneth, the illustrious teacher of St. Louis of Toulouse. Franz Ehrle (Archiv für L. u. K. 1886, p. 300) says he can find no evidence of this, and the author of the _Hist. Tribulat._, in his detailed account of the affair, would hardly have omitted a fact so serviceable to his cause.

[52] Baluz. et Mansi II. 249-50.--Bern. Guidon. Pract. P. v.--Doat, XXVII. fol. 7 sqq.--Bern. Guidon. Vit. Johann. PP. XXII. (Muratori S. R. I. III. II. 491).--Wadding. ann. 1325, No. 4.--Alvar. Pelag. de Planctu Eccles. Lib. II. art. 59.--Baluz. et Mansi II. 266-70.

[53] Franz Ehrle (Archiv f. L. u. K. 1886, pp. 368-70, 407-9).--Wadding. ann. 1297, No. 36-47.--Baluz. et Mansi II. 276.

Tocco (Archivio Storico Italiano, T. XVII. No. 2.--Cf. Franz Ehrle, Archiv für L. u. K. 1887, p. 493) has recently found in the Laurentian Library a MS. of Olivi's Postil on the Apocalypse. It contains all the passages cited in the condemnation, showing that the commission which sat in judgment did not invent them, but as it is of the fifteenth century it does not invalidate the suggestion that his followers interpolated his work after his death.

[54] Concil. Biterrens. ann. 1299 c. 4 (Martene Thesaur. IV. 226).--Ubertini Declaratio (Archiv f. Litt.-u. K. 1887, pp. 183-4).

[55] Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 450-61, 475, 590-1, 726-7, 772.--M. Flac. Illyr. Cat. Test. Veritatis, pp. 1732 sqq. (Ed. 1603).

[56] Pelayo, I. 454, 458, 464-6, 468-9, 730-1, 779.--Franz Ehrle, Archiv für Litt.-und Kirchengeschichte, 1886, 327-8.

[57] Pelayo, I. 460, 464-8, 739-45.

[58] Pelayo, I. 470-4, 729, 734.--D'Argentré I. II. 417.--Du Puy, Histoire du Differend, Pr. 103.

One of the charges against Bernard Délicieux, in 1319, was that of sending to Arnaldo certain magic writings to encompass the death of Benedict. A witness was found to swear that this was the cause of Benedict's death.--MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 4270, fol. 12, 50, 51, 61.

[59] Pelayo, I. 481, 772.

[60] Hist. Tribulationum (Archiv für Litt.-u. K. 1886, I. 129).--Pelayo, I. 481-3, 773, 776.--Wadding. ann. 1312, No. 7.--Cf. Trithem. Chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1310; P. Langii Chron. Citicens. ann. 1320.

[61] Franz Ehrle (Archiv für Litt.-u. K. 1886, pp. 380-1, 384, 386; 1887, p. 36).--Raym. de Fronciacho (Ib. 1887, p. 18).--Eymerich p. 316.--Angeli Clarini Litt. Excus. (Archiv, 1885, pp. 531-2).--Wadding. ann. 1210, No. 6.--Regest. Clement. (PP. V.T.V. pp. 379 sqq. Romæ, 1887).

At the same time that the general, Gonsalvo, was seeking to repress the acquisitiveness of the friars they were procuring from the Emperor Henry VII. a decree annulling a local statute of Nuremberg which forbade any citizen from giving them more than a single gold piece at a time, or a measure of corn.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1310.

[62] Archiv für L. u. K. 1887, pp. 93 sqq.--Hist. Tribulat. (Ibid. 1886, pp. 130, 132-4).--Ehrle (Ibid. 1866, pp. 366, 380).--Wadding. ann. 1310, No. 1-5.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1310.--Ubertini de Casali Tract. de septem Statibus Ecclesiæ c. iv.

[63] Ubertini Responsio (Archiv für L. u. K. 1887, p. 87).--Baluz. et Mansi II. 278--Franz Ehrle (Archiv für L. u. K. 1885, pp. 541-2, 545; 1886, p. 362).--Hist. Tribulat (Ibid. 1886, pp. 138-41).--C. 1, Clement, v. 11.--Wadding. ann. 1312, No. 9; ann. 1313, No. 1.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1312.--Alvar. Pelag. de Planct. Eccles. Lib. II. art. 67.

[64] Jordan. Chron. c. 326 Partic. iii. (Muratori Antiq. XI. 767).--Hist. Tribulat. (Archiv, 1886, 140-1).--Franz Ehrle (Ibid. 1886, pp. 158-64; 1887, pp. 33, 40).--Raym. de Fronciacho (Ib. 1887, p. 27).

[65] Hist. Tribulat. (loc. cit. pp. 139-40).--Lami, Antichità Toscane, pp. 596-99.--Franz Ehrle, Archiv, 1885, pp. 156-8.--Joann. S. Victor. Chron. ann. 1319 (Muratori S. R. I. III. II. 479).--Wadding. ann. 1313, No. 4-7.--D'Argentré I. I. 297.--Arch. de l'Inq. de Carcass. (Doat, XXVII. fol. 7 sqq.).--Raym. de Fronciacho (Archiv, 1887, p. 31).

Frà Francesco del Borgo San Sepolcro, who was tried by the Inquisition at Assisi in 1311 for assuming gifts of prophecy, was probably a Tuscan Joachite who refused submission (Franz Ehrle, Archiv für L. u. K. 1887, p. 11).

[66] Franz Ehrle (Archiv f. L. u. K. 1885, pp. 534-9, 553-5, 558-9, 561, 563-4, 566-9; 1887, p. 406).--S. Francisci Prophet. XIV. (Opp. Ed. 1849, pp. 270-1).--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1502, 1506, 1517.

[67] Franz Ehrle (Archiv für Litt.-u. K. 1886, pp. 371, 411).--Arch. de l'Inq. de Carcassonne (Doat, XXVII. fol. 7 sqq.).

[68] Franz Ehrle (loc. cit. 1886, pp. 160-4).--Wadding. ann. 1316, No. 5.

[69] Villani, Chronica, Lib. XI. c. 20.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1334.--Vitodurani Chron. (Eccard. Corp. Hist. Med. Ævi I. 1806-8).--Friedrich, Statut. Synod. Wratislav., Hannoveræ, 1827, pp. 37, 38, 41.--Grandes Chroniques, V. 300.--Guillel. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1326.--The collection of papal briefs relating to Saxony recently printed by Schmidt (Päbstliche Urkunden und Regesten, pp. 87-295) will explain the immense sums raised by John XXII. from the sale of canonries. It is within bounds to say that more than half the letters issued during his pontificate are appointments of this kind.

The accounts of the papal collector for Hungary in 1320 show the thoroughness with which the first-fruits of every petty benefice were looked after, and the enormous proportion consumed in the process. The collector charges himself with 1913 gold florins received, of which only 732 reached the papal treasury. (Theiner, Monumenta Slavor. Meridional. I. 147).

[70] Jo. de Ragusio Init. et Prosecut. Basil. Concil. (Monument. Concil. Sæc. XV. T.I. p. 32).--Revelat. S. Brigittæ; Lib. VII. c. viii.

[71] Wadding. ann. 1317, No. 9-14.--Hist. Tribulation. (Archiv für L. u. K. 1886, p. 142).--Joann. S. Victor. Chron. ann. 1311, 1316 (Muratori S. R. I. III. II. 460, 478).

[72] Hist. Tribulat. (ubi sup. pp. 142-44, 151-2).--Franz Ehrle, Archiv, 1887, p. 546.

[73] Hist. Tribulat. (Ibid. pp. 145-6).--Raym. de Fronciacho (Ib. 1887, p. 29).

[74] Coll. Doat, XXXIV. 147.--Extrav. Joann. XXII. Tit. XIV. cap. 1.

[75] Baluz. et Mansi II. 248-51.--Hist. Tribulat. (loc. cit. p. 147).

[76] Raym. de Fronciacho (Archiv f. L. u. K.. 1887, p. 31).--Baluz. et Mansi II. 248-51, 271-2.--Joaun. S. Victor. Chron. ann. 1319 (Muratori S. R. I. III. II. 478-9).--MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 4270, fol. 188, 262. Bernard, however, in his examination, denied these allegations as well as Olivi's tenet that Christ was alive when lanced upon the Cross, although he said some MSS. of St. Mark so represented him (fol. 167-8).

Of the remainder of those who were tried at Marseilles the fate is uncertain. From the text it appears that at least some of them were imprisoned. Others were probably let off with lighter penances, for in 1325 Blaise Boerii, a shoemaker of Narbonne, when on trial before the Inquisition of Carcassonne, confessed that he had visited, in houses at Marseilles, three of them at one time and four at another, and had received them in his own house and had conducted them on their way.--Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq.

[77] Baluz. et Mansi II. 270-1, 274-6.--Extravagant. Joann. XXII. Tit. VII.--Mag. Bull. Roman. I. 193.

[78] Guill. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1317.--Coll. Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq., 170; XXXV. 18.--Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. pp. 301, 312, 381.

The case of Raymond Jean illustrates the life of the persecuted Spirituals. As early as 1312 he had commenced to denounce the Church as the Whore of Babylon, and to prophesy his own fate. In 1317 he was one of the appellants who were summoned to Avignon, where he submitted. Remitted to the obedience of his Order, he was sent by his superior to the convent of Anduse, where he remained until he heard the fate of his stancher companions at Marseilles, when he fled with a comrade. Reaching Béziers, they found refuge in a house where, in company with some female apostates from the Order, they lay hid for three years. After this Raymond led a wandering life, associating for a while with Pierre Trencavel. At one time he went beyond seas; then returning, he adopted the habit of a secular priest and assumed the cure of souls, sometimes in Gascony and again in Rodez or east of the Rhone. Captured at last in 1325 and brought before the Inquisition of Carcassonne, after considerable pressure he was induced to recant. His sentence is not given, but doubtless it was perpetual imprisonment.--Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq.

[79] Raynald ann. 1322, No. 51.--Archivio di Firenze, Prov. del Convento di Santa Croce, Feb. 1322.--S. Th. Aquin. Summ. Sec. Sec. Q. LXXXVIII. Art. xi.; Q. CLXXXVI. Art. viii. ad 3.--Franz Ehrle (Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1887, p. 156).--Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. pp. 300, 313, 381-93.--Coll. Doat, XXVII., XXVIII.--Mosheim de Beghardis pp. 499, 632.--Vaissette, IV. 182-3.--Wadding. ann. 1317, No. 45.--Hist. Tribulat. (loc. cit. p. 149).--Arch. de l' Inq. de Carcass. (Doat, XXVII. 162).--Johann. S. Victor. Chron. ann. 1316-19.

[80] Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolosan. pp. 320, 325.--Wadding. ann. 1317, No. 23.--Coll. Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq.

[81] Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolosan. pp. 298-99, 302-6, 316.--Bern. Guidon. Practica P. v.--Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq.--Johann. S. Victor. Chron. ann. 1316-19 (Muratori S.R.I. III. II. 478-9).

[82] Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq.--Lib. Sententt, Inq. Tolos. pp. 305, 307, 310, 383-5.--Bern. Guidon. Practica P. v.

[83] Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. pp. 303, 309, 326, 330.--Bern. Guidon. Practica P. v.--Franz Ehrle (op. cit. 1885, pp. 540, 543, 557),--Raym. de Fronciacho (Ib.) 1887, p. 29.--Guillel. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1330.--Wadding. ann. 1341, No. 21, 23.

A subdivision of the Italian Fraticelli took the name of Brethren of Fray Felipe de Mallorca (Tocco, Archivio Storico Napoletano, 1887, Fasc. 1).

[84] Coll. Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq., 95.

[85] Bern. Guidon. Practica P. v.

[86] Doat, XXVII. 156, 170, 178, 215; XXXII. 147.

[87] Concil. Tarraconens. ann. 1297 c. 1-4 (Martene Ampl. Coll. VII. 305-6).--Eymeric. pp. 265-6.--Raynald. ann. 1325, No. 20.--Mosheim de Beghardis p. 641.--Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 777-81, 783.--For the fate of Arnaldo de Vilanova's writings in the Index Expurgatorius, see Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen Bücher, I. 33-4. Two of the tracts condemned in 1316 have been found, translated into Italian, in a MS. of the Magliabecchian Library, by Prof. Tocco, who describes them in the Archivio Storico Italiano, 1886, No. 6, and in the Giornale Storico della Lett. Ital. VIII. 3.

[88] Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 500-2.--Jo. de Rupesciss. Vade mecum (Fascic. Rer. Expetend. et Fugiend. II. 497).--Froissart, Liv. I. P. ii. ch. 124; Liv. III. ch. 27.--Rolewink Fascic. Temp. ann. 1364.--Mag. Chron. Belgic. (Pistorii III. 336).--Meyeri Annal. Flandr. ann. 1359.--Henr. Rebdorff. Annal. ann. 1351.--Paul Æmylii de Reb. Gest. Francor. (Ed. 1569, pp. 491-2).--M. Flac. Illyr. Cat. Test. Veritat. Lib. XVIII. p. 1786 (Ed. 1608).

[89] Wadding. ann. 1357, No. 17.--Pelayo, op. cit. I. 501-2.

[90] Fascic. Rer. Expetend. et Fugiend. II. 494-508.

[91] Füesslins neue u. unpartheyische Kirchen-u. Ketzerhistorie, Frankfurt, 1772, II. 63-66.

[92] Chron. Glassberger ann. 1466 (Analecta Franciscana II. 422-6).

[93] Constance, daughter of Bela III. of Hungary, was second wife of Ottokar I. of Bohemia, who died in 1230 at the age of eighty. She died in 1240, leaving three daughters, Agnes, who founded the Franciscan convent of St. Januarius in Prague, which she entered May 18, 1236; Beatrice, who married Otho the Pious, of Brandenburg, and Ludomilla, who married Louis I. of Bavaria. Guglielma can scarce have been either of these (Art de Ver. les Dates, VIII. 17). Her disciple, Andrea Saramita, testified that after her death he journeyed to Bohemia to obtain reimbursement of certain expenses; he failed in his errand, but verified her relationship to the royal house of Bohemia (Andrea Ogniben, I Guglielmiti del Secolo XIII., Perugia, 1867, pp. 10-11).--On the other hand, a German contemporary chronicler asserts that she came from England (Annal. Dominican. Colmariens. ann. 1301--Urstisii III. 33).

[94] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 56, 73-5, 103-4.

[95] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 12, 20-1, 35-7, 69, 70, 74, 76, 82, 84-6, 101, 104-6, 116.

Dr. Andrea Ogniben, to whom we are indebted for the publication of the fragmentary remains of the trial of the Guglielmites, thinks that Maifreda di Pirovano was a cousin of Matteo Visconti, through his mother, Anastasia di Pirovano (op. cit. p. 23). The Continuation of Nangis calls her his half-sister (Guillel. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1317).

[96] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 30, 44, 115.--Salimbene Chronica, pp. 274-6.--Chron. Parmens. ann. 1279 (Muratori S. R. I. IX. 791-2).--Zanchini Tract. de Hæret. c. xxii.

[97] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 20-1, 25-6, 31, 36, 49-50, 56-7, 61, 72-3, 74, 93-4, 104, 116.--Tamburini, Storia dell' Inquisizione, II. 17-18.

[98] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 21, 25, 30. 36, 55, 70, 72, 96, 101.

[99] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 17, 20, 22, 23, 30, 34, 37, 40, 42, 47, 54, 62, 72, 80, 90, 94, 96.

[100] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 65-7, 83-4, 90-1, 110.--Ugbelli, T. IV. pp. 286-93 (Ed. 1652).--Raynald. ann. 1324, No. 7-11.

[101] Philip. Bergomat. Supplem. Chron. ann. 1298.--Bern. Corio Hist. Milanes. ann. 1300.

[102] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 1, 2, 34, 74, 110.--Tamburini, op. cit. II. 67-8.

[103] Ogniben, pp. 14, 23, 33, 36, 39, 60, 72, 101, 110, 114.

[104] Ibid. pp. 13, 30-33, 39.

[105] Ogniben, pp. 21, 40, 42, 78-9.

Dionese de' Novati deposed (p. 93) that Maifreda was in the habit of saying that Boniface was not truly pope, and that another pontiff had been created. We have seen that the Spiritual Franciscans had gone through the form of electing a new pope. There was not much in common between them and the Guglielmites, and yet this would point to some relations as existing.

[106] Compare Andrea's first examination, July 20 (Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 8-13), and his second, Aug. 10 (pp. 56-7), with his defiant assertion of his belief, Aug. 13 (pp. 68-72). So, Maifreda's first interrogatory, July 31 (pp. 23-6), with her confession, Aug. 6, and revelation of the names of her worshippers (pp. 33-5). Also, Giacobba dei Bassani's denial, Aug. 3, and confession, Aug. 11 (p. 39). It is the same with those not relapsed. See Suor Agnese dei Montanari's flat denial, Aug. 3, and her confession, Aug. 11 (pp. 37-8).

[107] Ogniben, pp. 19-20, 77, 91.

[108] Ogniben, pp. 42-4, 63, 67-8, 81-2, 91-2, 95-6, 97, 100, 110, 113, 115-16.

[109] Spiritual eccentricities, such as those of the Guglielmites, are not to be regarded as peculiar to any age or any condition of civilization. The story of Joanna Southcote is well known, and the Southcottian Church maintained its existence in London until the middle of the present century. In July, 1886, the American journals reported the discovery, in Cincinnati, of a sect even more closely approximating to the Guglielmites, and about as numerous, calling themselves Perfectionists, and believing in two married sisters--a Mrs. Martin as an incarnation of God, and a Mrs. Brooke as that of Christ. Like their predecessors in Milan the sect is by no means confined to the illiterate, but comprises people of intelligence and culture who have abandoned all worldly occupation in the expectation of the approaching Millennium--the final era of the Everlasting Gospel. The exposure for a time broke up the sect, of which some members departed, while others, with the two sisters, joined a Methodist church. Their faith was not shaken, however, and in June, 1887, the church expelled them after an investigation. One of the charges against them was that they held the Church of the present day to be Babylon and the abomination of the earth. England has also recently had a similar experience in a peasant woman of not particularly moral life who for some fifteen years, until her death, September 18, 1886, was regarded by her followers as a new incarnation of Christ. Her own definition of herself was, "I am the second appearing and incarnation of Jesus, the Christ of God, the Bride, the Lamb's Wife, the God-Mother and Saviour, Life from Heaven," etc., etc. She signed herself "Jesus, First and Last, Mary Ann Girling." At one time her sect numbered a hundred and seventy-five members, some of them rich enough to make it considerable donations, but under the petty persecution of the populace it dwindled latterly to a few, and finally dispersed. Aberrations of this nature belong to no special stage of intellectual development. The only advance made in modern times is in the method of dealing with them.

[110]

"O glorioso stare In nihil quietato! Lo' intelletto posato E l'affetto dormire!

Annichilarsi bene Non è potere humano Anzi è virtù divina!"

(Comba, La Riforma in Italia, I. 310.)

[111] Salimbene, pp. 112-13.

[112] Salimbene, pp. 114-16.

[113] Concil. Lugdun. ann. 1274 c. 23.--Salimbene, pp. 117, 119, 329-30.--Concil. Herbipolens. ann. 1287 (Harduin. VII. 1141).--Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolosan. p. 360.

[114] Salimbene, pp. 114-16.

[115] Salimbene, pp. 117, 371.--Mag. Bull. Rom. I. 158.--At the same time Honorius approved the Orders of the Carmelites and of St. William of the Desert (Raynald. ann. 1286, No. 36, 37).

[116] Mag. Bull. Rom. I. 158.--Chron. Parmens. ann. 1294 (Muratori S. R. I. IX. 826).--Hist. Tribulat. (Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1886, p. 130).--Addit. ad Hist. Frat. Dulcini (Muratori IX. 450).

[117] Hist. Tribulat. (ubi sup.).--Ubertini Responsio (Archiv f. L. u. K. 1887, p. 51).

[118] Salimbene, pp. 113, 117, 121.--Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. pp. 360-1.--Muratori S. R. I. IX. 455-7.--Bern. Guidon. Practica P. v.--Eymeric. P. II. Q. 11.

The test of continence was regarded with horror by the inquisitors, and yet when practised by St. Aldhelm it was considered as proof of supereminent sanctity (Girald. Cambrens. Gemm. Eccles. Dist. II. c. XV.). The coincidence, in fact, is remarkable between the perilous follies of the Apostles and those of the Christian zealots of the third century, as described and condemned by Cyprian (Epist. IV. ad Pompon.).

[119] Muratori IX. 449-53.--Guill. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1306.--R. Fran. Pipini Chron. cap. XV. (Muratori, IX. 599).--Cf. Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. p. 360.--Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 720.

[120] Hist. Tribulat. (ubi sup.).

Or dí a Frà Dolcin dunque che s' armi, Tu che forse vedrai il sole in breve, S' egli non vuol quì tosto seguitarmi; Sì di vivanda, che stretta di neve Non rechi la vittoria al Noarese, Ch' altrimenti acquistar non saria lieve.--INFERNO, XXVIII.

[121] Benvenuto da Imola (Muratori Antiq. III. 457-9).--Bescapè, La Novara Sacra, Novara, 1878, p. 157.--Baggiolini, Dolcino e i Patarini, Novara, 1838, pp. 35-6.--Hist. Dulcin. Hæresiarch. (Muratori. S. R. I. IX. 436-7).--Addit. ad Hist. (Ibid. 457, 460).

[122] Corio, Hist. Milanesi, ann. 1307.--Beuv. da Imola, loc. cit.--Additamentum (Muratori IX. 454-55, 459).--Baggiolini, pp. 36-7.

Dolcino's two epistles were formally condemned by the Bishop of Parma and Frà Manfredo, the inquisitor, and must therefore have been circulated outside of the sect (Eymeric. Direct. Inq. P. II. Q. 29).

[123] Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 428-9).--Bescapè, loc. cit.

[124] Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 430-1).--Bescapè. loc. cit.

[125] Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 430-2).

[126] Hist. Dulcin (Muratori IX. 432-4.)--Baggiolini, p. 131.

[127] Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 434, 437-8).

[128] Hist. Dulcin. (Ib. 439-40).

[129] Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 439).

Ptolemy of Lucca, who is good contemporaneous authority, puts the number of those captured with Dolcino at one hundred and fifty, and of those who perished through exposure and by the sword at only about three hundred.--Hist. Eccles. Lib. XXIV. (Muratori XI. 1227).

[130] Mariotti (A. Galenga), Frà Dolcino and his Times, London, 1853, pp. 287-88.--Regest. Clement. PP. V. T. II. pp. 79-82, 88 (Ed. Benedictina, Romæ, 1886).--Mosheims Ketzergeschichte I. 395.--Ughelli, Italia Sacra, Ed. 1652, IV. 1104-8.--Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 436, 440).--Benv. da Imola (Muratori Antiq. III. 460).--Bernard. Guidon. Vit. Clement. PP. V. (Muratori III. I. 674).--Bescapè, loc. cit.

The punishment inflicted on Dolcino and Longino was not exceptional. By a Milanese statute of 1393 all secret attempts upon the life of any member of a family with whom the criminal lived were subject to a penalty precisely the same in all details, except that it ended by attaching the offender to a wheel and leaving him to perish in prolonged agony.--Antiqua Ducum Mediolani Decreta, p. 187 (Mediolani, 1654).

[131] A. Artiaco (Rivista Cristiana, 1877, 145-51).--Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 441-2).--Baggiolini, pp. 165-71.

[132] Addit. ad Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 455-7).--Bern. Guidon. Pract. P. v.

[133] Bernard. Guidon. Practica P. v.

[134] Addit. ad Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 458).--Bernard. Guidon. Practica P. v.--Bernard. Guidon. Gravam. (Doat. XXX. 120-4).--Raym. de Fronciacho (Archiv für Litt.-u. K. 1887, p. 10.)--Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. pp. 360-3, 381.

[135] Concil. Coloniens. ann. 1306 c. 1, 2 (Hartzheim IV. 100, 102).--Concil. Trevirens. ann. 1310 c. 50 (Martene Thesaur. IV. 250).--Alvar. Pelag. de Planctu Eccles. Lib. II. art. lii. (fol. 166, 172, Ed. 1517).--Wadding. ann. 1335, No. 8-9.--Raynald. ann. 1335, No. 62.

[136] Concil. Vaurens. ann. 1368 c. 24; Concil. Narbonn. ann. 1374 c. 5 (Harduin. VII. 1818, 1880).--Herman. Corneri Chron. ann. 1260, 1402 (Eccard. Corp. Hist. Med. Ævi II. 906, 1185).

I have already referred (Vol. II. p. 429) to the persecution at Prague, in 1315, of some heretics whom Dubravius qualifies as Dolcinists, but who probably were Waldenses and Luciferans.

[137] MS. Bibl. Casanatense A. IV. 49.--I owe the communication of this document to the kindness of M. Charles Molinier. See also Amati, Archivio Storico Italiano, No. 38, p. 14.

For the connection between these heretics and the Dolcinists, compare Archiv für Lit.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1886, p. 131, with 1887, pp. 123-4.

[138] Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1887, pp. 51, 144-5.--Raynald. ann. 1311, No. 66-70; ann. 1318, No. 44.--Archiv. di Firenze, Prov. S. Maria Novella, 1327, Ott. 31.--Franz Ebrle, Archiv für Lit.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1885, p. 160.--D'Arjentré I. I. 336-7.--Cantù. Eretici d'Italia, I. 133.

[139] Barzellotti, David Lazzaretti di Arcidosso detto il Santo. Bologna, 1885.

Somewhat similar is the career of an ex-sergeant of the Italian army named Gabriele Donnici, who has founded in the Calabrian highlands a sect dignifying itself with the title of the Saints. Gabriele is a prophet announcing the advent of a new Messiah, who is to come not as a lamb, but as a lion breathing vengeance and armed with bloody scourges. He and his brother Abele were tried for the murder of the wife of the latter, Grazia Funaro, who refused to submit to the sexual abominations taught in the sect. They were condemned to hard labor and imprisonment, but were discharged on appeal to the Superior Court of Cosenza. Other misdeeds of the sectaries are at present occupying the attention of the Italian tribunals.--Rivista Cristiana, 1887, p. 57.

[140] Nicholaus Minorita (Baluz. et Mansi III. 207).--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1321.--Wadding. ann. 1321, No. 16-19; ann. 1322, No. 49-50.

[141] Alvar. Pelag. de Planctu Ecclesiæ Lib. I. Art. 51. fol. 165-9.

In fact, the advocates of poverty did not miss the easy opportunity of stigmatizing their antagonists as followers of William of Saint-Amour. See Tocco, "Un Codice della Marciana," Venezia, 1887, pp. 12, 39 (Ateneo Veneto, 1886-1887).

The MS. of which Professor Tocco has here printed the most important portions, with elucidatory notes, is a collection of the responses made to the question submitted for discussion by John XXII. as to the poverty of Christ and the apostles. They are significant of the general reaction against the previously prevailing dogma, and of the eagerness with which, as soon as the free expression of opinion was safe, the prelates repudiated a doctrine condemnatory of the temporalities so industriously accumulated by all classes of ecclesiastics. There were but eight replies affirming the poverty of Christ, and these were all from Franciscans--the Cardinals of Albano and San Vitale, the Archbishop of Salerno, the Bishops of Caffa, Lisbon, Riga, and Badajoz, and an unknown master of the Order. On the other side there were fourteen cardinals, including even Napoleone Orsini, the protector of the Spirituals, and a large number of archbishops, bishops, abbots, and doctors of theology. It is doubtless true, however, that the fear of offending the pope was a factor in producing this virtual unanimity--a fear not unreasonable, as was shown by the disgrace and persecution of those who maintained the poverty of Christ.--(Tocco, _ubi sup._ p. 35).

[142] Franz Ehrle, Archiv für Litt.-u. K. 1887, pp. 511-12.--Baluz et Mansi II. 279-80.--Nicholaus Minorita (Ibid. III. 208-13).

Curiously enough, in this John did exactly what his special antagonists, the Spirituals, had desired. Olivi had long before pointed out the scandal of an Order vowed to poverty litigating eagerly for property and using the transparent cover of papal procurators (Hist. Tribulat. ap. Archiv für Litt.-u. K. 1886, p. 298).

[143] Nicholaus Minorita (Bal. et Mansi III. 213-24).

[144] Wadding. ann. 1323, No. 3, 15.

[145] Nicholaus Minorita (Bal. et Mansi III. 224).

[146] Carl Müller, Der Kampf Ludwigs des Baiern mit der römischen Curie, § 4.--Felten, Die Bulle _Ne pretereat_, Trier, 1885.--Preger, Die Politik des Pabstes Johann XXII., München, 1885, pp. 44-6.

[147] Carl Müller, op. cit § 5.--Preger, Politik des Pabstes Johann XXII. (München, 1885, pp, 7, 54).--Martene Thesaur. II. 644-51.--Raynald. ann. 1323, No. 34-5.

[148] Martene Thesaur. II. 652-9.--Nich. Minorita (Bal. et Mansi III 224-33).

The date of the Protest of Sachsenhausen is not positively known, but it was probably issued in April or May, 1324 (Müller, op. cit. I. 357-8). Its authorship is ascribed by Preger to Franz von Lautern, and Ehrle has shown that much of its argumentation is copied literally from the writings of Olivi (Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1887, 540). When there were negotiations for a settlement in 1336, Louis signed a declaration prepared by Benedict XII., in which he was made to say that the portions concerning the poverty of Christ were inserted without his knowledge by his notary, Ulric der Wilde for the purpose of injuring him (Raynald ann. 1336, No. 31-5); but he accompanied this self-abasing statement with secret instructions of a very different character (Preger, Kirchenpolitische Kampf, p. 12).

[149] Martene Thesaur. II. 660-71.--Nich. Minorita (Bal. et Mansi III. 233-6).

Even in far-off Ireland the bull of July 11, depriving Louis of the empire, was read in all the churches in English and Irish.--Theiner, Monument. Hibern. et Scotor. No. 456, p. 230.

[150] See the documents in the second prosecution of Louis by John, where the accusations against him constantly commence with his pertinacious heresy in maintaining the condemned doctrine of the poverty of Christ.--Martene Thesaur. II. 682 sqq. Cf. Guill. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1328.

[151] Altmayer, Les Précurseurs de la Réforme aux Pays-Bas, Bruxelles, 1886, I. 38.--Guillel. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1326.--Fasciculus Rer. Expetendarum et Fugiend. II. 55, Ed. 1690.--D'Argentré, I. I. 304-11, 397-400.--Baluz. et Mansi II. 280-1.--Martene Thesaur. II. 704-16.--Preger, Kirchenpolitische Kampf, pp. 34, 65.--Defensor. Pacis II. 6.

The manner in which Fritsche Closener, a contemporary priest of Strassburg, speaks of the _Defensor Pacis_ shows what an impression it made, and that even a portion of the clergy was not averse to its conclusions.--Closeners Chronik (Chroniken der deutschen Städte VIII. 70.--Cf. Chron. des Jacob von Königshofen, Ib. p. 473).

[152] Martene Thesaur. II. 749-52.--Tocco, L'Eresia nel Medio Evo, pp. 532-555.--Preger, Der Kirchenpolitische Kampf, pp. 8-9.--Carl Müller, op. cit. II. 251-2.--Trithem. Chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1323.--Raynald. ann. 1349, No. 16-17.--Jac. de Marchia Dial. (Bal. et Mansi II. 600).

[153] Wadding. ann. 1317, No. 9; ann. 1318, No. 8; ann. 1323, No. 16; ann. 1325, No. 6; ann. 1331, No. 3.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1325, 1326, 1330.--Raynald. ann. 1325, No. 20, 27.--Franz Ehrle (Archiv für L. u. K. 1886, p. 151).--Martene Thesaur. II. 752-3.--Vitoduran. Chron. (Eccard. Corp. Hist. I. 1799).--D'Argentré, I. I. 297.--Eymeric. pp. 291-4.

[154] Martene Thesaur. II. 749.--Baluz. et Mansi III. 315-16.--Nicholaus Minorita (Baluz. et Mansi III. 238-40).

[155] Chron. Sanens. (Muratori S. R. I. XV. 77. 79).--Martene Thesaur. II. 684-723.--Nicholaus Minorita (Bal. et Mansi III. 240-3).

[156] Nicholaus Minorita (Bal. et Mansi III. 243).--Ptolomæi Lucensis Hist. Eccles. cap. 41 (Muratori S. R. I. XI. 1210).--Chron. Sanens. (Muratori XV. 80).--Wadding. ann. 1328, No. 2-4, 8-11.

[157] Nicholaus Minorita (Bal. et Mansi III. 238-40).

[158] Nicholaus Minorita (Baluz. et Mansi III. 243-349).--Jac. de Marchia Dial. (Ibid. II. 598).--Chron. Sanens. (Muratori S. R. I. XV. 81).--Vitodurani Chron. (Eccard. Corp. Hist. I. 1799-1800).--Martene Thesaur. II. 757-60.--Alvar. Pelag. De Planctu Eccles. Lib. II. art. 67.

The career of Cardinal Bertrand de la Tour illustrates the pliability of conscience requisite to those who served John XXII. He was a Franciscan of high standing. As Provincial of Aquitaine he had persecuted the Spirituals. Elevated to the cardinalate, when John called for opinions on the question of the poverty of Christ he had argued in the affirmative. In conjunction with Vitale du Four, Cardinal of Albano, he had secretly drawn up the declaration of the Chapter of Perugia which so angered the pope, but when the latter made up his mind that Christ had owned property, the cardinal promptly changed his convictions, and was now engaged in persecuting those who adhered to the belief which he had prescribed for them.--Tocco, Un Codice della Marciana, pp. 40, 43, 45.

[159] Chron. Cornel. Zantfliet (Martene Ampl. Coll. V. 187).--Villani, Lib. x. c. 126, 144.

[160] Franz Ehrle (Archiv für L. u K. 1885, pp. 159-64; 1886, pp. 653-69).--Archivio Storico Italiano, 1 Ott. 1865, pp. 10-21.--Ripoll II. 180.--Wadding. ann. 1326, No. 9; 1327, No. 3-4; 1331, No. 4; 1332, No. 5.

[161] Villani, Lib. x. c. 131, 142, 160.--Guill. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1330.--Wadding. ann. 1330, No. 9.--Martene Thesaur. II. 736-70; 806-15.--Chron. Cornel. Zantfliet ann. 1330 (Martene Ampl. Coll. V. 194-8).

[162] Archives de l'Inq. de Carcassonne (Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq.).

[163] Doat, XXVII. 202-3, 229; XXXV. 87.

[164] Martene Thesaur. II. 826-8.--Carl Müller, op. cit. I. 239.--Vitodurani Chron. (Eccard. Corp. Hist. I. 1798, 1800, 1844-5, 1871).--Andreas Ratisponens. Chron. ann. 1336 (Ibid. I. 2103-4).--Preger, Der Kirchenpolitische Kampf, pp. 42-5.--Denifle, Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1886, p. 624.

[165] Martene Thesaur. II. 800-6.--Raynald. ann. 1336, No. 31-5.--Vitoduran. Chron. (Eccard. Corp. Hist. I. 1842-5, 1910).--Preger, Der Kirchenpolitische Kampf, p. 33.--Hartzheim IV. 323-32.--H. Mutii Germ. Chron. ann. 1338 (Pistorii Germ. Scriptt. II. 878-81).

[166] Vitoduran Chron. (Eccard. I. 1844).--Sächsische Weltchronik, dritte bairisch Fortsetzung No. 9 (Pertz II. 346).--Baluz. et Mansi III. 349-55.--Muratori S. R. I. III. II. 513-27.--Jac. de Marchia Dial. (Bal. et Mansi II. 600).--Preger, op. cit. pp. 35-6.--Carl Müller, op. cit. I. 370-2.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1342, 1347.

[167] Schmidt, Päbstliche Urkunden und Regesten, p. 362.--Henr. Rebdorff. Annal. ann. 1346-7 (Freher et Struv. I. 626-8).

[168] Henr. Rebdorff. Annal. ann. 1347 (Freher et Struv. I. 628).--Matthiæ Neuburg. (Albert. Argentinens.) Chron. ann. 1348 (Urstisii II. 142-3).--Preger, Der Kirchenpolitische Kampf, pp. 56-60.

[169] Wadding. ann. 1330, No. 14-15.--Alvar. Pelag. de Planct. Eccles. Lib. II. art. 51 (fol. 169 _a_).--Lib. Conformitatum Lib. I. Fruct. ix. p. ii.--Revel. S. Brigittæ Lib. VII. c. 8.

[170] Wadding. ann. 1335, No. 10-11; ann. 1336, No. 1; ann. 1337, No. 1; ann. 1339. No. 1.--Raynald. ann. 1335, No. 63; ann. 1336, No. 63, 64, 66-7; ann. 1337, No. 30; ann. 1375, No, 64.--Comba, La Riforma in Italia, I. 328.--Vit. Prima Benedicti XII. ann. 1337 (Muratori S. R. I. III. II. 531).

[171] D'Argentré I. I. 345.--Eymeric. p. 486.

[172] Werunsky Excerptt. ex Registt. Clem. PP. VI. pp. 23-4.--Raynald. ann. 1346, No. 70.--Comba, La Riforma, I. 326-7, 387.--Lami, Antichità Toscane, pp. 528, 595.

[173] Comba, La Riforma, I. 568-71.

[174] Tocco, Archivio Storico Napoletano, 1887, Fasc. I.--Comba, La Riforma, I. 321-4.

[175] Martini Append. ad Mosheim de Beghardis p. 505.

[176] Jac. de Marchia Dial. (Baluz. et Mansi II. 595 sqq.).

[177] Raynald. ann. 1344, No. 8; 1357, No. 12; 1374, No. 14.--Jac. de Marchia Dial. (l. c. 599, 608-9).

It may surprise a modern infallibilist to learn that so thoroughly orthodox and learned an inquisitor as the blessed Giacomo della Marca admits that there have been heretic popes--popes who persisted and died in their heresy. He comforts himself, however, with the reflection that they have always been succeeded by Catholic pontiffs (l. c. p. 599).

[178] Werunsky, Excerptt. ex Registt. Clem. VI. et Innoc. VI. p. 91.--Raynald. ann. 1354, No. 31; ann. 1368, No. 16.--Wadding. ann. 1354, No. 6-7; 1368, No. 4-6.--Comba, La Riforma, I. 327. 329-37.--Cantù, Erctici d' Italia, I. 133-4.--Eymeric. p. 328.

[179] Tocco, Archivio Storico Napoletano, 1887, Fasc. 1.--Raynald. ann. 1368, No. 16; ann. 1372, No. 36.--Wadding. ann. 1374, No. 19-23.--Pet. Rodulphii Hist. Seraph. Relig. Lib. II. fol. 154 _a_.

Perugia at this period was a centre of religious excitement. A certain Piero Garigh, who seems to have been in some way connected with the Fraticelli, gave himself out as the Son of God, and dignified his disciples with the names of apostles. In the brief allusion which we have to him he is said to have obtained ten of these and to be in search of an eleventh. His fate is not recorded.--Processus contra Valdenses (Archivio Storico Italiano, 1865, No. 39, p. 50).

[180] Raynald. ann. 1344, No. 8; ann. 1346, No. 70; ann. 1354, No. 31; ann. 1375, No. 27.

[181] Raynald. ann. 1336, No. 64; ann. 1351, No. 31; ann. 1368, No. 16-7.--Archives de l'Inq. de Carcass. (Doat, XXXV. 130).--Mosheims Ketzergeschichte I. 387.--Henr. Rebdorff Annal. ann. 1353 (Freher et Struv. I. 632).--Eymeric. p. 358.--D'Argentré, I. I. 383-6.

[182] Ripoll II. 245.--Eymeric. pp. 266-7.--Raynald. ann. 1373, No. 19; ann. 1426, No. 18.--Wadding. ann. 1371. No. 26-30.

[183] Garibay, Comp. Historial de España, Lib. XVI. c. 31.--La Puente, Epit. de la Cronica de Juan II., Lib. IV. c. i.--Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 546-7.--Mariana, Lib. XXI. c. 18.--Rodrigo, Inquisicion, II. 11-12.--Paramo, p. 131.

[184] Wadding. ann. 1383, No. 2.--Gobelinæ Personæ Cosmodrom. Æt. v. c. 84 (Meibom. Rer. German. I. 317).

[185] Baluz. et Mansi IV. 566 sqq. In 1606 Paul V. allowed the Jesuats to take orders.

[186] Wadding, ann. 1350, No. 15; ann. 1354, No. 1, 2; ann. 1362, No. 4.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1352, 1354, 1355.

[187] Wadding. ann. 1368, No. 10-13.

[188] Wadding. ann. 1375, No. 44; ann. 1390, No. 1-10; ann. 1403, No. 1; ann. 1405, No. 3; ann. 1415, No. 6-7; ann. 1431, No. 8; ann. 1434, No. 7; ann. 1435, No. 12-13; ann. 1453, No. 18-26; ann. 1454, No. 22-3; ann. 1455, No. 43-7; ann. 1456, No. 129; ann. 1498, No. 7-8; ann. 1499, No. 18-20.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1426, 1430, 1501, 1517.--Theiner Monument. Hiberu. et Scotor. No. 801, p. 425, No. 844, p. 460.--Æn. Sylvii Opp. inedd. (Atti della Accademia del Lincei, 1883, p. 546).--Chron. Anon. (Analecta Franciscana I. 291-2).

The bitterness of the strife between the two branches of the Order is illustrated by the fact that the Franciscan Church of Palma, in Majorca, when struck by lightning and partially ruined in 1480, remained on this account unrepaired for nearly a hundred years, until the Observantines got the better of their rivals and obtained possession of it.--Dameto, Pro y Bover, Hist. de Mallorca, II. 1064-5 (Palma, 1841). It is related that when Sixtus IV., who had been a Conventual, proposed in 1477 to subject the Observantines to their rivals, the blessed Giacomo della Marca threatened him with an evil death, and he desisted.--(Chron. Glassberger ann. 1477).

The exceeding laxity prevailing among the Conventuals is indicated by letters granted in 1421 by the Franciscan general, Antonius de Perreto, to Friar Liebhardt Forschammer, permitting him to deposit with a faithful friend all alms given to him, and to expend them on his own wants or for the benefit of the Order, at his discretion; he was also required to confess only four times a year.--(Chron. Glassberger ann. 1416). The General Chapter held at Forli in 1421 was obliged to prohibit the brethren from trading and lending money on usury, under pain of imprisonment and confiscation.--(Ib. ann. 1421). From the Chapter of Ueberlingen, held in 1426, we learn that there was a custom by which, for a sum of money paid down, Franciscan convents would enter into obligations to pay definite stipends to individual friars.--(Ib. ann. 1426). In fact, the efforts of reform at this period, stimulated by the rivalry of the Observantines, reveal how utterly oblivious the Order had become of all the prescriptions of the Rule.

[189] Raynald. ann. 1418, No. 11; ann. 1421, No. 4; ann. 1424, No. 7.--Jo. de Ragusio de Init. Basil. Concil. (Mon. Conc. Gen. Sæc. XV. T. I. pp. 30-1, 40, 55).--Ripoll II. 645.

[190] Wadding. ann. 1426, No. 1-4.--Raynald. ann. 1428, No. 7.--Jac. de Marchia Dial. (Baluz. et Mansi II. 597, 609).

[191] Wadding. ann. 1426, No. 15-16; Regest. Mart. V. No. 162; ann. 1432, No. 8-9; ann. 1441, No. 37-8; ann. 1447, No. 10; ann. 1456, No. 108; ann. 1476, No. 24-5.--Raynald. ann. 1432, No. 24.--Jac. de Marchia Dial. (Baluz. et Mansi II. 610).

[192] Jac. de Marchia l. c.

[193] Steph. Infessuræ Diar. Urb. Rom. ann. 1467 (Eccard. Corp. Hist. II. 1893).--Platinæ Vit. Pauli II. (Ed. 1574, p. 308).--Rod. Santii Hist. Hispan. P. III. c. 40 (R. Beli Rer. Hisp. Scriptt. I. 433).--Wadding. ann. 1371, No. 14.--Ripoll IV. 22.

[194] Barbarano de' Mironi. Hist. di Vicenza. II. 164-5.--Poggii Bracciol. Dial. contra Hypocrisim.

[195] Wadding. ann. 1481, No. 9; ann. 1487, No. 3-5; ann. 1495, No. 12.--Addis and Arnold's Catholic Dictionary, s.v. Recollects.

[196] Concil. Lateran. ann. 1102 (Harduin. VI. II. 1861-2).--Epist. Sigebert. (Mart. Ampl. Coll. I. 587-94).--Chron. Cassinens. IV. 42, 44. (Cf. Martene Ampl. Coll. I. 627.)--Hartzheim III. 258-65.--Martene Ampl. Coll. I. 659.

[197] Schumacher, Die Stedinger, Bremen, 1865, pp. 26-8.--Adam. Bremens. Gest. Pontif. Hammaburg. c. 203.--Chron. Erfordiens. ann. 1230 (Schannat Vindem. Litt. I. 93).--Chron. Rustedens. (Meibom. Rer. Germ. II. 101).--Albert. Stadens. Chron. ann. 1207 (Schilt. S. R. Germ. I. 299).--Joan. Otton. Cat. Archiepp. Bremens. ann. 1207 (Menken. S. R. Germ. II. 791).

[198] Albert. Stadens. Chron. ann. 1208-17, 1230.--Joan. Otton. Cat. Archiepp. Bremens. ann. 1211-20.--Anon. Saxon. Hist. Impp. ann. 1229 (Menken. III. 125).--Chron. Rustedens. (Meibom. II. 101).

There is considerable confusion among the authorities with regard to these events. I have followed the careful investigations of Schumacher, op. cit. pp. 219-23.

[199] Emonis Chron. ann. 1227, 1230 (Matthæi Analecta III. 128, 132).--Schumacher, p. 81.

[200] Hist. Diplom. Frid. II. T. IV. p. 497.--Albert. Stadens. Chron. ann. 1232, 1234.--Raynald. ann. 1232, No. 8.--Hartzheim III. 553.--Joan. Ottonis Cat. Archiepp. Bremens. ann. 1234.--Anon. Saxon. Hist. Imperator. ann. 1229.--Chron. Cornel. Zantfliet ann. 1233.--Epistt. Select. Sæcul. XIII. T. I. No. 539 (Pertz).

[201] Emonis Chron. ann. 1234 (Matthæi Analecta III. 139 sqq.).--Potthast No. 9399, 9400.--Epistt. Select. Sæcul. XIII. T. I. No. 572.--Meyeri Annal. Flandr. Lib. VIII. ann. 1233.--Chron. Cornel. Zantfliet ann. 1234.--Schumacher, pp. 116-17.--Chron. Erfordiens. ann. 1232.--Sächsische Weltchronik No. 376-8.--H. Wolteri Chron. Bremens. (Meibom. Rer. Germ. II. 58-9).--Chron. Rastedens. (Ib. II. 101).--Joan Otton. Cat. Archiepp. Bremens. ann. 1234.--Albert. Stadens. ann. 1234.--Anon. Saxon. Hist. Imperator. ann. 1229.

[202] Potthast No. 9777.--Hartzheim III. 554.

As the contemporary Abbot Emo of Wittewerum says, in describing the affair--"principalior causa fuit inobedientia, quæ scelere idololatriæ non est inferior" (Matthæi Analect. III. 142).

[203] Epistt. Selectt. Sæc. XIII. T. I. No. 720, 801.--Berger, Registres d'Innocent IV. No. 4181, 4265, 4269.--Ripoll I. 219, 225.--Vaissette, IV. 46.

[204] Th. Aquinat. Sec. Sec. Q. 11, No. 2-3.--C. 1, Extrav. Commun. I. 8.--Zanchini Tract, de Hæret. c. ii., xxxvii.

It was probably as a derivative from the sanctity of the power of the Holy See that the Inquisition was given jurisdiction over the forgers and falsifiers of papal bulls--gentry whose industry we have seen to be one of the inevitable consequences of the autocracy of Rome. Letters under which Frà Grimaldo da Prato, Inquisitor of Tuscany in 1297, was directed to act in certain cases of the kind are printed by Amati in the Archivio Storico Italiano, No. 38, p. 6.

[205] Th. Cantimpratens. Bonum universale, Lib. II. c. 2.--Matt. Paris ann. 1255 (p. 614).--Ripoll I. 326.--Raynald. ann. 1264, No. 14.--Arch, de l'Inq. de Carcassonne (Doat, XXXII. 27).

Clement IV. (Gui Foucoix) was regarded as one of the best lawyers of his day, but in the severity of his application of the law against Manfred he was not unanimously supported by the cardinals. On February 20 he writes to the Cardinal of S. Martino, his legate in the Mark of Ancona, for his opinion on the question. Manfred and Uberto Pallavicino had both been cited to appear on trial for heresy. Manfred had sent procurators to offer purgation, but Uberto had disregarded the summons and was a contumacious heretic. To the condemnation of the latter there was therefore no opposition, but some cardinals thought that Manfred's excuse was reasonable in view of the enemy at his gates, even though he could easily avert attack by surrender.--Clement PP. IV. Epist. 232 (Martene Thesaur. II. 279).

[206] C. 1, Sexto v. 3.--C. 1, Extrav. Commun. v. 4.

[207] Barbarano de' Mironi, Hist. Eccles. di Vicenza II. 153-4.--Regest. Clement. PP. V. T. III. pp. 354 sqq.; T. IV. pp. 426 sqq., pp. 459 sqq.; T. V. p. 412. (Ed. Benedictin., Romæ, 1886-7).--Chron. Estense ann. 1309-17 (Muratori S. R. I. XV. 364-82).--Ferreti Vincentini Hist. Lib. III. (Ib. IX. 1037-47).--Cronica di Bologna, ann. 1309-10 (Ib. XVIII. 320-1).--Campi, Dell' Histor. Eccles. di Ferrara, P. III. p. 40.

Even the pious and temperate Muratori cannot restrain himself from describing Clement's bull against the Venetians as "_la piu terribile ed ingiusta Bolla che si sia mai udita_" (Annal. ann. 1309). We have seen in the case of Florence what control such measures enabled the papacy to exercise over the commercial republics of Italy. The confiscation threatened in the sentence of excommunication was no idle menace. When, in 1281, Martin IV. quarrelled with the city of Forli and excommunicated it he ordered, under pain of excommunication not removable even on the death-bed, all who owed money to the citizens to declare the debts to his representatives and pay them over, and he thus collected many thousand lire of his enemies' substance.--Chron. Parmens. ann. 1281 (Muratori S. R. I. IX. 797)

[208] Preger, Die Politik des Pabstes Johann XXII., München, 1885, pp. 6-10, 21.--Petrarchi Lib. sine Titulo Epist. xviii.--Raynald. ann. 1317, No. 27; ann. 1320, No. 10-14; ann. 1322, No. 6-8, 11.--Bernard. Corio, Hist. Milanese, ann. 1318, 1320, 1321-22.

A bull of John XXII., Jan. 28, 1322, ordering the sale of indulgences to aid the crusade of Cardinal Bertrand, recites the heresy of Visconti and his refusal to obey the summons for his trial as the reason for assailing him.--Regest. Clem. PP. V., Romæ, 1885. T. I. Prolegom. p. cxcviii.

[209] Sarpi, Discorso, p. 25 (Ed. Helmstadt).--Albizio, Risposto al P. Paolo Sarpi, p. 75.--Continuat. Guill. Nangiac. ann. 1317.--Bern. Corio, ann. 1322.--Regest. Joann. PP. XXII. No. 89, 93, 94, 95 (Harduin. VII. 1432).

[210] Ughelli, Italia Sacra, IV. 286-93 (Ed. 1652).

[211] Raynald. ann. 1324, No. 7-12.--Martene Thesaur. II. 754-6.

[212] Martene Thesaur. II. 743-5.--Wadding. ann. 1324, No. 28; ann. 1326, No. 8; ann. 1327, No. 2.--Ripoll II. 172; VII. 60.--Regest. Clement. PP. V., Romæ, 1885, T. I. Proleg. p. ccxiii.--Theiner Monument. Hibern. et Scotor. No. 462, p. 234.--C. 4. Septimo v. 3.--Mag. Bull. Rom. I. 204.--Baluz. et Mansi III. 227.--Ughelli IV. 294-5, 314.--Raynald. ann. 1362, No. 13; ann. 1363, No. 2, 4; ann. 1372, No. 1; ann. 1373, No. 10, 12.

In spite of the decision of Benedict, Matteo and his sons, Galeazzo, Marco, and Stefano, were still unburied in 1353, when the remaining brother, Giovanni, made another effort to secure Christian sepulture for them.--Raynald. ann. 1353, No. 28.

[213] Raynald. ann. 1348, No. 13-14; ann. 1350, No. 5.--Muratori Antiq. VII. 884, 928-32.

[214] Werunsky Excerptt. ex Registt. Clem. VI. et Innoc. VI. pp. 37, 74, 87, 101.--Wadding. ann. 1356, No. 7, 20,--Raynald. ann. 1356, No. 33.

This abuse of spiritual power for purposes of territorial aggrandizement did not escape the trenchant satire of Erasmus. He describes "the terrible thunderbolt which by a nod will send the souls of mortals to the deepest hell, and which the vicars of Christ discharge with special wrath on those who, instigated by the devil, seek to nibble at the Patrimony of Peter. It is thus they call the cities and territories and revenues for which they fight with fire and sword, spilling much Christian blood, and they believe themselves to be defending like apostles the spouse of Christ, the Church, by driving away those whom they stigmatize as her enemies, as if she could have any worse enemies than impious pontiffs."--Encom. Moriæ. Ed. Lipsiens. 1829, II. 379.

That the character of these papal wars had not been softened since the horrors described above at Ferrara, is seen in the massacre of Cesena, in 1376, when the papal legate, Robert, Cardinal of Geneva, ordered all the inhabitants put to the sword, without distinction of age or sex, after they had admitted him and his bandits into the city under his solemn oath that no injury should be inflicted on them. The number of the slain was estimated at five thousand.--Poggii Hist. Florentin. Lib. II. ann. 1376.

[215] MSS. Chioccarello T. VIII.--Wadding. ann. 1409, No. 12.--Ripoll II. 510, 522, 566.

[216] H. Haupt, Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte, 1883, pp. 323 sqq.--Vaissette, Éd. Privat, X. Pr. 2089.

[217] Monstrelet, II. 53, 127.--Martene Ampl. Coll. VIII. 92.--Altmeyer, Précur seurs de la Réforme aux Pays-Bas, I. 237.

[218] Burlamacchi, Vita di Savonarola (Baluz. et Mansi I. 533-542).--Luca Landucci., Diario Florentine, Firenze, 1883, p. 30.--Steph. Infessuræ Diar. (Eccard. Corp. Hist. Med. Ævi II. 2000).

Villari shows (La Storia di Gir. Savonarola, Firenze, 1887, I. pp. viii.-xi.) that the life which passes under the name of Burlamacchi is a _rifacimento_ of an unprinted Latin biography by a disciple of Savonarola. I take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to Signore Villari, for his kindly courtesy in furnishing me with the second volume of the new edition of his classical work in advance of publication. My obligations to it will be seen in the numerous references made to it below.

[219] Processo Autentico (Baluz. et Mansi IV. 529, 551).--Burlamacchi (Baluz. et Mansi I. 534-5, 541-2).--Villari, op. cit. Lib. I. c. 5, 9.

[220] Landucci, op. cit. pp. 72, 88, 94, 103, 108, 109, 123-8, 154.--Mémoires de Commines Liv. VIII. c. 19.--Marsilii Ficini opp. Ed. 1561, I. 963.--Nardi, Historie Florentine, Lib. II. (Ed. 1574, pp. 58, 60).--Perrens, Jérome Savonarole, p. 342.--Burlamacchi (loc. cit. pp. 544-6, 552-3, 556-7).

[221] Landucci, p. 163.--Burlamacchi, pp. 558-9.--Nardi, Lib. II. pp. 56-7.

[222] Villari, Lib. II. cap. iv. v.; T. II. App. p. ccxx.--Landucci, pp. 92-4, 112--Processo Autentico (Baluze et Mansi IV. 531, 554, 558).

[223] Landucci, pp. 110, 112, 122.--Villari, I. 473.--Mémoires de Commines, Liv. VII. ch. 19.--Processo Autentico (loc. cit. pp. 524, 541).--Perrens, p. 342.

[224] Guicciardini Lib. III. c. 6.--Burlamacchi, p. 551.--Villari, T. I. pp. civ.--cvii.--Landucci, p. 106.

[225] Villari, I. 402-7.--Landucci, p. 120.--Diar. Johann. Burchardi (Eccard, Corp. Hist. II. 2151-9).

[226] Villari, I. 417, 441-5.--Landucci, pp. 125-9.--Perrens, p. 361.

[227] Villari, I. 489, 492-4, 496, 499, cxlii.; II. 4-6.

[228] Processo Autentico, pp. 533-4.--Perrens, pp. 189-90.--Landucci, pp. 144-6.

[229] Landucci, p. 148.--Villari, II. 18-25.

[230] Villari, II. 25-8, 35-6, 79; App. xxxix.--Processo Autentico, p. 535.--Landucci, pp. 152-3, 157.

[231] Landucci, pp. 161-2.--Machiavelli, Frammenti istorici (Opere Ed. 1782, II. 58).

[232] Landucci, p. 164.--Perrens, p. 231.--Villari, II. App. lxvi.

[233] Perrens, pp. 232-5, 365-72. Cf. Villari, II. 115.

The obnoxious appeal to God had really been made by Savonarola in his sermon of February 11 (Villari, II. 88).

[234] Perrens, pp. 237, 238.--Landucci, pp. 164-66.

[235] Landucci, p. 166.--Villari, II. App. pp. lviii.-lxii.

[236] Villari, II. 129, 132-5; App. pp. lxviii.-lxxi., clxxi.--Baluz. et Mansi I. 584-5.--Perrens. pp. 373-5.--Burlamacchi, p. 551.--In his confession of May 21, Savonarola stated that the idea of the council had only suggested itself to him three months previously (Villari, II. App. cxcii.).

[237] Landucci, p. 113.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1482.--Raynald. ann. 1492, No. 25.--Pulgar, Cronica de los Reyes Catolicos, II. civ.--Comba, La Riforma in Italia, I. 491.--Nardi, Lib. II. (p. 79).

The contemporary Glassberger says of Andreas of Krain's attempt, "Nisi enim auctoritas imperatoris intervenisset maximum in ecclesia schisma subortum fuisset. Omnes enim æmuli domini papæ ad domini imperatoris consensum respiciebant pro concilio celebrando." A year's imprisonment in chains exhausted the resolution of Andreas, who executed a solemn recantation of his invectives against the Holy See, This was sent with a petition for pardon to Sixtus IV., who granted it, but before the return of the messengers the unhappy reformer hanged himself in his cell (ubi sup. ann. 1483).

[238] Burlamacchi, p. 559.--Landucci, pp. 166-7.--Processo Autentico, pp. 535-7.--Villari, II. App. lxxi. sqq.

[239] Landucci, pp. 167-8.--Processo Autentico, pp. 536-8.--Villari, II. App. xci.-xciii.

[240] Perrens, pp. 379-81.--Burlamacchi, pp. 560, 562.--Landucci, p. 168.--Processo Autentico, pp. 540-1.

[241] Landucci, pp. 168-9.--Processo Autentico, p. 542.--Burlamacchi, p. 563.--Villari, II. App. pp. lxxv.-lxxx., lxxxiii.-xc.--Guicciardini, Lib. III. c. 6.

The good Florentines did not fail to point out that the sudden death of Charles VIII., on this same April 7, was a visitation upon him for having abandoned Savonarola and the republic.--Nardi, Lib. II. p. 80.

[242] Landucci, p. 170.--Processo Autentico, pp. 534, 543.--Burlamacchi, p. 564.

[243] Landucci, p. 171.--Processo Autentico, pp. 544, 549.--Burlamacchi, p. 564.--Nardi, Lib. II. p. 78.--Villari, II. 173-77; App. pp. xciv., ccxxv., ccxxxiii.

[244] Landucci, pp. 171-2.--Villari, II. 178; App. p. clxv.--Processo Autentico, pp. 550-1.

Violi (Villari, II. App. cxvi.-vii.) says that the torture was repeatedly applied--on one evening no less than fourteen times from the pulley to the floor, and that his arms were so injured that he was unable to feed himself; but this must be exaggerated in view of the pious treatises which he wrote while in prison. Burlamacchi says that he was tortured repeatedly both with cord and fire (pp. 566, 568). Burchard, the papal prothonotary, states that he was tortured seven times, and Burchard was likely to know and not likely to exaggerate (Burch. Diar. _ap._ Preuves des Mémoires de Commines, Bruxelles, 1706, p. 424). The expression of Commines, who was well-informed, is "_le gesnèrent à merveilles_" (Mémoires, Lib. VIII. ch. 19). But the most emphatic evidence is that of the Signoria, who, in answer to the reproaches of Alexander at their tardiness, declare that they had to do with a man of great endurance; they had assiduously tortured him for many days with slender results, which they would suppress until they could force him to reveal all his secrets--"multa et assidua quæstione, multis diebus, per vim vix pauca extorsimus, quæ nunc celare animus erat donec omnia nobis paterent sui animi involucra" (Villari, II. 197).

[245] Landucci, p. 172.--Processo Autentico, p. 550.--Perrens, pp. 267-8.--Burlamacchi, pp. 566-7.--Villari, II. 188, 193; App. cxviii.-xxi.

It is part of the Savonarola legend that Savonarola threatened Ser Ceccone with death within a year if he did not remove certain interpolations from the confession, and that the prediction was verified, Ceccone dying within the time, unhouselled, and refusing in despair the consolations of religion (Burlamacchi, p. 575.--Violi _ap._ Villari, II. App. cxxvii.).

Ceccone performed the same office for the confession of Frà Domenico (Villari, II. App. Doc. XXVII.).

[246] Processo Autentico, pp. 551-64, 567.--Villari, II. App. cxlvii. sqq.

Violi states that the confession as interpolated by Ceccone was printed and circulated by the Signoria as a justification of their action, but that it proved so unsatisfactory to the public that in a few days all copies were ordered by proclamation to be surrendered (Villari, II. App. p. cxiv.).

[247] Landucci, p. 173.--Burlamacchi, p. 567.

[248] This confession was never made public. Villari, who discovered the MS., has printed it, App. p. clxxv.

[249] Landucci, p. 174.--Processo Autentico, p. 563.--Villari, II. 210, 217.--Nardi, Lib. II. p. 79.

[250] Landucci, p. 174.--Nardi, Lib. II. p. 79.--Wadding. ann. 1496, No. 7.--Perrens, p. 399.--Processo Autentico, p. 522.--Burlamacchi, p. 568.--Brev. Hist. Ord. Prædicat, (Martene Ampl. Coll. VI. 393).

[251] Landucci, p. 176.--Nardi, Lib. II. pp. 80-1.--Burlamacchi, p. 568.--Violi (Villari, II. App. cxxv.).--Villari, II. 206-8, 229-33; App. clxxxiv., cxciv., cxcvii.

There was one peculiarity in this examination before Romolino which I have not seen recorded elsewhere. During the interrogatory of May 21 Savonarola was subjected to fresh torture as a preliminary to asking his confirmation of the statements just made under repeated tortures (Villari, II. App. cxcvi.).

[252] Landucci, pp. 176-7.--Processo Autentico, p. 546.--Villari, II. 239; App. cxcviii.--Cantù, Eretici d'ltalia, I. 229.--Burlamacchi, pp. 569-70.--Nardi, Lib. II. p. 82.

[253] Landucci, p. 178.--Perrens, p. 281.--Processo Autentico, p. 547.--Nardi, Lib. II. p. 82.--Villari, II. 251.

Burlamacchi's relation (pp. 570-1) of the manner in which an arm, a hand, and the heart of Savonarola were preserved for the veneration of the faithful, has the evident appearance of a legend to justify the authenticity of the relics.

[254] Nardi, Lib. II. pp. 82-3.--Landucci, pp. 190-1.

[255] Wadding. ann. 1498, No. 23.--Landucci, p. 178.--Perrens, pp. 296-7.--Processo Autentico, pp. 524, 528.--Cantù, Eretici d'Italia, I. 234-5.--Benedicti PP. XIV. De Servorum Dei Beatificatione, Lib. III. c. xxv. §§ 17-20.--Brev. Hist. Ord. Prædic. (Martene, Ampl. Coll. VI. 394).--Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen Bücher, I. 368.

A goodly catalogue of miracles performed by Savonarola's intercession will be found piously chronicled by Burlamacchi and Bottonio (Baluz. et Mansi I. pp. 571-83).

[256] Ripoll II. 566.--Wadding. ann. 1409, No. 12.--Tamburini, Storia Gen. dell' Inquis. II. 437-9.

[257] Jac. de Vitriaco Hist. Hierosol. cap. 65 (Bongars, II. 1083-4).--Rolewinck Fascic. Tempor. (Pistorii R. Germ. Scriptt. II. 546).--Regula Pauperum Commilitonum Templi c. 72 (Harduin. VI. _ii._ 1146).--Règle et Statuts secrets des Templiers, §§ 125, 128 (Maillard de Chambure, Paris, 1840, pp. 455, 488-90, 494-5).

Since this chapter was written the Société de l'Histoire de France has issued a more correct and complete edition of the Rule and Statutes of the Templars, under the care of M. Henri de Curzon.

[258] Jac. de Vitriaco loc. cit.--Roberti de Monte Contin. Sigeb. Gembl. (Pistorii, op. cit. I. 875).--Zurita, Añales de Aragon, Lib. I. c. 52-3.--Art de Vérifier les Dates V. 337.--Teulet, Layettes, I. 550, No. 1547.--Grandes Chroniques, IV. 86.--Gualt. Mapes de Nugis Curialium Dist. I. c. xxiii.--Hans Prutz, Malteser Urkunden, München, 1883, p. 43.

A curious illustration of the prominence which the Templars were acquiring in the social organization is afforded in 1191, when they were made conservators of the Truce of God, by which the nobles and prelates of Languedoc and Provence agreed that beasts and implements and seed employed in agriculture should be unmolested in time of war. For enforcing this the Templars were to receive a bushel of corn for every plough.--Prutz, op. cit. pp. 44-5.

[259] Rymer, Foedera, I. 30.--Can. 10, 11, Extra. III. 30.--Prutz, op. cit. pp. 38, 46, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 56-61, 64, 76, 78-9.

[260] Prutz, op. cit. pp. 38-41, 43, 45, 47-8, 57, 64-9, 75-80.--J. Delaville le Roulx, Documents concernant les Templiers Paris, 1882, p. 39.--Bini, Dei Tempieri in Toscana, Lucca, 1845, pp. 453-55.--Raynald. ann. 1265, No. 75-6.--Martene Thesaur. II. 111, 118.

The systematic beggary of the Templars must have been peculiarly exasperating both to the secular clergy and the Mendicants. Monsignor Bini prints a document of 1244 in which the Preceptor of Lucca gives to Albertino di Pontremoli a commission to beg for the Order. Albertino employs a certain Aliotto to do the begging from June till the following Carnival, and pays him by empowering him to beg on his own account from the Carnival to the octave of Easter (op. cit. pp. 401-2, 439-40). For the disgraceful squabbles which arose between the secular clergy and the Military Orders over this privileged beggary, see Faucon, Registres de Boniface VIII. No. 1950, p. 746.

[261] Guillel. Tyrii Hist. Lib. XVII. c. 27; XX. 31-2.--Gualt. Mapes de Nugis Curialium Dist. I. c. XX.--Innoc. PP. III. Regest. X. 121. Cf. XV. 131.--Règle et Statuts secrets, § 173, p. 389.--Michelet, Procès des Templiers, I. 39; II. 9, 83, 140, 186-7, 406-7 (Collection de Documents inédits, Paris, 1841-51).

When, in 1307, the Templars at Beaucaire were seized, out of sixty arrested, five were knights, one a priest, and fifty-four were serving brethren; in June, 1310, out of thirty-three prisoners in the Château d'Alais, there were four knights and one priest, with twenty-eight serving brethren (Vaissette, IV. 141). In the trials which have reached us the proportion of knights is even less. The serving brethren occasionally reached the dignity of preceptor; but how little this implies is shown by the examination, in June, 1310, of Giovanni di Neritone, Preceptor of Castello Villari, a serving brother, who speaks of himself as "_simplex et rusticus_" (Schottmüller, Der Ausgang des Templer-Ordens, Berlin, 1887, II. 125, 130).

The pride of birth in the Order is illustrated by the rule that none could be admitted as knights except those of knightly descent. In the Statutes a case is cited of a knight who was received as such; those who were of his country declared that he was not the son of a knight. He was sent for from Antioch to a chapter where this was found to be true, when the white mantle was removed and a brown one put on him. His receptor was then in Europe, and when he returned to Syria he was called to account. He justified himself by his having acted under the orders of his commander of Poitou. This was found to be true; otherwise, and but that he was a good knight (_proudons_), he would have lost the habit (Règle, § 125, pp. 462-3).

[262] Matt. Paris. ann. 1228, 1243 (Ed. 1644, p. 240, 420).--Mansuet le Jeune, Hist. des Templiers, Paris, 1789, I. 340-1.--Prutz, op. cit. pp. 60-1.--Mag. Chron. Belgic. ann. 1274.--Faucon, Registres de Boniface VIII. No. 1691-2, 1697.--Marin. Sunuti Secret. Fidel. Lib. III. P. ix. c. 1, 2 (Bongars, II. 188-9).

The Hospital was open to the same reproaches as the Temple. In 1238 Gregory IX. vigorously assailed the Knights of St. John for their abuse of the privileges bestowed on them--their unchastity and the betrayal of the cause of God in Palestine. He even asserts that there are not a few heretics among them.--Raynald. ann. 1238, No. 31-2.

A sirvente by a Templar, evidently written soon after the fall of Acre, alludes bitterly to the sacrifice made of the Holy Land in favor of the ambition and cupidity of the Holy See--

"Lo papa fa de perdon gran largueza Contr' Alamans ab Arles e Frances; E sai mest nos mostram gran cobeeza, Quar nostras crotz van per crotz de tornes; E qui vol camjar Romania Per la guerra de Lombardia? Nostres legatz, don yeu vos dic per ver Qu'els vendon Dieu el perdon per aver."-- Meyer, _Recueil d'anciens Textes_, p. 96.

It is also to be borne in mind that indulgences were vulgarized in many other ways. When St. Francis announced to Honorius III. that Christ had sent him to obtain plenary pardons for those who should visit the Church of S. Maria di Porziuncola, the cardinals at once objected that this would nullify the indulgences for the Holy Land, and Honorius thereupon limited the Portiuncula indulgence to the twenty-four hours commencing with the vespers of August 1.--Amoni, Legenda S. Francisci, Append, c. xxxiii.

[263] Mansuet, op. cit. II. 101, 133.--De Excidio Urbis Acconis (Martene Ampl. Coll. V. 757).--Raynald. ann. 1291, No. 30, 31.--Archives Nat. de France, J. 431, No. 40.--Chron. Salisburg. ann. 1291 (Canisii et Basnage III. II. 489).--Annal. Eberhard. Altahens. (Ib. IV. 229).--De Recuperatione Terræ Sanctæ (Bongars, II. 320-1).

[264] Raynald. ann. 1306, No. 3-5, 12.--Regest. Clement. PP. V. (Ed. Benedict. T. I. pp. 40-46; T. II. p. 55, 58, Romæ, 1885-6).--Mansuet, op. cit. II. 132.--Raynouard, Monuments historiques relatifs à la Condamnation des Chevaliers du Temple, Paris, 1813, pp. 17, 46.

The summons to the Grand Master of the Hospital is dated June 6, 1306, (Regest. Clem. PP. V. T. I. p. 190). That to de Molay was probably issued at the same time. From some briefs of Clement, June 13, 1306, in favor of Humbert Blanc, Preceptor of Auvergne, it would seem that the latter was engaged in some crusading enterprise (Ibid. pp. 191-2), probably in connection with the attempt of Charles of Valois. When Hugues de Peraud, however, and other chiefs of the Order were about to sail, in November, Clement retained them (Ib. T. II. p. 5).

It has rather been the fashion with historians to assume that de Molay transferred the headquarters of the Order from Cyprus to Paris. Yet when the papal orders for arrest reached Cyprus, on May 27, 1308, the marshal, draper, and treasurer surrendered themselves with others, showing that there had been no thought of removing the active administration of the Order.--(Dupuy, Traitez concernant l'Histoire de France, Ed. 1700, pp. 63, 132). Raimbaut de Caron, Preceptor of Cyprus, apparently had accompanied de Molay, and was arrested with him in the Temple of Paris (Procès des Templiers, II. 374), but with this exception all the principal knights seized were only local dignitaries.

I think also that Schottmüller (Der Untergang des Templer-Ordens, Berlin, 1887, I. 66, 99; II. 38) sufficiently proves the incredibility of the story of the immense treasure brought to France by de Molay, and he further points out (I. 98) that the preservation of the archives of the Order in Malta shows that they could not have been removed to France.

[265] Perhaps the most detailed and authoritative contemporary account of the downfall of the Templars is that of Bernard Gui (Flor. Chronic. ap. Bouquet XXI. 716 sqq.). It is impossible to doubt that had there been anything savoring of Catharism in the Order he would have scented it out and alluded to it.

[266] Wilcke, Geschichte des Ordens der Tempelherren, II. Ausgabe, 1860, II. 51, 103-4, 183.--Chron. Anonyme (Bouquet, XXI. 149).--Villani Cron. VIII. 92.--Mag. Chron. Belgic. (Pistor. III. 155).--Trithem. Chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1307.--Règle et Statuts secrets, p. 64.--Real-Encyklop. XV. 305.--Havemann, Geschichte des Ausgangs des Tempelherrenordens, Stuttgart, 1846, p. 165.--Schottmüller, op. cit. I. 236, 695.

[267] Procès des Templiers, I. 144.--Raynald. ann. 1307, No. 12; ann. 1311, No. 53.--Schottmüller, op. cit. I. 465.--Ferreti Vicentini Hist. (Muratori S. R. I. IX. 1018).--Matt. Paris, ann. 1244 (p. 417).--Dom Bouquet, XXI. 545.--Chassaing, Spicilegium Brivatense, pp. 212-13.

An illustration of the exaggerations current as to the Templars is seen in the assertion, confidently made, that in Roussillon and Cerdagne the Order owned half the land, while an examination of its Cartulary shows that in reality it possessed but four lordships, together with fragmentary rights over rents, tithes, or villeins in seventy other places. A single abbey, that of St. Michel de Cuxa, possessed thirty lordships and similar rights in two hundred other places, and there were two other abbeys, Arles, and Cornella de Conflent, each richer than the Templars.--Allart, Bulletin de la Société Agricole, Scientifique et Littéraire des Pyrénées Orientales, T. XV. pp. 107-8.

[268] Du Puy, Hist. du Differend, Preuves, pp. 136-7.--Baudouin, Lettres inédites de Philippe le Bel, p. 163.--Maillard de Chambure, p. 61.--Grandes Chroniques, V. 173.--Raynouard, pp. 14, 21.--Rymer, I. 30.--Regest. Clement. PP. V. T. I. p. 192 (Ed. Benedict. Romæ, 1885).--Prutz, pp. 23, 31, 38, 46, 49, 51-2, 59, 76, 78, 79, 80.--Règle et Statuts, § 29, p. 226; § 58, pp. 249, 254; § 126, pp. 463-4.--Thomas, Registres de Boniface VIII. T. L. No. 490.--Baudouin, op. cit. p. 212.

Schottmüller (Der Untergang des Templer-Ordens, Berlin, 1887, I. 65) conjectures that the loan of five hundred thousand livres to Philippe is probably a popular error arising from the intervention of the Templars as bankers in the payment of the dowry.

[269] D'Argentré I. I. 280.--Wilcke, op. cit. II. 304-6.

[270] Guill. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1306.--Vaissette, IV. 135.--Raynouard, p. 24.

[271] Villani, Cron. VIII. 92.--Amalr. Augerii Vit. Clem. V. (Muratori S. R. I. III. II. 443-44).--S. Antonini Hist. (D'Argentré I. I. 281).--Trithem. Chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1307.--Raynald. ann. 1307, No. 12. The best-informed contemporaries, Bernard Gui, the Continuation of Nangis, Jean de S. Victor, the Grandes Chroniques, say nothing about this story.

[272] Règle et Statuts secrets, §81, p. 314; §124, p. 448.--Wilkins Concilia II. 338.--Procès des Templiers, I. 186-7, 454; II. 139, 153, 195-6, 223, 440, 445, 471.--S. Damiani Lib. Gomorrhian.--Guillel. Nangiac. ann. 1120.--Alani de Insulis Lib. de Planctu Naturæ.--Gualt. Mapes de Nugis Curialium I. xxiv.--Prediche del B. Frà Giordano da Rivalto, Firenze, 1831, I. 230.--Regest. Clement. PP. V.T. V. p. 259 (Ed. Benedictin. Romæ, 1887).--Alvar. Pelag. de Planct. Eccles. Lib. II. Art. ii. fol. lxxxiii.--Mémoires de Jacques Du Clercq, Liv. III. ch. 42; Liv. IV. ch. 3.--Rogeri Bacon Compend. Studii Philosophiæ cap. ii. (M.R. Series I. 412).

Unnatural crime was subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction and the punishment was burning alive (Très Ancien Cout. de Bretagne, Art. 112, 142 _ap_. Bourdot de Richebourg, IV. 227, 232.--Statuta Criminalia Mediolani e tenebris in lucem edita, cap. 51, Bergomi, 1594). An instance of the infliction of the penalty by secular justice is recorded at Bourges in 1445 (Jean Chartier, Hist. de Charles VII. Ed. Godefroy, p. 72), and another at Zurich in 1482 (V. Anshelm, Die Berner Chronik, Bern, 1884, I. 221), though in 1451 Nicholas V. had subjected the crime to the Inquisition (Ripoll III. 301). D'Argentré says "Hæc poena toto regno et vulgo statutis Italiæ indicitur per civitates, sed pene irritis legibus" (Comment. Consuetud. Duc. Britann. p. 1810). In England it was a secular crime, punishable by burning alive (Horne, Myrror of Justice, cap. IV. § 14) and in Spain by castration and lapidation (El Fuero real de España, Lib. IV. Tit. ix. l. 2).

The gossiping experiences in Syria and Italy of Antonio Sicci da Vercelli, as related before the papal commission in March, 1311, show the popular belief that there was a terrible secret in the Order which none of its members dared reveal (Procès, I. 644-5).

It is perhaps a coincidence that in 1307 the Teutonic Order was likewise accused of heresy by the Archbishop of Riga. Its Grand Master, Carl Beffart, was summoned by Clement, and with difficulty averted from his Order the fate of the Templars.--Wilcke, II. 118.

[273] Procès des Templiers, I. 36, 168.--Chron. Anonyme (Bouquet, XXI. 137).--Joann. de S. Victor. (Bouquet, XXI. 649-50).

[274] Bull. _Pastoralis præeminentiæ_ (Mag. Bull. Rom. Supplem. IX. 126).--Bull. _Faciens misericordiam_ (Ib. p. 136).--The Itineraries of Philippe and the record of pastoral visitations by Bertrand de Goth (Clement V.) sufficiently disprove the legendary story, originating with Villani, of the conditions entered into in advance at St. Jean d'Angely between Philippe and Clement (see van Os, De Abolitione Ordinis Templariorum, Herbipoli, 1874, pp. 14-15). None the less, however, was Clement practically subordinated to Philippe.

[275] Schottmüller's theory (Der Untergang des Templer-Ordens, I. 91) that Clement summoned the chiefs of the two Military Orders to arrange with them for the protection of the Holy See against Philippe appears to me destitute of all probability.

[276] Villani Chron. VIII. 91-2.--Raynald. ann. 1311, No. 26.--Ptol. Lucens. Hist. Eccles. Lib. XXIV. (Muratori S.R.I. XI. 1228).--Contin. Guill. Nangiac. ann. 1307.--Raynouard, pp. 18, 19.--Van Os De Abol. Ord. Templar, p. 43.--Procès des Templiers, II. 400.--Mag. Bull. Rom. IX. 131.--Procès, I. 95.--Du Puy, Traitez concernant l'Histoire de France, Paris, 1700, pp. 10, 117.

[277] Du Puy, pp. 18-19, 86.--Stemler, Contingent zur Geschichte der Templer, Leipzig, 1783, pp. 36-50.--Pissot, Procès et Condamnation des Templiers, Paris, 1805, pp. 39-43.

Clement V., in his letters of November 21 to Edward of England, and November 22 to Robert, Duke of Calabria, describes Philippe as having acted under the orders of the Inquisition, and as presenting the prisoners for judgment to the Church (Rymer III. 30; MSS. Chioccarello, T. VIII.). The Holy Office was recognized at the time as being the responsible instrumentality of the whole affair Chron. Fran. Pipini c. 49 _op_. Muratori S. R. I. IX. 749-50). The bull _Faciens misericordiam_ of August 12, 1308, gives the inquisitors throughout Europe instructions to participate in the subsequent proceedings (Mag. Bull. Rom. IX. 136).

In fact, the whole matter was strictly inquisitorial business, and it is a noteworthy fact that where the Inquisition was in good working order, as in France and Italy, there was no difficulty in obtaining the requisite evidence. In Castile and Germany it failed; in England, as we shall see, nothing could be done until the Inquisition was practically established temporarily for the purpose.

[278] Dom Bouquet, XXI. 448.--Vaissette, IV. 139.--Chron. Anon. (Bouquet, XXI. 137, 149).--Cont. Guill. Nangiac. ann. 1307.--Joann. de S. Victor. (Bouquet, XXI. 649).--Procès des Templiers, I. 458; II. 373.

[279] Joann. de S. Victor (Bouquet, XXI. 649-50).--Contin. Guill. Nangiac. ann. 1307.--Chron. Anon. (Bouquet, XXI. 137).--Schottmüller, op. cit. I. 131-33.--Zurita, Añales de Aragon, Lib. V. c. 73.--Procès des Templiers, II. 6, 375, 386, 394.--Du Puy, pp. 25-6, 88-91, 101-6.--Raynouard, pp. 39-40, 164, 235-8, 240-5.--Procès des Templiers, I. 36, 69, 203, 301; II. 305-6.--Ptol. Lucens. Hist. Eccles. Lib. XXIV. (Muratori S. R. I. XI. 1230).--Trithem. Chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1307.--Chron. Anon. (Bouquet, XXI. 149).

[280] Pissot, pp. 41-2.--Procès des Templiers, I. 89 sqq.--Mag. Bull. Roman. IX. 129 sqq.--Raynouard, p. 50.--Grandes Chroniques V. 188-90.--Chron. Anon. (Bouquet, XXI. 137).--Naucleri Chron. ann. 1306.

[281] Wilcke, II. 424.--Procès des Templiers, II. 218.--The flimsiness of the evidence which suffices to satisfy archaeologists of this kind is seen in the laborious trifling of M. Mignard, who finds in a sculptured stone coffer, discovered at Essarois in 1789, all the secrets of gnostic Manichæism, and who thereupon leaps to the conclusion that the coffer must have belonged to the Templars who had a preceptory within eight or ten miles of the place, and that it served as a receptacle for the Baphometic idol (Mignard, Monographie du coffret de M. le duc de Blacas, Paris, 1852.--Suite, 1853).

It is impossible to listen without respect to Professor Hans Prutz, whose labors in the archives of Valetta I have freely quoted above, and one can only view with regret the efforts of such a man wasted in piecing together contradictory statements of tortured witnesses to evolve out of them a dualistic heresy--an amalgamation of Catharan elements with Luciferan beliefs, to which even the unlucky Stedingers contribute corroboration (Geheimlehre u. Geheimstatuten des Tempelherren-Ordens, Berlin, 1879, pp. 62, 86, 100). It ought to be sufficient to prevent such wasted labor for the future, to call attention to the fact that if there had been ardor and conviction enough in the Order to risk the organization and propagation of a new heresy, there would, unquestionably, have been at least a few martyrs, such as all other heretical sects furnished. Yet not a single Templar avowed the faith attributed to them and persisted in it. All who confessed under the stress of the prosecution eagerly abjured the errors attributed to them and asked for absolution. A single case of obstinacy would have been worth to Philippe and Clement all the other testimony, and would have been made the pivotal point of the trials, but there was not one such. All the Templars who were burned were martyrs of another sort--men who had confessed under torture, had retracted their confessions, and who preferred the stake to the disgrace of persisting in the admission extorted from them. It does not seem to occur to the ingenious framers of heretical beliefs for the Templars that they must construct a heresy whose believers will not suffer death in its defence, but will endure to be burned in scores rather than submit to the stigma of having it ascribed to them. The mere statement of the case is enough to show the fabulous character of all the theories so laboriously constructed, especially that of M. Mignard, who proves that the Templars were Cathari--heretics whose aspiration for martyrdom was peculiarly notorious.

I have not been able to consult Loiseleur's "La Doctrine Secrète des Templiers" (Orleans, 1872), but from Prutz's references to it I gather that it is grounded on the same false basis and is open to the same easy refutation. Wilcke's speculations are too perversely crude to be worth attention.

[282] Writers unfamiliar with the judicial processes of the period are misled by the customary formula, to the effect that the confirmation of a confession is not obtained by force or fear of torture. See Raynald. ann. 1307, No. 12, and Bini, Dei Tempieri in Toscana, p. 428. Wilcke asserts positively (op. cit. II. 318) that de Molay never was tortured, which may possibly be true (Amalr. Auger. Vit. Clem. V. _ap._ Muratori III. ii. 461), but he saw his comrades around him subjected to torture, and it was a mere question of strength of nerve whether he yielded before or after the rack. Prutz even says that in England neither torture nor terrorism was employed (Geheimlehre, p. 104), which we will see below was not the case. Van Os (De Abol. Ord. Templ. pp. 107, 109) is bolder, and argues that a confession confirmed after torture is as convincing as if no torture had been used. He carefully suppresses the fact, however, that retraction was held to be relapse and entailed death by burning.

How the system worked is illustrated by the examination of the Preceptor of Cyprus, Raimbaud de Caron, before the inquisitor Guillaume, Nov. 10, 1307. When first interrogated he would only admit that he had been told in the presence of his uncle, the Bishop of Carpentras, that he would have to renounce Christ to obtain admission. He was then removed and subsequently brought back, when he remembered that at his reception he had been forced to renounce Christ and spit on the cross, and had been taught that the gratification of unnatural lust was permissible. Yet this confession, so evidently the result of torture, winds up with the customary formula that he swore it was not the result of force or fear of prison or torture.--Procès. II. 374-5.

[283] Procès, II. 188, 407.

[284] Ibid. II. 451.

[285] Procès, I. 241, 412, 415, 602, 611; II. 7, 295, 298, 354, 359, 382, 394.--Règle, §7, p. 211.

[286] Procès, I. 213, 332; II. 388, 404.--Raynouard, p. 281.--In this and the following notes I can only give a few references as examples. To do so exhaustively would be to make an analytical index of the whole voluminous mass of testimony.

[287] Procès, I. 206, 242, 302, 378, 386, etc.; II. 5, 27, etc.

[288] Procès, I. 254, 417; II. 24, 62, 72, 104.--Bini, Dei Tempieri in Toscana, pp. 463, 470, 478.

[289] Procès, II. 42, 44, 59.

[290] Procès, I. 206-7, 294, 411, 426, 464, 533; II. 31, 128, 242, 366.

[291] Procès, I. 190, 207, 399, 502, 597; II. 193, 203, 212, 279, 300, 313, 315, 363, 364.--Du Puy, pp. 105-6.--Raynouard, pp. 246-8, 279-83, 293.--Bini, pp. 465, 474, 482, 487, 488.--Wilkins, Concilia, II. 358.--Schottmüller, op. cit. II. 29, 50, 68, 70, 127, 410, 411.--Vaissette, IV. 141.--Stemler, pp. 124-5.

It is in this multiform creature of the imagination that Dr. Wilcke (II. 131-2) sees alternately an image of John the Baptist and the triune Makroposopus of the Cabala.

Among the few outside witnesses who appeared before the papal commission in 1310-11, was Antonio Sicci of Vercelli, imperial and apostolic notary, who forty years before had served the Templars in Syria in that capacity, and had recently been employed in the case by the Inquisition of Paris. Among his Eastern experiences he gravely related a story current in Sidon that a lord of that city once loved desperately but fruitlessly a noble maiden of Armenia; she died, and, like Periander of Corinth, on the night of her burial he opened her tomb and gratified his passion. A mysterious voice said, "Return in nine months and you will find a head, your son!" In due time he came back and found a human head in the tomb, when the voice said, "Guard this head, for all your good-fortune will come from it!" At the time the witness heard this, Matthieu le Sauvage of Picardy was Preceptor of Sidon, who had established brotherhood with the Soldan of Babylon by each drinking the other's blood. Then a certain Julian, who had succeeded to Sidon and to the possession of the head, entered the Order and gave to it the town and all his wealth. He was subsequently expelled and entered the Hospitallers, whom he finally abandoned for the Premonstratensians (Procès, I. 645-6). This somewhat irrelevant and disconnected story so impressed the commissioners that they made Antonio reduce it to writing himself, and lost no subsequent opportunity of inquiring about the head of Sidon from all other witnesses who had been in Syria. Shortly afterwards Jean Senandi, who had lived in Sidon for five years, informed them that the Templars purchased the city, and that Julian, who had been one of its lords, entered the Order but apostatized and died in poverty. One of his ancestors was said to have loved a maiden and abused her corpse, but he had heard nothing of the head (Ib. II. 140). Pierre de Nobiliac had been for many years beyond seas, but had likewise never heard of it (Ib. 215). At length their curiosity was gratified by Hugues de Faure, who confirmed the fact that Sidon had been purchased by the Grand Master, Thomas Berard (1257-1273), and added that after the fall of Acre he had heard in Cyprus that the heiress of Maraclea, in Tripoli, had been loved by a noble who had exhumed her body and violated it, and cut off her head, a voice telling him to guard it well, for it would destroy all who looked upon it. He wrapped it up and kept it in a coffer, and in Cyprus, when he wished to destroy a town of the Greeks, he would uncover it and accomplish his purpose. Desiring to destroy Constantinople he sailed thither with it, but his old nurse, curious to know what was in the coffer so carefully preserved, opened it, when a sudden storm burst over the ship and sank it with all on board, except a few sailors who escaped to tell the tale. Since then no fish have been found in that part of the sea (Ib. 223-4). Guillaume Avril had been seven years beyond seas without hearing of the head, but had been told that in the whirlpool of Setalias a head sometimes appeared, and then all the vessels there were lost (Ib. 238). All this rubbish was sent to the Council of Vienne as part of the evidence against the Order.

[292] Procès, I. 233, 242, 250, 414, 423, 429, 533, 536, 546, etc.

[293] Procès, I. 233; II. 219, 232, 237, 264.--Raynouard, 274-5, 279-80.--Bini, pp. 463, 497.

At the feast of the Holy Cross in May and September, and on Good Friday, the Templars all assembled, and, laying aside shoes and head-gear and swords, adored the cross, with the hymn--

Ador te Crist et benesesc te Crist Qui per la sancta tua crou nos resemist.-- (Procès, II. 474, 491, 503.)

[294] Procès, I. 233, 250, 536, 539, 541, 546, 606; II. 226, 232, 336, 360, 369.--Ravnouard, p. 275.

[295] Procès, I. 530, 533, 536, 539, 544, 549, 565, 572, 622; II. 24, 27, 29, 31, 120, 280, 362, 546, 579.--Schottmüller, II. 413.

[296] Procès, I. 386, 536, 539, 565, 572, 592.

[297] Procès. I. 413, 434, 444, 469, 504, 559, 562; II. 75, 99, 113, 123, 205.--Raynouard, p. 280.--Schottmüller, op. cit. II. 132, 410.

[298] Procès, I. 407, 418, 435, 462, 572, 588; II. 27, 38, 67, 174, 185, 214.

[299] Procès, I. 404; II. 260, 281, 284, 295, 299, 338, 354, 356, 363, 389, 390, 395, 407.--Bini, pp. 468, 488.

It is not easy to appreciate the reasoning of Michelet (Procès, II. vii.-viii.), who argues that the uniformity of denial in a series of depositions taken by the Bishop of Elne suggests concert of statement agreed upon in advance, while the variations in those who admitted guilt are an evidence of their veracity. If the Templars were innocent, denials of the charges read to them seriatim would be necessarily identical; if they were guilty, the confessions would be likewise uniform. Thus the identity of the one group and the diversity of the other both concur to disprove the accusations.

[300] Incontrovertible evidence that the Templar priests did not mutilate the words of consecration in the mass is furnished in the Cypriote proceedings by ecclesiastics who had long dwelt with them in the East.--Processus Cypricus (Schottmüller, II. 379, 382, 383).

[301] Procès, I. 230-1, 264-74, 296-307, 331-67, 477-93, 602-19, 621-41; II. 1-3, 56-85, 91-114, 122-52, 154-77, 184-91, 234-56, 263-7.

[302] Procès, I. 298, 305, 319, 336, 372, 401, 405, 427, 436, etc.

It is not easy to understand the prescription of Friday fasting as a penance for a Templar, for the ascetic rules of the Order already required the most rigid fasting. Meat was only allowed three days in the week, and a second Lent was kept from the Sunday before Martinmas until Christmas (Règle, §§ 15, 57).

[303] This would seem not unlikely if we are to believe the confession of Jean d'Aumônes, a serving brother who stated that at his reception his preceptor turned all the other brethren out of the chapel, and after some difficulty forced him to spit at the cross, after which he said "Go, fool, and confess." This Jean at once did, to a Franciscan who imposed on him only the penance of three Friday fasts, saying that it was intended as a test of constancy in case of capture by the Saracens (Procès, I. 588-91).

Another serving brother, Pierre de Cherrut, related that after he had been forced to renounce God his preceptor smiled disdainfully at him, as though despising him (Ib. I. 531).

Equally suggestive is the story, told by the serving brother Eudes de Bures, a youth of twenty at the time, that after his reception he was taken into another room by two of the brethren and forced to renounce Christ. On his refusing at first, one of them said that in his country people renounced God a hundred times for a flea--perhaps an exaggeration, but "Je renye Dieu" was one of the commonest of expletives. When the preceptor heard him weeping he called to the tormentors to let him alone, as they would set him crazy, and he subsequently told Eudes that it was a joke (Ib. II. 100-2).

What is the real import of such incidents may be gathered from a story related by a witness during the inquest held in Cyprus, May, 1310. He had heard from a Genoese named Matteo Zaccaria, who had long been a prisoner in Cairo, that when the news of the proceedings against the Order reached the Soldan of Egypt he drew from his prisons about forty Templars captured ten years before on the island of Tortosa, and offered them wealth if they would renounce their religion. Surprised and angered by their refusal, he remanded them to their dungeons and ordered them to be deprived of food and drink, when they perished to a man rather than apostatize.--Schottmüller, op. cit. II. 160.

[304] Regest. Clement. PP. V. T. II. p. 95.--Du Puy, pp. 117-18, 124, 134.--Schottmüller, I. 94.--Rymer, Foed. III. 30.--MSS. Chioccarello T. VIII.--Mag. Bull. Rom. IX. 126, 131.--Zurita, Lib. v. c. 73.

Apparently there was a general expectation that the Hospitallers would share the fate of the Templars, and a disposition was manifested at once to pillage them, for Clement felt obliged, December 21, 1307, to issue a bull confirming all their privileges and immunities, and to send throughout Europe letters ordering them to be protected from all encroachments (Regest. Clem. PP. V. T. III. pp. 14, 17-18, 20-1, 273; T. IV. p. 418).

[305] Du Puy, pp. 12-13, 84-5, 89, 109, 111-12, 134.--D'Achery Spicileg. II. 199.--Raynouard, p. 238, 306.

Jean de S. Victor gives the date of the declaration of the University as the Saturday after Ascension (May 25, _ap_. Bouquet, XXI. 651), but Du Puy describes the document as sealed with fourteen seals, and dated on Lady Day (March 25).

[306] Archives Administratives de Reims, T. II. pp. 65, 66.--Chassaing Spicilegium Brivatense, pp. 274-5.--Du Puy, pp. 38-9, 85, 113, 116.--Contin. Nangiac. ann. 1308.--Joann. de S. Victor. (Bouquet, XXI. 650).--Raynouard, p. 42.

[307] Ptol. Lucens. Hist. Eccles. Lib. xxiv. (Muratori S. R. I. XI. 1229-30).--Joann. de S. Victor (Bouquet, XXI. 650).--Raynouard, pp. 44-5, 245-52.--Du Puy, pp. 13-14.--Schottmüller, op. cit. II. 13 sqq.--Bull. _Faciens misericordiam_, 12 Aug. 1308 (Rymer, II. 101.--Mag. Bull. Rom. IX. 136).

[308] Du Puy, pp. 15-17, 20, 39, 86, 107-8, 118-19, 121-22, 125.--Contin. Nangiac. ann. 1308.--Raynouard, pp. 46, 49.--Joann. de S. Victor (Bouquet, XXI. 651).--D'Achery Spicileg. II. 200.

Guillaume de Plaisian, who had been Philippe's chief instrument in these transactions, received special marks of Clement's favor by briefs dated August 5 (Regest. Clement. PP. V. T. III. pp. 216, 227).

[309] Bull. _Faciens misericordiam_.--Raynald. ann. 1309, No. 3.--Du Puy, pp. 64-5, 86-88, 127, 207-9.--Procès des Templiers I. 50-2.--Raynouard, p. 47.--Regest. Clement. PP. V. T. IV. pp. 433-4.

Clement appointed six curators in France to look after the property for the Holy See. By letters of January 5, 1309, he gave them an allowance from the Templar property of forty sous _parisis_ of good money each for every night which they might have to spend away from home, at the same time cautioning them that they must not fraudulently leave their houses without necessity (Regest. T. IV. p. 439). A brief of January 28, 1310, transferring from the Bishop of Vaison to the canon, Gérard de Bussy, the custody of certain Templar houses, shows that Clement succeeded in obtaining possession of a portion (Ib. T. V. p. 56).

[310] Du Puy, pp. 33-4, 133.--Bull. _Faciens misericordiam_.--Procès, I. 34-5.

[311] Rymer, III. 101.--Mag. Bull. Rom. IX. 134, 136.--Harduin. VII. 1283, 1289, 1321, 1353.--Schmidt, Päbstliche Urkunden und Regesten, Halle, 1886, pp. 71-2.--Raynald. ann. 1308, No. 8.--Contin. Guill. Nangiac. ann. 1308.--Raynouard, p. 50.--Regest. Clement. PP. V. T. III. pp. 281 sqq., pp. 363 sqq., 386 sqq.; T. IV. pp. 3, 276 sqq., 479-82.

The Master of England and the Master of Germany were reserved for papal judgment. The bull _Faciens misericordiam_, addressed to Germany, contained no command to assemble provincial councils (Harduin. VII. 1353).

In spite of all that had occurred, this bull seems to have taken the public by surprise outside of France. Walter of Hemingford calls it "_bullam horribilem contra Templarios_" (Chron. Ed. 1849, II. 279).

[312] Du Puy, pp. 110, 125.--Raynouard, p. 130.--Regest. Clement. PP. V. T. IV. pp. 453-55, 457-8.--Procès, I. 71-2, 128, 132, 135, 463, 511, 540, etc.

[313] Raynouard, pp. 52-3.--Procès, I. 40, 75, 230, 506-9, 511-14, 520-1, 527-8; II. 13, 18.

[314] Joann. de S. Victor (Bouquet, XXI. 654).--Procès, I. 1-31.

[315] Procès, I. 28, 29, 41-5, 88.

[316] Procès, I. 47-53.

[317] Procès, I. 103-51.--It must be borne in mind that the allowance was in the fearfully debased currency of Philippe le Bel. According to a document of 1318 the livre Tournois still was to the sterling pound as 1 to 4-1/2 (Olim, III. 1279).

Other Templars subsequently offered to defend the Order, making five hundred and seventy-three up to May 2.

[318] Procès, I. 165-72.

[319] Procès, I. 173, 201-4, 259-64.

[320] Fisquet, La France Pontificale, Sens, p. 68.--Procès, I. 274-5, 281.--Contin. Chron. G. de Fracheto (Bouquet, XXI. 33).--Chron. Anon. (Bouquet, XXI. 140).--Amalr. Auger. Hist. Pontif. (Eccard II. 1810).--Trithem. Chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1307.--Bern. Guidon. Flor. Chron. (Bouquet, XXI. 719).--Joann. de S. Victor (Bouquet, XXI. 654-55).--Contin. Guill. Nangiac. ann. 1310.--Grandes Chroniques, V. 187.--Chron. Cornel. Zantfliet ann. 1310 (Martene Ampl. Coll. V. 158).--Bessin, Concil. Rotomagens. p. iii.--Raynouard, pp. 118-20.

It was not all bishops who were ready to accept the inquisitorial doctrine that revocation of confession was equivalent to relapse. The question was discussed in the Council of Narbonne and decided in the negative.--Raynouard, p. 106.

The number of those who refused to confess was not insignificant. Some papers respecting the expenses of detention of Templars at Senlis describe sixty-five as not reconciled, who therefore cannot have confessed.--Ib. p. 107.

[321] Procès, I. 275-83.

[322] Harduin. VII. 1334.--Procès, I. 286-7; II. 3-4, 269-73.--Raynouard, pp. 254-6.--A notarial attestation describes the voluminous record as consisting of 219 folios with forty lines to the page, equivalent to 17,520 lines.

How close a watch was kept on the witnesses is seen in the case of three, Martin de Mont Richard, Jean Durand, and Jean de Ruans, who, on March 22, asserted that they knew of no evil in the Order. Two days later they are brought back to say that they had lied through folly. When before their bishops they had confessed to renouncing and spitting, and it was true. What persuasions were applied to them during the interval no one can tell.--Procès, II. 88-96, 107-9.

[323] Rymer, Foedera, III. 18, 34-7, 43-6.

[324] Regest. Clement. PP. V. T. III. pp. 316, 477.--Rymer, Foed. III. 168-9, 173, 179-80, 182, 195, 203-4, 244.

The pay assigned to the inquisitors was three florins each _per diem_, to be assessed on the Templar property (Regest. ubi sup.).

[325] Wilkins, Concil. Mag. Brit. II. 329-92.--Rymer, III. 195, 202-3, 224-5, 227-32, 260, 274.--Regest. Clement. PP. V. T. V. pp. 455-7.

[326] Wilkins, II. 314, 373-83, 394-400.--Rymer, III. 295, 327, 334, 349, 472-3.--Procès des Templiers, II. 130.--D'Argentré I. I. 280.

That the allowance for the Templars was liberal is shown by that made for the Bishop of Glasgow when confined, in 1312, in the Castle of Porchester. His _per diem_ was 6_d._, that for his valet 3_d._, for his chaplain five farthings, and the same for his servant (Rymer, III. 363). The wages of the janitor of the Temple in London was 2_d._, by a charter of Edward II. in 1314 (Wilcke, II. 498).

[327] Procès, II. 267.--Calmet, Hist. Gén. de Lorraine, II. 436.

[328] Gassari Annal. Augstburgens. ann. 1312 (Menken. Scriptt, I. 1473).--Torquati Series Pontif. Magdeburg. ann. 1307-8 (Menken. III. 390).--Raynald. ann. 1310, No. 40.--Chron. Episc. Merseburgens. c. xxvii. § 3 (Ludewig IV. 408).--Bothonis Chron. ann. 1311 (Leibnitz III. 374).--Wilcke, II. 242, 246, 324-5.--Regest. Clement. PP. V. T. V. p. 271.--Schmidt, Päbstliche Urkunden und Regesten, Halle, 1886, p. 77.--Havemann, p. 333.

[329] Harduin. VII. 1353.--Regest. Clement. PP. V. T. IV. pp. 3-4; T. V. p. 272.--Du Puy, pp. 62-3, 130-1.--Schmidt, Päbstliche Urkunden, p. 77.--Raynald. ann. 1310, No. 40.--Raynouard, pp. 127, 270.--Jo. Latomi Cat. Archiepp. Moguntt. (Menken. III. 526).--H. Mutii Chron. Lib. XXII. ann. 1311.--Wilcke, II. 243, 246, 325, 339.--Schottmüller, I. 445-6.

Even Raynaldus (ann. 1307, No. 12) alludes to the incombustibility of the Templars' crosses as an evidence in their favor.

[330] Mag. Bull. Rom. IX. 131-2.--Archivio di Napoli, MSS. Chioccarello, T. VIII.--Du Puy, pp. 63-4, 87, 222-6.--Raynouard, pp. 200, 279-84.--Schottmüller, II. 108 sqq.

[331] Schottmüller, II. 406-19.

[332] Regest. Clement. PP. V. T. IV. p. 301.--Bini, pp. 420-1, 424, 427-8.--Raynald. ann. 1309, No. 3.--Raynouard, pp. 273-77.--Chron. Parmens. ann. 1309 (Muratori S. R. I. IX. 880).--Du Puy, pp. 57-8.--Rubei Hist. Ravennat. Ed. 1589, pp. 517, 521, 522, 524, 525, 526.--Campi, Dell' Hist. Eccles. di Piacenza, P. III. p. 41.--Barbarano dei Mironi Hist. Eccles. di Vicenza, II. 157-8.--Anton, Versuch einer Geschichte der Tempelherrenordens, Leipzig, 1779, p. 139.

[333] Schottmüller, I. 457-69, 494; II. 147-400.--Du Puy, pp. 63, 106-7.--Raynouard, p. 285.

[334] Allart, Bulletin de la Société des Pyrénées Orientales, 1867, Tom. XV. pp. 37-42, 67-9, 72, 76-8, 94-6.--Zurita, Añales de Aragon, Lib. V. c. 72, Lib. VI. c. 61.--Regest. Clement. PP. V. T. IV. pp. 435 sqq.--La Fuente, Hist. Ecles. de España, II. 369-70.--Ptol. Lucens Hist. Eccles. Lib. XXIV. (Muratori S. R. I. XI. 1228).--Concil. Tarraconens. ann. 1312 (Aguirre, VI. 233-4).

[335] Allart, op. cit. pp. 34, 42, 66, 69, 72-4, 79, 81-4, 86, 93-8, 105.--Procès, II. 424-515.--Vaissette, IV. 153.

I have met with no details as to the treatment of the Templars of Navarre; but as Louis Hutin, son of Philippe le Bel, succeeded to that kingdom in 1307, of course the French methods prevailed there, and the papal Inquisitor, Jean de Bourgogne, had full opportunity to procure testimony in what manner was most effective.

[336] Regest. Clement. PP. V. T. III. pp. 289, 299.--Llorente, Ch. III. Art. 2, No. 6, 7.--Mariana, Lib. XV. c. 10 (Ed. 1789, p. 390, note).--Raynouard, pp. 128, 265-66.--Aguirre, VI. 230.--La Fuente, Hist. Ecles. II. 368-70.

[337] Raynouard, pp. 204, 267.--Raynald. ann. 1317, No. 40.--Zurita, Lib. VI. c. 26.--La Fuente, II. 872.

[338] Raynald. ann. 1311, No. 53.--Raynouard, pp. 166-7.--Schottmüller, I. 395.

[339] Bini, p. 501.--Raynouard, pp. 233-5, 303.--Vaissette, IV. 140-1.

[340] Hefele, Conciliengeschichte I. 66.--Franz Ehrle, Archiv f. Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1886, p. 353.--The apologetic tone in which it was felt necessary to speak of the acts of the council with regard to the Templars is well illustrated by a Vatican MS. quoted by Raynaldus, ann. 1311, No. 54.

Only fragments have reached us of the vast accumulation of documents respecting the case of the Templars. In the migrations of Clement V. doubtless some were lost (Franz Ehrle, Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengesch. 1885, p. 7); others in the Schism, when Benedict XIII. carried a portion of the archives to Peniscola (Schottmüller, I. 705), and others again in the transport of the papers of the curia from Avignon to Rome. When, in 1810, Napoleon ordered the papal archives transferred to Paris, where they remained until 1815, the first care of General Radet, the French Inspector-general of Rome, was to secure those concerning the trials of the Templars and of Galileo (Regest. Clement. PP. V., Romæ, 1885, T. I. Proleg. p. ccxxix.). During their stay in Paris Raynouard utilized them in the work so often quoted above, but even then only a few seem to have been accessible, and of these a portion are now not to be found in the Vatican MSS., although Schottmüller, the most recent investigator, expresses a hope that the missing ones may yet be traced (op. cit. I. 713). The number of boxes sent to Paris amounted to 3239, and the papal archivists complained that many documents were not restored. The French authorities declared that the papal agents to whom they had been delivered sold immense quantities to grocers (Reg. Clem. V. Proleg. pp. ccxciii.-ccxcviii.).

[341] Bull. _Vox in excelso_ (Van Os, pp. 72-4).--Du Puy, pp. 177-8.--Ptol. Lucens. Hist. Eccles. Lib. xxiv. (Murutori S. R. I. XI. 1236).--Raynouard, p. 187.--Cf. Raynald. ann. 1311, No. 55.

If Schottmüller's assumption be correct as to the "Deminutio laboris examinantium processus contra ordinem Templi in Anglia," printed by him from a Vatican MS. (op cit. II. 78 sqq.)--that it was prepared to be laid before the commission of the Council of Vienne, it shows the unscrupulous manner in which the evidence was garbled for the purpose of misleading those who were to sit in judgment. All the favorable testimony is suppressed and the wildest gossip of women and monks is seriously presented as though it were incontrovertible.

[342] Jo. Hocsemii Gest. Episcc. Leodiens. (Chapeaville, II. 345).--Baudouin, Lettres inédites de Philippe le Bel, p. 179.--Chron. Cornel. Zantfliet ann. 1307 (Martene Ampl. Coll. V. 154).--Bull. _Vox in excelso_ (Van Os, pp. 75-77).--Bern. Guidon. Flor. Chron. (Bouquet, XXI. 721).--Wilcke, II. 307.--Gürtleri Hist. Templarior. Amstel. 1703, p. 365.--Vertot, Hist. des Chev. de Malthe, Ed. 1755, Tom II. p. 136.--Contin. Guill. Nangiac. ann. 1311-12.--Martin. Polon. Contin. (Eccard. I. 1438).--Trithem. Chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1307.

When, in 1773, Clement XIV. desired to abolish the Order of Jesuits by an arbitrary exercise of papal power, he did not fail to find a precedent in the suppression of the Templars by Clement V.--as he says in his bull of July 22, 1773, "Etiamsi concilium generale Viennense, cui negotium examinandum commiserat, a formali et definitiva sententia ferenda censuerit se abstinere."--Bullar. Roman. Contin. Prati, 1847, V. 620.

The wits of the day did not allow the affair to pass unimproved. Bernard Gui cites as current at the time the Leonine verse, "Res est exempli destructa superbia Templi." Hocsemius quotes for us a chronogram by P. de Awans, possibly alluding to the treasure which Philippe gained--

"Excidium Templi nimia pinguedine rempli Ad LILIVM duo C consocianda doce."

To minds of other temper there were not lacking portents to prove the anger of Heaven, whether at the crimes of the Order or at its destruction--eclipses of sun and moon, parahelia, paraselenæ, fires darting from earth to heaven, thunder in clear sky. Near Padua a mare dropped a foal with nine feet; flocks of birds of an unknown species were seen in Lombardy; throughout the Paduan territory a rainy winter was succeeded by a dry summer with hail-storms, so that the harvests were a failure. No Etruscan haruspex or Roman augur could wish for clearer omens: it reads like a page of Livy.--Albertini Mussati Hist. August. Rubr. X. XI. (Muratori S. R. I. X. 377-9).-Cf. Ptol. Lucens. Hist. Eccles. Lib. XXIV. (Ib. XI. 1233); Fr. Jordan. Chron. ann. 1314 (Muratori Antiq. XI. 789).

[343] Contin. Guill. Nangiac. ann. 1312.--Raynald. ann. 1312, No. 5.--Hocsemii Gest. Episcopp. Leod. (Chapeaville, II. 346).--Chron. Fr. Pipini c. 49 (Muratori S. R. I. IX. 750).--Chron. Astens. c. 27 (Ib. XI. 194).--Chron. Cornel. Zantfliet ann. 1310 (Martene Ampl. Coll. V. 160).--Walsingham (D'Argentré I. I. 280).--Raynouard, pp. 197-8.--Bull. _Ad providam_ (Rymer, III. 323.--Mag. Bull. Rom. IX. 149.--Harduin. VII. 1341-8).--Bull. _Nuper in generali_ (Rymer III. 326. Mag. Bull. Rom. IX. 150).--Zurita, Lib. V. c. 99.--Allart, op. cit. pp. 71-2.--Schmidt, Päbstliche Urkunden, p. 81.

[344] Bern. Guidon. Flor. Chron. (Bouquet, XXI. 722).--Godefroy de Paris, v. 6028-9.--Ferreti Vicentin. Hist. (Muratori S. R. I. IX. 1017).--Le Roulx, Documents, etc., p. 51.--Havemann, Geschichte des Ausgangs, p. 290.--Fr. Pipini Chron. c. 49 (Muratori IX. 750).--Joann. de S. Victor. (Bouquet, XXI. 658).--Vaissette, IV. 141.--Stemler, Contingent zur Geschichte der Templer, pp. 20-1.--Raynouard, pp. 213-4, 233-5.--Wilcke, II. 236, 240.--Anton, Versuch, p. 142.

[345] Raynald. ann. 1313, No. 39.--Raynouard, pp. 205-10.--Contin. Guill. Nangiac. ann. 1313.--Joaun. de S. Victor. (Bouquet, XXI. 658).--Chron. Anon. (Bouquet, XXI. 143).--Godefroy de Paris v. 6033-6129.--Villani Chron. VIII. 92.--Chron. Cornel. Zantfliet ann. 1310 (Martene Ampl. Coll. V. 160).--Trithem. Chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1307.--Pauli Æmylii de Reb. Gest. Franc. Ed. 1569, p. 421.--Van Os, p. 111.

In his haste Philippe did not stop to inquire as to his rights over the Isle des Juifs. It happened that the monks of St. Germain des Près claimed _haute et basse justice_ there, and they promptly complained that they were wronged by the execution, whereupon Philippe issued letters declaring that it should work no prejudice to them (Olim, II. 599).

[346] Pauli Langii Chron. Citicens. ann. 1314 (Pistorii I. 1201).--Chron. Sampetrini Erfurtens. ann. 1315 (Menken III. 325).--Naucleri Chron. ann. 1306.--Ferreti Vicentin. Hist. (Muratori S. R. I. IX. 1018).

Clement's reputation was such that this was not the only legend of the kind about his death. While yet Archbishop of Bordeaux, he had a bitter quarrel with Walter of Bruges, a holy Franciscan whom Nicholas III. had forced to accept the episcopate of Poitiers. On his elevation to the papacy he gratified his grudge by deposing Walter and ordering him to a convent. Walter made no complaint, but on his death-bed he appealed to the judgment of God, and died with a paper in his hand in which he cited the papal oppressor before the divine tribunal on a certain day. His grip on this could not be loosened, and he was buried with it. The next year Clement chanced to pass through the place; he had the tomb opened, found the body uncorrupted, and ordered the paper to be given to him. It terrified him greatly, and at the time specified he was obliged to obey the summons.--Wadding. ann. 1279, No. 13.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1307.

Guillaume de Nogaret, who was Philippe's principal instrument, was the subject of a similar story. A Templar on his way to the stake saw him and cited him to appear within eight days, and on the eighth day he died.--Chron. Astena. c. 27 (Muratori S. R. I. XI. 194).

[347] Godefroi de Paris, v. 6131-45. Cf. 3876-81, 3951-2.--Procès des Templiers, II. 195.

Some of the contemporaries outside of France who attribute the affair to the greed of Philippe and Clement are--Matt. Neoburg. (Albert Argentinens.) Chron. ann. 1346 (Urstisii II. 137).--Sächsische Weltchronik, erste bairische Fortsetzung, ann. 1312 (Mon. Germ. II. 334).--Stalwegii Chron. ann. 1305 (Leibnit. III. 274).--Bothonis Chron. ann. 1311 (Leibnit. III. 374).--Chron. Comitum Schawenburg (Meibom. 1. 499).--Jo. Hocsemii Gest. Episcc. Leodiens. (Chapeaville, II. 345-6).--Chron. Astens. c. 27 (Muratori S. R. I. XI. 192-4).--Istorie Pistolesi (Ib. XI. 518).--Villani Chron. VIII. 92.

Authorities who assume the guilt of the Templars are--Ferreti Vicentini Hist. (Muratori S. R. I. IX. 1017-18).--Chron. Parmens. ann. 1309 (Ib. IX. 880).--Albertin. Mussat. Hist. August. Rubr. x. (Ib. X. 377).--Chron. Guillel. Scoti (Bouquet, XXI. 205).--Hermanni Corneri Chron. ann. 1309 (Eccard. II. 971-2). The old German word Tempelhaus, signifying house of prostitution, conveys the popular sense of the license of the Order (Trithem. Chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1307).

Henri Martin assumes that the traditions of the north of France are adverse to the Templars, and that those of the south are favorable. He instances a Breton ballad in which the "Red Monks," or Templars, are represented as ferocious debauchees who carry off young women and then destroy them with the fruits of guilty intercourse. On the other hand, at Gavarnie (Bigorre), there are seven heads which are venerated as those of martyred Templars, and the popular belief is that on the night of the anniversary of the abolition of the Order a figure, armed cap-a-pie and bearing the white mantle with a red cross, appears in the cemetery and thrice cries out, "Who will defend the holy temple; who will liberate the sepulchre of the Lord?" when the seven heads answer thrice, "No one, no one! The Temple is destroyed!"--Histoire de France, T. IV. pp. 496-7 (Éd. 1855).

[348] Raynald. ann. 1307, No. 12.--D'Argentré I. I. 281.--Campi, Dell' Hist. Eccles. di Piacenza, P. III. p. 43, Piacenza, 1651.--Feyjoo, Cartas I. xxviii.

[349] Ferreti Vicentini, loc. cit.--Raynald. ann. 1307, No. 12.--Havemann, p. 334.--Wilcke, II. 327, 329-30.--Raynouard, pp. 25-6.--Vaissette, IV. 141.--Du Puy, pp. 75, 78, 88, 125-31, 216-17.--Prutz, p. 16.--Olim, III. 580-2.

Even as late as 1337, in the accounts of the Sénéchaussée of Toulouse there is a place reserved for collections from the Templar property, although the returns in that year were nil.--Vaissette, Éd. Privat, X. Pr. 785.

For the banking business of the Templars, see Schottmüller, I. 64.

[350] Contin. Guillel. Nangiac. ann. 1312.--Villani Chron. VIII. 92.--Matt. Neoburg. (Albertin. Argentin.) Chron. ann. 1346 (Urstisii II. 137).--H. Mutii Chron. Lib. XXII. ann. 1311.--Chron. Fr. Pipini c. 49 (Muratori S. R. I. IX. 750).--Havemann, p. 338.--Vertot, II. 154.--Hocsemii Gest. Episcc. Leodiens. (Chapeaville, II. 346).--Trithem. Chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1307.--Naucleri Chron. ann. 1306.--Raynald. ann. 1312, No. 7; ann. 1313, No. 18.--Van Os, p. 81.--Wilcke, II. 340-1, 497.--Gassari Annal. Augstburg. ann. 1312 (Menken. I. 1473).--Schottmüller, I. 496; II. 427-9.--Regest. Clement. PP. V. T. IV. p. 452.--Rymer, III. 133-4, 292-4, 321, 337, 404, 409-10, 451-2, 472-3.--Le Roulx, Documents, etc., p. 50.

We happen to have a slight example of the plunder in an absolution granted February 23, 1310, by Clement to Bernard de Bayulli, canon and chancellor of the Abbey of Cornelia in Roussillon, for the excommunication incurred by him for taking a horse, a mule, and sundry effects, valued in all at sixty livres Tournois, from the preceptory of Gardin, in the diocese of Lerida.--Regest. Clement. PP. V. T. V. p. 41.

[351] Raynald. ann. 1313, No. 37.--Allart, loc. cit. pp. 87, 89.

[352] Bofarull y Brocá, Hist. de Cataluña, III. 97.--Zurita, Lib. II. c. 60; Lib. III. c. 9; Lib. VI. c. 26.--Mariana, Ed. 1789, V. 290.--La Fuente, Hist. Ecles. II. 370-1. Ilescas (Hist. Pontifical, Lib. VI. c. 2), in the second half of the sixteenth century, remarks that there had been fourteen Masters of Montesa and never one married until the present one, D. Cesar de Borja, who is married.

[353] Mariana, V. 290.--Garibay, Compendio Historial Lib. XIII. cap. 33.--Zurita, Lib. VI. c. 26.--Le Roulx, Documents, etc., p. 52.

[354] Regest. Clement. PP. V. T. V. p. 235 (Romæ, 1887).

[355] Johann. Saresberiens. Polycrat. VIII. 17.--D'Argentré I. II. 180-5.--Monstrelet, Chroniques, I. 39, 119.

[356] D'Argentré, I. II. 184-6.--Religieux de S. Denis, Histoire de Charles VI. Liv. xxxiii. ch. 28.--Juvenal des Ursins, ann. 1413.--Gersoni Opp. Ed. 1494, I. 14 B, C.--Von der Hardt, T. III. Prolegom. 10-13.--Monstrelet, I. 139.

[357] Von der Hardt, III. Proleg. 13; IV. 335-6, 440, 451, 718-22, 724-8, 1087-88, 1092, 1192, 1513, 1531-2.--D'Argentré, I. II. 187-92.--Gersoni Opp. III. 56 Q-S, 57 B.

[358] Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris ann. 1431.--Epist. de Boulavillar (Pez, Thesaur. Anecd. VI. III. 237).--Procès de Jeanne d'Arc, p. 474. (When not otherwise defined, my references to this and other documents concerning Joan are to the collection in Buchon's _Choix de Chroniques et Mémoires_, Paris, 1838.)

[359] Thomassin, Registre Delphinal (Buchon, p. 536, 540).--Görres, Vie de Jeanne d'Arc, Trad. Boré, Paris, 1886, p. 108.--Chronique de la Pucelle (Buchon, p. 454).

[360] Though the name Joan of Arc has been naturalized in English, Jeanne's patronymic was Darc, not D'Arc.--Vallet de Viriville, Charles du Lis, pp. xii.-xii.

[361] So close to the border was Joan's birthplace that a new delimitation of the frontier, made in 1571, transferred to Lorraine the group of houses including the Darc cottage, and left a neighboring group in France.--Vallet de Viriville, ubi sup. pp. 24-5.

[362] Procès, pp. 469, 470, 471, 473, 475, 476, 477, 483, 485, 487, 499.--Chron. de la Pucelle, ann. 1429, pp. 428, 435-6, 443.--L'Averdy (Académie des Inscriptions, Notices des MSS. III. 373).

[363] Procès, pp. 471, 485.--Chronique, p. 454.--L'Averdy (ubi sup. III. 301).

[364] Procès, pp. 471, 475, 478, 482, 485.--Chronique, pp. 428, 454.--Görres, pp. 37-9.--Thomassin, pp. 537, 538.--Christine de Pisan (Buchon, p. 541).--Monstrelet, Liv. II. ch. 57.--Dynteri Chron. Duc. Brabant. Lib. VI. ch. 234.

Much has been recorded in the chronicles about the miracles with which she convinced Charles's doubts--how she recognized him at first sight, although plainly clad amid a crowd of resplendent courtiers, and how she revealed to him a secret known only to God and himself, of prayers and requests made to God in his oratory at Loches (Chronique, pp. 429, 455; Jean Chartier, Hist. de Charles VII. Ed. Godefroy, p. 19; Görres, pp. 105-9). Possibly some chance expression of hers may have caught his wandering and uncertain thoughts and made an impression upon him, but the legend of the Pucelle grew so rapidly that miracles were inevitably introduced into it at every stage. Joan herself on her trial declared that Charles and several of his councillors, including the Duc de Bourbon, saw her guardian saints and heard their voices, and that the king had notable revelations (Procès, p. 472). She also told her judges that there had been a material sign, which under their skilful cross-examination developed, from a secret revealed to him alone (p. 477), into the extraordinary story that St. Michael, accompanied by Catharine and Margaret and numerous angels, came to her lodgings and went with her to the royal palace, up the stairs and through the doors, and gave to the Archbishop of Reims, who handed it to the king, a golden crown, too rich for description, such as no goldsmith on earth could make, telling him at the same time that with the aid of God and her championship he would recover all France, but that unless he set her to work his coronation would be delayed. This she averred had been seen and heard by the Archbishop of Reims and many bishops, Charles de Bourbon, the Duc d' Alençon, La Trémouille, and three hundred others, and thus she had been relieved from the annoying examinations of the clerks. When asked whether she would refer to the archbishop to vouch for the story, she replied, "Let him come here and let me speak with him; he will not dare to tell me the contrary of what I have told you"--which was a very safe offer, seeing that the trial was in Rouen, and the archbishop was the Chancellor of France (Procès, pp. 482-6, 495, 502). His testimony, however, could it have been had, would not probably have been advantageous to her, as he belonged to the party of La Trémouille, the favorite, who was persistently hostile to her.

[365] Monstrelet, II. 57.--Procès, p. 478.--Thomassin, p. 538.--Chronique, pp. 430-33.

Joan's letters, when produced on her trial, were falsified--at least according to her statement.--Le Brun de Charmettes, Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc, III. 348.

[366] Monstrelet, II. 57-61.--Thomassin, p. 538.--Chronique. pp. 430-7.--Jean Chartier, pp. 22-4.--Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris, ann. 1429.--Rymer, X. 408.

[367] Chronique, pp. 438-41.--Jean Chartier, pp. 26-7.--Chron. de P. Cochon (Éd. Vallet de Viriville, p. 456).

[368] Epist. P. de Bonlavillar (Pez, Thes. Anecd. VI. III. 237).

[369] Chronique, pp. 442-5.--Jean Chartier, pp. 29-31.--Jacques le Bouvier (Godefroy, p. 378).

[370] Procès, p. 479.--Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris, an 1429, 1431.

[371] Chronique, p. 446.--Monstrelet, II. 64.--Buchon, p. 524.--Procès, p. 494.

[372] Buchon, pp. 539, 545.--Bernier, Monuments inédits de France, Senlis, 1833, p. 18.--Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris, an 1429.--Chronique, pp. 446-7.--Mémoires de Saint-Remy, ch. 152.--Thomassin, p. 540.--Nider Formicar. v. viii.--Procès, p. 479.

Christine de Pisan says of her:

"Que peut-il d'autre estre dit plus Ne des grands faits du temps passé: Moysès en qui Dieu afflus Mit graces et vertus assez;

Il tira sans estre lassez Le peuple Israël hors d'Egypte; Par miracle ainsi repassez Nous as de mal, pucelle eslite."

Buchon, p. 542.

The question which troubled Armagnac was a last struggle of the Great Schism. Benedict XIII., who had never submitted to the Council of Constance, died in 1424, when his cardinals quarrelled and elected two successors to his shadowy papacy--Clement VIII. and Benedict XIV. In 1429, the Council of Tortosa suppressed them both, but at the moment it was a subject on which Armagnac might imagine that heavenly guidance was desirable.

[373] Görres, pp. 241-2, 273.--Procès, p. 482.--Buchon, pp. 513-4.--Dynteri Chron. Duc. Brabant. Lib. VI. ch. 235.

In the register of taxes every year was written opposite the names of Domremy and Greux, "_Neant, la Pucelle_." The grant of nobility to her family had the very unusual clause that it passed by the female as well as the male descendants, who were thus all exempt from taxation. As matrimonial alliances extended among the rich bourgeoisie this exemption spread so far that in 1614 the financial results caused its limitation to the male lines for the future (Vallet de Viriville, Charles du Lis, pp. 24, 88).

[374] Nider Formicar v. viii.--Rymer, X. 459, 472.--Gersoni Opp. Ed. 1488, liii. T-Z.--M. de l'Averdy gives an abstract of other learned disputations on the subject of Joan (ubi sup. III. 212-17).

[375] Chronique, p. 447.--Buchon, p. 524.--Pez, Thesaur. Anecd. VI. III. 237.--Procès, p. 484.--L'Averdy, III. 338.

The popular explanation of Joan's career connected her good-fortune with a sword marked with five crosses on the blade, which she had miraculously discovered in the church of St. Catharine de Fierbois, and which she thenceforth carried. On the march to Reims, finding her commands disregarded as to the exclusion of prostitutes from the army, she beat some loose women with the flat of the blade and broke it. No smith could weld the fragments together; she was obliged to wear another sword, and her unvarying success disappeared.--Jean Chartier. pp. 20, 29, 42.

[376] Chronique, pp. 446-50.--Jean Chartier, p. 33-36.--Görres, p. 215.--Monstrelet, II. 66-70.--Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris, an 1429.--Procès, pp. 486, 490.--Mémoires de Saint-Remy, ch. 152.--Buchon, pp. 524, 539.

[377] Görres, pp. 292-5.--Jean Chartier, pp. 39-40.--Jean le Bouvier, p. 381.--Martini d'Auvergne, Vigiles de Charles VII.--Buchon, p. 544.--Procès, pp. 480, 488, 490.

[378] Procès, pp. 481, 482, 488.--Mémoires de Saint-Remy, ch. 158.--Monstrelet, II. 84-86.--Chronique, p. 456.--Jean Chartier, p. 42.

[379] Monstrelet, II. 86.--Jean Chartier, p. 25.--Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris, an 1435.--L'Averdy (ubi sup. III. 8).--Chronique et Procès, pp. 462-4.

[380] Monstrelet, II. 86.--Chronique, p. 462.--Procès, pp. 478, 480-1, 486, 487, 488, 489.--Le Brun de Charmettes, Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc, III. 182-3.

[381] Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris, an 1429.--Le Brun de Charmettes, III. 201-7, 210-12, 215, 224-6.--Procès, pp. 465-7, 477.--L'Averdy, pp. 391, 475, 499.

At least one of the assessors, Thomas de Courcelles, was a man of the highest character and of distinguished learning. Immediately after the trial of Joan he played a distinguished part at the Council of Basle, in opposing the claims of the papacy. Æneas Sylvius says of him, "Inter sacrarum literarum doctores insignis, quo nemo plura ex decretis sacri concilii dictavit, vir juxta doctrinam mirabilis et amabilis, sed modesta quadam verecundia semper intnens terram" (Æn. Sylv. Comment. de Gestis Concil. Basil. Lib. I. p. 7, Ed. 1571).--He died in 1469 as Dean of Nôtre Dame (Le Brun, III. 235).

[382] Ripoll III. 8.--Procès, pp. 467-8, 470, 509.--Le Brun de Charmettes, III. 188, 192, 219, 407-8.--L'Averdy, p. 391.

[383] Procès, pp. 468-9.

[384] Procès, pp. 468, 472, 473, 476, 486, 487, 489, 501.--L'Averdy, pp. 107, 395.

[385] Procès, p. 487.

[386] Procès, pp. 489, 491, 494, 495, 499, 500, 501.

When, in 1456, the memory of Joan was rehabilitated, and the sentence condemning her was pronounced null and void, it was of course necessary to show that she had not refused to submit to the Church. Evidence was furnished to prove that Nicholas l'Oyseleur, in whom she continued to have confidence, secretly advised her that she was lost if she submitted herself to the Church; but that Jean de la Fontaine, another of the assessors, visited her in prison with two Dominicans, Isambard de la Pierre and Martin l'Advenu, and explained to her that at the Council of Basle, then sitting, there were as many of her friends as of enemies, and at the next hearing, on March 30, Frère Isambard de la Pierre openly repeated the suggestion, in consequence of which she offered to submit to it, and also demanded to be taken to the pope, all of which Cauchon forbade to be inserted in the record, and but for the active intervention of Jean le Maître, the inquisitor, all three would have incurred grave peril of death (L'Averdy, pp. 476-7.--Le Brun de Charmettes, IV. 8-13.--Buchon, pp. 518-19). The rehabilitation proceedings are quite as suspect as those of the trial; every one then was anxious to make a record for himself and to prove that Joan had been foully dealt with. As late as the nineteenth interrogatory, on March 27, 1431, Jean de la Fontaine was one of those who voted in favor of the most rigorous dealings with Joan (Procès, p. 495).

[387] Procès, pp. 496-8, 502.--L'Averdy, pp. 33, 50.--Le Brun de Charmettes, IV. 62-3, 94-5.

[388] Procès, pp. 503-5.--L'Averdy, pp. 56-97.

[389] Le Brun de Charmettes, IV. 102-4, 106.--Procès, p. 506.

In considering the verdict of the University and the Inquisition it must be borne in mind that visions of the Saviour, the Virgin, and the Saints were almost every-day occurrences, and were recognized and respected by the Church. The spiritual excitability of the Middle Ages brought the supernatural world into close relations with the material. For a choice collection of such stories see the Dialogues of Cæsarius of Heisterbach. As a technical point of ecclesiastical law, moreover, Joan's visions had already been examined and approved by the prelates and doctors at Chinon and Poitiers, including Pierre Cauchon's metropolitan, Renaud, Archbishop of Reims.

[390] Procès, pp. 508-9.--Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris, an 1431.--Le Brun de Charmettes, IV. 110-41.

There are two forms of abjuration recorded as subscribed by Joan; one brief and simple, the other elaborate (Procès, p. 508; Le Brun de Charmettes, IV. 135-7). Cauchon has been accused of duplicity in reading to her the shorter one and substituting the other for her signature. She subsequently complained that she had never promised to abandon her male attire--a promise which was contained in the longer but not in the shorter one. Much has been made of this, but without reason. The short abjuration is an unconditional admission of her errors, a revocation and submission to the Church, and was as binding and effective as the other.

[391] Le Brun de Charmettes, IV. 141.

[392] Procès, pp. 508-9.--Le Brun de Charmettes, IV. 147.

[393] Procès, p. 508.--Le Brun de Charmettes, IV. 166-70.--L'Averdy, p. 506.

[394] Procès, p. 509.--Le Brun de Charmettes, IV. 175-8.

[395] Le Brun de Charmettes, IV. 180-4.--L'Averdy, p. 488, 493 sqq.

A week after Joan's execution a statement was drawn up by seven of those present in her cell to the effect that she acknowledged that her Voices had deceived her and begged pardon of the English and Burgundians for the evil she had done them, but this is evidently manufactured evidence, and does not even bear a notarial attestation.--Le Brun de Charmettes, IV. 220-5.

[396] Le Brun de Charmettes, IV. 188-210.--Procès, pp. 509-10.--Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris, an 1431.

When the excitement which led to Joan's condemnation passed away, and she was found to have been a useless victim, there was an effort made to shift the responsibility from the ecclesiastical to the secular authorities: it was claimed that there had been an irregularity in her execution without a formal judgment in the lay court. Two years afterwards, Louis de Luxembourg, then Archbishop of Rouen, and Guillaume Duval, vicar of the inquisitor, condemned for heresy a certain Georges Solenfant, and in delivering him to the Bailli of Rouen they gave instructions that he should not be put to death, as Joan had been, without a definitive judgment, in consequence of which there was a form of sentencing him.--L'Averdy, p. 498.

[397] Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris, an 1431.--August 8, 1431, a monk named Jean de la Pierre was brought before Cauchon and le Maître charged with having spoken ill of the trial of Joan. This was a perilous offence when the Inquisition was concerned. He asked pardon on his knees, and excused himself on the ground that it was at table after taking too much wine. He was mercifully treated by imprisonment on bread and water in the Dominican convent until the following Easter.--L'Averdy, p. 141.

[398] Le Brun de Charmettes, IV. 238-40.--L'Averdy, p. 269.--Monstrelet, II. 105.--Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris, an 1431.

[399] Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris, an 1430.--Nider Formicar. v. viii.--Procès, p. 480.

[400] Monstrelet, II. 101.--Journal d'un Bourgeois, an 1431.--Mémoires de Saint-Remy ch. 172.--Abrégé de l'Hist. de Charles VII. (Godefroy, p. 334).

[401] Le Brun de Charmettes, Liv. xv.

[402] Minuc. Felicis Octavius (Mag. Bib. Pat. Ed. 1618, III. 7, 8).--Tertull. de Idololat. x.--Lactant. Divin. Instit. II. 9.--Augustin. de vera Relig. c. 13, c. 40 No. 75; De Genesi ad Litt. xi. 13, 17, 22, 27; Sermon. Append. No. 278 (Edit. Benedict)--Gregor. PP. I. Moral. in Job IV. 13, 17, 32.--Chrysostom. de Imbecillitate Diaboli Homil. I. No. 6.

[403] Minuc. Felic. loc. cit.--Tertull. Apol. adv. Gentes c. 22.--Lactant. Divin. Instit. v. 22.--Testam. XII. Patriarch. I. 2-3.--Augustin. de Divin. Dæmon, c. 3, 4, 5, 6; de Civ. Dei XV. 23, XXI. 10; Enarrat. in Psalm. 61, 63.--Isidor. Hispalens. Lib. de Ord. Creatur. c. 8.

[404] Origen. sup. Jesu Nave Homil. XV. 5, 6.--Ivon. Carnotens. Decret. XI. 106.--Pselli de Operat. Dæmon. Dial.--Gregor. PP. I. Dial. I. 4.--Cæsar, Heisterb. Dial. Dist. IV., V., XI. 17, XII. 5.--B. Richalmi Lib. de Insid. Dæmon. (Pez Thesaur. Anecd. I. II. 376).--S. Hildegardæ Epist. 67 (Martene Ampl. Coll. II. 1100).--Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. 1. c. 3.

It was not every one who, like St. Francis, when demons were threatening to torment him, could coolly welcome them, saying that his body was his worst enemy, and that they were free to do with it whatever Christ would permit--a view of the case which so abashed them that they incontinently departed.--Amoni, Legenda S. Francisci, Append, c. liii.

[405] Cæsar. Heisterb. III. 26, v. 9, 10, 35, 36.--Froissart, III. 22.

[406] Fr. Lenormant, La Magie chez les Chaldéens, p. 36.--Plutarch, vit. Numæ, IV.--Joseph. Antiq. Jud. I. 3.--Augustin. de Civ. Dei III. 5: XV. 23.--Gualt. Mapes de Nugis Curialium Dist. II. c. xi., xii., xiii.--Paul. Æginet. Instit. Med. III. 15.--Chrysost. Homil. in Genesim XXII., No. 2.--Clem. Alexand. Stromat. Libb. III., v. (Ed. Sylburg. pp. 450, 550).--Tertull. Apol. adv. Gentes, c. xxii.; De Carne Christi c. vi., xiv.--Hinemar. de Divort. Lothar. Interrog. xv.--Guibert. Noviogent. de Vita sua Lib. III. c. 19.--Cæsar. Heisterb. III. 8, 11, 13.--Gervas. Tilberien. Otia Imp. Decis. III. c. 86.--Matt. Paris. ann. 1249 (p. 514).--Chron. Bardin. (Vaissette, IV. Pr. 5).--Mémoires de Jacques Du Clercq, Liv. IV. c. 8.--Innoc. PP. VIII. Bull. _Summis desiderantes_, 2 Dec. 1484.--Silv. Prieriat. de Strigimagar Lib. I. c. 2; Lib. II. c. 3.

[407] Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola, La Strega, Milano, 1864, p. 80.--Thomæ Cantimpratens. Bonum universale, Lib. II. c. 55.--Alvar. Pelag. de Planct. Eccles. Lib. II. Art. xlv. No. 102.--Prieriatis de Strigimagar. II. iii., xi.--Sinistrari de Dæmonialitate No. 1-3.--Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. i. c. 4-8: P. II. Q. ii. c. 1.--Ulric. Molitor. Dial. de Python. Mulieribus Conclus. v.--Th. Aquin. Summ. I. li. Art. iii. No. 6.--Nider Formicar. Lib. v. c. ix., x.--Guill. Arvern. Episc. Paris. de Universo (Wright, Proceedings against Dame Alice Kyteler, Camden Soc. p. xxxviii.).--Villemarqué, Myrdhinn, ou l'Enchanteur Merlin, p. 11.--Alonso de Spina, Fortalicium Fidei, Ed. 1494, fol. 283.

[408] Tertull. de Corona c. iii.

[409] Rig Veda V. VIII. iv. 15, 16, 24 (Ludwig's Rig Veda, Prag, 1876-8, II. 379, III. 345).--Atharva Veda II. 27, III. 6, IV. 18, V. 14, VI. 37, 75 (Grill, Hundert Lieder des Atharva Veda, Tübingen, 1879).

[410] Polano, Selections from the Talmud, pp. 174, 176.--Augustin. de Trinitate Lib. III. c. 8, 9.--Targum of Palestine on Exod. i.; vii. 11; Numb. xxii. 22.--Fabricii Cod. Pseudepig. Vet. Testam. I. 813; II. 106.--Chron. Samaritan, xli., xliii.

Curiously enough, the fame as magicians of Moses and of his opponents was preserved together. Pliny (N. H. XXX. 2) attributes the founding of what he calls the second school of magic to "Moses and Jannes and Lotapes."

[411] Talmud Babli, Kiddushin, fol. 49 _b_ (Wagenseilii Sota, pp. 502-3).--Thonissen, Droit Criminel des Anciens, II. 222 sqq.

[412] Hesiod. Frag. 202.--Pherecyd. Frag. 102, 102_a_.--Pausan. VI. XX.; IX. xviii., XXX.--Apollodor. I. ix. 25.--Plut. de Defectu. Orac. 13; de Pythiæ Orac. 12.--Diog. Laert. VIII. ii. 4; viii. 20.--Iambl. Vit. Pythag. 134-5, 222.--Philost. Vit. Apollon. passim.--Æl. Lamprid. Alex. Sever. xxix.--Flav. Vopisc. Aurelian. xxiv.--Cedren. Hist. Compend. sub Claud. et Domit.

[413] Porphyr. de Abstinent. II. 41, 52-3.--Marini Vit. Procli 23, 26-8.--Damascii Vit. Isidori 107, 116, 126.--Porphyr. Vit. Plotini 10, 11.

[414] Apollon. Rhod. Argonaut. I. 1128-31.--Pherecyd. Frag. 7.--Diod. Sicul. v. 55-6.--Ovid. Metam. VII. 365-7.--Suidas s. v. [Greek: elchhines].--Strabon. X.--Odyss. x. 211-396.

[415] Plin. N. H. xxx. ii.--Platon. de Repub. II.; de Legg. I.; IX. (Ed. Astius, IV. 80; VI. 68, 348-50).--Luciani Philopseud. 14.--Philost. Vit. Apollon. VIII. 5.

[416] Ovid. Fastor. II. 571-82.--Lucan. Pharsal. VI. 507-28, 534-7, 567-9, 766.--Appul. de Magia Orat. pp. 37, 62-4 (Ed. Bipont.).--Horat. Sat. I. viii.; Epod. v.--Petron. Arb. Satyr.--Pauli Sentt. Receptt. v. xxxiii. 15.

[417] Tacit. Annal. II. 69; III. 13.--Sueton. Calig. 3.--Ovid. Amor. III. vii. 29-34; Heroid. VI. 90-2.--Horat. Sat. I. viii. 29-32, 42-3.--August, de Civ. Dei XVIII. 18.

[418] Festus s. v. Strigæ.--Virg. Eclog. VIII. 97.--August, de Civ. Dei XVIII. 17.--Paul Æginet. Instit. Medic. III. 16.--Gervas. Tilberiens. Otia Imperial. Decis. III. c. 120.--Cf. Volsunga Saga V., VIII.

[419] Propert. IV. v. 18.--Virg. Æneid. _iv_. 512-16.--Plin. N. H. VIII. 56.--Livii XXXIX. 11.--Joseph. Antiq. Jud. XIX. 12.--Tibull. I. viii. 5-6.--Ovid. Amor. III. vii. 27-35.--Petron. Arb. Sat--Jul. Capitolin, Marc. Aurel. 19.--Appul. de Magia Orat.

[420] Legg. XII. Tabul. Tab. viii.--Senecæ Quæst. Natural. Lib. IV. c. 7.--Plin. N. H. XXVIII. 4.--Liv. XXXIX. 41.--Tacit. Annal. II. 32; IV. 22, 52; XVI. 28-31.--Philost Vit. Apollon. IV. 35.--Spartian. Anton. Caracall. 5.--Lib. XLVII. Dig. viii. 14.--Pauli Sententt. Receptt. v. xxiii. 14-18.

[421] Tertull. Apol. 23, 40.--Constitt. Apostol. VI. 9.--Arnob. adv. Gentes II. 12.--Hippol. Refut. omn. Hæres. Lib. VI.--Acts XIX. 19.

[422] Pauli Diac. Hist. Miscell. X., XI.--Euseb. Vit. Constant. II. 4-7, 11-12.--S. Nili Capita parænetica No. 61.--S. August. de Civ. Dei XXII. 8. Cf. Evodii de Mirac. S. Stephani.

The Labarum of Constantine was the Greek cross with four equal arms, a symbol frequently seen on Chaldean and Assyrian cylinders. Oppert attaches to it the root [Hebrew: L.B.R], thus explaining the word Labarum, the derivation of which has never been understood (Oppert et Menant, Documents juridiques de l'Assyrie, Paris, 1877, p. 200). The fetichism connected with the cross probably took its rise from the Labarum. Maxentius, we are told, was an ardent adept in magic, and relied upon it for success against Constantine, who was much alarmed until reassured by the vision of the cross and its starry inscription, "_In hoc vince_" (Euseb. H. E. IX. 9; Vit. Const, I. 28-31, 36.--Pauli Diac. Hist. Miscell. Lib. XI.--Zonaræ Annal. T. III.). The melting of pagan superstitions into Christian is illustrated by the incident that when Constantine routed Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge he was preceded in battle by an armed cavalier bearing a cross, and at Adrianople two youths were seen who slaughtered the troops of Licinius (Zonaræ Annal. T. III.). The Christian annalists had no difficulty in identifying with angels of God those whom Pagan writers would designate as Castores.

[423] Cohen, Les Pharisiens, I. 311.--Lightfooti Horæ Hebraicæ, Matt. XXIV. 24.--Mishna, Sanhedrin, VII. 7; x. 16.--Talmud Babli, Shabbath, 75 _a_ (Buxtorfi Lexicon, p. 1170).

[424] Minuc. Felic. Octavius (Bib. Mag. Pat. III. 7-8).--Tertull. Apol. 35; de Anima 57.--Acta SS. Justin. et Cyprian. (Martene Thesaur. II. 1629).--Constitt. Apostol. II. 66.--Lactant. Divin. Inst. II. 17.--Concil. Ancyrens. ann. 314 c. 24.--C. Laodicens. ann. 320 c. 36.--C. Eliberitan. circa 324 c. 6.

[425] Cato. Rei Rust. 5.--Sueton. Tiber. 63.--Lib. IX. Cod. Theod. xvi. 1-6.

For the care with which the Romans suppressed unauthorized soothsaying see Livy, xxxix. 16, and Pauli Sententt. Receptt. v. xxi. 1, 2, 3.

[426] Ammian. Marcellin. XIX. xii. 14; XXVI. iii.; XXIX. i. 5-14, ii. 1-5.--Zozimi IV. 14.--Lib. IX. Cod. Theod. xvi. 7-12.

Yet favoritism led Valens to pardon Pollentianus, a military tribune, who confessed that, for the purpose of ascertaining the destiny of the imperial crown, he had ripped open a living woman and extracted her unborn babe to perform a hideous rite of necromancy (Am. Marcell. XXIX. ii. 17). In the later Roman augury, contaminated with Eastern rites, omens of the highest significance were found in the entrails of human victims, especially in those of the foetus (Æl. Lamprid. Elagabal. 8.--Euseb. H. E. VII. 10, VIII. 14.--Paul. Diac. Hist. Miscell. XI.).

[427] Augustin. de Civ. Dei x. 9; XXI. 6; de Genesi ad Litteram XI.; de Divinat. Dæmon, v.; de Doctr. Christ. II. 20-4; Serm. 278.--Concil. Carthag. IV. ann. 398, c. 89.--Dracont. de Deo II. 324-7.--Leon. PP. I. Serm. XXVII. c. 3.

[428] Lib. IX. Cod. xviii. 2-6.--Basilicon Lib. LX. Tit. xxxix. 3, 28-32.--Photii Nomocanon. Tit. ix. cap. 25.--Nicet. Choniat. Man. Comnen. Lib. IV.; Andron. Lib. II.

[429] Edict. Theodorici c. 108.--Gregor. PP. I. Dial. Lib. I. c. 4.--Cassiodor. Variar. IV. 22, 23, IX. 18.--Gregor. PP. I. Epist. XI. 53.

[430] LI. Wisigoth. II. iv. 1; VI. i. 4; VI. ii. 1, 3, 4, 5.--Fuero Juzgo II. iv. 1; VI. ii. 1, 3, 5.--Concil. Bracarens. II. ann. 572 c. 71.--Conc. Toletan. IV. ann. 633 c. 28.--Isidor. Hispalens. Etymol. VIII. 9; de Ord. Creatur. viii.--S. Pirmiani de Libb. Canon. Scarapsus.

[431] Haddan and Stubbs, Concil. III. 37.--Bedæ H. E. II. 15.

[432] Haddan and Stubbs, II. 320-3. Three stanzas of the eleven of which the hymn consists will show its character as an incantation:

1. I bind to myself to-day The strong power of an invocation of the Trinity, The faith of the Trinity in Unity, The Creator of the elements.

4. I bind to myself to-day The power of Heaven, The light of the Sun, The whiteness of Snow, The force of Fire, The flashing of Lightning, The velocity of Wind, The stability of the Earth, The hardness of Rocks.

6. I have set around me all these powers, Against every hostile savage power, Directed against my body and my soul, Against the incantations of false prophets, Against the black laws of heathenism, Against the false laws of heresy, Against the deceits of idolatry, Against the spells of women and smiths and druids, Against all knowledge which blinds the soul of man.

[433] Grimm's Teutonic Mythol., Stallybrass's Transl. III. 1028.--Trithem. Lib. Quæst. Q. VI.

[434] Volsunga Saga, XXIV., XXV., XXXII.--Gripispa.--Keyser's Religion of the Northmen, Pennock's Transl. pp. 191, 285-7.--Tacit. Histor. IV. 61, 65; German. viii.--Volüspa, 2, 21, 22.

[435] Saxo. Grammat. Lib. I.--Havamal, 159.--Grougaldr, 1.--Vegtamskvida, 9.

[436] Cæsar. de Bell. Gall. I. 53.--Remberti Vit. S. Anscharii c. 16, 23, 24, 27.--Tacit. German. x.--Ammian. Marcellin. XXXI. 2.--Carolomanni Capit. II. ad Liptinas.--Carol. Mag. Capit. de Partibus Saxon. c. 23.

[437] Tacit. German. ix., x.

[438] Adam. Bremens. IV. 16, 31.--Saxon. Grammat. Lib. I.--Yuglinga Saga, 6, 7 (Laing's Heimskringla).

The Finns were not behind their neighbors in the powers attributed to spells and incantations. In the Kalevala, Louhi, the sorceress of the North, steals the sun and moon, which had come down from heaven to listen to Wainamoinen's singing, and hides them in a mountain, but is compelled to let them out again through dread of counter-spells. The powers of magic song are fairly summarized in the final contest between Wainamoinen and Youkahainen:

"Bravely sang the ancient minstrel, Till the flinty rocks and ledges Heard the trumpet tone and trembled, And the copper-bearing mountains Shook along their deep foundations, Flinty rocks flew straight asunder, Falling cliffs afar were scattered, All the solid earth resounded, And the ocean billows answered. And, alas! for Youkahainen, Lo! his sledge so fairly fashioned, Floats, a waif upon the ocean. Lo! his pearl-enamelled birch-rod Lies, a weed upon the margin. Lo! his steed of shining forehead Stands, a statue in the torrent, And his hame is but a fir-bough And his collar naught but corn-straw. Still the minstrel sings unceasing, And, alas! for Youkahainen, Sings his sword from out his scabbard, Hangs it in the sky before him As it were a gleam of lightning; Sings his bow, so gayly blazoned, Into driftwood on the ocean; Sings his finely feathered arrows Into swift and screaming eagles; Sings his dog, with crooked muzzle, Into stone-dog squatting near him; Into sea-flowers sings his gauntlets, And his vizor into vapor, And himself, the sorry fellow, Ever deeper in his torture, In the quicksand to the shoulder, To his hip in mud and water."

--_Porter's Selections from the Kalevala_, pp. 84-5.

[439] Havamal, 142, 150-63.--Harbarsdliod, 20.--Sigrdrifumal, 6-13, 15-18.--Skirnismal, 36.--Rigsmal, 40, 41.--Grougaldr, 6-14.

[440] Harbardsliod, 20.--Skirnismal, 26-34.--Keyser, op. cit. pp. 270, 293.--Hyndluliod, 43.--Lays of Sigurd and Brynhild.--Gudrunarkvida, II. 21.--Sigrdrifumal, 4.

At the close of the fifteenth century, Sprenger relates (Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. i. c. 9) as a recent occurrence in a town in the diocese of Strassburg, that a laborer cutting wood in a forest was attacked by three enormous cats, which after a fierce encounter he succeeded in beating off with a stick. An hour afterwards he was arrested and cast in a dungeon on the charge of brutally beating three ladies of the best families in the town, who were so injured as to be confined to their beds, and it was not without considerable difficulty that he proved his case and was discharged under strict injunctions of secrecy. Gervais of Tilbury, early in the thirteenth century, had already referred to such occurrences as an established fact (Otia Imp. Decis. III. c. 93).

The same belief was current among the Slavs. Prior to the conversion of Bohemia, in a civil war under Necla, a youth summoned to battle had a witch stepmother who predicted defeat, but counselled him, if he wished to escape, to kill the first enemy he met, cut off his ears and put them in his pocket. He obeyed and returned home in safety, but found his dearly beloved bride dead, with a sword-thrust in the bosom and both ears off--which he had in his pocket.--Æn. Sylv. Hist. Bohem. c. 10.

[441] Olaf Tryggvesson's Saga, 37 (Laing's Heimskringla).--Volsunga Saga, VII., XXVII.--Sigurdtharkvida Fafnisbana I. 37, 38.

[442] Olaf Haraldsson's Saga, 204, 240 (Laing's Heimskringla).--Volsunga Saga, III. 15.--Keyser, op. cit. p. 294.

[443] Havamal, 157.--Harbardsliod, 20.--L. Salic. Tit. lxiv. (First Text of Pardessus).

[444] Grougaldr.--Olaf Haraldsson's Saga, 8.--Olaf Tryggvesson's Saga, 85-7. (Laing's Heimskringla).

[445] Keyser, op. cit. pp. 268, 271-2.--Harald Harfaager's Saga, 34 (Laing's Heimskringla).--All this is nearly equalled by the powers attributed in 1437 by Eugenius IV. to the witches of his time, who by a simple word or touch or sign could regulate the weather or bewitch whom they pleased (Raynald. ann. 1437, No. 27).

[446] L. Salic. Text. Herold, Tit. lxvii (also in the third text of Pardessus, and the L. Emendata Tit. lxvii., but not in the others).--Capit. Carol. Mag. de Partibus Saxoniæ ann. 794, c. vi.--Olaf Haraldsson's Saga, 151 (Laing's Heimskringla). Cf. Horace (Ars Poet.), "Neu pransæ Lamiæ vivum puerum extrahat alvo."

[447] Grimm, op. cit. III. 1044, 1050-1.

[448] L. Salic. First Text, Tit. lxiv. § 2; Text. Herold. Tit. lxvii.; Third Text, Tit. lxiv.--Blackwell's Mallet, Bohn's Ed. p. 524.--Keyser, op. cit. pp. 266-7.--Harald Harfaager's Saga, 25, 36 (Laing's Heimskringla).

[449] L. Salic. Text. Herold. Tit. xxii.; MS. Guelferbit. Tit. xix.--L. Ripuar. Tit. lxxxiii.

[450] Greg. Turon. de Mirac. Lib. II. c. 45; de Mirac. S. Martini Lib. I. c. 26.--Concil. Venetic. ann. 465 c. 16.--Concil. Agathens. ann. 506 c. 42, 68.--C. Aurelianens. I. ann. 511 c. 30.--C. Autissiodor. ann. 578 c. 4.--C. Narbonnens. ann. 589 c. 14.--C. Remens. ann. 630 c. 14.--C. Rotomagens. ann. 650 c. 4.--Greg. Turon. Hist. Francor. VII. 44.

The hostility of Christian magic to its rivals extended even to rational medicine. Gregory of Tours develops the teaching of St. Nilus by giving examples to show that it was a sin to have recourse to natural remedies, such as blood-letting, instead of trusting wholly to the intercession of saints.--Hist. Franc. v. 6; de Mirac. S. Martini II. 60.

It was in vain for the Church to proscribe goetic magic while it fostered the beliefs on which the superstition was based by encouraging the practice of sacred magic. For example, there was little use in endeavoring to suppress amulets and charms while the faithful were taught to carry the Agnus Dei, or figure of a lamb stamped in wax remaining from the paschal candles, and consecrated by the pope. In forbidding the decoration and sale of these in 1471, Paul II. expatiates on their efficacy in preserving from fire and shipwreck, in averting tempests and lightning and hail, and in assisting women in childbirth.--Raynald. ann. 1471, No. 58.

[451] Greg. Turon. Hist. Franc. v. 40; VII. 35.

[452] L. Langobard. II. xxxviii. l. 2 (Liutprand).--I. ii. 9 (Rotharis).

[453] Concil. Suessionens. ann. 744.--Zachar. PP. Epist. 9, 10.--Bonifacii Epist. lvii.--Synod. Roman. ann. 745 (Bonifacii Opp. III. 10).--Carol. Mag. Capit. Aquisgr. ann. 789 c. 16.--Capit. Herardi Archiep. Turon. ann. 838 c. 3 (Baluz. Capitular. I. 677).--Atton. Vercell. Capitular. c. 48.

[454] Gregor. PP. II. Capit. data legatis in Bavariam, c. 8, 9.--Concil. German. I. (Caroloman. Capit. I., Baluz. I. 104-5).--Concil. Liptinens. ann. 743 (Caroloman. Capit. II., Baluz. I. 106-8).--Bonifac. Epistt. 49, 63.--Zachar. PP. Epist. II. c. 6.

[455] Carol. Mag. Capit. Aquisgr. ann. 789 c. 18, 63; Capit. II. ann. 806 c. 25; Capit. de Partibus Saxon. ann. 789 c. 6, 23.--S. Gregor. PP. III. De Crimin. et Remed. 16.--Theodori Poenitent. Lib. I. c. XV. (Haddan and Stubbs. III. 190).--Egberti Poenitent. VIII. 1 (Ib. p. 424).--Burchardi Decret. x. 8, 24, 28, 31.--Ghaerbaldi Instruct. Pastoral, c. x.; Judic. Sacerdotal. c. x., xi., xx., xxiv., xxv., xxxi., xxxvi. (Martene Ampl. Coll. VII. 25-33).--Libell. de Remed. Peccat. c. 9 (Ib. p. 44).--Concil. Paris, ann. 829 Lib. III. c. 2 (Harduin. IV. 1352).--Herardi Turon. Capit. iii. ann. 838 (Baluz. I. 1285).--Capitul. I. 21, 63; v. 69; VI. 215; Addit. II. c. 21.--Rabani Mauri de Magicis Artibus.--Hincmar. de Divort. Lothar. Interrog. xv.

[456] Nithardi Hist. Lib. I. c. 5, ann. 834.--Concil. Bracarens. I. ann. 563 c. 8.--Burchard. Decret. X. 8.--Ivon. Decret. XI. 36.--Bernardi Comens. de Strigiis c. 14.--Ghaerbald. Judic. Sacerd. 20.--Herard. Turon. capit. iii.--Conc. Paris. ann. 829 Lib. III. c. 2.--S. Agobardi Lib. de Grandine c. 1, 2, 15, 16.

Even as late as the eleventh century Bishop Burchard prescribes penance for believing that sorcerers can affect the weather or influence the human mind to affection or hatred (Decret. XIX. 5). In less than two centuries and a half Thomas of Cantimpré shows that it was perfectly orthodox to assert that tempests were caused by demons (Bonum universale, Lib. II. c. 56).--It could scarce be otherwise when we consider the complete control over the weather attributed to sorcerers in Norse magic, and the adoption of the heathen superstitions by mediæval Christianity.

[457] Concil. Ticinens. ann. 850 c. 25.--Annal. Corbeiens. ann. 914 (Leibnit. S. R. Brunsvic. II. 299).--Atton. Vercell. Capit. c. 48.--Sigebert. Gemblacens. ann. 995.--Alberic. Trium Font. ann. 998, 999, 1002.--Cæsar. Heisterbach. Dist. v. c. 18.

For the acquirements of Gerbert of Aurillac see Richeri Hist. Lib. II. c. xliii. sqq. A man capable of making, in the tenth century, a sphere to represent the earth, with the Arctic Circle and Tropic of Cancer traced on it, might well pass for a magician, although the sphericity of the earth was no secret to the Arabic philosophers (Avicenna de Coelo et Mundo c. x.). How durable was Gerbert's unsavory reputation is seen in the retention of the stories concerning him by the mediæval historians down to the time of Platina (Ptol. Lucens. Hist. Eccles. Lib. XVIII. c. vi.-viii.--Platinæ Vit. Pontif. s. v. Silvest. II.)

[458] Synod. Patricii c. 16 (Haddan and Stubbs, II. 329).--Gregor. PP. VII. Regist. VII 21.--Reginon. de Discip. Eccles. II. 347 sqq.--Burchardi Decret. Lib. X., Lib. XIX. c. 5.--Ivon. Decreti P. XI.--Ivon. Panorm. VI. 117; VIII. 61 sqq.--P. II. Decret. caus. XXXIII. Q. 1, c. 4.--Mall. Maleficar. P. I. Q. 8.--Guibert. Noviogent. de Vita sua I. 12.--Rigord. de Gest. Phil. Aug. ann. 1193.--Durandi Specul. Juris Lib. IV., Partic. IV., Rubr. de Frigidis, etc.--Johann. Saresberiens. Polycrat. II. 9-12.--Pet. Blesens. Epist. 65.

The belief in "ligatures" is one of the oldest and most universal of superstitions. Herodotus (II. 181) relates that Amasis who reigned in Egypt about the middle of the sixth century B. C., found himself thus afflicted when he married the Cyrenean princess Ladice. Notwithstanding the political importance of maintaining the alliance cemented by the marriage, he accused her of employing sorcery and threatened her with death. In her extremity she made a vow in the temple of Venus to send a statue of the goddess to Cyrene. Her prayer was heard and her life was saved.

[459] Gest. Treviror. Archiep. c. 19.--Lambert. Hersfeld. Annal. ann. 1074.--Höfler, Prager Concilien, p. xvi.

[460] Chron. Turon. ann. 1061.--Chron. Halberstadiens. (Leibnit. S. R. Brunsv. II. 127-8).--Gest. Treviror. c. 38 (Martene Ampl. Coll. IV. 181-2).

[461] Laws of Edward and Guthrum, 11.--Laws of Ethelred, v. 7.--Cnut Secular. 4 (Ed. Kolderup Rosenvinge p. 36).--Athelstan's Dooms, I. 6.--Laws of Edward the Elder, 6.--Ll. Henrici lxxi. § 1.--Ingulph's Chron. Contin. (Bohn's Edition, p. 258).

[462] Olaf Tryggvesson's Saga, 69, 70, 83 (Laing's Heimskringla).--Kristinrettr Thorlaks oc Ketils, c. xvi.

For the intimate connection between sorcery and malignant spirits, see Finn Magnusen's Priscæ Vet. Boreal. Mythologiæ Lexicon, s. v. Tröll, pp. 474 sqq.

[463] Wibaldi Epist. 157 (Martene Ampl. Coll. II. 352).--Baron. Annal. ann. 1181, No. 6-10.--C. 1 Extra. XLV. 3.--C. 2 Extra, v. 21.--Johan. Saresberiens. Polycrat. c. xxviii.

Catoptromancy was a practice duly handed down from classical times. Didius Julianus, during his short reign, found time to obtain foreknowledge of his own downfall and the succession of Septimius Severus, by means of a boy who with bandaged eyes looked into a mirror after proper spells had been muttered over him (Æl. Spartiani Did. Julian. 7), and Hippolytus of Porto gives us in full detail the ingenious frauds by which this and similar feats were accomplished (Refut. omn. Hæres. IV. 15, 28-40).

[464] Concil. Rotomagens. ann. 1189 c. 29 (Bessin, Concil. Rotomagens. I. 97).--Concil. Paris, ann. 1212 P. v. (Martene Ampl. Coll. VII. 105).--Cæsar. Heisterb. IV. 99.

[465] Cæsar. Heisterb. V. 2, 3.

[466] Cæsar. Heisterb. II. 12; V. 18; XII. 23.

In spite of their lifelike contemporary details, these stories are evidently founded on that of Theophilus of Cilicia, which had so great a currency during the Middle Ages. He was archdeacon until dismissed by his bishop, when in despair he had recourse to Satan, to whom he gave a written compact pledging himself to endure the pains of hell throughout eternity. He was forthwith restored to his position and enjoyed high consideration until, overwhelmed with remorse, he appealed to the Virgin. By assiduous penitence he won her aid, and she caused the compact to be returned to him.--Hroswithæ de Lapsu et Convers. Theophili.

[467] Rogeri Bacon Epist. de Secretis Operibus Artis c. i., ii. (M.R. Series, pp 523-7).--Th. Cantimprat. Bonum universal. Lib. II. c. 56.--Præcept. Antiq. Rotomag. c. 109 (Bessin, Concil. Rotomagens. II. 67, 76).--Durandi Specul. Juris Lib. IV. Partic. IV. Rubr. de Sortilegiis.--Synod. Andegavens. ann. 1294 c. 2 (D'Achery, I. 737).

[468] Britton, ch. 29.--Owen's Laws and Institutes of Wales, II. 910-2.--P. Exon. Summula exigendi Confess. (Harduin VII. 1126).--Myrror of Justice c. I. § 4; c. II. § 22; c. III. § 14.--Regiam Majest. Scotiæ, Edinburgi, 1609, fol. 163-7.

[469] Livres de Jostice et de Plet, pp. 177-83, 284 (Dig. XLVIII. viii. 3., Marcianus).--Beaumanoir, Coutumes du Beauvoisis, Cap. XI. §§ 25, 26.--Olim, II. 205, 619.--Vaissette, IV. 17-18; Chron. Bardin, Ib. IV. Pr. 5.

[470] José Amador de los Rios (Revista de España, T. XVII. pp. 382, 384-5, 388, 392-3; T. XVIII. p. 6).--Concil Legionens. ann. 1012 c. 19; C. Compostellan. ann. 1031 c. 6; C. Coyacens. ann. 1050 c. 4; C. Compostellan. ann. 1056 c. 6 (Aguirre, IV. 388, 396, 405, 414).--Histor. Compostellan. Lib. I. c. lxiv.--Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 590.

[471] Partidas, P. VII. Tit. ix. l. 17; Tit. xxiii. 11. 1, 2, 3.

[472] Constitt. Sicular. III. xlii. 1-3.--Cechetti, La Republica di Venizia e la Corte di Roma I. 15.--Chron. Senoniens. Lib. IV. c. 4 (D'Achery II. 631).--Huillard-Bréholles, Introd. pp. DXXV., DXXX.--Assises de Jerusalem, Baisse Court c. 271 (Ed. Kausler, Stuttgart, 1839).--Mag. Bull. Rom. I. 91.

Frederic's reputation is indicated in the lines--

"Amisit astrologos et magos et vates. Beelzebub et Astaroth, proprios penates Tenebrarum consulens per quos potestates Spreverat Ecclesiam et mundi magnates."

(Huillard-Bréholles, l. c.).

And Michael Scot, to succeeding generations, was not the philosopher, but the magician--

"Michele Scotto fu, che veramente Delle magiche frode seppe il giuoco"--(INFERNO, XX.)

whose wonders are commemorated in the "Lay of the Last Minstrel"--

"In these fair climes it was my lot To meet the wondrous Michael Scott, A wizard of such dreaded fame That when in Salamanca's cave Him listed his magic wand to wave, The bells would ring in Nôtre Dame."

[473] Treuga Henrici, No. 21 (Böhlau, Nove Constit. Dom. Alberti, Weimar, 1858, p. 78).--Sachsenspiegel Lib. II. c. 13.--Schwabenspiegel, c. CXVI. § 12 (Ed. Senckenberg); Cod. Uffenbach. c. CCLXXI. § 6.--Lilienthal, Die Hexenprocesse der beiden Städten Braunsberg, Königsberg, 1861, p. 70.--Iarnsida, Mannhelge c. vi., xxv. (Ed. Hafniæ, 1847, pp. 22, 46).--Ll. Gulathingens. Mannhelge-Bolkr, c. iv., xxv. (Ed. Hafniæ, 1817, pp. 137, 197).

[474] Leges Scaniæ Provin. Andreæ Sunonis Archiep. Lunden. (Thorsen, Skanske Lov, Kjobenhavn, 1853).--Raguald. Ingermund. Ll. Succor. Lib. x. c. 5 (Stockholmiæ, 1614).--Canut. Episc. Vibergens. Exposit. Legum Juciæ Lib. III. c. lxix. (Hafniæ, 1508).--Ancher, Farrago Legum Antiq. Daniæ (Hafniæ, 1776).--Leges Opstalbomicæ ann. 1323 (Gaertner Saxonum Leges Tres, Lipsiæ, 1730).--Olai Magni de Gent. Septentrion. Lib. III. c. 22.

[475] Concil. Valentin, ann. 1248 c. 12 (Harduin. VII. 427).--C. Cenomanens. ann. 1248 (Martene Ampl. Coll. VII. 1377).--C. Mogunt. ann. 1261 c. 30 (Hartzeim III. 604).--C. Nugaroliens. ann. 1290 c. 4 (Hard. VII. 1161).--C. Baiocens. ann. 1300 c. 63 (Ib. VII. 1234).--C. Treverens. ann. 1310 c. 79-84 (Martene Thesaur. IV. 257-8).--C. Palentin. ann. 1322 c. 24 (Hard. VII. 1480).--C. Salmanticens. ann. 1335 c. 15 (Ib. VII. 1973-4).--Annal. Domin. Colmariens. ann. 1279 (Urstisii II. 16).

[476] Raynald. ann. 1258, No. 23.--Potthast. No. 17745, 18396.--Eymeric. p. 133.--C. 8, § 4, Sexto v. 2.--Chron. Bardin. ann. 1270 (Vaissette, IV. Pr. 5).

[477] Archives de l'Inq. de Carc. (Doat, XXVII. 7).--Bern. Guidon. Practica, P. III. c. 42, 43.--Th. Aquin. Summ. Sec. Sec. XC. 2; XCV. 4.--Johann. Saresberiens. Polycrat. c. xxviii.--Bern. Basin de Artibus Magiæ, conclus. iii.-ix.--Prieriat. de Strigimagar. Lib. III. c. 1.--Eymeric. pp. 342, 443.--Alonso de Spina, Fortalic. Fidei, fol. 51, 284.--Revelat. S. Brigittæ Lib. VII. c. 28.--Archidiac. Gloss. super c. _accusatus_ § _sane_ (Eymeric. 202).--Rogeri Bacon Op. Tert. c. xii.; Epist. de Secret. Operibus Artis c. vi., vii., ix.-xi.

When, in 1473, some Carmelites of Bologna asserted that it was not heretical to obtain responses from demons, Sixtus IV. promptly ordered an investigation, and directed the results to be transmitted to him under seal.--Pegnæ Append. ad Eymeric. p. 82.

Bernardo di Como draws the nice distinction that it is not heretical to invoke the devil to obtain the illicit love of a woman, for the function of Satan is that of a tempter.--Bernardi Comens. Lucerna Inquisit. s.v. _Dæmones_, No. 2.

In 1471 the arts of printing and alchemy were coupled together as reprehensible by the Observantine Franciscans, and their practice was forbidden under pain of disgrace and removal. Friar John Neyseeser disobeyed this rule, and "apostatized" to the Conventual branch of the Order, which was less rigid.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1471.

[478] Doat, XXVII. 7; XXX. 185.--Rogeri Bacon Epist. de Secretis operibus Artis c. iii.--Th. Aquin. Summ. Sec. Sec. XCVI. i.--Ciruelo, Reprovacion de las Superstitiones, P. III. c. 1.--Grandes Chroniques V. 272.--Guill. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1323.--Savonarola contra l' Astrologia, Vinegia, 1536, fol. 33.--Ars Notoria, _ap._ Cornel. Agrippæ Opp. Ed. Lugduni, I. 606.--The Notory Art of Solomon, translated by Robert Turner, London, 1657.

[479] Tacit. Annal. II. 28-32; III. 22; XII. 14, 52, 68; Histor. II. 62.--Zonaræ T. II. (pp. 185, 192).--Sueton. Vitell. 14.--Tertull. de Idololat. ix.--Lib. IX. Cod. xviii. 2.--Prudent. contra Symmach. II. 449-57.--Bedæ opp. Ed. Migne I. 963-66.--Augustin. de Civ. Dei Lib. v. c. 1-7.

[480] Rolandini Chron. Lib. XII. c. 2 (Murat. S.R.I. VIII. 344).--Monach. Patavin. Chron. (Ib. VIII. 705).--Raynald. ann. 1305, No. 7.--Savonarola contra l'Astrologia, fol. 25.--Villari, Storia di Savonarola, Ed. 1887, I. 197-8.--MS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 14930, fol. 229-30.--Doat, XXXVII. 258.--Bern. Guidon. Pract. P. v.--Johann. Saresberiens. Polycrat. II. xix., xx., xxv., xxvi.--Th. Aquin. Summ. Sec. Sec. xcv.--Zanchini Tract. de Hæret. c. xxii.--D'Argentré, I. I. 263; II. 154.--Eymeric. p. 317.--Manilii Astron. Lib. IV.--Rogeri Bacon Op. Tert. c. xi. (M. R. Series I. 35-6. Cf. 559-61).

[481] P. de Abano Conciliator Different. Philos. Diff. ix., x. (Ed. Venet. 1494, fol. 14-15.). Cf. Albumasar de Magnis Conjunctionibus Tract III. Diff. i. (Aug. Vindel. 1489).

The _Conciliator_ was a work of immense reputation. The preface of the edition of 1494 speaks of three or four previous printed editions, and there were repeated later ones up to 1596. Curiously enough, it was never included in the Roman and Spanish Indexes, though it appears in that of Lisbon of 1624 (Reusch, der Index der verbotenen Bücher, I. 35).

[482] Bayle, s. v. Apone.--G. Naudé, Apologie pour les Grands Hommes, Ch. XIV.--Muratori Antiq. Ital. III. 374-5.

For the printed works attributed to Peter of Abano, see Grässe, "Bibliotheca Magica et Pneumatica," Leipzig, 1843. The one by which he is best known is the "Heptameron seu Elementa Magiæ," a treatise on the invocation of demons, printed with the works of Cornelius Agrippa. This version, however, is incomplete. A fuller and better one is among the MSS. of the Bibliothèque Nationale, fonds latin, No. 17870.

[483] The _Sphæra_ of Sacrobosco is a remarkably lucid and scientific statement of all that was known, in the thirteenth century, about the earth in its cosmical relations. Although it accepts, of course, the current theory of the nine spheres, it indulges in no astrological reveries as to the influence of the signs and planets on human destiny. It remained for centuries a work of the highest authority, and so lately as 1604, sixty years after the death of Copernicus, and on the eve of the development of the new astronomy by Galileo, it was translated, with a copious commentary, by a professor of mathematics in the University of Siena, Francesco Pifferi, whose astrological credulity offers a curious contrast to the severe simplicity of the original.

[484] Villani x. 40, 41.--Lami, Antichità Toscane, pp. 593-4.--Raynald. ann. 1327, No. 46.--Cantù, Eretici d' Italia, I. 149-52.

I owe many of the above details to a sketch of Cecco's life in a Florentine MS. which I judge from the handwriting to be of the seventeenth century, and of which the anonymous author appears to be well informed; also, to a MS. copy of the elaborate sentence, much more full than the fragments given by Lami and Cantù.

[485] Petrarchi de Rebus Senilibus Lib. III. Epist. 1.--Eymeric. p. 443.--Acquoy, Gerardi Magni Epistt. pp. 111-19.--Amador de los Rios (Revista de España, T. XVIII. p. 9).--Novisima Recopilacion, Lib. XII. Tit. iv. l. 1.--Concord. Astron. Veritatis et Narrat. Histor. c. lix., lx. (August. Vindel. 1490).--Fortalic. Fidei Lib. II. Consid. vi.--Savonarola contra l' Astrol. fol. 26.--Bayle, s. v. Apone.--Malleus Malef. P. I. Q. xvi.

The supreme power of the conjunction of Jupiter and the moon above alluded to is probably based on Albumasar de Magnis Conjunctionibus Tract. III. Diff. 2.

[486] D'Argentré I. II. 325-31.--Erasmi Encom. Moriæ, Ed. Lipsiens. 1829, III. 360.

The superstitions concerning comets scarce come within our present scope. They will be found ably discussed by Andrew D. White in the Papers of the American Historical Association, 1887. We are told by a contemporary that Henry IV. lost his life in 1610 through neglect of the warning sent him by the learned Doctor Geronymo Oller, priest and astrologer of Barcelona, based upon the portents of a comet which appeared in 1607.--(Guadalajara y Xavierr, Expulsion de los Moriscos, Pampeluna, 1613, fol. 107).

[487] Johann. Saresberiens. Polycrat. c. xiv.-xvii.--Th. Aquin. Summ. Sec. Sec. xcv. 6.--Tertull. Apol. 23.

[488] Concil. Toletan. XVII. ann. 694, c. v.--Amador de los Rios (Revista de España, T. XVIII. p. 19).--Wright, Proceedings against Dame Alice Kyteler, pp. xxxii.-xxxiii.--D'Argentré, I. II. 344-5.

[489] MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 14930 fol. 229-30.--Doat, XXXVII. 258.--Vaissette, III. Pr. 374.--Bern. Guidon. Pract. P. v.

Molinier (Études sur quelques MSS. des Bibliothèques d'Italie, Paris, 1887, pp. 35, 45) mentions the occurrence of similar formulas in the other manuals of the period.

[490] Bern. Guidon. Pract. P. III. 42, 43; P. v. vii. 12.--Doat, XXVII. 150.

[491] Zanchini Tract. de Hæret c. xxii.--Statuta Criminalia Mediolani e tenebris in lucem edita c. 63 (Bergami, 1594).

[492] Differend de Boniface VIII. et de Ph. le Bel, Preuves, 103.--Rymer, Foed. II. 931-4.--Joann. S. Victor. Vit. Clement. V. (Muratori S. R. I. III. II. 457).--Grandes Chroniques V. 217-20, 291.--Guill. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1315, 1325.--MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 4270 fol. 37-8, 144-5.

Enguerrand de Marigny had been all-powerful under Philippe le Bel, controlling the papal as well as the royal court, and his marvellous rise from obscurity led to the popular impression that he must be a skilful necromancer--

"Ce fu cil qui fist cardonnaux, Et si le pape tint en ses las, Qui de petits clers fist prélats-- Si orent mainte gent créance Que ce par art de nigromance Fait, qu'en ce monde faisoit."-- Godefroi de Paris, v. 6620-9.

[493] Raynald. ann. 1317, No. 52-4; ann. 1318, No. 57; ann. 1320, No. 51; ann. 1327, No. 45.--Mag. Bull. Roman. I. 205.--Ripoll II. 192.--Arch. des Frères Prêcheurs de Toulouse (Doat, XXXIV. 181).--Arch. de l'Inq. de Carc. (Doat, XXXV. 89).--Vaissette, IV. Pr. 23.--Raynald. ann. 1374, No. 13.

[494] Molinier, Études de quelques MSS. des Bibliothèques d'Italie, Paris, 1887, pp. 102-3.--Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq., 140, 156, 177, 192; XXVIII. 161.

[495] Guill. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1323.--Grandes Chroniques V. 269-73.--Statut Ord. Cisterc. ann. 1290 c. 2 (Martene Thesaur. IV. 1485).

[496] Archives de l'Inq. de Carcassonne (Doat, XXVII. 150).

[497] Matt. Neoburg. (Alb. Argentorat.) ann. 1323 (Urstisii II. 123).--Chronik des Jacob v. Königshofen (Chroniken der deutschen Städte, VII. 467).

[498] Wright's Contemporary Narrative of the Proceedings against Dame Alice Kyteler, Camden Soc., 1843.

[499] Wright, op. cit. pp. xxiii.-xxix.--Vaissette, IV. Pr. 173.--Raynald. ann. 1337, No. 30.

[500] Lilienthal, Die Hexenprocesse der beiden Städte Braunsberg, p. 113.--Concil. Carnotens. ann. 1366 c. 11 (Martene Ampl. Coll. VII. 1368).--Florez, España Sagrada, XLIX. 188.--Acquoy. Gerardi Magni Epistt. pp. 107-11.--Concil. Pragens. ann. 1355 c. 61 (Hartzheim, IV. 400).--Statuta brevia Arnesti ann. 1353 (Höfler, Prager Concilien, p. 2).--Concil. Pragens. ann. 1381 c. 7 (Ib. p. 28).--Statut. Synod. Pragens. ann. 1407, No. 6 (Ib. p. 59).--Dubrav. Hist. Bohem. Lib. XXIII.--Raynald. ann. 1400, No. 14.

[501] Bodini de Magor. Demonoman. Lib. IV. c. 1.

[502] Registre Criminel du Châtelet de Paris, I. 332-63 (Paris, 1861).

[503] Chassaing, Spicilegium Brivatense, pp. 438-46.

[504] D'Argentré I. II. 154. Cf. Bodin. de Magor. Demonoman.--Murner Tract. de Python. Contractu.--Basin de Artibus Magiæ.--Pegnæ Comment. in Eymeric. p. 346.

[505] Gersoni Tract. de Error. circa Artem Magicam (Opp. Ed. 1494, xxi. G-H).--Mall. Maleficar. P. I. Q. 1, 8.

[506] Religieux de S. Denis, Hist. de Charles VI., Liv. XVII. ch. i., Liv. XVIII. ch. 8.--Juvenal des Ursins, Hist. de Charles VI. ann. 1403.--Raynald. ann. 1404, No. 22-3.--Concil. Suessionens. ann. 1403 c. 7.--Monstrelet, I. 39 (Ed. Buchon, 1843, pp. 80-3).--Chron. de P. Cochon (Ed. Vallet de Viriville, p. 385).

Valentine of Milan, wife of Louis of Orleans, and her father, Galeazzo Visconti, had the reputation of being addicted to magic and of being privy to the attempt on the life of the king (ubi sup.).

[507] Wright, Dame Kyteler, pp. ix., xv.-xx.--Rymer, Foed. VII. 427; X. 505; XI. 851.

[508] Monstrelet, II. 248.--Jean Chartier, Hist. de Charles VII. ann. 1440 (Ed. Godefroy, p. 106).--Rob. Gaguin. Hist. Franc. Lib. X. c. 3.

[509] Bossard et Maulde, Gilles de Rais, dit Barbe-bleue, Paris, 1886, pp. 16, 43, 49-51, 53, 57, Pr. p. clvii.

[510] Bossard et Maulde, Gilles de Rais, dit Barbe-bleue, Paris, 1886, Pr. pp. liii., lxxvii., clii.

[511] Ibid. p. 21; Pr. pp. xlix., lviii.

[512] Ib. pp. 48-51; Pr. pp. xxi.-xxvi., xlvi., xlix.

[513] Bossard et Maulde, Gilles de Rais, dit Barbe-bleue, Paris, 1886, pp. 61-66, 72-3, 78-81, 92-116, 173, 269; Pr. pp. cliv.-clv., clvii, clix.--Très-Ancien Coutume de Bretagne c. 83 (Bourdot de Richebourg, IV. 220).--D'Argentré, Comment. in Consuetud. Britann. pp. 1647-55.

[514] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. lxxxiv.-xcii., xcv.-xcix.

[515] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. xxvi., xxxiv., xlvii.-lii., lv.-lvi., lxii.-lxxii., lxxxviii., xcviii., ci., cxvii.--Monstrelet, II. 248.

[516] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. lxxv., lxxvii., lxxxviii.-xcii., xcv.-xcix., cxvii.-cxl.

[517] Bossard et Maulde, pp. 212-13; Pr. pp. xxiv., 1.

[518] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp xxvii.-xxviii., xlvi., xlvii., lii., lv., lviii., lxxii., lxxx.

[519] Bossard et Maulde, pp. 231-5; Pr. pp. xxix., cii.-cxvi., cliv.

[520] Très Anc. Cout. de Bretagne c. 62 (Bourdot de Richebourg IV. 216).--Bossard et Maulde, pp. 235-6; Pr. pp. liii., lxxi.

[521] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. i., ii., vi.-ix.

[522] Ibid. Pr. pp. iii.-iv., v.--Jean Chartier Hist. de Charles VII. ann. 1440 (Ed. Godefroy, p. 106).

[523] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. vi.-ix.

[524] Ibid. pp. ix., xii.

[525] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. xi-xii.

[526] Ibid. Pr. pp. xiii.-xiv.

[527] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. xvii.-xxx.

[528] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. xxxii.-xxxvi., xxxvii.-xxxviii., lxiv.-lxxii., lxxiii.-lxxxi., lxxxii.-xcii., xciii.-ci.

[529] Ibid. Pr. pp. xli.-xlii.

[530] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. xliii.-xlv.

[531] Ibid. Pr. pp. xlv.-xlvii.

[532] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. xlviii.-lviii.

[533] Ibid. Pr. pp. lxiii.-lxiv.

[534] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. lx.-lxi.

[535] Bossard et Maulde, p. 333; Pr. pp. cxli.-cxliv.

[536] Bossard et Maulde, pp. 337-41.

[537] Très-Anc. Cout. de Bretagne c. 118 (Bourdot de Richebourg, IV. 228).--Bossard et Maulde, pp. 357, 377.

[538] Bossard et Maulde, pp. 370-82.

[539] Ibid. pp. 380; Pr. pp. cxlv.-cxlvi.

[540] Bossard et Maulde, pp. 406, 408, 412.

[541] La Puente Epit. de la Chronica del Rey don Juan II. Lib. III. c. 23; Lib. V. c. 27 (Fernan Perez de Guzman).--Monteiro, Hist. da Santa Inquisição, P. I. Lib. II. c. 40.--Paramo, p. 131.--La Fuente, Hist. Gen. de España, IX. 60.--Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles I. 582, 608-11.--Amador de los Rios, Revista de España, T. XVIII. pp. 15-16.

[542] Weber, Indische Skizzen, p. 112.--Wagenseilii Comment. ad Mishna, Sootah, I. 5.--Grimm's Teuton. Mythol. III. 1044.

[543] Frag. Capitular. c. 13 (Baluz. II. 365).--Reginon. de Eccles. Discip. II. 364.--Burchard. Decret. XI. 1, XIX. 5.--Ivon. Decret. XI. 30.--Gratian. Decret. II. XXVII. v. 12.--Servius in Virgil. Æneid. IV. 511, VI. 118.--Vit. S. Cæsar. Arelat. Lib. II. c. 2.--Raynald. ann. 1317, No. 53.--Grimm's Teut. Mythol. I. 268 sqq.--Finn Magnusen Boreal. Mythol. Lexicon, pp. 7, 71, 567.--Lib. de Spiritu et Anima c. 28.--Augerii Cenomanens. Statut. (Du Cange s.v. _Diana_).--Conc. Trevirens. ann. 1310 c. 81 (Martene Thesaur. IV. 257).--Conc. Ambianens. cap. iii. No. 8 (Martene Ampl. Coll. VII. 1241).--Johann. Saresberiens. Polycrat. II. xvii.--Grimm's Teut. Mythol. III. 1055-7.--Wright's Dame Kyteler, pp. iv., xxxvi.--Gervas. Tilberiens. Otia Imp. Decis. III. c. 86, 93.--Jean de Meung says--

"Maintes gens par lor folie Cuident estre par nuict estrées Errant avecques Dame Habonde;

Et dient que par tout le monde Li tiers enfant de nacion Sunt de ceste condicion." (Roman de la Rose, 18624.--Wright loc. cit.).

A story in Jac. de Voragine's life of St. Germain l'Auxerrois illustrates the genesis of the belief concerning the Dame Habonde and her troop, who assisted in household work. On visiting a certain house St. Germain found that the supper-table was set by "the good women who walk by night." He remained up and saw a crowd of demons, in the shape of men and women, who came to set it; he commanded them to stay, and woke the family, who recognized in the intruders their neighbors, but the latter, on investigation, were found in their beds, and the demons confessed that the likenesses were assumed for the purpose of deception.--Jac. de Vorag. s.v. _S. Germanus_.

[544] Pauli Carnot. Vet. Agano. Lib. VI. c. 3.--Adhemari Cabannens. ann. 1022.--Gualteri Mapes de Nugis Curialium Dist. I. c. 30.--Alani de Insulis contra Hæret. Lib. I. c. 63.

[545] Concil. Trevirens. ann. 1310 c. 81 (Martene Thes. IV. 257).--Concil. Ambianens. c. 1410 cap. iii. No. 8 (Martene Ampl. Coll. VII. 1241).--Eymeric. p. 341.--Alonso de Spina, Fortalic. Fidei, fol. 284.--Albertini Repertor. Inquisit. s. v. _Xorguinoe_.

[546] Thom. Cantimprat. Bonum universal. Lib. II. c. 56.--Alonso de Spina, Fortalic. Fidei, fol. 284.--Bern. Basin de Artibus Magicis.--Ulric. Molitor. de Python. Mulierib. Conclus. IV.--Th. Cantimprat. ubi sup.--Mall. Maleficar. P. ii. Q. i. c. 3.--Prieriat. de Strigimag. Lib. i. c. xiv., Lib. ii. c. 1.

Friar Thomas gives circumstantial contemporary instances occurring in Flanders, where women were carried away and their images were on the point of burial, when the deception was accidentally discovered, and the images, on being cut open, were found to consist of rotten wood covered with skin. He admits his inability to explain these cases, and says that on consulting Albertus Magnus about them the latter evaded a positive answer (Bonum universale, ubi sup.).

[547] Fr. Nich. Jaquerii Flagellum Hæret. Fascinar. c. vii., xxviii.--Mall. Malef. P. I. Q. i. c. 10; P. II. Q. i. c. 3, 9.--G.F. Pico della Mirandola, La Strega, Milano, 1864, pp. 61, 73.--Bernardi Comensis de Strigiis c. 3-6.

[548] Ponzinib. de Lamiis c. 49, 50, 52-3, 61-3, 65-6.--Prieriat. de Strigimagar. Lib. II. c. 1.

Paramo (De Orig. Offic. S. Inq. p. 296) also adopts the date of 1404 as that of the origin of the sect of witches. This is probably founded on confusing Innocent VIII., who commenced to reign in 1484, with Innocent VII., who began in 1404. In the former's bull _Summis desiderantes_, dated in his first regnal year, he speaks of witches as a new sect, and Prierias refers this to 1404.

[549] Ponzinib. de Lamiis c. 65.--Bart. Spinei de Strigibus, p. 175, Romæ, 1575.

[550] Mémoires de Jacques du Clercq, Liv. IV. ch. 4.--Chron. Cornel. Zantfliet ann. 1460 (Martene Ampl. Coll. V. 502).--Bernardi Comensis de Strigiis c. 3.--Prieriat. de Strigimag. Lib. I. c. 2, 14; Lib. II. c. 1, 4.

[551] Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. i. c. 2, 4, 11, 15; Q. ii. c. 4.--Prieriat. de Strigimag. Lib. II. c. 7, 9.--Ulric. Molitor. de Python. Mulierib.--Ripoll III. 193.--Pico della Mirandola, La Strega, pp. 84-5.--Bernardi Comens. de Strigiis c. 7.

It is the universal testimony of the demonologists that vastly more women than men were thus involved in the toils of the Devil. To explain this, Sprenger indulges in a most bitter tirade against women, and piously thanks God for preserving the male sex from such wickedness (Mall. Malef. P. I. Q. vii.).

[552] Burchardi Decret. XIX. 5.--Johann. Saresberiens. Polycrat. II. xvii.--Grimm, Teut. Mythol. III. 1059.--Rapp, Die Hexenprocesse und ihre Gegner aus Tyrol, Innsbruck, 1874, p. 146.--P. Vayra, Le Streghe nel Canavese (Curiosità di Storia Subalpina, 1874, pp. 229, 234-5).--Bernardi Comensis de Strigiis c. 8.

A development of this belief is seen in the feat, referred to in the preceding chapter, of Zyto, the magician of the Emperor Wenceslas, who swallowed a rival conjurer and discharged him alive in a vessel of water.

Yet concurrently with this the belief existed in the absolute eating of children. Peter of Berne told Nider that in his district thirteen were thus despatched in a short time, and he learned from a captured witch that they were killed in their cradles with incantations, dug up after burial, and boiled in a caldron. The magic unguent was made out of the flesh, while the soup had the power of winning over to the sect of Devil-worshippers whoever partook of it.--Nider Formicar. Lib. V. c. iii.

[553] Mall. Malef. P. II. Q. i. c. 13; P. III. Q. xxxiv.

[554] Mall. Malef. P. I. Q. xii., xv.

[555] In England, where torture was illegal, the growth of witchcraft was much slower. When the craze came an efficient substitute for torture was found in "pricking" or thrusting long needles in every part of the victim's body in search of the insensible spot which was a characteristic of the witch.

[556] Ripoll III. 193.--Pegnæ Append. ad Eymeric. pp. 83, 84, 85, 99, 105.--Approbat. Univ. Coloniens. in Mall. Malef.

For an official selection of papal bulls on the subject see Lib. Sept. Decret. Lib. V. Tit. xii.

[557] Bernardi Comens. de Strigiis c. 14.--Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. i., ii.--P. Vayra, Le Streghe nel Canavese, op. cit. p. 230.--Artic. Univers. Paris. No. 5.--Concil. Lingonens, ann. 1403 c. 4.--Prieriat de Strigimag. Lib. II. c. 10.--Bodini Magor. Dæmonoman. p. 288.

[558] Prieriat. Lib. III. c. 3.--Mall. Malef. P. II. Q. ii.

[559] Bernard. Comens. de Strigiis c. 14.

[560] Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. i.; P. II. Q. viii.; P. III. Q. xv.--Prieriat. Lib. II. c. 9; Lib. III. c. 3.--Nider Formicar. Lib. _v_. c. 7.

[561] Mall. Malef. P. II. Q i.; Q. i. c. 4, 11; P. III. Q. xv.--Prieriat. Lib. III. c. 2.--Jahn, Hexenwesen und Zauberei in Pommern, Breslau, 1886, p. 8.

[562] Raynald. ann. 1374, No. 13; ann. 1437, No. 27.--Ripoll II. 566-7; III. 193, 301.--Prieriat. Lib. III. c. 1.--Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. i. c. 16; P. III. Q. i.--Anon. Carthus. de Relig. Orig. c. xxvi. (Martene Ampl. Coll. VI. 59).

[563] Mémoires de Jacques du Clercq, Liv. IV. ch. xxiii.

The constant recurrence of the toad in all the operations of witchcraft opens a suggestive question in zoological mythology. Space will not admit its discussion here, but I may mention, as a proof of the antiquity of the superstitions connected with the animal, that in Mazdeism the toad was one of the special creations of Ahriman, and was devoted to his service. It was a toad which he set to destroying the Gokard, or Tree of all plants, and which will always be endeavoring to do so until the resurrection (Bundehesh, ch. xviii.).

[564] Ulric. Molitoris de Python. Mulierib. c. iv.

[565] Prieriat. Lib. III. c. 3.--Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. vii., xvi.; P. III. Q. xiii., xiv.

[566] Concil. Rotomagens. ann. 1445 c. 6 (Bessin Concil. Rotomagens. I. 184).--C. Lexoviens. ann. 1448 c. 9 (Ibid. II. 482).--Nic. Jaquerii Flagellum Hæret. Fascinar. c. 27.--Mall. Malef. P. I. Q. xiv.; P. II. Q. i. c. 3, 16.--Prieriat. de Strigimag. Lib. III. c. 3.

[567] Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. xiv.--P. Vayra, Le Streghe nel Canavese, op. cit. pp. 218-21, 232.

[568] Prieriat. Lib. III. c. 3.--Mall. Maleficar. P. III. Q. xii.

[569] Mall. Maleficar. P. III. Q. x., xi., xxxv.--Prieriat Lib. III. c. 3.

[570] P. Vayra, Le Streghe nel Canavese, op. cit. pp. 658-715.

[571] It will be remembered (Vol. II. p. 158) that by this time in France, Vaudois and Vaudoisie had become the designation of all deviations from faith, and was especially applied to sorcery. Hence is derived the word Voodooism, descriptive of the negro sorcery of the French colonies, transmitted to the United States through Louisiana.

[572] There was some debate whether the evidence of a witch as to those whom she had seen in the Sabbat was to be received, but it was settled in favor of the faith by the unanswerable argument that otherwise the principal means of detecting witches would be lost. If the accused alleged that the devil had caused an apparition resembling him to be present, he was to be required to prove the fact, which was not easy (Jaquerii Flagell. Hæret. Fascinar. c. 26).--Bernardo di Como (de Strigiis, c. 13, 14) says that the mere accusation of being seen in the Sabbat is not sufficient to justify arrest, as the individual may be personated by a demon, but it has to be reinforced by "conjectures and presumptions," which, of course, were never lacking.

[573] MSS. Bib. Roy. de Bruxelles, No. 11209.

[574] This was, doubtless, in commutation for confiscation, and reveals the object of the whole affair. To estimate the magnitude of the fines, it may be mentioned that de Beauffort's annual revenue was estimated at five hundred livres. The richest citizens of Arras who were arrested were said to be worth from four hundred to five hundred livres a year.

[575] The belief in the imminent advent of Antichrist was as strong in the fifteenth century as in its predecessors. In 1445 the University of Paris was astonished by a young Spaniard, about twenty years of age, who came there and overcame the most learned schoolmen and theologians in disputation. He appeared equally at home in all branches of learning, including medicine and law; he was matchless with the sword, and played ravishingly on all instruments of music. After confounding Paris, he went to the Duke of Burgundy, at Ghent, and thence passed into Germany. The doctors of the University pondered over the apparition, and finally concluded that he was Antichrist, who, it was well known, would possess all arts and sciences by the secret aid of Satan, and would be a good Christian until he attained the age of twenty-eight (Chron. de Mathieu de Coussy, ch. VIII.). The wonderful stranger was Fernando de Cordoba, who settled in the papal court, and wrote several books, which have been forgotten. See Nich. Anton. Biblioth. Hispan. Lib. x. cap. xiii. No. 734-9.

[576] The Chronicler of Arras tells us that at this time there was no enforcement of the laws in Arras; every one did as he pleased, and no one was punished but the friendless. His statement is borne out by the cases of homicide and other crimes which he relates, and of which no notice was taken (Mém. de Jacques du Clercq, Liv. IV. ch. 22, 24, 40, 41). Yet vigorous search was made for the author of this pasquinade, and Jacotin Maupetit was arrested by an usher-at-arms of the duke on the charge of writing it. He adroitly slipped out of his doublet, and sought asylum in three successive churches, finally succeeding in getting to Paris, where he constituted himself a prisoner of the Parlement, and returned to Arras free, to find that, meanwhile, his property had been confiscated and sold. (Ibid. ch. 24.)

[577] The details of this case have, fortunately, been preserved for us in the Mémoires de Jacques du Clercq, Livre IV., with the decree of Parlement in the appendix. Mathieu de Coussy (Chronique ch. 129) and Cornelius Zantfliet (Martene, Ampl. Coll. V. 501) also give brief accounts. Some details omitted by du Clercq are to be found in the learned sketch of Duverger, "La Vauderie dans les États de Philippe le Bon," Arras, 1885, which, it is to be hoped, will be followed by the more elaborate work promised by the author.

[578] Du Clercq, Liv. IV. ch. 10-11.

[579] Du Clercq, Liv. IV. ch. 14, 15, 28; Append, II.

[580] Du Clercq, Liv. IV. ch. 4, 8.

[581] Du Clercq, Liv. IV. ch. 6, 11, 14, 28.--A copy of Jean Taincture's tract is in the Bib. Roy. de Bruxelles, MSS. No. 2296.--About this time Jeannin, a peasant of Inchy, was executed at Cambrai, and at Lille Catharine Patée was condemned as a witch, but escaped with banishment, and the same was the case with Marguerite d'Escornay at Nivelles. One unfortunate, Noel Fern of Amiens, became insane on the subject, and after wandering over the land, accused himself at Mantes of belonging to the accursed sect. He was burned August 26, 1460. His wife, whom he had implicated, escaped sharing his fate by an appeal to the Parlement--Duverger, La Vauderie dans les États de Philippe le Bon, pp. 52-3, 84.

[582] Nider Formicar. Lib. V. c. 3, 4, 7.--Grimm's Teutonic Mythol. III. 1066.--Soldan, Geschichte der Hexenprocesse, Stuttgart, 1843, p. 186.--Bernardi Comensis de Strigiis c. 4.--Steph. Infessuræ Diar. Urb. Romæ ann. 1424 (Eccard. Corp. Hist. II. 1874-5).

Peter of Berne's efforts to purify his territory were fruitless, for we hear of witches burned in 1482 at Murten, Canton Berne (Valerius Anshelm, Berner-Chronik, Bern, 1884, I. 224).

[583] Duverger, La Vauderie dans les États de Philippe le Bon, p. 22.--Anon. Carthus. de Relig. Orig. c. 25-6 (Martene Ampl. Coll. VI. 57-9).--Jean Chartier, Hist. de Charles VII. ann. 1453.--Mémoires de Jacques du Clercq, Liv. III. ch. 11.--D'Argentré, I. II. 251.--Soldan, Gesch. der Hexenprocesse, p. 198.--Lilienthal, Die Hexenprocesse der beiden Städte Braunsberg, p. 70.

[584] Alonso de Spina, Fortalic. Fidei, fol. 284.--Bernardi Comens. de Strigiis c. 3.--Chron. Cornel. Zantfliet, ann. 1456 (Martene Ampl. Coll. V. 491).--Raynald. ann. 1459, No. 30.--Guill. Gruel, Chroniques d'Artus III. (Ed. Buchon, p. 405).

[585] Du Cange, s.v. _Sortiarius_.

[586] Mall. Malef. P. I. Q. i. c. 1.

[587] Mall. Malef. P. I. Q. xi.; P. II. Q. i. c. 4, 12; P. III. Q. 15.

[588] Mall. Malef. P. II. Q. i. c. 4.

Innocent's bull was not confined to Germany alone, but was operative everywhere. In an Italian inquisitorial manual of the period it is included in a collection of bulls "_contra hereticam pravitatem_," which also contains a letter on the subject from the future Emperor Maximilian, dated Brussels, November 6, 1486.--Molinier, Études sur quelques MSS. des Bibliothèques d'Italie, Paris, 1887, p. 72.

[589] Rapp, Die Hexenprocesse und ihre Gegner aus Tirol, pp. 5-8, 12-13, 143 sqq.--Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. 1, c. 12; P. III. Q. 15.

[590] Molitoris Dial. de Pythonicis Mulieribus c. 1, 10.

The absurd contrast between the illimitable powers ascribed to the witch and her personal wretchedness was explained under torture by the victims as the result of the faithlessness of Satan, who desired to keep them in poverty. When steeped in misery he would appear to them and allure them into his service by the most attractive promises, but when he had attained his end those promises were never kept. Gold given to them would always disappear before it could be used. As one of the Tyrolese witches in 1506 declared, "The devil is a Schalk (knave)." (Rapp, Die Hexenprocesse und ihre Gegner aus Tirol, p. 147.)

[591] Diefenbach, the latest writer on witchcraft (Die Hexenwahn, Mainz, 1886). sees clearly enough that the witch-madness was the result of the means adopted for the suppression of witchcraft, but in his eagerness to relieve the Church from the responsibility he attributes its origin to the _Carolina_, or criminal code of Charles V., issued in 1531, and expressly asserts that ecclesiastical law had nothing to do with it (p. 176). Other recent writers ascribe the horrors of the witch-process to the bull of Innocent VIII., and the _Malleus Maleficarum_ (Ib. pp. 222-6). We have been able to trace, however, the definite development of the madness and the means adopted for its cure from the beliefs and the practice of preceding ages. It was, as we have seen, a process of purely natural evolution from the principles which the Church had succeeded in establishing.

[592] Fontanon, Edicts et Ordonnances, IV. 237.--Isambert, XI. 190, 253.

[593] Cornel. Agrippa de Occult. Philos. Lib. I. c. 40; Lib. III. c. 33; Epistt. II. 38, 39, 40, 59; De Vanitate Scientiarum c. xcvi.

[594] Raynald. ann. 1457, No. 90.--P. Vayra, Le Streghe nel Canavese, op. cit. p. 250.--Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. i. c. 1, 12.--Ripoll IV. 190.--Pegnæ Append. ad Eymeric. p. 105.--G.F. Pico, La Strega, p. 17.--Prieriat. de Strigimag. Lib. II. c. 1, 5.--Ang. Politian. Lamia, Colon. 1518.

[595] G. de Castro, II Mondo Secreto, IX. 128, 133, 135-6.--Mag. Bull. Rom. I. 440, 617.--Archiv. di Venezia, Misti, Concil. X. Vol. 44, p. 7.

[596] Michelet, La Sorcière, Liv. II. ch. iii.--P. Vayra, op. cit. p. 255.--Annal. Novesiens. ann. 1586 (Martene Ampl. Coll. IV. 717).--Paramo de Orig. Off. S. Inquis. p. 296.

[597] Von der Hardt I. XVI. 829.--Bernardi Comens. Lucerna Inquisit. s. v. _Dubius_.

[598] R. Bacon Opp., M.R. Series, J.S. Brewer's Preface, p. xlv.

[599] Op. Minus, M.R Series I. 326-30.--Compend. Studii Philosoph. VII.--Brewer. Preface, p. li.

[600] Brewer, Pref. p. xcviii.--Wadding. ann. 1278, No. 26; ann. 1284, No. 12.--Wood's Life of Bacon (Brewer, pp. xciv.-xcv.).--C. Müller, Die Anfänge des Minoritenordens, pp. 104-5.

[601] Tocco, L'Heresia nel Medio Evo, p. 2.--J. Scoti Erigenæ de Divis. Naturæ I. 14; IV. 5.--Alberic. Trium Font. ann. 1225.

[602] Tocco, p. 4.

[603] Johann. Saresberiens. Metalog. II. 17.--Tocco, 26, 39, 40, 57.

[604] Bruckeri Instit. Hist. Philos. Ed. 1756, p. 530.--D'Argentré I. II. 258-84, 298, 302-4.--Baluz. et Mansi, II. 293-6.--Isambert, X. 664-72.

[605] D'Argentré I. I. 275, 285-90, 323-30, 337-40; I. II. 249, 255.--R. Lullii Lamentatio Philosophiæ (Opp. Ed. 1651, p. 112).--Erasmi Encom. Moriæ (Ed. Lipsiens. 1828, p. 365).--Maimonides, Guide des Égarés P. III. ch. xxi. (Trad. Munk, III. 155).--Matt. Paris ann. 1201 (Ed. 1644, p. 144).

[606] Renan, Averrhoès et l'Averrhoïsme, 3e Éd. 1866, pp. 152-3, 156-60, 168.

[607] Renan, pp. 22, 29-36, 167-9, 297.

[608] Th. Cantimpr. Bon. Univers. Lib. II. c. 47.--Matt. Paris ann. 1238.--Hist. Diplom. Frid. II. T. Y. pp. 339, 349.--Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 507-8, 782-3.

One of these supposititious _Traité des Trois Imposteurs_, published at Yverdon in 1768, is written from a pantheistic standpoint, and not without a certain measure of learning. Although it quotes Descartes, there is a somewhat clumsy attempt to represent it as a translation of a tract sent by Frederic II. to Otho of Bavaria.

[609] Partidas, P. VII. Tit. xxvi. l. 1.--Concil. Tarraconens. ann. 1291 c. 8 (Martene Ampliss. Coll. VII. 294).--Renan, pp. 205-16.

[610] Matt. Paris ann. 1243 (p. 415).--S. Bonaventuræ Serm. de decem Præceptia II. (Opp. Venet. 1584, II. 617).--D'Argentré I. I. 158-9, 186-88.

[611] D'Argentré I. I. 177-83.

[612] D'Argentré I. I. 185, 212-13, 234.

[613] D'Argentré I. I. 214-15, 235-6.--Renan, pp. 467-70.--Eymeric. pp. 238, 241.

[614] Renan, pp. 318-20, 322, 325, 339, 342, 345-6.--Molinier, Études sur quelques MSS. des Bibliothèques d'Italie, p. 103.--Petrarchi Lib. sine Titulo Epist. XVIII. Ejusd. contra Medicum Lib. II. (Ed. Basil. 1581, p. 1098).--Decamerone, Giorn. I. Nov. 3.--Marina, Théorie des Cortès, Trad. Fleury, Paris, 1822, II, 515.

[615] Gerson. sup. Magnificat. Tract, IX. (Ed. 1489, 89f, 9lf).--Renan, p. 314.

[616] D'Argentré I. II. 342.--Alph. de Castro adv. Hæreses, Lib. II. s. v. _Angelus_.

[617] For a luminous presentation of the influence of Humanism on the policy of the Church in the fifteenth century, see Creighton's History of the Popes, II. 333 sqq. It was one of the complaints of Savonarola that learning and culture had supplanted religion in the minds of those to whom the destinies of Christianity were confided until they had become infidels--"Vattene a Roma e per tutto il Cristianesimo; nelle case de' gran prelati e de' gran maestri non s'attende se non a poesie e ad arte oratoria ...Essi hanno introdotto fra noi le feste del diavolo; essi non credono a Dio, e si fanno beffe dei misteri della nostra religione" (Villari, Storia di Savonarola, Ed. 1887, I. 197, 199).

[618] Laurent. Vallæ in Donat. Constant. Declam. (Fasciculus Rer. Expetendar. L. 132, Ed. 1690).--Bayle, s. v. _Valle_.--Raynald. ann. 1446, No. 9.--Paramo de Orig. Offic. S. Inq. p. 297.--Wagenmann, Real-Encykl. VIII. 492-3.--Creighton's Hist. of the Popes, II. 340.--Æn. Sylv. Comment. in Dict. et Fact. Alfonsi Regis Lib. I.--Erasmi Epistt. Lib. IV. Ep. 7; Lib. VII. Ep. 3.--Reusch, Der Index der Verbotenen Bücher, I. 227.

The immediate conviction wrought by Valla's criticism of the Donation of Constantine is shown in Æneas Sylvius's defence of the temporal power, where he abandons Constantine entirely, basing the territorial claims of the Holy See on the gifts of Charlemagne, and its authority over kings on the power of the keys and the headship granted to Peter (Æn. Sylvii Opp. inedd. pp. 571-81). Yet the Church soon rallied and renewed its claims. Arnaldo Albertino, Inquisitor of Valencia, in alluding to the Donation of Constantine, says, in 1533, that Lorenzo Valla endeavored to dispute its truth, but that every one else is united in maintaining it, so that to deny it is to come near heresy (Arn. Albertini Repetitio nova, Valentiæ, 1534, col. 32-3). Curiously enough, he adds that it is asserted in the bull _Unam Sanctam_, which is not the case (I. Extrav. Commun. Lib. I. Tit. viii.). In fact, Boniface VIII. founded his claims on Christ, and a reference to Constantine would only weaken them.

Valla's bitter and captious criticisms provoked sundry epigrams after his death.

"Nunc postquam manes defunctus Valla petivit, Non audet Pluto verba Latina loqui. Jupiter hunc cæli dignatus parte fuisset, Censorem linguæ sed timet esse suæ."

"Obe ut Valla silet solitus qui parcere nulli est! Si quæris quid agat nunc quoque mordet humum."--(Bayle, l.c.).

[619] Raynald. ann. 1459, No. 31; ann. 1461, No. 9, 10.--Æn. Sylvii Opp. inedd. pp. 453, 506-7, 524, 653.--B. Platinæ Vit. Pauli III.--Creighton, Hist. of the Popes, II. 440; III. 39.

[620] Gregor. Heymburg. Confut. Primatus Papæ (Fascic. Rer. Expetend. II. 117).--B. Platinæ Vit. Pauli II.--Cantù, I. 186-7, 198.

Creighton (Hist. of the Popes, III. 276 sqq.) has printed from a Cambridge MS. a curious correspondence between Pomponio, while imprisoned in the Castle of Sant' Angelo, and his jailer, Rodrigo de Arevalo, afterwards Bishop of Zamora. It shows how fragile was the philosophy of the Platonists when exposed to real privations.

[621] Marsil. Ficin. Epistt. Libb. VIII., XI., XII. (Opp. Ed. 1561, I. 866-7, 931, 946, 962-3); De Christ. Relig. c. 11, 13, 22, 24, 26 (I. 15, 18, 25, 29); De Vita Coelitus comparanda Lib. III. c. 1, 2 (I. 532-33); In Platonem (II. 1390); In Plotinum c. 6, 7, 12, 15 (II. 1620-22, 1633, 1636).--Cantù, I. 179.

Yet we find him attributing a fever and diarrhoea to the influence of Saturn in the house of Cancer, for Saturn had been in his geniture from the beginning; and his cure he ascribes to a vow made to the Virgin.--Epistt. Opp. I. 644, 733.

[622] D'Argentré I. II. 250.--Cantù, I. 182, III. 699-700.

[623] J. Pic. Mirand. Vita, Conclusiones, Apologia, Alexand. PP. VI. Bull. _Omnium Catholicor_. (Opp. Basil. 1572). Cf. Cantù, I. 185.

[624] Concil. Lateran. V. Sess. VIII. (Harduin. IX. 1719).--Ripoll IV. 373.--Renan, pp. 53, 363.--P. Pomponatii Tract. de Immort. Animæ c. xiv.--Cantù, I. 179-81.--Bayle, s. v. _Pomponace_, Note D.

The device by which philosophers escaped responsibility for their philosophy is illustrated by the concluding words of Agostino Nifo's treatise _De Coelo et Mundo_, in 1514: "In qua omnibus pateat me ornnia esse locutum ut phylosophum: quæ vero viderentur Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ dissonare illico revocamus, asserentes ea incuria nostra proficisci non autem a malitia, quare nostras bas interprætationes omnes et quascunque alias in quibusvis libris editis Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ submittimus."

And so Marsilio Ficino--"Nos autem in omnibus quæ scribimus eatenus affirmari a nobis aliisque volumus quatenus Christianorum theologorum concilio videatur"--De Immort. Animæ, Lib. XVIII. c. 5.

Pomponazio winds up his treatise on the immortality of the soul with "Hæc itaque sunt quæ mihi in hac materia dicenda videntur. Semper tamen in hoc et in aliis subjiciendo sedi Apostolicæ"--De Immort. Animæ c. xv.

[625] P. Pomponatii Tract. de Immort. Animæ c. iv., viii., xiv., xiv.--Prieriat. de Strigimagar. Lib. I. c. iv., v.--Llorente, Hist. de l'Inq. d'Espagne, ch. xv. Art. ii. No. 4.

[626] Renan, pp. 367-72.--Cantù, I. 183.

[627] Villari, Frà Girolamo Savonarola, Ed. 1887, T. II. p. 3.

[628] Cartas de D. Fr. Feyjoo, Carta XXII. (T. I. p. 180).

[629] Historia General de Mallorca, III. 40-2 (Palma, 1841).--Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 514-15.--Nic. Anton. Bibl. Hispan. Lib. IX. c. iii. No. 73.

[630] Mariana, Hist. de España, Lib. XV. c. 4.--Hist. Gen. de Mallorca, I. 601, III. 44-6.--Nic. Anton. l. c. No. 74.--Wadding. ann. 1275, No. 12.

[631] Wadding. ann. 1293, No. 3; ann. 1215, No. 2, 5.--C. 1. Clement. v. 1.--Nic. Anton. I. c. No. 76.--Hist. Gen. de Mallorca, II. 1058-9, 1063; III. 64-5, 72.

[632] Nic. Anton. 1. c. No. 87-154.--Hist. Gen. de Mall. III. 68, 70, 96-8.--R. Lullii Art. Mag. P. IX. c. 52 (Opp. Ed. Argentorati, 1651, p. 438).

For an account of Lully's poetical works, see Chabaneau (Vaissette, Éd. Privat, x. 379).

[633] Hist. Gen. de Mall. III. 71, 78.--Pelayo, I. 530, 535, 537, 539.--Nic. Anton. 1. c. No. 82.--Gersoni Epist. ad. Bart. Carthus; Ejusd. De Exam. Doctr. P. II. Consid. 1.--Corn. Agrippæ de Vanitate Scient. c. 9.--Hieron. Cardan, de Subtil. Rer. Lib. xv.--Mariana, Lib. xv. c. 4.

[634] Pelayo, I. 519-23.--R. Lullii Lamentat. Philosoph.

[635] Pelayo, I. 499, 528.--Hist. Gen. de Mall. III. 85.--D'Argentré I. I. 256-7, 259--Pegnæ Append. ad Eymeric. pp. 67-8.--Bofarull. Documentos, VI. 360.

[636] Eymeric. Direct. pp. 255-61.

Pegna says (p. 262) that in the MSS. of Eymerich's work the list of errors is fewer than in the printed text, and this is confirmed by Father Denifle (Archiv. für Litt.-u. K. 1885, p. 143). Apparently the Dominicans of the fifteenth century, when they printed the _Directorium_, interpolated errors to aid them in the controversy over Lully.

[637] D'Argentré I. I. 258, 260.--Hist. Gen. de Mall. III. 82-4.--Pelayo, I. 784-5.

[638] Hist. Gen. de Mall. III. 59, 83-6.--Pelayo, I. 498, 787-88.--D'Argentré I. I. 259-61.--Nic. Anton. I. c. No. 78.--Ripoll II. 290.

[639] Hist. Gen. de Mall. III. 65-6, 92, 94-5.--Gabrieli Prateoli Elenchus Hæret. Colon. 1608, p. 423.--D'Argentré I. I. 259, 261.--Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen Bücher, I. 27-33.--Benedict. PP. XIV. De Servorum Dei Beatif. Lib. I. c. xl. § 4.--Raynald. ann. 1372, No. 35.

In 1533 Arnaldo Albertino, Inquisitor of Valencia, complained bitterly of the injustice which ranked as a heretic such a man as Lully, who was inspired by God and was rather to be worshipped as a saint.--Albertini Repetitio nova, Valentia, 1534, col. 406.

The publication of a complete critical edition of Lully's works has recently been commenced at Padua by D. Jerón. Roselló, under the patronage of the Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria.

[640] S. Augustin, De Genesi ad litteram Lib. XII. c. 35, 36; De Civ. Dei Lib. XXII. c. 29. Cf. De Doctr. Christ. Lib. I. c. 31; Epistt. cxviii. § 14, clxix. § 3 (Ed. Benedict.).--Matt. Paris ann. 1243 (p. 415).--Th. Aquinat. Sum. Suppl. Q. xcii.--S. Bonavent. Breviloq. VII. 5, 7; Centiloq. III. 50; Pharetræ IV. 50.--W. Preger, Zeitschrift für die histor. Theol. 1869, pp. 41-2.

[641] C. 3, Clem. v. iii.--Ripoll II. 172.--Wadding. ann. 1331, No. 5.--Paul Lang. Chron. Citicens. (Pistor, I. 1207, 1210).--Gob. Person. Cosmodr. Æt. VI. c. 71.--D'Argentré I. I. 315 sqq.--P. de Herenthals Vit. Joann. XXII. ann. 1333 (Muratori S. R. I. III. II. 501).--Guill. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1331.--Villani, X. 226.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1331.

[642] W. Preger, Die Politik des Pabstes Johann XXII. pp. 14, 66, 69.--Alphons. de Spina Fortalic. Fidei Lib. II. Consid. xii.--Vitodurani Chron. (Eccard. Corp. Hist. I. 1806-7).--Martene Thesaur. I. 1383.--D'Argentré I. I. 316-17. 319-22.--Isambert, Anc. Loix Franç. IV. 387.--Guillel. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1333.--Raynald. ann. 1334, No. 27, 37, etc.--Wadding. ann. 1334, No. 14.--Villani, XI. 19.--Baluz. et Mansi, III. 350.--Grandes Chroniques, ann. 1334 (V. 97).

[643] Molinier, Études sur quelques MSS. des Bibliothèques d'Italie, p. 116.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1334.--Benedict. XII Vit. Tert. ann. 1335-6 (Muratori S. R. I. III. II. 539-41).--Ejusd. Vit. Prim. ann. 1338 (Ibid. p. 534).--Eymeric. p. 421.--Concil. Florent. ann. 1439 P. II. Union. Decret. (Harduin. IX. 986).

A remark of Æneas Sylvius in 1453 shows that, notwithstanding these authoritative definitions, the old belief still lingered that the glory of the saints was postponed till the Day of Judgment (Opp. inedd.--Atti della Accad. dei Lincei, 1883, p. 567).

[644] S. Anselmi Cur Deus Homo Lib. II. c. xvi.; Ejusd. Lib. de Conceptu Virginali.--S. Bernardi Epist. 174, ad Canon. Lugdun.--D'Argentré I. II. 60.--Pet. Lombardi Sententt. Lib. III. Dist. iii. Q. 1.--Innoc. PP. III. Sermo XII. in Purif. S. Mariæ.

[645] Pet. Blesens. Sermo XII., XXXIII.,XXXVIII.--S. Bonavent. Speculi Beatæ Virginis c. i., ii., viii., ix.--The mediæval conception of the Virgin, as the intercessor between God and man and the source of all good, is expressed by Fazio degli Uberti--

"Tu sola mitigasti la discordia Che fu tra Dio e l' uomo; e tu cagione Sei d' ogni bene che quaggiù si esordia."

[646] Thom. Aquin. Summ. I. ii. Q. 81, Art. 4; III. Q. 14, Art. 4, Q. 27.--D'Argentré I. I. 275.--Alvar. Pelag. de Planctu Eccles. Lib. II. Art 52.--Chron. de Saint-Just (Vaissette, Éd. Privat, VIII. 225).--Concil. Londin. ann. 1328 c. 2 (Harduin. VII. 1538).

The epitaph of Duns Scotus gives him the credit of defending the Immaculate Conception.

"Concepta est virgo primi sine labe parentis Hic tulit--" (Mosheim de Beghardis, p. 234.)

[647] Religieux de S. Denis, Hist. de Charles VI. VII. 5; VIII. 2, 14; XXIII. 5.--Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 536.

[648] Wadding. Addit. ad T. V. No. 16 (T. VII. p. 491); ann. 1439, No. 47-8.--Concil. Basil. Sess. XXXVI. (Harduin. IX. 1160).--Concil. Florent. Decr. pro Jacobinis (Harduin. IX. 1024-5).

[649] Concil. Avenionens. ann. 1457 (Harduin. IX. 1388).--D'Argentré I. II. 252.

[650] Wadding. ann. 1477, No. 1; ann. 1479, No. 17-18.--C. 1, 2, Extrav. Commun. III. xii.

[651] D'Argentré I. II. 331-5, 343-3.--Trithem. Chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1498.--Wadding. ann. 1500, No. 29.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1501.

[652] Trithem. Chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1497.--D'Argentré I. II. 336-40, 347.--Ripoll IV. 267.--Bernardi Comens. Lucerna Inquis. s.v. _Hæresis_, No. 23.

[653] I have followed a contemporary account of this curious affair--"De Quatuor Hæresiarchis in civitate Bernensi nuper combustis, A.D. 1509," 4to, _sine nota_ (Strassburg, 1509), attributed to Thomas Murner. It accords sufficiently with the briefer reports of Trithemius (Chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1509) and Sebastian Brandt (Pauli Langii Chron. Citicens. ann. 1509), and that of the Chron. Glassberger ann. 1501, 1506, 1507, 1509.--Garibay, Compendio Historial de España, Lib. xx. cap. 13.

The Bernese community was piously devoted to the Virgin. In 1489 a certain Nicholas Rotelfinger was inconsiderate enough to declare that she helped the wicked as well as the good. For this he was obliged to stand a whole day in an iron collar and to make oath that he would personally seek the pope and bring home a written absolution.--Valerius Anshelm, Berner-Chronik, Bern, 1884, I. 355.

[654] Revocatio fratris Vuygandi Vuirt (apud Trebotes, _sine anno_).

[655] De Beatæ Virginia Conceptione Ducentorum et sexdecim Doctorum vera, tuta, et tenenda Sententia (_sine nota. sed. c._ 1500).--Concil. Trident. Sess. v. Decr. de Orig. Peccat. § 5.--Pauli PP. IV. Bull. _Super speculum_ (Mag. Bull. Rom. II. 343).--Pauli PP. V. Bull. _Regis pacifici_ (Ibid. p. 392).--Ejusd. Constit. _Sanctissimus_ (Ib. p. 400).--Gregor. PP. XV. Constit. _Sanctissimus_ (Ib. p. 477).--Ejusd. Bull. _Eximii_ (Ib. p. 478).--Prattica del Modo da procedersi nelle Cause del S. Offitio, cap. xix. (MSS. Bib. Reg. Monachens. Cod. Ital. 598.--MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds italien, 139).--Gage, New Survey of the West Indies, London, 1677, p. 266.

[656] Alph. de Castro de justa Hæret. Punitione Lib. I. c. viii. Dub. 4.--Carenæ Tract. de Modo procedendi Tit. XVII. § 9.

Yet in Spain the intense popular devotion to the Virgin rendered the Inquisition very sensitive in its reverence for her. In 1642 an inquisitor, Diego de Narbona, in his _Annales Tractatus Juris_ alluded to an assertion of Clement of Alexandria (Stromata, Lib. VII.) that some persons believed that after the Nativity the Virgin was inspected by the midwife to prove her virginity. Although he condemned the statement as most indecent and dishonoring to the Virgin, his work was denounced to the Inquisition of Granada, which referred it to the Inquisitor-general. Narbona in vain endeavored to defend himself. It was shown that in the Index Expurgatorius of 1640 the passage of Clement, as well as those in all other authors alluding to it, had been ordered to be _borrado_, or expunged, so that the very memory of so scandalous a tale might be lost. Narbona alleged in his defence a passage in Padre Basilio Ponce de Leon, but the Inquisition showed that this had likewise been _borrado_, and, as every one who possessed a copy of a book containing a prohibited passage was bound to blot it out and render it illegible, he was culpable in not having done so.--MSS. Bibl. Bodleian. Arch S. 130.

[657] Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen Bücher, II. 843, 986.--Addis and Arnold's Catholic Dictionary s. v. _Immaculate_.

[658] Reusch, op. cit. II. 989.

[659] Mosheim de Beghardis, pp. 368, 378.--Eymeric. pp. 311-16.

[660] Albertini Repertor. Inquis. s. vv. _Libri, Scriptura_.--Raynald. ann. 1501, No. 36.

[661] Concil. Lateran. V. Sess. IX. (Harduin. IX. 1779-81).

These rules were probably enforced only where there was an Inquisition in working order. In the edition of Nifo's work, _De Coelo et Mundo_, printed at Naples in 1517, there is an _imprimatur_ by Antonio Caietano, prior of the Dominican convent, reciting the conciliar decree, and stating that in the absence of the inquisitor he had been deputed by the Vicar of Naples to examine the work, in which he found no evil.

In the Venice editions of Joachim of Flora, printed in 1516 and 1517, there is not only the permission of the inquisitor and of the Patriarch of Venice, but also that of the Council of Ten, showing that the press was subjected to no little impediment.

In the contemporaneous Lyons edition of Alvaro Pelayo's _De Planctu Ecclesioe_ (1517), however, there is no _imprimatur_, and evidently there was no censorship, and the same is the case in such German books of the period as I have had an opportunity of examining.

[662] S. Raymondi Summ. I. VI. i.--I. Extrav. Commun. I. viii.--Lib. Carolin. III. 1, 3.--Harduin. Concil. IV. 131, 453-4, 747, 775, 970.--Hartzheim Concil. German. I. 390-6.--Eymeric. p. 325.--Tocco, L'Eresia nel Medio Evo, pp. 389-90.--C. 9, 11, Extra, I. xi.

When Sigismund of Austria, in his quarrel with Nicholas of Cusa over the bishopric of Brixen, refused to observe the interdict cast on his territories, Pius II., in 1460, summoned him to trial within sixty days as a heretic, because his disobedience showed him to be notoriously guilty of that heresy of heresies, disbelief in the article of the Creed, "_Credo in unam sanctam Catholicam et Apostolicam ecclesiam_" (Freher et Struv. II. 192).

[663] Innoc. PP. III. Regest. VII. 47.--Batthyani Legg. Eccles. Hung. II. 355-6.--Ripoll I. 70-1, 186.--Wadding. ann. 1351, No. 8; ann. 1354, No. 4, 5.

[664] Innoc. PP. III.. Regest. VII. 2-12, 121, 152-4, 164, 203-5; IX. 243-6; X. 49-51.

[665] C. 35 Decr. P. II. Caus. xxiv. Q. 9.--Berger, Registres d'Innoc. IV. No. 573, 1817.--Raynald. ann. 1233, No. 1-15.--Epistt. Sæculi XIII. T. I. No. 725 (Pertz).--Buchon, Recherches et Matériaux, pp. 31, 40-2.

[666] Theiner Monument. Slavor. Meridional. I. 120.--Berger, Registres d'Innoc. IV. No. 2058, 4053, 4750, 4769.--Barb, de' Mironi, Hist. Eccles. di Vicenza II. 102.--Thomas, Registres de Boniface VIII. No. 613-4.--Raynald. ann. 1318, No. 57.--Ripoll II. 172, 482.--B. Guidon. Practica P. II. No. 9; P. V. No. 11.--Eymeric. p. 303.--Harduin. VII. 1700, 1709, 1720.

The relations between the races in the Levant were not such as to win over the Greeks. A writer of the middle of the thirteenth century, who was zealous for the reunion of the churches, repeatedly alludes to the repulsion caused by the tyranny and injustice of the Latins towards the Greeks. Even the lowest of the former treated the Greeks with contempt, pulling them by the beard and stigmatizing them as dogs.--Opusc. Tripartiti P. II. c. xi., xvii. (Fascic. Rer. Expetend. et Fugiend. II. 215, 216, 221).

[667] Raynald. ann. 1373, No. 18; ann. 1375, No. 25.

[668] Raynald. ann. 1449, No. 10.--Ripoll IV. 72.

In 1718 the congregation of the Propaganda permitted the erection of a Greek episcopate in Calabria, to supply the spiritual needs of the Greek population. The Greeks in the Island of Sicily complained of the expense of sending their youths to Calabria or to Rome for ordination, and in 1784, at the instance of Ferdinand III., Pius VI. authorized the establishment of another Greek bishop in Palermo.--Gallo, Codice Ecclesiastico Siculo, IV. 47 (Palermo, 1852).

[669] Th. Cantimprat. Bonum Universale, Lib. II. c. 2.--Humb. de Roman. Tract. in Concil. Lugdun. P. III. c. 8. (Martene Ampl. Coll. VII. 197). Cf. Opusc. Tripart. P. III. c. viii. (Fascic. Rer. Expetend. et Fugiend. II. 227).

William Langland sets forth the popular appreciation of the _Quæstuarii_ with sufficient distinctness--

"Here preched a Pardonere as he a prest were, Broughte forth a bulle with bishopes seles, And seide that hym-selfe myghte asoilen hem alle Of falshed of fastyng of vowes ybroken. Lewed men leued hym well and lyked his wordes ... ...Were the bischop yblissed and worth bothe his eares His seel shulde not be sent to deceyue the peple."

Piers Plowman, Prologue, 68-79.

[670] C. xi. § 2 Sexto v. ii.--Bern. Guidon. Practica P. v. (Ed. Douais, p. 199).--Eymeric. pp. 107, 564.--Coll. Doat, XXVI. 314.

[671] 2 Clement, v. ix.--Concil. Senonens. ann. 1485, Art. II. c. 8 (D'Achery, I. 758).--C. Trident. Sess. xxi. De Reform. c. 9.

[672] Bertholdi a Ratispona Sermones, Monachii, 1882, p. 93.

[673] Carmina Burana, Breslau, 1883, pp. 22-3.--This was a favorite theme with the poetasters of the time--

"Cardinales ut prædixi novo jure crucifixi vendunt patrimoniam. Petrus foris, intus Nero, intus lupus, foris vero sicut agni ovium" (Ib. p. 18),

and this pervaded the whole Church--

"Veneunt altaria, venit eucharistia cum sit nugatoria gratia venalis."--(Ib. p. 41).

The honest Franciscan, John of Winterthur, attributed all the evils which oppressed the Church to its venality--

"Ecclesiam nummus vilem fecit meretricem, Nam pro mercede scortum dat se cupienti. Nummus cuncta facit nil bene justitia, Cunctis prostituens pro munere seque venalem, Singula facta negat vel agit pro stipite solo; Divino zelo nulla fere peragit." Vitodurani Chron. ann. 1343.

[674] C. 7, 20, 21 Decr. P. II. Caus. 1, Q. 1.--Th. Aquin. Summ. Sec. Sec. Q. 100, Art. 1.--Gloss. Bernardi; Gloss. Hostiens. (Eymeric. pp. 138, 143, 165).--Eymeric. p. 318.--Berger, Registres d'Inn. IV. No. 2977, 3010, 4668, 4718.--Thomas, Reg. de Boniface VIII. No. 547, 554, 557-8, 644, 726, 747.--Taxæ Sac. Poenitent. Ed. Friedrichs, p. 35; Ed. Gibbings, p. 3 (cf. Van Espen, Dissert. in Jus Canon. noviss. P. III. p. 699).--Durandi Specul. Juris Lib. IV. Partic. iv. Rubr. _de Simonia_.

Clement IV. was exceptional in seeking to repress the acquisitiveness of the curia. When, in 1266, Jean de Courtenai was elected Archbishop of Reims, and encumbered his see with a debt of twelve thousand livres to pay the Sacred College, Clement promptly excommunicated him and summoned him to reveal the names of all who participated in the spoils. Yet Clement had no scruple in following the example of his predecessor, Urban IV., in the negotiations which resulted in the crusade of Charles of Anjou against Manfred. Simon, Cardinal of S. Cecilia, sent to France for the purpose, was furnished with special powers to dispense for defects of age or birth or other irregularities in the acquisition of benefices, for holding pluralities, and for marriage within the prohibited grades, and was instructed to distribute these favors so as to remove obstacles to the enterprise (Urbani PP. IV. Epistt. 32-35, 40, 64-5, 68; Clement. PP. IV. Epistt. 8, 19, 20, 41, 383.--_ap._ Martene Thesaur. II.).

[675] Von der Hardt, I. XVI. 841.--D'Argentré I. II. 228.--Theod. a Niem de Schismate Lib. II. c. xiv.; Ejusd. Nemor. Unionis Tract. VI. c. 36, 37, 39.--Poggii Bracciol. Dialogus contra Hypocrisim.--Gobelini Personæ Cosmodrom. Æt. V. c. 85.

The question as to the possibility of a pope committing simony was long under discussion. At the Council of Lyons, in 1245, Guiard, Bishop of Cambrai, was asked by a cardinal if he believed it possible, when he rendered a most emphatic answer in the affirmative (Th. Cantimprat. Bonum Universale, Lib. II. c. 2). Thomas Aquinas not only asserts it, but adds that the higher the position of the offender the greater the sin (Summ. Sec. Sec. Q. 100, Art. 1, No. 7). Yet the venality of the Holy See was too notorious for concealment, and arguments were framed to prove that the pope had a right to sell preferments, for which see the _Aureum Speculum Papoe_, P. II. c. 1, written in 1404, under Boniface IX., and the laborious effort of William of Ockham to controvert the assertion. The ingenious methods of the curia to extract the last penny from applicants are described in P. I. c. v. of the Speculum. The author has no hesitation in pronouncing the curia to be in a state of damnation (Fascic. Rer. Expetend. et Fugiend. II. 63, 70, 81, 461). All who deplored the condition of the Church instinctively turned to the Holy See as the source of corruption and demoralization. Nothing can well be conceived more terrible than the account of it given about this time by Cardinal Matthew of Krokow in his tract _De Squaloribus Romanoe Curioe_ (Ib. II. 584-607).

[676] Gersoni Tract. de Symonia.--D'Argentré I. II. 234.--Goldast. Constit. Imp. I. 402.

In _La déploration de l'Église militante_ of Jean Boucher, in 1512, simony is described as the chief source of trouble--

"Ceste sixte gloute et insatiable Du sanctuaire elle a fait ung estable, Et de mes loys coustume abhominable. Ha, ha, mauldicte et fausse symonie! Tu ne cessas jamais de m'infester.... Pour ung courtault on baille ung bénéfice; Pour ung baiser ou aultre malefice Quelque champis aura ung evesché; Pour cent escus quelque meschant novice, Plein de luxure et de tout aultre vice, De dignitez sera tout empesché." (Bull. de la Soc. de l'Hist. du Prot. Français, 1856, pp. 268-9).

[677] Vaissette, Éd. Privat, X. Pr. 242, 254.--See the author's "Studies in Church History," 2 Ed. pp. 210 sqq.

[678] Nic. de Clemangis de Ruina Ecclesiæ, cap. xix.-xxxvi.

[679] S. Bonaventuræ Libell. Apologet. Quæst i.; Tractatus quare Fr. Minores prædicent.

[680] Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 721-3, 735-6.

[681] Marsil. Patav. Defensor Pacis II. xi. Cf. cap. xxiii., xxiv.--Alvar. Pelag. de Planct. Eccles. Lib. II. Art. vii.--Baluz. et Mansi, III. 24-5.

[682] Chron. Glassberger ann. 1335.--Albert. Argentinens. Chron. ann. 1351.--Hist. Ordin. Carthus. (Martene Ampl. Coll. VI. 187).

[683] Petrarchi Lib. sine Titulo Epistt. vii., viii., ix., xii., xvi.--Decamerone, Giorn. I. Nov. 2.

Petrarch's wrath at the papal court is explicable if there is truth in the disgusting story alleged in explanation of the enigmatical allusions in his Canzone XXII.--"_Mai non vo' più cantor com'io soleva_."

[684] Revelat. S. Brigittæ Lib. I. c. 41; Lib. IV. c. 33, 37, 142.

St. Birgitta was canonized in 1391 by Boniface IX., and after the Schism was healed this was confirmed in 1419 by Martin IV. Both popes ascribe her revelations to the Holy Ghost.

[685] Epistole della Santa Caterina da Siena, Lett. 9, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 35, 38, 39, 41, 44, 50, 91, etc. (Milano, 1843).

[686] Telesphori de magnis Tribulationibus (Venet. 1516, fol. 11).--Henrici de Hassia Lib. contra Thelesphori Vaticinia c. i., ii., x., xx., xxxvi., xxxvii., xli., xlii., (Pez, Thesaur. Anecd. T. I. P. II.).

Henry wrote a letter to the princes of the Church in the name of Lucifer, Prince of Darkness and Emperor of Acheron, similar to that which agitated Clement VI. in 1351 (Pez, Dissert, p. lxxix.).

[687] Libellus Supplex oblatus Papæ in Concilio Pisano (Martene Ampl. Coll. VII. 1124-32).--Von der Hardt, IV. 1414, 1417-18, 1422-3, 1426-7, 1432.--Rymer, X. 433-6.--Gobelini Personæ Cosmodrom. Æt. VI. cap. 96.

[688] Andreæ Gubernac. Concil. P. II., III., V. cap. 2 (Von der Hardt, VI. 175, 179, 209).--Nideri Formicar. Lib. I. c. vii.

[689] Fascic. Rer. Expetend. et Fugiend. I. 68, 417; II. 105 (Ed. 1690).--Herm. Ryd de Reen de Vita Clericor. (Ib. II. 142).--Mém. de Jacques du Clercq, Liv. III. ch. 43.--Steph. Infessuræ Diar. Urb. Roman. ann. 1474 (Eccard. Corp. Hist. II. 1939).--Wimpfeling de vita et moribus Episcoporum, Argentorati, 1512.--De Munditia et Castitate Sacerdotum (_sine nota_, sed Parisiis c. 1500).--Rapp, Die Hexenprocesse und ihre Gegner aus Tirol, p. 148.

[690] Joann. de Trittenheim Lib. Lugubris de Statu et Ruina Monast. Ord. c. i., iii.--Angeli Rumpheri Hist. Formbach. Lib. II. (Pez, I. iii. 446, 451-2).

This is by no means a solitary case. In 1329 the Abbot of La Grasse was by a judgment of the Parlement of Paris deprived for life of _haute justice_, and the abbey condemned in a fine of thirty thousand livres to the king and six hundred livres damages to victims, for murders committed, illegal tortures, and other crimes.--A. Molinier, Vaissette, Éd. Privat, IX. 417.

[691] Gersoni de Reform. Eccles. c. xxiv. (Von der Hardt, I. v. 125-8).--Theod. Vrie Hist. Concil. Constant. Lib. IV. Dist. vii.--Revel. S. Brigittæ Lib. VII. cap. vii.

[692] Alvar. Pelag. de Planctu Eccles. Lib. II. Art. i., ii.--Meyeri Annal. Flandriæ Lib. XIII. ann. 1379.--Religieux de S. Denys, Hist. de Charles VI. Liv. XVI. ch. 10; Liv. xxxv. ch. 8.--Wadding. ann. 1405, No. 7.--Æn. Sylvii opp. inedd. (Atti della Accad. del Lincei, 1883, pp. 558-9).--Steph. Infessuræ Diar. (Eccard. II. 1988, 1996-7).

[693] Pet. Alliacens. Principium in Cursum Bibliæ (Fascic. Rer. Expetend. II. 516).--Bernardi Comens. Lucerna Inquis. s. v. _Hoeresis_, No. 21.

[694] It would scarce seem possible that, in the full light of the nineteenth century, men could still be found hardy enough to defend the position of the Church towards heretics, but it is a sign of the progress of humanity that this is no longer done by justifying the irrefragable facts of history, but by boldly denying them. In a recent work by M. le Chanoine Claessens, "Camérier secret de Sa Saintété," who informs us that after long and serious study of the original sources he writes with scrupulous impartiality and with the calmness befitting history, we are told that the penalty of the Church for public and obstinate heretics is simply excommunication, and that it has never allowed itself to employ any direct constraint, whether for the conversion of Jews and Pagans or to bring back wandering Christians to unity. At the same time he is careful to make the reservation that the Church possesses an incontestable right to use physical means to compel those who have been baptized to fulfil the obligations thus assumed.--Claessens, L'Inquisition et le régime pénal pour la répression de l'hérésie dans les Pays-Bas du passé, Tournhout, 1886, p. 5.

[695] Jacques Fournier (subsequently Benedict XII.) was made Cardinal of S. Prisca in the creation of December 18, 1327, but he had been previously translated from the see of Pamiers to that of Mirepoix (Ciacconii Vit. Pontif. Ed. 1677, II. 424). Pierre Recordi's trial must, therefore, have endured for at least several years.