CHAPTER II.

RETROSPECT.

[Sidenote: _PRESENT CONDITION_]

No modern European nation has endured such vicissitudes of good and evil fortune as the Spanish. From the virtual anarchy of the Castilian kingdoms under Juan II and Enrique IV, the resolute wills of Ferdinand and Isabella evoked order and, by the union with Aragon, the conquest of Granada, Naples and Navarre and the acquisition of the New World, they left Spain in a most commanding position. When, under Charles V, to this were added the Netherlands, the Austrian possessions, Milan and the headship of the Holy Roman Empire, the hegemony of Europe was secured, and the prospect of attaining the universal monarchy seemed sufficiently possible to arouse the fears of Europe. The loss of the Empire and of Austria, awarded to the younger branch of the Hapsburgs, strengthened rather than weakened the inheritance of Philip II, by rendering it less cumbrous and unwieldy, while the acquisition of Portugal unified the Peninsula and the increasing wealth of the Indies promised almost unlimited resources for the extension of his power. Yet this power, so colossal in outward seeming, was already becoming a mere shell, covering emptiness and poverty, for its rulers had exhausted the nation in enterprises beyond its strength and foreign to its interests. Throughout the seventeenth century its downward progress was rapid until, at the death of Carlos II, in 1700, it had reached a depth of misery and helplessness in which it might almost despair of recuperation. Yet its efforts, in the War of Succession, showed that it still possessed a virile nationality; its decadence was arrested, and a slow upward progress was begun, accelerated under the enlightened rule of Carlos III, until, at his death in 1788, it had so far regained its position that, if not yet a power of the first rank, it might not unhopefully look forward to attaining that position. Then followed the weak and disastrous reign of Carlos IV, under the guidance of Godoy, when impotence invited the intrusion of Napoleon, resulting in the manifestation of national energy, which surprised the world in the heroic War of Liberation. After the Restoration in 1814, the land was, for more than half a century the scene of almost unintermittent conflict between antagonistic forces, resulting in the apathy of exhaustion after attaining the form of democratic constitutional monarchy. Yet we are told that absolute monarchy has merely been replaced by absolute _Caciquismo_ or, in American parlance, the rule of the political "boss."[1038] Government, it seems, is exploited purely for the private interest of the office-holding class and the strength of the nation has been wasted, its development has been neglected, until the unexpected feebleness revealed in the war of 1898 led earnest patriots to declare that, if the existing maladministration were to continue, it would be better to seek shelter under England or France, and to put an end to the history of Spain as an independent nation.[1039] This shock to the national consciousness, and the skilful and vigorous agitation to which it gave birth, bear promise of results in the political as well as in the material and industrial development of the land, and we may reasonably hope that a nation, which has suffered so much with fortitude, is entering upon a new career that may make amends for the miseries of the past.

Vicissitudes such as these have their causes, and we cannot conclude this long history of the Inquisition without inquiring what share it and the spirit, which at once created and was stimulated by it, contributed to the misfortunes endured, with few intermissions, by the Spanish people since its organization. These causes are numerous, many of them not directly connected with our subject, but yet to be enumerated in order that undue importance may not be ascribed to the influence of the Inquisition.

* * * * *

To begin with, the Spanish monarchy developed into a pure despotism, based on the maxim of the Institutes--_quod principi placuit legis habet vigorem_--the prince's pleasure has the force of law. All legislative and executive functions were concentrated in the crown; the king issued laws, levied taxes, raised troops, declared war, made peace at his will, and the execution of the Justicia Lanuza, in 1591, without a trial, shows that the lives of his subjects were at his disposal. It was the same with their liberties, as illustrated by the imprisonment, without a hearing, of ministers like Cabarrús, Floridablanca, Jovellanos and Urquijo. For awhile the ancient fueros of the kingdoms of the crown of Aragon served as some restraint in those territories, but Philip V, in 1707 and 1714, took advantage of the War of Succession to declare them forfeited. Under such concentration of authority, the fate of the nation depended on the character and capacity of the monarch. Charles V had unquestioned ability, but his ambitious enterprises, while flattering to the national vanity, not only exhausted the resources of Spain, in quarrels foreign to its interests, but crippled its prosperity by the reckless devices employed to supply his needs. Philip II was a man of very moderate talents, irresolute and procrastinating to that degree that the Venetian envoy Vendramino, in 1595, declared that what would cost another prince ten ducats cost him a hundred, in consequence of his dilatoriness.[1040] His enormous and disjointed empire was too much for his narrow intelligence, and his vast expenditures in defence of Latin Christianity consumed all his resources and kept him in perpetual financial straits. At his death, in 1598, he had nothing to show for the ruin of his country but the gloomy pile of the Escorial and the acquisition of Portugal. Holland was hopelessly lost; his rival, Henry IV, was firmly seated on the throne of a reunited France, and the papacy was alienated. The internal condition of the land is depicted in the despairing complaints of the Córtes of 1594--"The truth, which cannot be questioned, is that the kingdom is totally exhausted. Scarce any man has money or credit, and those who have it do not employ it in trade or for profit, but hoard it to live as sparingly as possible, in hope that it may last them to the end. Thus comes the universal poverty of all classes.... There is not a city or a town but has lost largely in population, as is seen by the multitude of closed and empty houses, and the fall in the rents of the few that are inhabited."[1041]

[Sidenote: _GOVERNMENT BY FAVORITES_]

With Philip III we commence the long line of favorites who dominated Spain during the seventeenth century. Well meaning, but weak and incapable, he left everything to the Duke of Lerma, under whose guidance a reckless course of prodigality was followed as though the only trouble was to get rid of surplus revenues. Charles V had cast aside the severe simplicity of the old Castilian court for the stately magnificence of the Burgundian household; his successors followed his example, in spite of the remonstrances of the Córtes, but where Philip II spent on it four hundred thousand ducats a year, Philip III lavished a million and three hundred thousand, while he was begging money of his nobles and prelates and seeking to seize all the plate in the kingdom in order to coin it. He was not alone in this, for the nobility and gentry were consumed with usury and overwhelmed with debt, owing to their extravagance. The Venetian envoy Contarini, in 1605 describes the land as overspread with poverty and general discontent and all the evils attendant upon a corrupt and vicious government, under an indolent king and a rapacious and incapable minister. The worst war, he concludes, that could be made on Spain was to allow it to consume itself in peace under misgovernment, while to attack it would be to arouse the dogged determination of the people. The reports of the Lucchese envoys tell the same story.[1042] Such was the condition when the expulsion of the Moriscos robbed the land of its most productive class.

Matters grew worse when Philip IV ascended the throne, in 1621. Good-natured, affable, indolent and pleasure-loving, his thirty-one unacknowledged natural children, besides the acknowledged one--the second Don John of Austria--serve to explain why he abandoned the cares of state to his favorite, the Count-Duke Olivares, after whose fall in 1643 his nephew, Don Luis de Haro, succeeded to the post. The official historiographer describes Spain, at his accession, as being in extremity, and the people crushed under their burdens; everything was in disorder, and the condition of the nation so weakened that it could only be deplored and not amended. Yet Philip's first act was to break the truce with Holland and, from that time to the end of his long reign, he was involved in almost continual war. He called together the Córtes and asked for supplies to which they replied by petitioning him to try to stop the general depopulation and find occupation for the people, who were wandering with their families over the country in vain search for work.[1043] Yet Philip, engrossed with his plebeian amours and the pleasures of his court, continued his wars and his extravagance, without giving thought to the misery of his people whom he was crushing with ever new exactions. The courtly festivities were conducted with a magnificence till then unexampled; the carnival festival of 1637 was officially admitted to cost three hundred thousand ducats and was popularly estimated at half a million.[1044] In 1658 the Venetian envoy reports his giving to the son of Don Luis de Haro fifty thousand pesos for skilfully arranging a ballet for the ladies of the court. Every bull-fight cost him sixty thousand reales, and the celebration at the birth of Prince Prosper (who speedily died) involved an expenditure of eight hundred thousand pesos. All this, as the envoy remarks, was extracted from the blood of the miserable people, who were poorer in Spain than anywhere else. The immense resources of the kingdom were absorbed by the rapacity of the ministers or were dissipated by the profuseness of the king.[1045]

[Sidenote: _RESOURCES AND POSSIBILITIES_]

In 1665, Carlos II, then but four years of age, succeeded to his father, under the regency of the Queen-dowager Maria Ana of Austria. We have seen how she abandoned affairs to her confessor, the Jesuit Nithard, and when he was dismissed by the efforts of Don John of Austria, in 1669, she replaced him with the worthless favorite Fernando de Valenzuela. Again Don John was called in; Valenzuela was exiled to the Philippines and Don John assumed the reins of government. His limited abilities were unequal to the task; he was driven from power and died soon afterwards in 1679. Carlos had been declared of age in 1675; he was utterly incapable and, though he can scarce be said to have had favorites, under such ministers as the Duke of Medinaceli and the Count of Oropesa, Spain sank deeper in misery and degradation until his death in 1700. The kingdom was reduced to the last extremity, without money, without industry, without means of defence to resist the aggressive wars of Louis XIV, or to defend the colonies from the ravages of buccaneers. The population is said to have shrunk to 5,000,000; in 1586 it had been estimated at 8,000,000 by the Venetian envoy Gradenigo.[1046] Such was the result of two centuries of absolute government, under monarchs not wilfully evil, who merely reigned according to the light vouchsafed them.

Yet it was not so much the extravagance of the court, or the perpetual wars of the Hapsburgs, or the emigration to the colonies, that reduced the population and the power of Spain. The land could have endured all these if its rich resources and vast opportunities had been wisely developed. Lying between two seas and holding Sicily and Naples, it commanded the Atlantic and the Mediterranean; with its wealthy colonies, the source of the precious metals which revolutionized the finances of Europe and furnished the basis for the most profitable commerce that the world had seen, it was invited to become the greatest of maritime states, with a navy and a mercantile marine beyond rivalry, dominating the seas as the Catalans had dominated the Mediterranean in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. It was largely secured from hostile aggression by the Pyrenees, and could work out its destinies with little to fear from external enemies. It is true that much of its surface is mountainous, and that large districts suffer from insufficient precipitation, but the Moors had shown what wonders could be wrought by irrigation, and how, by patient labor, even mountain sides could be made to yield their increase. No land could boast a greater variety of agricultural products, including those of semi-tropical and temperate zones which, combined with mineral wealth, should have rendered it self-supporting. All that was needed was steady and intelligent industry, fostered by wise legislation, encouraging production and commerce, and enabling every man to work out his own career with as few artificial impediments as possible, and Spain might be today what she was in the sixteenth century, the leader among civilized nations.

This was not to be. The fatal gift of the Burgundian inheritance distracted the attention of her rulers from the true arena of her expansion in Africa and on the ocean, to distant enterprises wholly foreign to her true interests, while the undeviating determination to enforce unity of faith at home, and to combat heresy elsewhere, led her to drive out her most useful population, and involved her in ruinous expenditures abroad. To extort the means for the furtherance of this policy, industry was strangled with the most burdensome and complicated system of taxation that human folly could devise, the weight of which fell almost exclusively on the oppressed producing classes, who were least able to endure it, while the nobles and gentry and clergy, who held by far the larger portion of Spanish wealth, were exempt.[1047] As taxation was virtually at the discretion of the monarch, imposts were added as the exigencies of extravagance demanded, usually with little thought as to their consequences, until the taxpayer was entangled in a network which crippled him at every step. This moreover was accompanied with regulations to prevent evasions, and to protect the consumer at the expense of the producer, which greatly enhanced the deadly influence of the anomalous and incongruous accumulation of exactions.

[Sidenote: _OPPRESSIVE TAXATION_]

All this fell with peculiar weight on agriculture and on the _labradores_ or peasants, on whom ultimately the support and prosperity of the nation depended. When, in 1619, the Royal Council, in obedience to the commands of Philip III, presented an elaborate consulta on the causes of depopulation, it commenced by ascribing this to the grinding and insupportable taxation of the producing taxables, and the exemption of the consuming classes--the mules and cart of the peasant were seized for taxes, he was driven from the land and hid himself in the large cities, or sought a livelihood abroad.[1048] The warning was unheeded and, ten years later, Fray Benito de Peñalosa y Mondragon, while enthusiastically extolling the power and wealth of Spain, describes the condition of the labradores as the poorest, most completely miserable and depressed of all, as though all the other classes had combined and conspired to ruin and destroy them. Their cabins and huts of mud walls are decaying and crumbling, they possess some badly cultivated lands and lean cattle, always hungry for lack of the common pasture, and they are burdened with tributes, mortgages, taxes, censos and many impositions, demands and almsgivings that cannot be escaped. In place of wondering at the depopulation of villages and farms, the wonder is that any remain. Probably most of those who go to the Colonies are labradores and they also flock to the cities, engaging in all kinds of service.[1049]

The process went on without interruption. A century later an experienced financial official tells the same story, in a report to Philip V. The burden of taxation fell upon the poor; all that was unpaid was added to the levy of the succeeding year; a horde of blood-suckers lived by selling out delinquents, when the costs amounted to more than the taxes. Consequently the poor were obliged to sell their property to meet the demands of the tax-gatherer, or to let it be seized and sold, thus becoming beggars and tramps, and every year saw their numbers increase. The peasant, moreover, was subject to special and ruinous restrictions. The tassa or price of his grain was officially determined every year, at a maximum above which he was forbidden to sell it; moreover it could not be exported, nor could it be transported by sea from one province to another to prevent infractions of the prohibition. The result of this was that if the harvest was deficient, grain was secreted and held at exorbitant prices and this infraction of the law was winked at under necessity. The sufferer was the peasant, who had not the means of storing his grain but had to sell it to the wealthy who could withhold it, and thus, whether the harvests were abundant or scanty he fared ill. Thus production was discouraged and diminishing; the producer realized little, while the consumer paid extravagantly, checking both production and consumption. Lands were left uncultivated and labor was unemployed; everything moved in a vicious circle, and the evil was constantly growing. Trade was similarly strangled. The alcavala of 10 per cent. and the cientos of 4 per cent. were levied on every transaction, no matter how often an article changed hands. Manufactures, under this system, had almost disappeared. Spaniards were forced to sell their raw products to foreigners at low prices, for there were no other buyers, and to purchase them back in their finished state at the sellers' prices. The heavy tariff increased the cost to the consumer, while innumerable smugglers enabled the importers to realize the benefit of the duties. The foreigner, moreover, secured all the precious metals of the Indies, for all exports thither were of foreign goods, with which Spaniards could not compete, owing to the excessive imposts and tributes, which doubled the price of everything to the consumer. Yet of the product of these crushing burdens but little reached the treasury, owing to the system of collection, smuggling, and frauds.[1050]

[Sidenote: _THE MESTA--FORESTRY LAWS_]

The disabilities thus imposed on agriculture, industry, and trade were greatly aggravated by the absence of means of intercommunication, and it is symptomatic of Spanish policy that the energies of the rulers were concentrated on the suppression of heresy, foreign wars and court festivities to the exclusion of care for internal development. It is true that, under Charles V and Philip II, considerable effort was spent on the water-ways; the Canal Imperial de Aragon was built along the Ebro, as well as the smaller canals of Jarama and Manzanares, and there were improvements in the navigation of the Tagus and Guadalquivir, but these ceased and no attention was paid to the roads which, for the most part were mere _caminos de herradura_, or mule-tracks. Even as late as 1795, Jovellanos tells us that there was no communication by wagon between the contiguous provinces of Leon and Asturias, so that the wines and wheat of Castile could not bear the expense of mule carriage to the seaboard. In 1761 Carlos III undertook to construct highways from Madrid to Andalusia, Valencia, Catalonia, Galicia, Old Castile, Asturias, Murcia and Extremadura, but in 1795 none of them had reached half-way, and no attention was paid to interprovincial wagon-roads, to enable the miserable peasant to get from village to village, or from market to market, save at the cost of exhausting his cattle and at the risk of losing everything in a mudhole.[1051]

Another intolerable burden on agriculture was the _Mesta_, or combination of owners of the immense flocks of sheep, which wintered in the lowlands and summered in the mountains. Through privileges dating from the fourteenth century and gradually increased, the provinces, through which the trashumantes or migratory flocks passed, were subjected to serious disabilities. Pasturage could not be broken up for cultivation, its rental was fixed by an unalterable _tassa_, and a _mesteño_ tenant could not be evicted. All enclosures were forbidden in order that the flocks when migrating might feed without payment on the stubble in the autumn and on the fallow land in the spring, although this privilege was somewhat curtailed in 1788 by permitting the enclosure of orchards, vineyards and plantations. Thus the husbandman was deprived of control over his property and the raising of horses and of stationary herds of cattle and sheep--vastly more important than the _trashumantes_--was effectually discouraged within the range of the Mesta. Equally short-sighted were the forestry laws, designed to foster the production of lumber, which was greatly needed both for building and shipping. The owner was obliged to get and pay for a permit before he could fell a tree, to obey fixed rules as to pruning, to sell against his will and at a fixed price, to admit inspections and official visits, and to answer for the condition and number of his trees--thus opening the door to unlimited extortion. In short, the freedom of action through which men seek their interests, and thus contribute to the general welfare, was destroyed by the paternalism of an absolute government, which blindly hampered all improvement and checked all individual initiative and ambition.[1052]

This explains the _despoblados_ and _baldíos_--the depopulated villages and uncultivated lands--which were the despair of the statesmen who discussed the possible regeneration of Spain. According to Zavala, in the circumscription of Badajoz alone, the _baldíos_ amounted to over three hundred square leagues, mostly good farm land, in which the remains of buildings could be traced, but then grown up in copses and thickets, affording refuge to wolves, smugglers and robbers. In Andalusia, Jovellanos tells us that these baldíos were immense; they were less in Extremadura, La Mancha and the two Castiles, while, in the northern provinces, from the Pyrenees to Portugal, the population was denser and the baldíos less frequent and of inferior quality.[1053] We have seen the attempt made by Carlos III to reclaim these districts with the _nuevas poblaciones_, and how the promising experiment was checked by the Inquisition.

[Sidenote: _INDOLENCE_]

As though these blind and irrational policies were insufficient to destroy prosperity, an equally efficient factor was devised in tampering with the coinage. This began tentatively in 1566 by Philip II, in diminishing the alloy of silver in the vellon or copper coinage. In 1602, Philip III, in his financial distress, was bolder and resolutely issued a pure copper coinage with a fictitious value of seven to two, calling forth the protest of Padre Mariana which cost him his prosecution by the Inquisition. In 1605 the Lucchese envoy informs us that the treasury had already reaped a profit of 25,000,000 ducats by this fiat money, of which the marc cost 80 maravedís and had a forced circulation of 280. This was the first of a long series of violent measures continued throughout the seventeenth century, of alternate expansion and contraction. Thus, in 1642 the fictitious legal-tender value was suddenly reduced to one-sixth, followed in 1643 by raising it fourfold, and in 1651 by increasing it still further. In 1652 an attempt was made to demonetize the vellon, June 25th, which was abandoned November 14th. In 1659 the _vellon grueso_ was reduced in value one-half and, in 1660 it was trebled. Attempts were made to regulate prices by decrees of _maxima_ and to prevent or define the inevitable premium on gold and silver, but the unwritten laws of trade were imperative, until at last, in 1718, the _real de plata_ was admitted to be worth twice the _real de vellon_, a ratio which remained nearly permanent. The largest vellon coin was the _cuartillo_, or fourth of a real, equivalent to about three cents of American money, which became the standard of value in Spanish trade; the coins were tied in bags of definite amount and these passed from hand to hand, for the precious metals necessarily disappeared, and were rarely seen except in Seville, in spite of the most savage decrees against their exportation.[1054] It would be impossible to exaggerate the disastrous influence on industry and commerce of these perpetual fluctuations of the circulating medium. The relations between debtor and creditor, between producer and consumer, were ever at the mercy of some new decree that might upset all calculations. All transactions, from the purchase of a day's supply of bread to a contract for a cargo of merchandise were mere gambling speculations.

* * * * *

These causes of decadence were accentuated by an aversion and contempt for labor, which was recognized as a Spanish characteristic, attributable perhaps to the long war of the Reconquest and the endless civil broils which rendered arms the only fitting career for a Spaniard, and accustomed him to see all useful work performed by those whom he regarded as belonging to inferior races--Jews and Mudéjares. Their expulsion was destructive to all industrial pursuits, but the Old Christian still looked down on the descendants of the Conversos who were to a large extent debarred, by the statutes of Limpieza, from the Spanish resource of living without labor by entering the Church or holding office. The evil effects of this were intensified by constitutional indolence. The Spanish Conquistadores gave memorable examples of indefatigable energy and hardihood, sparing no toil when their imaginations were inflamed with the lust of conquest or the hopes of gold, but they would not work as colonists. One of them, Bernardo de Vargas Machuca, who for thirty years was Governor of Margarita, defends the enslavement of the Indians by candidly saying that Spaniards would not settle on unoccupied land, no matter how healthy or how rich in gold and silver, but would go where there were Indians, even if the land were sterile and unhealthy for, if they had not Indians to work for them, they could not enjoy its products, and its possession would be no benefit.[1055] Nor were the Spaniards of whom he speaks gentlemen adventurers, but were mostly drawn from the humbler classes. It was the same at home. Already, in 1512, Guicciardini, who spent two years in Spain as envoy from Florence, describes Spain as a land rich in natural resources, but sparsely populated and largely undeveloped. The people, he says, are warlike and skilled in arms, but they look upon industry and trade with disdain; artisans and husbandmen will work only under pressure of necessity and then rest in idleness until their earnings are spent.[1056] The Córtes of Valladolid, in 1548, complain that agricultural laborers and mechanics would not come to work before 10 or 11 o'clock, and would break off an hour or two before sunset. A century later, Dormer, the historiographer of Aragon, reproves the indolence of the people, except in Catalonia, for they would not work as was customary in other lands, but only a few hours a day, with perhaps frequent intermissions, and they expected this to provide for them as fully as the incessant labor of other lands.[1057]

[Sidenote: _EDUCATED IDLENESS_]

Spanish indolence was a frequent theme with the Venetian envoys who describe Spain as abounding in resources, and able to supply all its needs, but dependent upon foreign nations in consequence of the rooted dislike for labor. As Gianfrancesco Morosini writes, in 1581, the people have little aptitude for any of the mechanic arts, and are most negligent in agriculture, while in manual labor they are so slow and lazy that what anywhere else would be done in a month, here takes four.[1058] The Lucchese envoys, in the next century, tell the same story. There are few Spaniards, they say, except office-holders, who will work; the greater part of the workmen are foreigners, who have made a new Spain, to the great detriment of the old kingdoms. This explains why Spain is only a port through which the precious metals pass; the Spaniards consume only foreign merchandise imported by foreign merchants; among the contractors there is not a single Castilian, and there are more pieces of eight in China than in Spain.[1059] So, in 1687, Luis de Salazar y Castro attributes the decline of the monarchy to its substance flowing out through every pore, and the ultimate cause of this is the lack of energy. "I say it is our indolence, ignorance and want of application ... we attribute to deficient population what is laziness and sloth. Could our torpidity go further than our requiring Frenchmen to makes tiles, to grind knives, to carry water and to knead bread?"[1060] A moralist of the period is excessively severe upon this indolence coupled with reckless extravagance, which he compares with the tireless industry and thrift of the Frenchman.[1061] To this he attributes the poverty of Spain, as we have seen (Vol. III, p. 390) had been done, in 1594, by Francisco de Idiaquez, the secretary of Philip II.

One development of this indisposition to labor is touched upon by the consulta of the Royal Council in 1619, when it alludes to the multiplication of grammar-schools, to which the peasants send their children for a smattering of education, and thus withdraw them from productive industry.[1062] The Córtes of the same year asked for restrictions on this and Navarrete, in his commentary on the consulta, dwells at some length on the evils thence arising, for the sons of peasants flock thither, to gain the exemptions of the learned classes; an infinite number of them fail to reach the priesthood, becoming beggars and vagrants and criminals, while many of those who enter orders are forced to dishonorable practices, the public suffering in consequence from the lack of laborers and artisans.[1063] Protests were in vain and, in 1753, Gregorio Mayans y Siscar still called attention to the crowds of half-educated students who sponged on the community--drones who sucked the honey while they might be of service in driving a plough or handling a musket--a complaint echoed with still greater vigor by Jovellanos in 1795.[1064]

To this tendency may be attributed the frenzied rush for office, to which the suggestive name of _empleomanía_ has been given, burdening the State with a vast superfluity of employees and depriving it of their services in useful production. In 1674 the Lucchese envoy wonders at the revenues, estimated at seventy-five millions, without apparent result, which he ascribes partly to the waste in collecting, the collectors employed numbering two hundred thousand--a manifest exaggeration, but yet suggestive.[1065] About 1740, Macanaz ranks this as the first in his enumeration of the causes of Spain's condition; there are, he says, a thousand employees where forty would suffice, if they were kept at work, and the rest could be set at some useful labor.[1066] The evil still continues, if we may believe modern writers who regard it as one of the serious impediments to prosperity.[1067]

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[Sidenote: _IMPROVEMENT_]

From the depth of poverty, disorder and humiliation to which Spain had fallen, the process of recuperation under the Bourbons was slow and at first vacillating. Something was accomplished by Philip V, in spite of his continual wars and his melancholy madness, when he had rid himself of such adventurers as Alberoni and Ripperda and gave scope to the practical genius of Patiño.[1068] The upward impulse continued under Fernando VII, while, under Carlos III and his enlightened ministers the progress was rapid. A memorial addressed by Floridablanca to the king, towards the close of his reign, enumerates the reforms and works of utility undertaken during his ministry. There were canals, both for navigation and irrigation, the drainage of marsh lands, the establishment of the nuevas _poblaciones_, the improvement of roads. The trade to the colonies was thrown open to all the ports instead of being restricted to Seville, with the result that the exports quickly trebled and the customs revenue doubled. The Banco Nacional was founded and the public credit, which had fallen very low, was speedily restored. Insurance companies were established and other trading associations, which gave life to industry and commerce. The tariff on imports was rendered uniform at all the ports, and its schedules were arranged so as to foster internal development, being light on machinery and raw materials and heavy on articles produced in Spain, not only stimulating industry to the great prosperity of the land, but increasing the customs revenue to a hundred and thirty millions when it had previously never exceeded thirty millions in the most prosperous years. The complicated and burdensome Rentas _Provinciales_ were regulated so as to fall equally on the various provinces and to be easily borne; the _Millones_ were reduced one-half; the formalities of the alcavala were simplified and its percentage greatly reduced, so as to bear lightly on industry, and with the expectation of its abrogation. The numbers of the exempts were diminished. All the mechanic arts were "habilitated," so that nobles engaging in them should not forfeit their nobility, thus taking away the excuse for idleness and vice of those who called themselves noble and refused to work, however poor they might be. Through this policy during the reign of Carlos III, the population of Peninsular Spain increased by a million and a half and, under his guidance it emerged from the Middle Ages and began to take position with modern nations.[1069]

Much as had thus been accomplished, much remained to do, as set forth, in 1795, by Jovellanos in his celebrated "Informe." Unfortunately progress was arrested by the indolent Carlos IV and his favorite Godoy. Then came the Napoleonic wars, and the course of events, as traced in the preceding chapter, was not conducive to improvement. Yet, in all the vicissitudes which Spain has endured since then, if we may trust the growth of population as an index of advancement, the substitution of liberal institutions for absolutism has proved a success and, however real may be the abuses of which the reforming element complains, the present situation is vastly better than the past. The census of 1768 showed a total of 9,309,804; that of 1787, 10,409,879; that of 1799, something over 12,000,000. Then there was a falling off and, in 1822, it was 11,661,980. Yet, in spite of Carlist wars and political troubles, in 1885, it had risen to 17,228,776, and it is now reckoned at 19,000,000 or about double that of the period of Spanish greatness. The fair inference from this is that Spain has a future; that, while much remains to do, much has been accomplished, and that there is progress which, if continued, will restore in great measure her ancient strength, although the enormous growth of modern nations precludes the expectation that she can resume her commanding position.

In addition to these secular causes of Spanish decadence, there remains to be considered another class of no less importance--those arising from clericalism, or the relations of the Church to the State, and its influence on the popular character and tendencies.

The accumulation of lands and wealth by the Church, and especially by the religious Orders, was, from an early time, a source of concern to statesmen and of complaint by the people, for the exemption from the royal jurisdiction, from military service and from taxation, claimed as imprescriptible rights by the Church, weakened the power of the State and threw increased burdens upon the population. Almost all the European nations endeavored to curb this acquisitiveness by laws of which the English Statutes of Mortmain and the French _droits d'amortissement_ may be taken as examples. These acquisitions came from two sources, each abundantly productive--gifts or bequests and purchase. The sinner, unable to redeem in money the canonical penance for his sins impossible to perform, would make over a piece of land and obtain absolution or, if on his death-bed, would bequeath a portion of his estate to be expended in masses for his soul--perhaps founding a _capellanía_ for that purpose, or as provision for a son who would serve as chaplain. So audacious became the demands of the Church on the estates of the dying that, in 1348, the Córtes of Alcalá complained that all the Orders obtained from the royal chancery letters empowering them to examine all testaments, whereupon they claimed all bequests made to uncertain places or persons; also, if there was not a bequest for each Order, those omitted demanded one equal to the largest in the will and they further claimed the whole estates of those who died intestate. If these demands were contested, they wearied the heirs with litigation into a compromise. Alfonso promised to revoke all such letters but the Black Death, which speedily followed, brought an immense accretion of lands for the foundation of anniversaries and chaplaincies, which led to lively reclamations by the Córtes of Valladolid, in 1351.[1070]

[Sidenote: _THE BURDEN OF THE CHURCH_]

With wealth thus constantly accumulating, the church or monastery would purchase lands from the laity, and as these became exempt from taxation it could afford to pay more than a secular purchaser. Whatever thus passed into ecclesiastical possession was never alienated; it remained in the grip of the Dead Hand which, by constant accretions, came to hold a large portion of the most desirable lands and thus of the wealth of the kingdom.

It would be tedious to recapitulate the complaints of the Córtes and the devices attempted by legislation from the eleventh century onward to check this growth, which was regarded as threatening the most serious evils to the nation.[1071] Laws were adopted only to be evaded or forgotten, and the process went on. A new element, however, was injected into the struggle when, in 1438, the Córtes of Madrigal made a vigorous representation to Juan II that, if no remedy were applied, all the best lands in the kingdom would belong to the Church, resulting in manifold injury to the people and the crown, to which the feeble king evasively replied that he would apply to the pope.[1072] Hitherto Spanish independence of the papacy had regarded all such questions as subject to national regulation, but this utterance indicated that papal confirmation was beginning to be recognized as necessary in everything that affected the Church. This was not at once admitted, for Juan, in 1447, in response to the Córtes of Valladolid, and by a decree of 1452, imposed a tax of twenty per cent, on all purchases, bequests and donations,[1073] but it gradually established itself and furnished a ready answer to the vigorous representations which, with growing insistence, the Córtes of the sixteenth century made in 1515, 1518, 1523, 1528, 1532, 1534, 1537, 1538, 1542, 1544, 1551 and 1573.[1074] This put all remedy out of the question, for no pope could be expected to set limits to ecclesiastical wealth and influence, from which the curia derived its revenues; and the petitions of the Córtes served only to emphasize the magnitude of the evil and its universal recognition by the people.

It was not only the progressive absorption of wealth and land that was detrimental but the corresponding increase in the numbers of the clergy, regular and secular, who were released from all the duties of the citizen, and whose vows of celibacy aided in accelerating the diminution of the population. The process continued with added vigor, especially after the commencement of the seventeenth century, owing partly to a wave of religious fervor which led to the founding of chapels and convents on a greater scale than ever, and partly to the growing destitution forcing men to seek conventual refuge, where they might at least escape starvation, and inducing parents to give their sons such smattering of education as might enable them to take orders and have at least a chance to secure a livelihood free from the crushing burdens of taxation. The result of this is seen in Fray Bleda's boast, in 1618, that one-fourth of the Christians of Spain were priests, frailes or nuns, and, even though this is obviously an over-estimate, it indicates how great was the task imposed on the producing classes to support in idleness so large a portion of the population.[1075] The increase was largely in the Mendicant Orders, whose systematic begging, that no one dared refuse, was a grievous addition to the tithes and first fruits.

A single instance will illustrate this inordinate growth. Cardinal Mendoza, Archbishop of Toledo, the "third king" under Ferdinand and Isabella, stubbornly refused to allow convents to be founded in his province, saying that there were already many that were injurious to the people obliged to sustain them, but this ceased with his death in 1495. His biographer, Doctor Pedro de Salazar, penitentiary of the cathedral, tells us that the city of Toledo held a privilege from Alfonso X prohibiting the erection of convents there. At that time there were six, but in 1625, when he wrote, these had been enlarged and numerous others had been founded, so that they then occupied more than fifty royal and noble houses and more than six hundred smaller ones. The disastrous influence of this on the prosperity of the place is self-evident and Salazar regards this portentous development of ecclesiasticism as the chief cause of the decline in the population of Spain, which he estimates at twenty-five per cent.[1076]

[Sidenote: _THE BURDEN Of THE CHURCH_]

The consulta of the Council of Castile, in 1619, naturally included in its enumeration of the causes of national distress the foundation of so many religious houses, which were filled with those attracted, not by vocation but by a life of idleness, while their lands were exempt from taxation.[1077] In a similar mood, the Córtes, assembled by Philip IV on his accession, made a forcible and somewhat rhetorical representation, asking for measures to restrain the multiplication of foundations and the purchases of land, which not only diminished the alcavalas but, in a few years, would exempt all real estate from the royal jurisdiction and accumulate all taxation on the miserable poor, thus destroying the population of the provinces, for it was evident that, if the clergy continued to increase as it was doing, the villages would be without inhabitants, the fields without laborers, the sea without mariners and the arts without craftsmen; commerce would be extinct and, marriage being despised, the world would not last for a century.[1078]

At the earnest request of the kingdom, which represented that it could not support these idle multitudes or furnish soldiers for war, Urban VIII, in 1634, granted a bull reforming the religious Orders and suppressing some of the Barefooted ones, but the opposing influences were too strong and it was ineffective.[1079] In 1677 the matter was again debated, including the excessive numbers of the secular clergy, but action was postponed until there was a better prospect of results. The recognized evils were too serious to remain thus pigeon-holed, and an attempt was again made in 1691, the feebleness of which demonstrates how completely the Church dominated the State and could not be reformed without its own consent. The king deplored the multiplication of convents, and the consequent relaxation of discipline, and the pope was to be asked for authority to appoint visitors with full powers. The excessive increase of the secular priesthood, he said, was the cause of numerous disorders, to cure which the pope was to be applied to for faculties enabling bishops and abbots to reduce their numbers, so that all incumbents could live decently. The clergy in minor orders were so numerous that their exemption from the royal jurisdiction and the public burdens was a grievous injury to the laity and the bishops were asked to limit their ordination. The absorption of lands by the Church was an evil which had puzzled the wisest heads in all ages; many states had adopted laws regulating this, but he hesitated to have recourse to such measures until statistics could be gathered, and it could be decided how to reduce the numbers of the secular clergy.[1080] In short, the Church was an Old Man of the Sea, strangling the State, which lacked power to rid itself of its oppressor.

With the advent of the Bourbons there was less tendency to this hopelessness and, in 1713, the plain-spoken Macanaz, in a report to the king, presented a terrible picture of the misery and impoverishment resulting from the overgrown numbers and wealth of the clergy.[1081] Yet, short of revolution, effective remedy was impossible, and Philip V contented himself with a decree expressing regret that, without papal assent or a concordat, he could not afford general relief to his vassals. While awaiting this, however, he severely characterized the frauds of confessors in inducing the dying to impoverish their heirs. Such testators were declared not to be of free will, their bequests were invalid and scriveners drawing them were threatened with condign punishment.[1082]

Much of this evil would have been averted had the salutary reforms prescribed by the Council of Trent been enforced,[1083] but they had been a dead letter, at least in Spain. In 1723, however, Philip induced the Spanish bishops to supplicate Innocent XIII on the subject, resulting in a constitution in which he embodied at great length the Tridentine decrees as to restricting ordinations and the number of religious in convents.[1084] It was a tribute to the capacious learning rather than to the consistency of Macanaz that the Regular Orders employed him to draw up a memorial to the king, protesting against the enforcement of the papal decree, in which he lavished praises on them, and argued vigorously against any restriction on numbers beyond the capacity of support.[1085] This, however, was but a lawyer's argument for a client and did not prevent him, in memorials to Philip V, about 1740 and to Fernando VI, in 1746, from expressing his true opinions as to the evils which were a main cause of Spanish distress--more than half the land held in mortmain and exempt from public burdens, and the immense number of those who, in place of being good laborers were bad priests, wandering around as beggars to the scandal of religion, while the overgrown religious Orders were useless consumers, living on the rest of the nation.[1086]

[Sidenote: _THE BURDEN OF THE CHURCH_]

In negotiating the Concordat of 1737, Philip obtained with difficulty a concession subjecting to taxation future acquisitions, but it was impossible of enforcement and repeated decrees by him, in 1745, by Fernando VII in 1756 and by Carlos III in 1760 and 1763, only attest the powerlessness of the State when dealing with the Church. In 1795 Godoy dallied with a project of secularizing Church property to meet the expenses of the disastrous war with France, but was obliged to abandon the project and only imposed a tax of fifteen per cent, on new acquisitions.[1087] It was inevitable that the Córtes of Cádiz and the constitutional Government of 1820-3 should partially carry out what Spanish publicists for centuries had demanded, and should earn the bitterest clerical hostility.

As a matter of course the wealth of so numerous, powerful and worldly a Church was enormous. As early as 1563 Paolo Tiepolo states that the clergy possessed little less than one half the total revenues of Spain. He rates the income of the Archbishop of Toledo at 150,000 ducats, and in addition the church of Toledo had 300,000.[1088] Exemption from public burdens gave ample opportunity of increase and, at the end of the eighteenth century, the archbishop was estimated as enjoying an income of half a million dollars.[1089] Navarrete, in 1624 regards as one of the leading causes of the hatred entertained for the Church by the laity, the contrast between its affluence and the general poverty,[1090] nor is this unlikely for, during the worst periods of national disaster, the Church seems always to have enjoyed superabundant resources. As its income, other than the produce of its lands, was largely derived from tithes, it necessarily varied, from year to year, but was always enormous. In 1653, we find Plasencia spoken of as one of the four most lucrative bishoprics in Spain, with an income of 40,000 ducats, but that there were years in which it had been worth 80,000--and this at a time when the State was virtually bankrupt, the currency in frightful disorder, commerce and industry prostrate, and the whole land steeped in poverty.[1091] Against this, it is true, must be set the habit of the monarch in calling upon the bishops, as well as on the nobles, for contributions, as we have seen in the case of Valdés; thus Cardinal Quiroga, when Archbishop of Toledo, from 1577 to 1594, is said to have given to Philip II an aggregate of a million and a half of ducats.[1092] There were also certain papal grants to the crown on the revenues of the clergy at large, known as the _subsidio_ and the _excusado_ which, in 1573, were reckoned at 575,000 crowns a year and in 1658 at something over two million ducats.[1093]

[Sidenote: _THE BURDEN OF THE CHURCH_]

It betrays a consciousness of overgrown wealth that all knowledge of its amount was carefully concealed. In 1741, Benedict XIV granted to Philip V eight per cent. of the revenues of the clergy, regular and secular, for that year. The collection of this in Granada was delegated, with full coercive powers, to the Archdeacon Juan Bautista Simoni who, after Easter 1742, issued an edict requiring all incumbents, within ten days, to render sworn statements of their property and income. This aroused intense excitement. Under one pretext or another all, from the archbishop down, endeavored to escape the revelation of their wealth; there were meetings held and open threats were made of a _cessatio a divinis_ if the measure was insisted on. A compromise was offered of payment of a double _servicio_, which was assumed to be equivalent to eight per cent., but they refused absolutely to make a return of property and income. Simoni seems to have been sincerely desirous of executing his unpleasant duty with as little friction as possible but, in reporting this repugnance to make sworn statements, he does not hesitate to say that its object was to prevent the king from learning that about three fourths of all the property in Spain was in the hands of the clergy, secular and regular, and especially of the Carthusians, Jesuits, Geronimites and Dominicans. It proved to be impossible to compel the archbishop to make the return, and finally it was compromised by taking the average of a valuation made during five years of a vacancy, 1728-32, which resulted in estimating the revenues of the see at about 39,000 ducats--evidently an undervaluation, although Granada was reckoned as the poorest of the five Castilian archbishoprics.[1094]

All this wealth and splendor was drawn, in its ultimate source, from the labor of the husbandman and the administration of the sacraments, casting a grievous burden on the industry of the land and counting for much in the general impoverishment. When the little development of Protestantism in 1558 excited so much dread, it was assumed as a matter of course that the people would welcome a reform that would bring relief from the burdens of the church establishment. Jovellanos asks what is left of the ancient glory of Castile save the skeletons of its cities, once populous and full of workshops and stores, and now filled with churches, convents and hospitals, which survive the misery that they have caused.[1095] So, in 1820, the learned Canon Francisco Martínez Marina, in indicating the measures necessary to restore prosperity, says that the first one is to reduce the wealth of the clergy for the benefit of agriculture and the poor and oppressed peasant, and to abolish forever the unjust and insupportable tribute of the tithe, a tribute unknown to Spain before the twelfth century, a tribute which directly prevents the progress of agriculture and one of those which have inflicted the greatest misery on the husbandman.[1096]

A clergy thus worldly, and so far removed from apostolic poverty, was not apt to be devoted to its duties, or to set an example of morality to its subjects. A project, drawn up by a Spanish bishop, of matters to be urged on the Council of Lateran in 1512, affords a glimpse into the deplorable condition of the Church which was so deeply concerned with the salvation of the Marranos and Moriscos. Few among the laity observed the prescribed fasts and feasts, and even the Easter communion was neglected. The priests were negligent and, even in cathedrals, it was sometimes difficult to have divine service performed. Among the clergy, from bishops to the lower orders, concubinage was universal and shameless, while simony ruled everywhere.[1097] The provisions of the Council of Seville in 1512, and of Coria in 1537, indicate the vicious and degraded character of the priesthood and the impossibility of restraining their habitual concubinage.[1098] Alphonso de Castro argues that if it were not for the protection of God it would be difficult to preserve religion in view of the unworthiness of the priests and their wickedness. It is known to all, he says, that the contempt felt for them arises first from their excessive numbers, secondly from their ignorance and lastly from their flagitious lives.[1099] Archbishop Carranza is emphatic in reproving the negligence of the clerics, who were so indifferent to their duty that they abandoned their churches and might as well be non-existent, in addition to which were their evil and scandalous lives and the abuse of their wealth.[1100]

[Sidenote: _CLERICAL DEMORALIZATION_]

This is confirmed by Inquisitor-general Valdés who states that when, in 1546, he assumed the archbishopric of Seville, he found the clergy and the dignitaries of his cathedral thoroughly demoralized. They had no shame in their children and grandchildren; their women lived with them openly, as though married, and accompanied them to church, and many of them kept public gaming tables in their houses, which were resorts of disorderly characters. If we may believe him, he resolutely undertook a reform and effected it at great labor and expense, owing to appeals and suits in Rome and in Granada and in the Royal Council and before apostolic judges. Then Francisco de Erasso, a favorite of Charles V, obtained a canonry and joined those who desired to return to their former dissolute life, against which, in 1556, he appeals to Philip II for protection.[1101] The lower ranks of the clergy were no better, if we may believe the synod of Orihuela, in 1600, which asserts that their concubinage was the cause of the animosity of the people against them,[1102] and we have seen, when treating of Solicitation, how frequent was the advantage taken of the opportunities of the confessional.

There were few prelates as conscientious as Valdés represents himself. Alfonso de Castro attributes the existence of heresy to their negligence; they were so slothful that they paid no attention to their duties; those who did otherwise were so rare that they were like jewels among pebbles.[1103] The Venitian envoy, Giovanni Soranzo is less cautious in his utterance, for he describes them as living luxuriously and squandering their revenues on splendid establishments; few of them were without children, in whom they took no shame and for whose advancement they employed every means.[1104] At the other end of the scale were the clerks in the lower orders, immersed in secular affairs, who took the tonsure in order to enjoy the protection from justice afforded by the Church. These were the despair of those responsible for public order. Fernando de Aragon, Viceroy of Valencia, complains, August 21, 1544, of the impossibility of enforcing justice owing to the zeal with which the church authorities protected the tonsure, whether right or wrong. The officials of the archbishops, he says, have been debased and ignorant men; whose sole aim has been to save criminals from the punishment of their crimes. He is encouraged to hope for better things from the appointment as archbishop of San Tomas de Vilanova, and the latter follows, September 8th, with allusions to his own sufferings in consequence of his efforts to remedy this condition, which is an offence to justice and to God and a great damage to the people.[1105]

[Sidenote: _FANATICAL INTOLERANCE_]

A Church composed of such elements was not fitted to exercise for good the enormous influence which it enjoyed over public affairs, not only in shaping the policy of the kingdom but in directing the national tendencies. The theory was still the medieval one--that the ecclesiastical power is the sun and the royal power the moon, which derives its light from the sun.[1106] To its influence, as represented by Torquemada, was due the expulsion of the Jews; by Ximenes, the enforced conversion of the Moors; by Espinosa, the rebellion of Granada; by Juan de Ribera and his fellows, the expulsion of the Moriscos. In the royal councils, which formed a bureaucracy, prelates held leading and often dominant positions, and their subordinates were largely drawn from clerical ranks. In 1602 a proposition to increase the schools of artillery was referred to a junta presided over by the royal confessor, which reported that the expense could not be afforded; the schools came to be under the charge of Jesuits and frailes and speedily dwindled to nothing.[1107] The position of royal confessor was one of the highest political importance. Under Charles V he participated in all deliberations and had a preponderating influence.[1108] Under Philip II, his confessor Fray Diego de Chaves, played a leading part in the tragedy of Antonio Pérez. Fray Caspar de Toledo, confessor of Philip III boasted that, whenever he told the king that a thing must be done under pain of mortal sin or that it was sinful, he was obeyed without discussion.[1109] The Regent María Ana of Austria was completely under the domination of her confessor Nithard, and the letters to him of Clement XI, on European politics, indicate that be was the real ruler.[1110] The substitution of Froilan Díaz for Fray Pedro Matilla, as confessor of Carlos II, was the only step necessary to effect a revolution in the government and, when Díaz fled to Rome, he was reclaimed as a fugitive chief minister of state. We have seen under Philip V the power wielded by his confessors Daubenton and Robinet, and the part played by Rábago under Fernando VI. What thus ruled the court was perpetually at work in every parish and every family, where the pulpit and the confessional exercised an incalculable influence. What the Spaniard became was what the Church wished him to be. Clericalism thus, for good or for evil, was a leading factor in controlling the destinies of Spain, in exhausting its resources, in moulding the character of its people, and the Inquisition was its crowning work.

Under such influences, the toleration which had been so marked a feature of the medieval period gradually gave place to a fanaticism finding its expression in the Inquisition and inflamed into greater fierceness by the existence and reaction of that institution. There can be no question as to the sincere devoutness of Charles V, according to the unanimous testimony of the Venetian envoys, who describe his punctual discharge of all religious observances and who state that the surest avenue to his favor was the manifestation of earnest zeal for religion.[1111] Shortly before his death, he expressed deep regret that he had not executed Luther at Worms, in spite of his pledged safe-conduct, for he ought to have forfeited his word in order to avenge the offence to God. In his will, executed in 1554 at Brussels, he charged Philip II in the most earnest manner to favor in all ways the Inquisition, because of the many and great offences to God which it prevents or punishes and, in the codicil of September 9, 1558, dictated on his death-bed, his first thought is to repeat the injunction and to urge his son, by the obedience due to a father, to prosecute heresy, rigorously, unsparingly and relentlessly.[1112] Philip II needed no such exhortations. From his earliest youth he had breathed an atmosphere surcharged by the conflict with heresy; he had been taught that a sovereign's highest duty to God and man was to enforce unity of faith, not only as a paramount religious obligation, but because it was an axiom of the statesmanship of the time that, in no other way, could the peace of a kingdom be preserved. There is no reason to doubt his perfect sincerity when, in 1568, the Archduke Charles came to Spain, as the representative of the German princes, to urge an accommodation with the Netherlands, and Philip, besides his formal reply, gave the archduke secret instructions to tell the emperor that no human influence, or considerations of state, or all that the whole world could say or do, would make him vary a hair's breadth from the course which he had adopted and intended to pursue in this matter of religion, throughout all his dominions; that he would listen to no advice with regard to it, and would take ill any that might be offered. At the same time he wrote to Chantonnay, his ambassador at Vienna, that what he was doing in the Netherlands was for their advantage and the preservation of the Catholic faith, and that he would make no change in his policy, if it involved risking all his possessions and if the whole world should fall upon his head. So, in 1574, the instructions to the commissioners sent to Breda to confer with the deputies of William the Silent, were to declare emphatically that he would suffer no one to live under his throne who was not completely a Catholic.[1113] Philip was merely translating into practice the teachings of the Church and won its unstinted admiration. Cardinal Pallavicini contrasts the vacillating persecution in France with his sanguinary rigor, which was not only grateful to heaven but propitious to his kingdom, thus saved by salutary blood-letting.[1114]

[Sidenote: _FANATICAL INTOLERANCE_]

It was natural that Philip, in his will, executed March 7, 1594, should reiterate to his son and successor the injunctions which he had received from his father. The Inquisition was to be the object of special favor, even greater than in the past, for the times were perilous and full of so many errors in the faith.[1115] Philip III had not energy enough to be an active persecutor and if, under the guidance of Lerma, he expelled the Moriscos, under the same tutelage he made peace with England in 1605 and a truce with Holland in 1609, to the disgust of the pious who could not understand any dealings with heretics. Yet he was a most religious prince, who spent hours every day in his devotions and in examining his conscience, and who set a shining example by the frequency with which he sought confession and communion.[1116]

It was a matter of course that he should, in his will, leave to his successor the customary instructions to foster the Inquisition. As to Philip IV, we have seen abundant instances of his subservience to it, during his half-century of reign, and of his readiness to subordinate to it all other interests. He showed his consistency in this when, at the dictation of the Suprema, he incurred a war with England through his refusal to sign a treaty forbidding the persecution of Englishmen in Spain on account of their religion[1117] and, in his will, executed in 1665, he laid the customary injunctions on his successor to aid and favor the Inquisition, adding an exhortation to honor and defend the clergy in all their exemptions and immunities, and earnestly to labor for the reformation of the religious Orders.[1118]

Carlos II was a nonentity who need not be considered and, with the Bourbons, we enter on the dawn of a new era, in which fanaticism no longer dominates the policy of the State. It is true that Philip V, when abdicating, in 1724, enjoined on his son Luis the preservation of the faith through the instrumentality of the Inquisition as fervently as any of his predecessors and that, during the first third of the century, there was a fierce recrudescence of inquisitorial activity, but we have seen how the spirit of the age gradually made itself felt and, although the duty of exterminating heresy was still admitted in theory, in practice its enforcement was greatly mitigated.

It is difficult for us, in the indifferentism of the twentieth century, to realize or to understand the violence of the passions excited by questions of faith, dissociated from all temporal interests, and their influence on a people so emotional as the Spaniards and so apt, as they tell us themselves, to be swayed by imagination rather than by reason. We have seen (Vol. III, p. 284) the whole kingdom of Portugal thrown into excitement by the theft of a pyx with a consecrated host and that only the opportune discovery of the culprit saved all the New Christians from expulsion. It might seem to us a very trivial affair that, on the eve of Good Friday, 1640, there was posted, in the chapter-house of Granada, a placard ridiculing the Christian religion, praising the Mosaic Law, and blaspheming the purity of the Virgin, but it produced the greatest excitement throughout Spain. Special services were held in all the churches to appease the insulted deity and to discover the malefactor. He was detected, in the person of a hermit of the Santa Imagen del Triunfo, who was arrested, and Inquisitor Rodezno deemed it advisable to break the inviolable secrecy of the Inquisition in order to calm the public agitation, by letting the people know that the culprit had been discovered and convicted. Learned doctors improved the occasion by printing dissertations in which it was proved that he must be burnt alive, if no death more atrocious could be invented to suit the crime.[1119] The fanatical hatred of heresy _per se_, thus sedulously inculcated and engrained in the moral fibre of every Spaniard is seen in the statutes of Limpieza, which closed the avenues to distinction to the descendants of Conversos and of those who had been penanced by the Inquisition, so that even arrest and imprisonment for a trivial offence inflicted, according to popular prejudice, an indelible stigma on a family. We have seen to what insane extent this was carried and what evil it wrought in the social organization, but more prolific in evil was the habit of thought by which it was engendered and which it intensified.

[Sidenote: _SUPERFICIAL DEVOUTNESS_]

Yet practically the religion which was so sensitive as to purity of faith was of a very superficial character. External observances were strictly enforced, and the Inquisition was ever on the watch to punish any irreverence in act or word, yet Alfonso de Castro tells us that, in the mountainous provinces, such as Asturias, Galicia and elsewhere, the word of God was so rarely preached to the people that they observed many pagan rites and many superstitions.[1120] To labor on Sunday or feast-day was a serious offence, involving suspicion of heresy, yet Carranza says that more offences against God were committed on Sundays than in all the week-days combined; those who went to mass mostly spent the time in business or in talking or sleeping; those who did not go, gratified their vanity or their appetites; the ancient Jews used to say that, on their feast-days, the demons left the cities for refuge in the mountain caves, but now it would seem that on week-days the demons avoided the people who were busy with their labors and, on feast-days, came trooping joyfully from the deserts, for then they find the doors open to all kinds of vices.[1121]

Paolo Tiepolo, in 1563, observes that, in all external signs of religion, the Spaniards are exceedingly devout, but he doubts whether the interior corresponds; the clergy live as they choose, without any one reprehending them, and he is scandalized by the buffooneries and burlesques performed in the churches on feast-days.[1122] The churches, in fact, seem to have been places for everything save devotion. Azpilcueta describes the profane observances during divine service, the inattention of the priests, the processions of masks and demons, the banquets and feastings, and other disgraceful profanations, so that there are few of the faithful who do not sin in church, and few who do not utter idle, vain, foul, evil or profane words; in hot weather, the coolness of the churches made them favorite lounging-places for both sexes, including monks and nuns, and much that was indecent occurred; they were moreover places for the transaction of business, and more bargaining took place there than in the markets.[1123] This was not a mere passing custom. A century later Francisco Santos pictures for us a church crowded with so-called worshippers, where the services could scarce be heard for the noise; beggars crying for alms and wrangling among themselves; two men quarrelling fiercely and on the point of drawing their swords; a group of young gallants chattering and maltreating a poor man who had chanced to touch them in passing; people leaving one mass that had commenced to follow a priest, who had the reputation of greater despatch in his sacred functions; in a chapel a bevy of fair ladies drinking chocolate, discussing fashions and waited on by their admirers--all is worldly and the religious observance is the merest pretext.[1124] This irreverence was shared by the priests. A brief of Urban VIII, January 30, 1642, recites complaints from the dean and chapter of Seville concerning the use of tobacco in the churches, both in smoking and snuffing, even by priests while celebrating mass, and of their profanation of the sacred cloths by using them and staining them with tobacco, wherefore he decrees excommunication _latæ sententiæ_ for the use of the weed within the sacred precincts.[1125] It is evident that the Inquisition, while enforcing conformity as to dogma and outward observance, failed to inspire genuine respect for religion.

* * * * *

[Sidenote: _RESULTS OF INTOLERANCE_]

It will thus be seen how little really was gained for religion by the spirit of fierce intolerance largely responsible for the material causes of decadence which we have passed rapidly in review. The irrational resolve to enforce unity of faith at every cost spurred Ferdinand and Isabella to burn and pauperize those among their subjects who were most economically valuable, to expel those who could not be reduced to conformity and to institute a system of confiscation of which we have seen the destructive influence on industry and on the credit on which commerce and industry depend, while the application of this to the condemnation of the dead not only brought misery on innocent descendants but unsettled titles and involved all transactions in insecurity. This sanctified the ambition of Charles V with the halo of religion. This was the motive which underlay the suicidal policy of Philip II, leading to the endless wars with the Netherlands, to the rebellion of Granada and to the wasteful support of the Ligue. This was at the bottom of the Morisco disaffection, culminating in the expulsion of 1610, just after Philip III had practically accepted the loss of Holland by the truce of 1609. The land was robbed of its most industrious classes, it was drained of its bravest soldiers, its trade and productiveness were fatally crippled, and it was reduced to the lowest term of financial exhaustion, all for the greater glory of God, and in the belief that it was avenging offences to God. To meet the exigencies arising from this, and from the thoughtless extravagance of the monarchs, the labor, on which rested the resources of the State, was crushed to earth and subjected to burdens that defeated their own ends, for they drove the producer in despair from the soil. Productive industry and commerce, enfeebled by the expulsions, were so handicapped that they dwindled almost to extinction and passed virtually into the hands of foreigners, who dealt under the mask of _testas ferrias_--of Spaniards who lent their names to the real principals, for the most part the very heretics whom Spain had exhausted herself to destroy. Trade and credit were hampered, not only through the vitiation of the currency but through the ever-impending risk of sequestration and confiscation, and the impediments of the censorship as developed in the _visitas de navios_. The blindness and inefficiency of the Government intensified in every way the evils created by its mistaken policy but, at the root of all, lay the prolonged and relentless determination to enforce conformity, at a time when the industrial and commericial era was opening, which was to bring wealth and power to the nations wise enough and liberal enough to avail themselves of its opportunities--opportunities which Spain was invited virtually to monopolize through its control of the trade of the Indies and the production of the precious metals. There is melancholy truth in the boast of Doctor Pedro Peralta Barnuevo, in his relation of the Lima auto of 1733, that the determination to enforce unity of faith at all costs had rendered Spain rather a church than a monarchy, and her kings protectors of the faith rather than sovereigns. She was a temple, in which the altars were cities and the oblations were men, and she despised the prosperity of the State in comparison with devotion to religion.[1126]

Isabella and her Hapsburg descendants were but obeying the dictates of conscience and executing the laws of the Church, when they sought to suppress heresy and apostasy by force, and they might well deem it both duty and good policy at a time when it was universally taught that unity of faith was the surest guarantee of the happiness and prosperity of nations. Spain, with accustomed thoroughness, carried out this theory for three centuries to a _reductio ad absurdum_, through the Inquisition, organized, armed and equipped to the last point of possible perfection for its work. The elaborate arguments of its latest defender only show that it cannot be defended without also defending the whole policy of the House of Hapsburg, which wrought such misery and degradation.[1127] It was the essential part of a system and, as such, it contributed its full share to the ruin of Spain.

[Sidenote: _INFLUENCE ON THE PEOPLE_]

That occasionally even an inquisitor could have a glimmer of the truth appears from a very remarkable memorial addressed to Philip IV by a member of the Suprema, with regard to the Portuguese Jews. He states that they consider the rigor of the Inquisition as a blessing, since it drives them from Spain to other lands, where they can enjoy their religion and acquire prosperity. He wishes to prevent this exodus, which is depriving Spain of population and wealth and exposing it to peril, and to win back those who have expatriated themselves, to which end he proposes greatly to soften inquisitorial severity in regard to confiscation, imprisonment and the wearing of the sanbenito, except in the case of hardened impenitents. He would welcome them back and, even if their Catholicism were merely external, he argues that their children would become good Catholics, even as has proved to be the case with the descendants of the Castilian Jews. Indeed, he goes so far as to urge that foreigners in general should be encouraged to bring their capital to Spain, to settle and be naturalized, to marry Spanish wives and thus minister to the wealth and prosperity of the land.[1128] The worldly wisdom of this was too oppugnant to the prejudices of the time, which clamored, as we have seen, for extermination and isolation, and its sagacious counsels were unheeded. The Judaizers were driven forth, to aid in building up Holland with their wealth and intelligence, and Spain, in ever deepening poverty, continued to cherish the ideals which she had embodied in the Inquisition.

There was one service the performance of which it was never tired of claiming for itself and is still claimed for it by its advocates--that in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries it preserved Spain from the religious wars which desolated France and Germany. This service may well be called in question, for the temperament and training of the Spanish nation render ludicrous the assumption that a couple of hundred heretics, among whom but half a dozen had the spirit of martyrdom for their faith, could cause such spread of dissidence as to endanger peace; yet even should we admit this service, its method, in causing intellectual torpor and segregating the nation from all influences from abroad, only postponed the inevitable, while intensifying the disturbance when the change should come from medievalism to modernism. The nineteenth century bore, in an aggravated form, the brunt which should have fallen on the sixteenth. When the spirit of the Revolution broke in, it found a population sedulously trained to passive obedience to the State and submissiveness to the Church. It had been so long taught, by theocratic absolutism, that it must not think or reason for itself, that it had lost the power of reasoning on the great problems of life. It was without reverence for law, for it was accustomed to see the arbitrary will of an absolute sovereign override the law, and it was without experience to choose between the sober realities of responsible government and the glittering promises of ardent idealists. Yet the Revolution passed away leaving matters as they were before. The habit of unquestioning submission, inherited through generations, has become so fixed a part of the national character that, as we are told, the people fail to recognize that they are as completely under bondage to Caciquism as erstwhile they were to monarchy--that in fact the nation is still in its infancy and is unfit to govern itself.[1129]

As in temporal, so it has been in the spiritual field. In the turmoil of the Revolution the Inquisition died a natural death, but the Church filled the vacancy. It had grown so accustomed to the acceptance, on all hands, of its divine mission, it had so long enjoyed unassailable wealth and power, that it could not adapt itself to the necessities of the new situation and, when it could not rely upon the brute force of the State, it called into play the popular passions which it had fostered. As an irreconcileable, it provoked the attacks made on its overgrown wealth and numbers; it was uncompromising and would listen to no adjustment, for it claimed the full benefit of the canon law under which it was exempted from all interference by the State; its attitude was of immovable hostility to the new order of things, and it suffered the rough handling that inevitably resulted, courting martyrdom rather than tamely to permit profane hands to be laid upon the ark. It has thus continued to be an unassimilable element in the political situation, its policy directed from Rome and the vast influence of its perfect organization employed to retard rather than to stimulate progress in good government and material prosperity.[1130] What may be the outcome of the pending struggle between Church and State, aroused by the recognition of civil marriage, it is too early to predict.

* * * * *

[Sidenote: _INDIFFERENCE TO MORALS_]

Thus the conclusion that may be drawn from our review of the causes underlying the misfortunes of Spain is that what may fairly be attributable to the Inquisition is its service as the official instrument of the intolerance that led to such grave results, and its influence on the Spanish character in intensifying that intolerance into a national characteristic, while benumbing the Spanish intellect until it may be said for a time to have almost ceased to think. The objects for which it was so shrewdly and so carefully organized were effectually attained and, in the eyes of experienced statesmen, at the time of its fullest development, it was the bulwork of the faith. In 1573, Leonardo Donato reflects the prevailing view in governmental circles when he speaks of its authority and severity as absolutely necessary, for the number of the New Christians was everywhere so great, recently baptized with God knows what disposition, and with ancestral memories still vivid, that, if it were not for the incessant watch kept over them by the Inquisition, there would be great danger that Spain would lose her religion. In 1581, Gioan Francesco Morosini declares that, although the Spaniards were in appearance the most devout and Catholic of nations, yet, what between the Jews, Moriscos and heretics, Spain would be more infected than Germany or England if it were not for the fear inspired by the severity of the Inquisition; and the same views are expressed by Giambattista Confalonieri in 1591, and by the Lucchese envoy Damiano Bernardini, in 1602.[1131] Yet the faith, thus sedulously preserved at such fearful cost, was largely, as we have seen, one of exterior observance, without corresponding internal piety, ready to burst into flame for the maintenance of a dogma like the Immaculate Conception, and to earn heaven by paying for masses and anniversaries and chaplaincies, but not to labor for it by purity of life and self-abnegation, or by obeying the divine command to earn its bread by the sweat of its brow. The natural result of this, when brought face to face with modern conditions, is that Cánovas del Castillo, in a debate in the Córtes of 1869, declared with sorrow that Spain, of all nations, was the one most indifferent to religion, and a recent author asserts that there would be no hazard in affirming the Spaniards to be the most irreligious, indifferent, and practically atheist people in Europe.[1132]

In fact, the dissociation of religion from morals--the incongruous connection of ardent zeal for dogma with laxity of life--was stimulated by the Inquisition. As we have seen, it paid no attention to morals and thus taught the lesson that they were unimportant in comparison with accuracy of belief. No matter how dissolute was the conduct of the confessor with his spiritual daughters, he was safe so long as he did not commit a technical transgression inferring suspicion of misbelief as to the sacrament, and even when he neglected these precautions we have seen how benignant was the treatment extended to him. It is true that, towards the end of the sixteenth century, the Inquisition showed remarkable ardor in prosecuting those who gave utterance to the common opinion that there was no sin in simple fornication between the unmarried, and that in large measure it suppressed the utterance, but, as it punished only the utterance and not the sin, this did nothing to advance morality. The same may be said of its ignorant destruction of works of art which it regarded as indecent and the occasional prohibition of a book or play that evoked its disapprobation. In the absence of more serious work a few cases may be found of its undertaking to vindicate morals, but they are too rare for us to attribute to them any motive save a desire to intermeddle. The advancement of morality in fact was no part of its functions as a bulwark of the faith; rather, indeed, it aided in disseminating corruption by its custom of reading at the autos de fe sentences _con méritos_ of which the details were an effective popular education in vice.[1133] The result is seen in the seventeenth century, when the only heretics were the scattered and persecuted Portuguese, and yet there has probably never existed a society more abandoned to corruption--so abandoned, indeed, that even the sense of shame was lost. Padre Corella was no rigorist but, towards the close of the century, he draws a hideous picture of social conditions; everywhere, he says, is vice and crime, lust and cruelty, fraud and rapine, in the seats of trade, in the halls of justice, in the family, in the court, in the churches, while the clergy, if possible, are worse than the laity. Philip IV, who so religiously supported the Inquisition, was not only notorious for his licentiousness, but amused himself with scandalously sacrilegious comedies and farces in his palace theatre, where the scenes and persons of Scripture were made subjects of ridicule, and this style passed into popular literature and rhymes which escaped the censure.[1134]

[Sidenote: _CONTEMPT FOR LAW_]

Spanish theology, which was supreme in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, made only one real contribution--the invention of Probabilism by Bartolomé de Medina in his commentaries on Aquinas in 1577. On this was founded the new science of Moral Theology, devoted to evading the penalties of sin, and to applying to the decrees of God the favorite Spanish device for eluding those of the king, by obeying and not executing. Escobar, held up to an infamous immortality by Pascal, merely compiled what he found in theologians of the highest authority and, when the laxity of the Jesuit Moya's _Opusculum_ called forth a papal prohibition in 1666, repeated in 1680, the Spanish Inquisition asserted its independence by refusing to put the work on the Index.[1135] The practical influence of all this is described in a memorial of nine Spanish bishops, in 1717, to Clement XI, against the _Consultas Morales_ of the Capuchin Martin de Torricella, in which they state that Probabilism had undermined all morality and all obedience to divine, municipal and canon law, and that multitudes lived disorderly lives under appeal to probabilistic casuistry, for so-called probable opinions could be had to justify whatever men desired to do.[1136]

If the power of the Inquisition thus was withheld when it might have been exerted with benefit to society, it was actively employed, under the later Hapsburgs, to loosen the bonds of social order and stimulate contempt for law. To it was largely attributable the virtual anarchy of Spain, during the seventeenth century, arising from the numerous competing jurisdictions and the contempt felt for the royal officials. This found its origin in the insolent audacity with which the Inquisition enforced its claims to jurisdiction. When the royal officials were excommunicated, arrested and imprisoned without scruple, and the highest courts were treated with contempt and contumely, respect for law and its ministers was fatally weakened. That the other privileged jurisdictions--the Cruzada, the spiritual, and the military--should follow the example was inevitable, and the social condition of Spain became deplorable.[1137] In 1677, the Council of Castile represented to Carlos II the evils thus inflicted on the people by the two chief offenders, the Inquisition and the Cruzada, the most oppressive form of which was the abuse of excommunication for matters purely secular. The Council had endeavored to remedy this, but its authority had been suspended and it was powerless to protect the vassals of the crown. Carlos feebly replied that, although he could deprive them of the royal jurisdiction which they abused, yet he deemed it better not to do so, and he contented himself with prohibiting the use of censures in temporal matters--a prohibition which of course was disregarded.[1138] In the very next year Carlos was made to feel his powerlessness in the face of the arrogant superiority asserted by the Inquisition.

When, in 1678, the raid on the whole trading community of Majorca gave promise of immense confiscations, Carlos prudently ordered, May 30th, the viceroy to look after the safety of the sequestrations. The viceroy thereupon asked for inventories or statements and, on their refusal, made threats of taking further measures. The tribunal reported to the Suprema which instructed the inquisitors to defend their jurisdiction by censures and, if necessary, by a _cessatio a divinis_, when, if this did not suffice, they were to entrust their prisoners to the bishop and sail for Spain, reporting to the pope. After despatching this defiant and revolutionary missive, the Suprema, on August 8th, condescended to inform the king of it in the form of a stinging rebuke. The request of the viceroy, it said, was an unexampled assault on religion and the Holy See, and also a profanation of the most venerable sacredness of the Inquisition; sequestrated property was ecclesiastical property until confiscated, and to allow a layman to control it would be subversive of all law, as well as a violation of the secrecy of the Inquisition. Carlos humbly apologized; he had not meant to show distrust and would punish the viceroy if he had exceeded his instructions, but he complained that, without notice to him, the inquisitors should have been ordered to leave Majorca, and thus cause irreparable evils. The Suprema, in reply, followed up its advantage. The abandonment of Majorca by the inquisitors would be a less evil than violating the secrecy of the Inquisition; the viceroy should have positive orders to keep his hands off, and the king ought to have consulted it before issuing such instructions; this would have prevented all trouble, for the operations of the Inquisition were so special and peculiar that even his superior intelligence could not understand them without explanations.[1139] This insolence accomplished its purpose; Carlos was effectually snubbed, and we have seen how small was the share of the spoils eventually doled out to him.

[Sidenote: _DOMINATION_]

The Inquisition, in fact, was virtually an independent power in the state, which asserted itself after the vigorous personality of Ferdinand had been forgotten. Its aspiration to dominate the land was revealed in the projected Order of _Santa María de la Espada blanca_ which Philip II was shrewd enough to crush while yet there was time, but the measure of independence which it had already attained was seen when the Córtes of the kingdoms of Aragon sought to get the signature of the inquisitor-general, as well as of the king, to the concessions which they secured, and when the Inquisition ignored the royal agreements, even to the point of deliberately contravening them in the matter of confiscations. It was manifested, in the affair of Antonio Pérez, when Philip II was obliged to call it to his assistance, and it followed its own interests in disregard of the royal policy. So, in the long struggle with Bilbao over the _visitas de navios_, it virtually set at defiance both the crown and all the authorities of Biscay. If it helped the monarchy in the struggle with Rome over the regalías, when it had thus secured its independence of the papal Inquisition it had no scruple in turning its powers of censorship against the royal prerogative. But for the advent of the Bourbon dynasty, it might reasonably have looked forward to becoming eventually dominant, for it combined legislative and executive functions, temporal and spiritual jurisdiction, and asserted, like the Church, the right to define the limits of its own powers. Its whole career, indeed, shows how baseless is the modern theory that it was an instrument of the State in establishing the autocracy of the monarch. If the fallacy of this requires further proof it is sufficiently demonstrated, even under the first of the Bourbons, by the fate of Macanaz, whom it dismissed from power and condemned to a life of poverty and exile because, in the service of the king, he endeavored to render it what Ranke and Gams fancy it to have been. It is true that, in its period of decadence, it joined forces with the crown to withstand the inroad of free thought, which was equally threatening to both, and that it employed its expiring power to suppress political as well as spiritual heresy, but in this it was fighting its own battle as much as that of the monarchy on which it depended for existence.

* * * * *

Defenders of the Inquisition, in the controversy over its suppression and since then, have relied largely on the assertion that, during its existence, no voice was raised against it, that all organs of public opinion and all writers praised it, as the protector of religion, and as extremely careful to administer exact justice. So far from this being the case, we have seen its own admissions (Vol. I, p. 538) of the hearty hatred felt for it and its officials, and we have heard the complaints of the Córtes of Valladolid in 1518 and 1523, of Coruña in 1520 and of Madrid in 1575, besides the ceaseless struggles of Aragon and Catalonia, whose Córtes had not been reduced to servility. What was its reputation throughout Europe may be gauged by the fact that, in 1535, when João III was endeavoring to have an Inquisition of his own in Portugal, and there was talk of referring the subject to the general council then expected shortly to assemble, his ambassador at Rome, Martinho, Archbishop of Funchal, warned him that, if the matter was broached in the council, it would result in abolishing the Inquisition of Spain.[1140] In Spain, its reputation is to be gathered from the unbiased reports of the Venetian envoys, who lauded its services in the suppression of heresy, and to whom, as practical statesmen, it was an object of wonder and admiration, as a machine perfectly devised to keep the people in abject subjection. In these reports it is observable that, while all are emphatic as to its rigor, not one hazards approval of its justice. The envoys were profoundly impressed by the universal awe which it inspired. As early as 1525, Gasparo Contarini tells us that every one trembled before it, for its severity and the dread entertained for it were greater even than for the Council of Ten. In 1557, Federico Badoero speaks of the terror caused by its pitiless procedure. In 1563, Paolo Tiepolo, after dwelling on the secrecy and unsparing rigor of its judgements, says that every one shudders at its very name, as it has supreme authority over the property, life, honor and even the souls of men. Two years later Giovanni Soranzo speaks of the great fear inspired by it, for its authority transcends incomparably that of the king. In 1567, Antonio Tiepolo echoes these assertions, and all agree in their comments on the influence of the mysterious secrecy of its operation and the relentless severity of its action.[1141]

[Sidenote: _HABITUAL SELF-RESTRAINT_]

It scarce needs this testimony to explain why no unfavorable opinion of the Inquisition is to be expected of Spaniards during its existence, except by those who spoke as mandatories of the people in the Córtes or high officials in contests over competencias. Terror rendered silence imperative, and secrecy made ignorance universal. The discharged prisoner was sworn to reveal nothing of what he had endured and any complaint of injustice subjected him to prosecution. Criticism was held to be impeding its action and was a crime subject to condign punishment. Writers had ever to keep in view its censorship, with the certainty that any ill-judged word would ensure the suppression of a book, and any attempt at self-justification would lead to worse consequences, as Belando found when a petition to be heard cost him life-long imprisonment and prohibition to use the pen. When, in the yearly Edict of Faith, every one was required, under pain of excommunication, to denounce any impeding, direct or indirect, of the tribunal, or any criticism of the justice of its operation, restraint became universal and habitual and, in the instinct of self-preservation, men would naturally seek to teach themselves and their children not even to think ill of the Inquisition lest, in some unguarded moment, a chance utterance might lead to prosecution and infamy. The popular _refran, Con el Rey y la Inquisicion, chiton_!--Silence as to the king and the Inquisition--reveals to us better than a world of argument, the result of this repression through generations, and its efficiency is seen in the fact that in Toledo, from 1648 to 1794, there was but a single trial for speaking ill of the Holy Office. Such training bore its fruits when autocracy broke down under the Revolution and the experiment of self-government was essayed.

The Spaniard was taught not alone to repress his opinions as to the Inquisition but to keep a guard on his tongue under all circumstances, not only in public but in the sacred confidence of his own family, for the duty of denunciation applied to husband and father, to wife and children. Even as early as 1534, the orthodox Juan Luis Vives complained to Erasmus that in those difficult times it was dangerous either to speak or to keep silent.[1142] The cautious Mariana tells us that the most grievous oppression caused by the introduction of the Inquisition was the deprivation of freedom of speech, which some persons regarded as a servitude worse than death.[1143] We have seen how seriously were treated even the most trivial and careless expressions, which could be tortured into disregard of some theological tenet or disrespect for some church observance, and it behooved every one to be on his guard at all times and in all places. The yearly Edict of Faith kept the terror of the Inquisition constantly before every man and was perhaps the most efficient device ever invented to subject a population to the fear of an ever-impending danger. No other nation ever lived through centuries under a moral oppression so complete, so minute and so all-pervading.

That the Inquisition inspired a dread greater than that felt for the royal authority is illustrated by a curious instance, in which it was utilized for good in subduing a lawless community. In 1588, Lupus Martin de Govilla, Inquisitor of Barcelona, in a visitation came to Montblanch, where no inquisitor had been for many years. He found it a populous town, torn by factions so bitter that men were slain in the streets, battles were fought in the plaza, and women at their windows were shot with arquebuses. After publishing the Edict of Faith he discovered that witnesses were afraid to come to him through the streets and, regarding this as a contempt of the Inquisition, he issued a proclamation forbidding the carrying of arquebuses and cross-bows, and his order was obeyed. He made an example of one offender by requiring him to hear mass as a penitent, banishing him and confiscating his arquebus, which quieted the people, so that the Inquisition could be carried on. Then a murder occurred, and the regidors procured from the viceroy full powers for him to pacify the town; by general agreement all placed themselves under the jurisdiction of the Inquisition, as there was no safety under the royal, and they gave thanks to God that peace was restored, and that men could move around without arms. Govilla went to Poblet, when news was brought him of another murder; he returned and imprisoned and penanced those guilty, who complained to the viceroy, but the Audiencia, after examination dismissed the complaint, and this strange jurisdiction of the Inquisition seems to have continued for some ten years.[1144]

* * * * *

[Sidenote: _STATISTICS OF VICTIMS_]

Before dismissing the impression produced by the severity of the Inquisition it will not be amiss to attempt some conjecture as to the totality of its operations, especially as regards the burnings, which naturally affected more profoundly the imagination. There is no question that the number of these has been greatly exaggerated in popular belief, an exaggeration to which Llorente has largely contributed by his absurd method of computation, on an arbitrary assumption of a certain annual average for each tribunal in successive periods. It is impossible now to reconstruct the statistics of the Inquisition, especially during its early activity, but some general conclusions can be formed from the details accessible as to a few tribunals.

The burnings without doubt were numerous during the first few years, through the unregulated ardor of inquisitors, little versed in the canon law, who seem to have condemned right and left, on flimsy evidence, and without allowing their victims the benefit of applying for reconciliation, for, while there might be numerous negativos, there certainly were few pertinacious impenitents. The discretion allowed to them to judge as to the genuineness of conversion gave a dangerous power, which was doubtless abused by zealots, and the principle that imperfect confession was conclusive of impenitence added many to the list of victims, while the wholesale reconciliations under the Edicts of Grace afforded an abundant harvest to be garnered under the rule condemning relapse. In the early years, moreover, the absent and the dead contributed with their effigies largely to the terrible solemnities of the quemadero.

Modern writers vary irreconcileably in their estimates, influenced more largely by subjective considerations than by the imperfect statistics at their command. Rodrigo coolly asserts as a positive fact that those who perished in Spain at the stake for heresy did not amount to 400 and that these were voluntary victims, who refused to retract their errors.[1145] Father Gams reckons 2000 for the period up to the death of Isabella, in 1504, and as many more from that date up to 1758.[1146] On the other hand, Llorente calculates that, up to the end of Torquemada's activity, there had been condemned 105,294 persons, of whom 8800 were burnt alive, 6500 in effigy and 90,004 exposed to public penance, while, up to 1524, the grand totals amounted to 14,344, 9372 and 195,937.[1147] Even these figures are exceeded by Amador de los Rios, who is not usually given to exaggeration. He assumes that, up to 1525, when the Moriscos commenced to suffer as heretics, the number of those burnt alive amounted to 28,540, of those burnt in effigy to 16,520 and those penanced to 303,847, making a total of 348,907 condemnations for Judaism.[1148] Don Melgares Marin, whose familiarity with the documents is incontestable, tells us that, in Castile, during 1481, more than 20,000 were reconciled under Edicts of Grace, more than 3000 were penanced with the sanbenito, and more than 4000 were burnt, but he adduces no authorities in support of the estimate.[1149]

[Sidenote: _STATISTICS OF VICTIMS_]

The only contemporary who gives us figures for the whole of Spain is Hernando de Pulgar, secretary of Queen Isabella. His official position gave him facilities for obtaining information, and his scarcely veiled dislike for the Inquisition was not likely to lead to underrating its activity. He states at 15,000 those who had come in under Edicts of Grace, and at 2000 those who were burnt, besides the dead whose bones were exhumed in great quantities; the number of penitents he does not estimate. Unluckily, he gives no date but, as his Chronicle ends in 1490, we may assume that to be the term comprised.[1150] With some variations his figures were adopted by subsequent writers.[1151] Bernáldez only makes the general statement that throughout Spain an infinite number were burnt and condemned and reconciled and imprisoned, and of those reconciled many relapsed and were burnt.[1152]

Imperfect as are the records, we may endeavor to test these various estimates by such evidence as is at hand respecting a few of the tribunals. In this we may commence with Seville, which was unquestionably the most active. The Inquisition had started there, as the centre of crypto-Judaism; it was the most populous city of Castile, with nearly half a million of inhabitants, and its unrivalled commercial activity rendered it peculiarly attractive to the Conversos, while Isabella's Andalusian decree of expulsion must have largely increased the number of pseudo-proselytes. In 1524, there was placed over the gateway of the castle of Triana, occupied by the tribunal, an inscription of which the purport is not entirely clear, but signifying that, up to that time, it had caused the abjuration of more than 20,000 heretics and had burnt nearly 1000 obstinate ones.[1153] This is probably an understatement, if we are to believe Bernáldez, who asserts that in eight years, from the founding of the Seville tribunal up to 1488, it had burnt in person more than 700 heretics, besides many effigies of fugitives and an infinite number of bones; those reconciled during the same period he estimates at 5000.[1154] Still its activity must soon have greatly diminished for, in 1502, Antoine de Lalaing, visiting the Castle of Triana, describes it as containing more than twenty heretic prisoners which he evidently regards as a large number, but which would argue a very moderate amount of persecution in view of the leisurely procedure that was becoming usual.[1155] There is therefore an apparent tendency to exaggerate the achievements of the Holy Office in the statement of its secretary Zurita, some half-century or more later, that in Seville alone, up to the year 1520, there were more than 4000 culprits burnt and more than 30,000 reconciled and penanced, besides the numerous fugitives, and he adds that an author, very diligent in the matter, affirms these figures to be exceedingly defective and that, in the archbishopric of Seville alone, there were condemned as Judaizing heretics, more than a hundred thousand persons, including those reconciled.[1156] Cardinal Contarini, when Venetian envoy in 1525, was evidently misled by this tendency to amplification, when he describes the Inquisition as having made a slaughter of the New Christians impossible to exaggerate.[1157]

[Sidenote: _STATISTICS OF VICTIMS_]

Unfortunately no authentic records have seen the light by which to test the accuracy of these varying estimates of the activity of the most destructive tribunal during the early period. It is otherwise with several of those that ranked next to it in importance. For the province of Toledo, as we have seen, the first tribunal was established at Ciudad Real where, in its two years of existence, it relaxed in person 47 and in effigy 98.[1158] Transferred to Toledo, in 1485, its operations at first were energetic, but they diminished greatly towards the end of the century until, in 1501, it had a spasmodic period of activity through the discovery of "La Moça de Herrera" (Vol. I, p. 186) a young Jewish prophetess, to whose numerous believers no mercy was shown, for those who had been reconciled thus incurred the penalty of relapse. The total operations of the Toledo tribunal, from its origin in 1485 until 1501, amount to 250 relaxed in person, over 500 in effigy, about 200 imprisoned and 5200 reconciled under Edicts of Grace. Of the personally relaxed, nearly half, or 117, were followers of the prophetess, leaving only 139 ordinary Judaizers and, of those imprisoned, about 140 may be accounted for in the same way.[1159] Saragossa was reckoned as one of the most deadly tribunals in Spain--indeed, Llorente remarks that if he had taken it and Toledo as the basis of his calculations, he would have tripled the number of victims.[1160] For this we have the details of the sixty-five autos, held from 1485 to 1502, furnished by the record printed in the Appendix to Volume I. Summarized, this gives the totals of 119 burnt alive, 5 quartered, beheaded or strangled prior to burning, 3 bodies burnt, 29 effigies burnt and 458 penanced, or an aggregate of 614.[1161] The _Libro Verde de Aragon_, moreover, gives us an official list of the residents of Saragossa burnt, from 1483 to 1574, in summarizing which it appears that, during these ninety-two years, the total of relaxations in person was 125 and in effigy 77, including seven witches, three sorcerers and four Protestants. Tabulation by years emphasizes the diminution of activity after the close of the fifteenth century.[1162]

Barcelona is another important tribunal of which we have accurate statistics during its early years, furnished by the royal archivist, Pere Miguel Carbonell. From its foundation to the end of Torquemada's career, in 1498, there were thirty-one autos celebrated in Barcelona, Tarragona, Lérida, Gerona, Perpignan, Vich, Elne and Balaguer. In these the totals are only 10 strangled and burnt, 13 burnt alive, 15 dead and 430 burnt in effigy, 1 reconciled in effigy, 116 penanced with prison and 304 reconciled for spontaneous confession.[1163]

Valencia, of all the tribunals, was the one which best maintained its activity throughout the sixteenth century, owing to the dense Morisco population. We have a list of all persons imprisoned for heresy, from the beginning in 1485 up to 1592 inclusive, amounting in all to 3104, of whom 530 were contributed by the last four years, 1589-92, when the persecution of the Moriscos was particularly active. There is also an alphabetical list of persons relaxed, from the beginning until 1593, unfortunately imperfect and ending with the letter N, but, by adding twenty-five per cent. we can obtain a reasonably close approximation to the total. The list as we have it gives 515 relaxations in person and 383 in effigy, or, with the addition of twenty-five per cent., 643 of the former and 479 of the latter, being nearly an average of six per annum of the former and four and a half of the latter.[1164]

Valladolid had the most extensive territory of all the tribunals, but it comprised the northern provinces, where the New Christians were comparatively few. It was not organized for work until 1488, making its first arrest on September 29th of that year, and holding its first auto on June 19, 1489, when, after nine months' work on new ground, there were but eighteen relaxations in person and four in effigy. The next auto recorded did not occur until January 5, 1492, when the relaxations in person numbered thirty-two and in effigy two.[1165] This, while sufficiently cruel, indicates that the victims in the northern provinces bore but a small proportion to those in the southern.

[Sidenote: _STATISTICS OF VICTIMS_]

At the other extremity of Spain was the little tribunal of Majorca, which acquired a sudden and sinister reputation by the occurrences of 1678 and 1691. It started in 1488 and for some years was fairly active, lapsing in time into virtual torpor, as far as persecution was concerned, so that, including its autos of 1678 and 1691, the whole aggregate of its work for over two centuries amounted to 139 relaxations in person, 482 in effigy and 637 reconciliations, in addition to 338 reconciled under Edicts of Grace in 1488 and 1491.[1166]

In the later periods there are records which enable us to reach a fairly accurate computation of the activity of some at least of the tribunals. A few of these I have had the opportunity of consulting and the researches of future students will doubtless in time compile tolerably complete statistics for the second and third centuries of the Inquisition, after the Suprema had compelled the tribunals to render periodical reports.

[Sidenote: _CONSCIENTIOUS CRUELTY_]

We have those of Toledo, from 1575 to 1610, not wholly complete, for the auto of 1595 is omitted, and the MS. breaks off at the commencement of that of 1610. Toledo, at the time, was the most important tribunal in Spain, for it included Madrid, yet during these thirty-five years the relaxations amount to only eleven in person and fifteen in effigy, so that, allowing for the omissions, there may have been one in person every three years and one in effigy every two years, while the various penances number in all nine hundred and four.[1167] Small as are these results they continued to diminish. For the same tribunal we have a record extending from 1648 to 1794 and, during this century and a half, there were only eight relaxations in person and sixty-three in effigy, the latest execution occurring in 1738. This gives us an average of one of the former every eighteen years and one of the latter every two years and a quarter. In addition, there were a thousand and ninety-four penanced in various ways.[1168] It is true that, about 1650, a separate tribunal was erected in Madrid, but a list of relaxations there, from its foundation up to 1754, when relaxation had virtually become obsolete, gives us only an aggregate of nineteen in person and sixteen in effigy, or one in every five years of the former and in six years of the latter.[1169] During the height of the renewed persecution of Judaizers in the eighteenth century, in the whole of the sixty-four autos celebrated throughout Spain from 1721 to 1727, the total number of relaxations was seventy-seven in person and seventy-four in effigy, making an average of about eleven a year of each class--a grim record enough, but vastly less than has been popularly accepted.[1170] Nor must it be forgotten that, in the vast majority of cases, the victim was mercifully strangled before the fire was set. We have seen how very small was the proportion of impenitents who persevered to the last and refused to earn the garrote by professing conversion.

The material at hand as yet is evidently insufficient to justify even a guess at the ghastly total. Yet, after all, it is not a matter of as much moment, as seems to have been imagined, to determine how many human beings the Inquisition consigned to the stake, how many bones it exhumed, how many effigies it burnt, how many penitents it threw into prison or sent to the galleys, how many orphans its confiscations cast penniless on the world. The story is terrible enough without reducing it to figures. Its awful significance lies in the fact that men were found who conscientiously did this, to the utmost of their ability, in the name of the gospel of peace and of Him who came to teach the brotherhood of man. It is enough to know that the inquisitors used their utmost efforts to stamp out what they deemed heresy, and the tale of their victims is not the gauge of their cruelty but of the number of heretics whom they could discover. Save when pride or cupidity or ambition may have been the impelling motive, the men are not to be blamed, but the teaching which gave them such a conception of the duty so relentlessly performed, and framed a system of procedure which shrouded their acts in darkness and deprived the accused of his legitimate means of defence. The good Cura de los Palacios was evidently a kindly natured man, but he declares that the fires lighted by the Inquisition shall burn to the very heart of the wood, until all Judaizers are slain and not one remains, even to their children if infected with the same leprosy.[1171]

In the hurried work of the early period there was no effort made to induce the conversion that would save the accused from the stake, but, in later times, the persistent labor bestowed on the condemned, during the three days prior to the auto, is evidence that the tribunals did not act through thirst of blood and that they were sincerely desirous to save both the body and soul of the heretic, in the same spirit that torture was sometimes piously administered in order to confirm the sufferer in the faith. Still, at times, there was doubtless a certain pride in affording to the populace the spectacle of a relaxation and thus demonstrating the authority of the Holy Office. That the public should relish the entertainment thus provided was natural, both from the inherent attraction which the sight of suffering has for a certain class of minds, and from the assiduous teaching that heresy was to be exterminated and that the slaying of a heretic was an acceptable offering to God. The Inquisitor Lorenzo Flores relates that, at the great Valladolid auto of 1609, where there were seventy penitents, many of them reconciled or sentenced to abjuration _de vehementi_, the people murmured because the one condemned to relaxation had professed conversion in time and had thus escaped the stake, and there were many complaints that the auto was not worth the expense of coming to see. He adds that, at Toledo, where there was no one relaxed, the people declared that the auto was a failure.[1172]

[Sidenote: _PROFITABLE PERSECUTION_]

There is something terrible in the fierce exultation which fanaticism experienced in the agonies of the misbeliever. Padre Garau, in his account of the Mallorquin auto of May 6, 1691, gloats with an exuberance, which he knew would be shared by his readers, on the agonies of the three impenitents who were burnt alive. As the flames reached them they struggled desperately to free themselves from the iron ring which clasped them to the stake. Rafael Benito Terongi succeeded in releasing himself but to no purpose, for he fell sideways into the fire. His sister Cathalina, who had boasted that she would cast herself into the flames, when they began to lick her, shrieked to be set free. Rafael Valls, who had professed stoical insensibility, stood motionless as a statue so long as only the smoke reached him, but, when the flames attacked him, he bent and twisted and writhed till he could no more; he was as fat as a sucking-pig and burnt internally, so that, after the flames left him, he continued burning like a hot coal and, bursting open, his entrails fell out like those of Judas. Thus burning alive they died, to burn forever in hell.[1173] Such were the lessons which the Church inculcated and such was the training which it gave to Spain, so that the auto de fe came to be regarded as a spectacular religious entertainment on the occasion of a royal visit, or in honor of the marriage of princes. Incidental to this was the cruel perpetuation of ancestral disgrace by the display of sanbenitos in churches, which Philip II rightly reckoned as the severest of inflictions. It intensified the terror inspired by the tribunal which, with a word, could consign a whole lineage to infamy. It kept alive and vigorous the horror of heresy and was aggravated by the statutes of Limpieza.

I hesitate to impugn the motives of those who were active in these terrible "triumphs of the faith," as they were fondly termed and, as stated above, the efforts to induce conversion show that there was no absolute thirst of blood, yet it is impossible, in reviewing the career of the Inquisition, not to recognize how powerful an adjunct to fanaticism was the profitableness of persecution. Had the Holy Office been a source of expense instead of income, we may reasonably doubt whether the ardor of Ferdinand and Isabella would have sufficed for its introduction, and it certainly would have had but a comparatively short and inactive career. We have seen how closely Ferdinand watched its expenditures and endeavored to keep down its cost, while enjoying the results of its productiveness, and how grudgingly the crown ministered to its necessities when aid was unavoidable. We have seen moreover how eagerly the Inquisition itself grasped at all sources of gain, how it was stimulated to convict its victims by the prospect of their confiscations, and how fines and penances were scaled, not by the guilt of the culprits but by its necessities; how jealously it guarded its receipts, and how little it recked of deception and mendacity when there was attempt to investigate its finances. After all is said, the Inquisition was an institution with a double duty--the destruction of heresy and the raising of money to encompass that destruction--and there are not wanting indications that the latter tended to supersede, or at least to obscure, the former. We may well question the purity of zeal which provided punishments and disabilities for heresy and at the same time chaffered over the market price of commutations and dispensations through which those penalties could be evaded. Not only confiscation but pecuniary penance and fines were a source of revenue provocative of continual abuse, and the rage for Limpieza provided abundant opportunities for extortion. The filthy odor of gain pervades all the active period of the Inquisition, and its comparative inactivity during its later career may perhaps be attributed as much to the absence of wealthy heretics as to the diminishing spirit of intolerance.

* * * * *

Various ingenious theories have been framed to relieve the Inquisition of responsibility for the remarkable eclipse of Spanish intellectual progress after the sixteenth century.[1174] It is one of the interesting problems in the history of literature that Spain, whose brilliant achievements throughout the Reformation period promised to make her as dominant in the world of letters as in military and naval enterprise, should, within the space of a couple of generations, have become the most uncultured land in Christendom, without a public to encourage learning and genius, and without learning and genius to stimulate a public. For this there must have been a cause and no other adequate one than the Inquisition has been discovered to account for this occultation.

[Sidenote: _INTELLECTUAL TORPIDITY_]

Indeed, but for the effort to argue it away, it would seem superfluous to insist that a system of severe repression of thought, by all the instrumentalities of Inquisition and State, is an ample explanation of the decadence of Spanish learning and literature, especially when coupled with the obstacles thrown around printing and publication by their combined censorship. The tribulations of Luis de Leon and Francisco Sánchez illustrate the dangers to which independent thinkers were exposed; the great printing-house of Portonares was ruined by the exigencies of the Inquisition in the matter of the Vatable Bible. All a priori considerations cast the responsibility on the censorship of thought, whether printed or expressed verbally in what were known as "propositions," and the burden of proof is thrown upon those who deny it. Their reliance is on the fact that Isabella stimulated the development of Spanish culture and, at the same time, established the Inquisition, which thus was in existence for more than a century before the decadence became marked. This is quite easily explicable. The Inquisition was founded to extirpate Jewish and Moorish apostasy; in this it long had ample work without developing its evil capacity in the direction of censorship, save in such a sporadic instance as Diego Deza's prosecution, in 1504, of the foremost scholar of his time, Elío Antonio de Nebrija, for venturing to correct the errors of the Vulgate for the Complutensian Polyglot, in the service of Ximenez who protected him and, when inquisitor-general, allowed him to resume his labors.[1175] With the advent of Lutheranism there gradually commenced the search for errors; crude Indexes of condemned books were compiled, reading and investigation became restricted; the pragmática of 1559 forbade education at foreign seats of learning and an elaborate system was gradually organized for protecting Spain from intellectual intercourse with other lands, while at home every phrase that could be construed in an objectionable sense was condemned. For awhile the men whose training had been free from these trammels persisted, in spite of persecution more or less severe, but they gradually died out and had no successors. In 1601 Mariana explained that he translated his History from the original Latin because there were few who understood that language; such learning brought neither honor nor profit and he feared the unskilfulness of those who threatened to undertake the task.[1176] It is true, however, that Latin was widely studied as essential to gaining place in Church or State, but to the neglect of everything else. Fray Peñalosa y Mondragon, in 1629, while boasting of the thirty-two universities and four thousand Latin schools and of Spanish pre-eminence in the supreme science of theology, for which there were infinite rewards, admits that there were none for the other sciences and arts, which were not regarded with favor or estimated as formerly.[1177] The intellectual energy of the nation, diverted from more serious channels, continued through another period to exhibit itself in the lighter fields of literature, where the names of Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Calderon de la Barca, Quevedo de Villegas and others show of what Spanish intellect was still capable if it were allowed free play. Even these however passed away and had no successors in the growing intellectual torpor created by obscurantist censorship, and a dreary blank followed which even the stimulation attempted by Philip V could not relieve.

[Sidenote: _INFLUENCE FOR EVIL_]

To produce and preserve this torpor, by repressing all dangerous intellectuality, Spain was carefully kept out of the current of European progress. In other lands the debates of the Reformation forced Catholics as well as Protestants to investigations and speculations shocking to Spanish conservatism. The human mind was enabled to cast off the shackles of the Dark Ages, and was led to investigate the laws of nature and the relations of man to the universe and to God. From all this bustling intellectual movement Spain was carefully secluded. Short-sighted opportunism, seeing the turmoil which agitated France and England and Germany, might bless the institution which preserved the Peninsula in peaceful stagnation, but the price paid for torpidity was fearfully extravagant, for Spain became an intellectual nonentity. Even the great theologians and mystics disappeared from the field which they had made their own, and were succeeded by a race of probabilistic casuists, who sought only to promote and to justify self-indulgence. How intellectual progress fared under these influences may be estimated by a single instance. When, in England, Halley was investigating the periodicity of the comet which bears his name, in Spain learned professors of the universities of Salamanca and Saragossa were publishing tracts to reassure the frightened people, by proving that the dreadful portent boded evil only to the wicked--to the Turk and the heretic.[1178] The perfect success of the Inquisition in its work is manifested in the contrast between the eighteenth and the early sixteenth century, as illustrated by the statement of Juan Antonio Mayans y Siscar, that a cartload of the precious MSS. bestowed by Ximenes on his University of Alcalá was sold to the fire-works maker Torrecilla, for a display in honor of Philip V, and that several other similar collections had shared the same fate.[1179] Even after half a century of Bourbon effort to revitalize the dormant intellect of Spain, Father Rábago, the royal confessor, grudged the money spent on historiographers and academies; it was a pure gift, he says, for it yields no fruits.[1180] In fact, the awakening from intellectual stupor was slow, for Dom Clemencin tells us that there was less printing in Spain at the commencement of the nineteenth century than there had been in the fifteenth under Isabella.[1181]

It is impossible not to conclude that the Inquisition paralyzed both the intellectual and the economic development of Spain and it is scarce reasonable for Valera to complain that, when Spain was aroused from its mental marasmus, it was to receive a foreign and not to revive a native culture.[1182]

That science and art and literature should thus be submerged was a national misfortune, but even more to be deplored were the indirect consequences. Material progress became impossible, industry languished, and the inability to meet foreign competition assisted the mistaken internal policy of the government in prolonging and intensifying the poverty of the people. Nor was this the chief of the evils that sprung from keeping the mind of the nation in leading-strings, from repressing thought and from excluding foreign ideas, for the people were thus rendered absolutely unfitted to meet the inevitable change that came with the Revolution. To this, in large measure, may be attributed the sufferings through which Spain has passed in the transition from absolutism to modern conditions.

* * * * *

We have thus followed the career of the Spanish Inquisition from its foundation to its suppression; we have examined its methods and its acts and have sought to appraise its influence and its share in the misfortunes which overwhelmed the nation. The conclusion can scarce be avoided that its work was almost wholly evil and that, through its reflex action, the persecutors suffered along with the persecuted. Yet who can blame Isabella or Torquemada or the Hapsburg princes for their share in originating and maintaining this disastrous instrument of wrong? The Church had taught for centuries that implicit acceptance of its dogmas and blind obedience to its commands were the only avenues to salvation; that heresy was treason to God, its extermination the highest service to God and the highest duty to man. This grew to be the universal belief and, when Protestant sects framed their several confessions, each one was so supremely confident of possessing the secret of the Divine Being and his dealings with his creatures that all shared the zeal to serve God in the same cruel fashion.

Spanish Inquisition was only a more perfect and a more lasting institution than the others were able to fashion--as regards witchcraft, indeed, a more humane and rational one, for no one can appreciate the service which in this matter it rendered to Spain who has not realized the horrors of the witchcraft trials in which Catholic and Protestant Europe rivalled each other. The spirit among all was the same, and none are entitled to cast the first stone, unless we except the humble and despised Moravian Brethren and the disciples of George Fox. The faggots of Miguel Servet bear witness to the stern resolve of Calvinism. Lutheranism has its roll-call of victims. Anglicanism, under Edward VI, in 1550 undertook to organize an Inquisition on the Spanish pattern, which burnt Joan of Kent for Arianism, and the writ _De hæretico comburendo_ was not abolished until 1676.[1183] Much as we may abhor and deplore this cruelty, we must acquit the actors of moral responsibility, for they but acted in the conscientious belief that they were serving the Creator and his creatures. The real responsibility can be traced to distant ages, to St. Augustin and St. Leo the Great and the fathers, who deduced, from the doctrine of exclusive salvation, that the obstinate dissident is to be put to death, not only in punishment for his sin but to save the faithful from infection. This hideous teaching, crystallized into a practical system, came, in the course of centuries, to be an essential feature of the religion which it distorted so utterly from the love and charity inculcated by the Founder. To dispute it was a heresy subjecting the disputant to the penalties of heresy, and not to enforce it was to misuse the powers entrusted by God to rulers for the purpose of establishing his kingdom on earth.

[Sidenote: _RETRIBUTION_]

In Spain, under peculiar conditions, this resolve to enforce unity of belief, in the conviction that it was essential to human happiness here and hereafter, led to the framing of a system of so-called justice more iniquitous than has been evolved by the cruellest despotism; which placed the lives, the fortunes and the honor, not only of individuals but of their posterity, in the hands of those who could commit wrong without responsibility; which tempted human frailty to indulge its passions and its greed without restraint, and which subjected the population to a blind and unreasoning tyranny, against which the slightest murmur of complaint was a crime. The procedure which left the fate of the accused virtually in the hands of his judges was rendered doubly vicious by the inviolable secrecy in which it was enveloped--a secrecy which invited injustice by shielding its perpetrators and enabling them to make a parade of benignant righteousness. It was the crowning iniquity of the Inquisition that it thus afforded to the evil-minded the amplest opportunity of wrong-doing. History affords no parallel to such a skilfully organized system, working relentlessly through centuries.

The inquisitors were men, not demons or angels, and when injustice and oppression were rife in the secular courts it would be folly not to expect them in the impenetrable recesses of the Holy Office. If we have occasionally met with instances of kindliness and genuine desire to do right, we have incidentally encountered the opposite too often for us to doubt its frequency. That the rulers of the Inquisition recognized the danger of this and sought to diminish it by moral influences is evident from the admirable prayer the utterance of which, by a carta acordada of April 13, 1600, was ordered daily after mass at the opening of the morning session. This implored the Holy Spirit to fill their hearts and guide their judgements, so that they might not be misled by ignorance or favor, or be corrupted by gifts or acceptance of persons; that their decisions might be in unison with His will, so that in the end they might earn eternal reward by well-doing.[1184] Yet we might feel more confidence in the sincerity of this attempt to curb by moral influence the evil tendencies fostered by the system if there had been stern repression and punishment of official wrong-doing, instead of the habitual mercy which served as an encouragement.

After all, the great lesson taught by the history of the Inquisition is that the attempt of man to control the conscience of his fellows reacts upon himself; he may inflict misery but, in due time, that misery recoils on him or on his descendants and the full penalty is exacted with interest. Never has the attempt been made so thoroughly, so continuously or with such means of success as in Spain, and never has the consequent retribution been so palpable and so severe. The sins of the fathers have been visited on the children and the end is not yet. A corollary to this is that the unity of faith, which was the ideal of statesman and churchman alike in the sixteenth century, is fatal to the healthful spirit of competition through which progress, moral and material, is fostered. Improvement was impossible so long as the Holy See held a monopoly of salvation and, however deplorable were the hatred and strife developed by the rivalry which followed the Reformation, it yet was of inestimable benefit in raising the moral standards of both sides, in breaking down the stubbornness of conservatism and in rendering development possible. Terrible as were the wars of religion which followed the Lutheran revolt, yet were they better than the stagnation preserved in Spain through the efforts of the Inquisition. So long as human nature remains what it is, so long as the average man requires stimulation from without as well as from within, so long as progress is the reward only of earnest endeavor, we must recognize that rivalry is the condition precedent of advancement and that competition in good works is the most beneficent sphere of human activity.

APPENDIX.

I.

ABJURATION OF JOSEPH FERNANDEZ DE TORO, BISHOP OF OVIEDO.

(Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Libro V, fol. 150). (See p. 75).

Ego Joseph Fernandez de Toro, olim episcopus Ovetensis, coram Sanctissimo in Christo Patre et Domino nostro Domino Clemente Divina Providentia papa undecimo humiliter genuflexus vobis E^{mis} et R^{mis} DD. cardinalibus contra hæreticam pravitatem Generalibus Inquisitoribus ei assistentibus, sacrosancta Dei Evangelia coram me posita manibus tangens, sciens neminem salvum fieri posse extra illam fidem quam tenet, credit, profitetur ac docet Sancta Catholica et Apostolica Romana Ecclesia contra quam fateor et doleo me graviter errasse quia tenui et docui respective errores et hæreses formales ac dogmata contra veritatem ejusdem S. Ecclesiæ, et præcipue quia tenui et credidi quod non peccaverim nec peccare fecerim ex speciali Providentia Dei in quibusdam actibus turpibus a me habitis cum foeminis. Quod concussiones et corporis tremores cum pollutione sequuta attribuendi essent operationi Dæmonis ideoque absque peccato essent. Quod actus exteriores amplexuum, osculorum aliarumque operationum inhonestarum essent supernaturales in causa, adeoque a Deo et a Jesu procederent. Quod prædicta oscula et amplexus essent immunes a motu libidinis et essent motiva maximæ humiliationis ex supposita unione cum Deo. Quod facta turpia cum foemina complici procederent ex redundantia amoris erga Jesum adeoque a parte inferiore procederent et ex motu ipsius Jesu impellerentur. Quod stante supposita tam mea quam foeminæ complicis unione cum Deo, posset utriusque status componi una simul cum exterioribus actibus peccaminosis omnesque impulsus quos in eandam foeminam habebam, Dei et Jesu essent impulsus. Quod pessima doctrina a me insinuata Dei esset doctrina. Quod a Deo haberem donum discretionis, spirituum impulsus et illustrationes ad agnoscendum spiritualem animæ statum, ipsaque spirituum discretio ac doctrinarum cognitio, esset lux mihi a Deo infusa, essem super omnes illustratus, ideoque essem omnibus superior. Quod facta turpia a me habita cum foemina complici essent exercitium et martyrium a Deo missum ad utriusque humiliationem et purificationem. Quod deosculando et amplectendo foeminam complicem in me adesset Jesus ipseque Jesus mediante me ita ageret et loqueretur. Quod stante dicta supposita unione cum Deo ab ipso motæ essent potentiæ meæ, memoria, intellectus et voluntas, ipseque Deus esset meus intellectus, memoria, voluntas et spiritus idque esset idem, ac tres distinctæ personæ, una Majestas et unus Deus, et alias credidi propositiones et dogmata mihi in processu contestata; quæ quidem propositiones tanquam temerariæ, erroneæ, scandalosæ, Christianæ disciplinæ relaxativæ, male sonantes, periculosæ, præsumptuosæ, errori proximæ, abusivæ verborum Sacræ Scripturæ, injuriosæ in Sanctos, insanæ, sacrilegæ, hæresim sapientes, de hæresi suspectæ, impiæ, blasphemæ, coincidentes cum propositionibus Molinos et hæreticæ respective censuratæ et qualificatæ fuerunt. Nunc de prædictis erroribus et hæresibus dolens, certus de veritate fidei Catholicæ, corde sincero ac fide non ficta abjuro, detestor, maledico, anathematizo et respective retracto omnes supradictos errores et hæreses, quos et quas tenui et credidi, et promitto ac juro me nunc toto corde absque ulla hæsitatione credere et in futurum firmiter crediturum quicquid tenet, credit, prædicat, profitetur ac docet eadem S. Catholica Ecclesia, et abjuro, detestor, maledico et anathematizo non solum supradictos errores et hæreses verumetiam generaliter omnem alium errorem dietæ sanctæ Ecclesiaæ contrarium, omnemque aliam hæresim et promitto et juro me neque corde neque voce neque scripto unquam recessurum quacunque occasione sive prætextu a sancta fide Catholica nec crediturum vel edocturum aliquem errorem eidem contrarium seu aliquam hæresim. Promitto etiam me integre adimpleturum omnes et singulas poenitentias mihi a Sanctitate vestra impositas sive imponendas et si unquam alicui ex dictis meis promissionibus et juramentis (quod Deus avertat) contravenero me subjicio omnibus poenis a sacris canonibus aliisque constitutionibus generalibus et particularibus contra hujusmodi delinquentes inflictis et promulgatis. Sic me Deus adjuvet et illius sancta Evangelia quæ propriis manibus tango. Ego Joseph Fernandez de Toro supradictus abjuravi, juravi, promisi et me obligavi ut supra et in fidem veritatis præsentem schedulam meæ abjurationis propria mea manu subscripsi eamque recitavi de verbo ad verbum. Romæ, in palatio Quirinali hac die, 17 Julii, 1719.--Ego Joseph Fernandez de Toro Episcopus abjuravi ut supra manu propria.

II.

ABSTRACT OF THE CASE OF CATALINA MATHEO IN 1591.

(Relacion de las causas despachadas en el auto de la fee que se celebro en la Inquisicion de Toledo, Domingo de la SS^{ma} Trinidad, nueve dias de Junio, 1591 años.--Königl. Universitäts Bibliothek of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.). (See p. 224).

Catalina Matheo, viuda, vezina del Cazar, de edad de cinquenta años fue presa por el vicario de Alcala con diez y seis testigos de que en la dicha villa de quatro años a esta parte abian muerto quatro o cinco criaturas de muertes violentas que era imposible averlas hecho sino bruxas, y de que la dicha Catalina Matheo y Olalla Sobrina y Joana Yzquierda eran tenidas por tales publicas, y specialmente la dicha Matheo. Hizòle proceso y diòle tormento y en el la dicha Catalina Matheo dixò que era berdad, que podria aber quatro o cinco años que Olalla Sobrina la abia dicho si queria ser bruxa, ofreciendole que el Demonio tendria con ella aceso torpe y que era buen officio. Y que una noche por medio de la dicha Joana Yzquierda la abia llamado a su casa adonde estando todas tres abia entrado el demonio en figura de cabron, y hablando aparte primero con las dichas Olalla y Joana las abia abraçado y despues a la dicha Matheo, porque ellas le abian dicho que tambien ella queria ser bruxa, y que el dicho Demonio le abia pedido alguna cosa de su cuerpo, y ella le abia ofrecido una uña de un dedo del medio de la mano derecha, y que por regozijo del concierto abian bailado con el dicho cabron y el se abia echado carnalmente con todas tres en presencia de todas. Y que aquella noche la dicha Olalla la abia untado las coiunturas de los dedos de pies y manos y en compañia del dicho cabron abian ydo a una casa y llebando unas brosas en una teja abian entrado por una ventana a las doze de la noche y echando sueno a los padres con unas dormideras y otras yerbas puestas debaxo de la almohada, les abian sacado una niña de la cama y apretandola por las arcas la abian ahogado, y encendido lumbre con lo que llebaban, y la quemaron las partes traseras, y quebrantando los braços, y que al ruido abian despertado los dichos padres, y ellas se abian buelto con el dicho cabron por el ayre a casa de la dicha Olalla, adonde se abian bestido y ydo cada una a su casa, y que a la yda y buelta yban por el ayre desnudas, y diziendo de viga (?) con la yra de Sancta Maria. Y que de alli a pocos dias el dicho cabron abia ydo una noche a casa de la dicha Matheo y hallandola acostada la abia forçado y tenido cuenta carnal con ella, diziendo en esto algunas particularidades y lo mesmo abia tenido otras diez o doze noches, y en los dichos quatro años otras vezes a menudo, y lo mesmo abia hecho en las carceles del dicho vicario. Y que a cabo de algunos pocos dias en casa de la dicha Olalla le abia dado un cuchillo y con el se abia cortado la uña que le abia mandado y se la abia entregado. Y otras noches untandose en casa de la dicha Olalla y en compañia de lo dicho cabron abian ydo a otra casa y ahogado un niño y arrancadole sus berguenzas, y despues a otras dos casas en diferentes noches y ahogado otras dos criaturas. Y que una sola vez abia inbocado al demonio diziendole Demonio ven a mi llamado y mandado. Y pasadas las oras del derecho se ratifico en la dicha confesion, y el dicho vicario hiço acareacion de la dicha Catalina Matheo con la dicha Olalla y en su presencia la dicha Matheo le dixo todo lo arriba dicho, afirmandose en ello, y la otra negandolo. Y en este estado remitio a la dicha Matheo a este S^{to} Offº al qual aviendo sido trayda presa en la primera audiencia que con ella se tubo dixo que pedia misericordia del grave pecado que havia hecho en lebantarse a si y las dichas Olalla y Yzquierda lo que dellas avia dicho y de si confessado ante el dicho vicario lo qual avia dicho por miedo del tormento. Y abiendose examinados diez y seis testigos en el Cazar consto ser verdad que los dichos niños abian sido muertos y se hallaron de la misma manera y forma muertos y maltratados que la sobredicha Matheo lo abia confessado. Y aviendose substanciado su processo fue puesta a question de tormento, y abiendose pronunciado la sentencia y abaxadola a la camara para executarse antes de desnudarse abiendo sido amonestada dixo ser berdad todo lo que abia dicho antel vicario de Alcala, y en efecto lo refirio en substancia, aunque en algunas circonstancias mudo alguna cossa, asegurando mucho ser berdad ansi en la manera del confesar como del jurarlo, y pasadas las oras del derecho se ratifico en sus confesiones, y en otras audiencias que con ella se tubieron despues dixo lo mesmo, negando saber de que fuesen hechos los dichos inguentos ni aber tenido otro pacto tacito ni expresso con el Demonio mas de que abia dicho, y dixo las causas que abia tenido de bengarse de los padres en la muerte de sus hijos que son las mesmas que los padres testificaron, por donde sospechaban que ellas se los obiesen muerto. Y subtenciose su causa y votose auto con coroça, levi, doçiento açotes y reclusa por el tiempo que pareciere.

III.

LETTER OF THE SUPREMA ON THE TUMULT OF MAY 2, 1808.

(Archivo histórico nacional, Inquisicion de Valencia, Cartas del Consejo, Legajo 17, No. 3, fol. 31). (See p. 401).

Las fatales resultas que se ban experimentado en esta Corte el dia 2 del corriente por el alboroto escandaloso del bajo Pueblo contra las tropas del Emperador de los Franceses hacen necesaria la vigilancia mas activa y esmerada de todas las autoridades y cuerpos respetables de la Nacion para evitar que se repitan iguales excesos y mantener en todos los pueblos la tranquilidad y sosiego que exige su propio interes no menos que la hospitalidad y atencion debida á los oficiales y soldados de una nacion amiga que á ninguno ofenden y han dado hasta ahora las mayores pruebas de buen orden y disciplina, castigando con rigor á los que se propasan ó maltratan á los Españoles en su persona ó bienes. Es bien presumible que la malevolencia ó la ignorancia haian seducido á los incautos y sencillos para empeñarles en el desorden revolucionario so color de patriotismo y amor al Soberano, y corresponde por lo mismo á la ilustracion y zelo de los entendidos el desimpresionarles de un error tan prejudicial, haciendoles conocer que semejantes movimientos tumultuarios lejos de producir los efectos propios del amor y lealtad bien dirigidos, solo sirven para poner la Patria en convulsion, rompiendo los vinculos de subordinacion en que esta afianzada la salud de los Pueblos, apagando los sentimientos de humanidad y destruyendo la confianza que se debe tener en el Gobierno, que es el unico á quien toca dirigir y dar impulso con uniformidad y con provecho al valor y á los esfuerzos del patriotismo. Estas verdades de tanta importancia ninguno puede persuadirlas mejor que los Ministros de la Religion de Jesu Cristo, que toda respira paz y fraternidad entre los hombres igualmente que sumision, respeto y obediencia á las autoridades; y como los individuos y Dependientes del Santo Oficio deban ser y han sido siempre los primeros en dar exemplo de Ministros de paz y que procuran la paz, hemos creydo, Señores, conveniente y muy propio de la obligacion de nuestro Ministerio el dirigiros la presente carta para que enterados de su contexto y penetrados de la urgente necesidad de concurrir unanimemente á la conservacion de la tranquilidad publica la hagais entender á los subalternos de ese Tribunal y á los Comisarios y Familiares del Distrito, á fin de que todos y cada uno contribuir (sic) por su parte con quanto zelo, actividad y prudencia les fuere posible á tan interesante objeto. Tendreislo entendido, y del recibo de esta dareis el correspondiente aviso. Dios os guarde. Madrid 6 de Maio de 1808.--Dr. D. Gab^{l} Nevia y Noriega.--D. Raimundo Eltenhard y Salinas.--Fr. Man^{l} de San Joseph.--Rubricado. Recibida en 9 de Mayo de 1808.--SS. Bertran, Laso, Acedo, Encina.--Executese como S. A. lo manda. Rubrica. Valencia.

Certifico el infrascrito Secretario del Secreto del Santo Oficio de la Inquisicion de Valencia que en el dia once del mes de Mayo del año mil ochociento y ocho, estando en su audiencia de la mañana los S^{res} Inquisidores Dr. D. Mathias Bertran, Licen^{do} D. Nicolas Rodriguez Laso, Dr. D. Pablo Acedo Rico y Dr. D. Fran^{co} de la Encina, entraron en ella los Ministros, Calificadores, Titulados, Notarios y Familiares que viven en esta ciudad, á los quales, precedida convocacion para este fin, se les leyó esta carta de los Señores del Consejo de S. M. de la Santa y General Inquisicion y en seguida se les exortó por el Señor Inquisidor Decano á su mas exacto cumplimiento. Y para que lo susodicho conste doy la presente Certificacion que firmo en la Camara del Secreto de la Inquisicion de Valencia, en el dia 11 del mes de Mayo de 1808.--D. Man^{l} Fuster y Bertran, Secretario. Rubricado.

IV.

DECREE OF FERNANDO VII, SEPTEMBER 9, 1814, RESTORING THE PROPERTY OR THE INQUISITION.

(Archivo de Simancas, Inquisicion, Libro 559).

(See p. 427).

Exc^{mo} Señor:--Por Real decreto de veintiuno de Julio ultimo, se sirvio S. Magestad mandar restablecer en todos sus dominios el Santo Oficio de la Inquisicion al pie y estado en que se hallaba el año de mil ochocientos ocho y que para la subsistencia y decoro de los Ministros y demas empleados de sus tribunales se restituyesen toda clase de bienes y efectos pertenecientes á su dotacion, como son frutos, creditos, reditos de censos, vales y caudales que se hallan impuestos en la Caja de consolidacion, asi como de los rendimientos de las canongias perpetuamente anejas al Santo Officio afectas por Brebes apostolicos.

Comunicado este Real decreto al supremo Consejo de Inquisicion para su observancia consulto á S. Magestad lo que en su razon tubo por combeniente al cabal cumplimiento de las piadosas Reales intenciones, manifestando al propio tiempo los ruinosos y destruidos que se hallaban los edificios destinados al tribunal del Santo Oficio, estravio de sus papelea mas interesantes, ya de causas de fe, ya de la Hacienda del Real fisco que fueron presa de los executores de los decretos de abolicion de los tribunales de Inquisicion. Enterado S. Magestad de todo y deseoso de llevar á debido efecto su citado Real Decreto de veinteuno de Julio ha resuelto se pongan desde luego sin demora ni detencion alguna á disposicion de los tesoreros de los respectivos tribunales de Inquisicion todas las fincas y efectos de qualquiera clase que sean pertinecientes al tribunal y que en este concepto hayan sido secuestrados, confiscados, detenidos ó aplicados á lo que se llama hacienda publica ó Nacional, devolviendo todos los titulos de propiedad y legitimacion de creditos que hubiesen recebido y cortando la cuenta el dia veinteuno de Julio del presente año den razon de las personas obligadas al pago de sus arrendamientos y obligaciones con expression de sus cantidades y procedencias.

De orden del Rey lo comunico á V. E. para su inteligencia y puntual cumplimiento, y á fin de que esta real resolucion la haga circular á los Gobernadores, Intendentes, Directores del credito publico ó sugetos encargados de la Real recaudacion de intereses en los Pueblos de sus distritos. Dios guarde á V. E. muchos años. Madrid, 3 de Setiembre de 1814.

S^{r} Virrey y Capitan General de etc.

V.

DECREE OF SUPPRESSION, MARCH 9, 1820.

(Miraflores, Documentos á los qué se hace referencia en los Apuntes histórico-criticos, I, 93.--Rodrigo, Historia Verdadera, III, 494). (See p. 436).

Considerando que es incompatible la existencia del Tribunal de la Inquisicion con la constitucion de la Monarquia Española promulgada en Cádiz en 1812 y que por esta razon lo suprimieron las Córtes generales y estraordinarias por decreto de 22 de Febrero de 1813, previa una madura y larga discusion: oida la opinion de la Junta formada por decreto de este dia, y conformandome con su parecer, he venido en mandar que desde hoy quede suprimido el referido Tribunal en toda la Monarquia y por consecuencia el Consejo de la Suprema Inquisicion, poniendose inmediatamente en libertad á todos los presos que estén en sus cárceles por opiniones políticas ó religiosas, pasandose á los Reverendos Obispos las causas de estos últimos en sus respectivas Diócesis para que las sustancien y determinen con arreglo en todo al espresado decreto de las Córtes estraordinarias. Tendréislo entendido y dispondréis lo conveniente á su cumplimiento. Palacio, 9 de Marzo de 1820. Esta rubricado. Al Secretario de Gracia y Justicia.

VI.

THE LAST VOTE OF THE SUPREME COUNCIL, FEBRUARY 10, 1820.

(Libro de Votos Secretos, Archivo de Simancas, Inquisicion, Libro 890). (See p. 437).

Toledo.--Don Manuel de la Peña Palacios.

En el consejo á 10 de Febrero de 1820. Señores Hevia, Ettenhard, Amarilla, Galarza, Martinez, Beramendi, Prado.--Hagan justicia como lo tienen acordado.

Voto del Tribunal. En el Santo Oficio de Toledo en 29 dias del mes de Enero de 1820, estando en la audiencia de su mañana el Señor Inquisidor Doctor Don José Francisco Bordujo y Rivas (que asiste solo) haviendo visto esta causa contra Don Manuel de la Peña Palacios, Presbitero Cura que fué del lugar de Ontoba y actualmente de Torrejon del Rey en este arzobispado por delitos de proposiciones y propagar doctrinas peligrosas contrarias al sentir de la Iglesia: Dixo, Que su voto y parecer es que á este reo á puerta cerrada en la sala de Audiencia y a presencia del Secretario de la causa se le reprenda amoneste y conmine por las proposiciones propaladas ya en sus sermones ya en sus conversaciones familiares; se le absuelva ad cautelam y por quince dias se le exercite spiritualmente en el convento de Padres Carmelitas Descalzos de esta Ciudad al cargo de Director que se le señale; se le advierta que por ahora le trata el Tribunal con toda conmiseracion y clemencia por haverselo implorado en las audiencias que con él se han tenido y por esperar su total enmienda en el modo irregular con que hasta aqui se ha conducido con sus Feligreses y se estará á la mira de su conducta y operaciones; y antes de executarse se remita á S. A. con todos los expedientes que han precedido para su aprobacion; y lo rubricó de que certifico. Está rubricado.--D. Domingo Sanchez Fijon, Secretario.

VII.

DICTAMEN OF THE CONSEJO DE GOBIERNO ON THE DECREE EXTINGUISHING THE INQUISITION.

(Archivo de Alcalá Ministerio de Estado, Legajo 906, n. 88). (See p. 467).

Señor Secretario de Estado y del Despacho de Gracia y Justicia.

Ex^{mo} Señor: He recibido el oficio de V. E. de 9 del presente con el proyecto de decreto en que se declara suprimido el Tribunal de la Inquisicion, se adjudican sus bienes y rentas á la estincion de la deuda publica y se fija la suerte de los dependientes del Tribunal, cuyo proyecto remite V. E. de Real orden al Consejo por que lo examine y esponga su dictamen.

Enterado de todo y despues de una detenida discusion ha acordado el Consejo manifieste á V. E. que reconoce la conveniencia de coadyubar al sostenimiento del credito del Estado por cuantos medios esten al alcance del Gobierno y reconoce asi mismo que los bienes de la Inquisicion (suprimida á lo menos de hecho por el Rey difunto que nunca permitió que restableciese) podran proporcionar algun ausilio á la caja de amortization sin agravio de nadie, pues en el proyecto de Decreto se establece el conveniente para asegurar á los empleados del Tribunal las asignaciones que les correspondan segun sus circunstancias y clasificaciones.

Por estas consideraciones no halla reparo el Consejo en que S. M. apruebe en lo substancial el proyecto de Decreto aunque en su dictamen podrian hacerse en el las siguientes modificaciones.

1ª En la parte del preambulo donde hablando de la autoridad Pontificia se usa de la espresion: _Primado de la Iglesia universal_, cree el consejo que podria seguirse el uso constante de designar dicha autoridad Pontificia con el nombre de Santa Sede ó Sumo Pontifice; no porque el Consejo desconozca la propiedad del titulo de Primado de la Iglesia universal con arreglo á los sacros canones, sino porque en materia de denominaciones y fórmulas es siempre preferible el uso de las establecidas y mas comunes que inovarlas, porque puede darse lugar à que se crea que la inovacion envuelva algun designio que la malignidad interpreta segun su antojo.

2ª Cuando en el Artº 1º se dice _que se declara suprimido el Tribuno de la Inquisicion_ podra darse motivo á que se infiera por esta espresion que el Gobierno lo había creido subsistente hasta el dia de derecho: cuya idea no parece enteramente exacta, pues el Señor Don Fernando 7º resistiendo siempre á las gestiones de alcunas corporaciones para su restablecimiento, y habiendo restituido á los Arzobispos y Obispos el conocimiento sobre las causas de fe que les corresponde por derecho comun dió bastante á entender que su Real animo estaba decidido á la estincion de la Inquisicion aunque por ciertas consideraciones no la hubiere pronunciado mas esplicitamente, cree pues el Consejo preferible que en dicho articulo se haga algun mencion de lo hecho por el difunto Rey sobre esta materia, á que aparezca dicha estincion como un acto de la Regencia en su totalidad: Y si no juzga S. M. que haya necesidad de ello, por lo menos el Consejo cree que al espresado articulo combendra añadir la palabra definitivamente, para que diga se declara suprimido definitivamente el Tribunal de la Inquisicion.

3º El consejo entiende que en la actualidad convendria suprimir enteramente el Artº 4º por el que se autoriza al Señor Secretario del Despacho de Hacienda para la pronta enagenacion de las fincas: pues habiendose vendido muchas de ellas en tiempo del Gobierno constitucional, y no siendo posible todavia hacer distincion alguna entre las que se enageraron y las que no se enageraron en dicha época hasta que las Córtes examinen la grave cuestion relativa á los compradores de bienes nacionales, podria darse motivo á que se sospechase que se decidia este punto general por el presente Decreto de una manera indirecta, mandando vender todos los bienes de la Inquisicion indistintamente y sin hacer diferencia alguna entre los enagenados y los non enagenados. Parece pues que por ahora combiene limitarse á lo que se previene en el Artº 2º aplicando la masa de los bienes de la Inquisicion á la estincion de la deuda publica sin mas esplicacion.

4º El artº 6º en que se ordena que los sueldos de los empleados del Tribunal se paguen del Tesoro público, cree el Consejo que podria modificarse mandando que este pago se hiciese por la caja de Amortizacion pues no parece justo imponer este nuebo gravamen al Real Tesoro cuando nada es mas natural que satisfacer el gravamen vitalicio que pesa sobre los bienes y rentas del Tribunal por el mismo establecimiento adonde han á ingresar sus productos. Esto no ofrecerá inconveniente aun despues que se vendan todas las fincas que pertenecian á la Inquisicion, pues siempre quedarán las ciento y una Canongias de que habla el Artº 3º del proyecto que no son susceptibles de enagenacion, y con cuyo producto habrá mas que lo suficiente para pagar a los cesantes del ramo cuyo número se hallará muy reducido por los que han fallecido ó pasado á otros destinos desde el año de 1823 hasta el dia, y se reducira todabia mas por las disposiciones de los Art^{os} 5º y 6º del mismo proyecto de Decreto.

Lo que por acuerdo del Consejo digo á V. E. en contestacion á su citado oficio con devolucion del Proyecto.

Dios etc. Madrid, 13 de Julio de 1834. El Conde de Ofalía.

VIII.

DECREE OF JULY 15, 1834, ABOLISHING THE INQUISITION.

(Printed by Castillo y Ayensa, Negociaciones con Roma, Madrid, 1859.

Tom. I, Append, p. 165). (See p. 468).

Deseando aumentar el crédito público de la Nacion por todos los medios compatibles con los principios de justicia: teniendo en consideracion que mi augusto Esposo (Q. E. E. G.) creyó bastante eficaz al sostenimiento de la Religion del Estado la nativa é imprescriptible autoridad de los muy RR. Arzobispos y RR. Obispos, protegida cual corresponde por las leyes de la Monarquia: que mi Real decreto de 4 de Enero próximo pasado ha dejado en manos de dichos Prelados la censura de los escritos concernientes á la fe, á la moral y disciplina, para que se conserve ileso tan precioso depósito: que están ya concluidos los trabajos del Código criminal en que se establecen las convenientes penas contra los que intenten vulnerar el respeto debido á nuestra Santa Religion; y que la Junta eclesiástica, creada por mi Real decreto de 22 de Abril se ocupa de proponer cuanto juzgue conducente á tan importante fin, para que provea yo de remedio hasta donde alcance el Real Patronato, y con la concurrencia de la Santa Sede en cuanto menester fucre: en nombre de mi excelsa Hija Doña Isabel II, oido el Concejo de Gobierno y el de Ministros, he venido en mandar lo siguiente: Articolo Iº. Se declara suprimido definitivamente el Tribunal de la Inquisicion. 2º Los predios rústicos y urbanos, censos ú otros bienes con que le habia dotado la piedad soberana ó cuya adquisicion le proporcionó por medio de leyes dictadas para su proteccion, se adjudican á la extincion de la Deuda pública. 3º Las ciento una canongias que estaban agregadas á la Inquisicion se aplican al mismo objeto, con sujecion á mi Real decreto de 9 de Marzo último y por el tiempo que expresan las Bulas apostólicas sobre la materia. 4º Los empleados de dicho Tribunal y sus dependencias que posean prebendas eclesiásticas ú obtengan cargos civiles de cualquiera clase con sueldo, no tendrán derecho á percibir el que les correspondia sobre los fondos del mismo Tribunal, cuando servian en él sus destinos. 5º Todos los demas empleados, mientras no se les proporcione otra colocacion, percibirán exactamente de la Caja de Amortizacion el sueldo que les corresponda, segun clasificacion que solicitarán ante la Junta creada al efecto. Tendréislo entendido y dispondreis lo necesario á su cumplimiento. En San Ildefonso á 15 de Julio de 1834.--A. D. Nicolás María Garelly.

IX.

PRAYER RECITED DAILY AT OPENING OF MORNING SESSION.

(Biblioteca nacional, Seccion de MSS. D, 122, fol. 1). (See p. 583).

Adsumus Domine, Sancte Spiritus, adsumus quidem peccati immanitate detenti, sed in nomine tuo specialiter aggregati. Veni ad nos, adesto nobis, dignari illabi cordibus nostris; doce nos quid agamos, quo gradiamus; ostende quid officere debeamus ut, te auxiliante, tibi in omnibus placere valeamus. Esto salus et suggestor et effector judiciorum nostrorum, qui solus cum Deo patre et ejus Filio nomen possides gloriosum. Non nos patiaris perturbatores esse justitiæ qui summam diligis æquitatem, ut in sinistrum nos ignorantia non trahat, non favor infectat, non acceptio muneris vel personæ corrumpat, sed junge nos tibi efficaciter solius tuæ gratiæ dono ut simus in te unum et in nullo deviemus a vero quatenus in nomine tuo collecti, sic in cunctis teneamus cum moderamine pietatis justitiæque ut hic a te in nullo dissentiat sententia nostra, ut in futuro pro bene gestis consequamur premia sempiterna. Amen.

INDEX.

Abad y la Sierra, Inq.-genl., iv, 293, 294 his resignation, i, 321 proposes reform, iv, 393

Abenamir Brothers, case of, iii, 362

Abencerrages leave Spain, iii, 318

Abd-el-mumin persecutes Jews, i, 51

Abderrhaman II, his embassy to Otho the Great, i, 47

Abiatar Aben Crescas cures Juan II, i, 75

_Abito y cárcel_, ii, 411 _penitencial_, iii, 163

Abjuration, _de levi_ and _de vehementi_, iii, 124 formulas, iii, 124 effects of, ii, 143; iii, 125, 126, 178 with acquittal, iii, 106 in sorcery, iv, 198 for propositions, iv, 143 in bigamy, iv, 319, 321

_Abogado de los presos_, ii, 250; iii, 45 _fiscal_, ii, 250. See also Advocate.

Abolition of Inqn. suggested in 1704, ii, 176. in 1798 and 1799, iv, 395, 397 by Córtes in 1813, iv, 411 decrees of, in 1820 and 1834, iv, 436, 467, 541, 543, 545

_Abonos_, iii, 63

Abravanel, Isaac, his financial services, i, 131

Absent, prosecution of the, ii, 466, 467; iii, 80, 86 effigies of, burnt, i, 183 can return and claim trial, iii, 89 disabilities of children of, iii, 176 and dead, procurator for, iii, 50

Absence from duty, ii, 226

Absolution for occult heresy, ii, 20 for formal heresy, ii, 23 under indulgences, ii, 25 revocation of, ii, 591 dependent on denunciation, iv, 106, 108 in solicitation, iv, 121, 126 by accomplice in sin, iv, 95, 113 papal letters of, ii, 104, 113, 590

Absolutism, development of, iv, 249, 473 of Fernando VII, iv, 454

Abu Ishac, his satire, i, 51

Abu Jusuf, i, 54, 56

Abu-l-Haçan provokes war with Granada, i, 21

Abuses repressed by Ferdinand, i, 187 in Barcelona, i, 529 of commissioners, ii, 269 in confiscation, ii, 346 of fines and penances, ii, 397

Academy of History, its censorship, iii, 489

Accomplice, absolution of, by partner in sin, iv, 95, 113

Accomplices, their denunciation essential, ii, 460, 462, 577; iii, 199, 371 torture to discover them, iii, 10, 11 in witchcraft, iv, 213, 234 of familiars, i, 445

Account of a receiver, i, 294; ii, 446 600

Accumulation of cases for autos, iii, 72, 77

_Accusatio_, ii, 479

Accusation, formula of, iii, 41 to be presented within ten days, iii, 76, 78 affects _limpieza_, ii, 311

Accused, protection of, in Aragon, ii, 466 position of, in Inqn., ii, 482 identification of, ii, 553 his genealogy taken, iii, 38 sworn to secrecy, ii, 473 charges withheld from, iii, 39 not allowed to select advocate, iii, 45, 52 can always obtain audience, iii, 37 his examinations, iii, 70 examined as to property, ii, 321 expenses thrown on him, ii, 494; iii, 35 required to answer accusation, iii, 42 his witnesses, ii, 539 treatment of his evidence, ii, 543

kept in ignorance of sentence, iii, 94

Accuser, liability of, ii, 466 sworn to secrecy, ii, 473

Acevedo, Abp., publishes papal decree, iii, 536

Acquittal, iii, 105 decreasing number of, iii, 112 honors paid in case of, ii, 561 with abjuration, iii, 106 with punishment, iii, 107

Activity, diminished in 18th century, iv, 388 change in its objects, iv, 391 political, iv, 248 disappearance of feudalism, iv, 249 trivial use by Ferdinand, iv, 251 the Germanía, iv, 252 case of Jeanne d'Albret, iv, 253 of Antonio Pérez, iv, 254 occasional cases, iv, 273 in War of Succession, iv, 275 used by Bourbons, iv, 276 under the Restoration, iv, 277 export of horses, iv, 278 coinage, iv, 283

Acts of heretics invalid, ii, 325, 327

Acuña, Bp. of Zamora, case of, ii, 44

Adam, cult of, iv, 357

_Ad beneplacitum_, commissions, i, 176; ii, 161

_Adivinas_, iv, 180

Adjuration for mercy, iii, 184, 185, 188

_Ad perpetuam rei memoriam_, ii, 545

Adrian, Cardinal, made inq.-general, i, 181, 216 restores Calcena and Aguirre, i, 215 action in the case of Prat, i, 277 powers of appointment, i, 298 seeks to appoint successor, i, 303 requires episcopal concurrence, ii, 14 refers appeals to Manrique, ii, 121, 126 case of Blanquina Díaz, ii, 122 shares in confiscations, ii, 383 prescribes kindness to prisoners, ii, 524 seeks to relieve Moriscos, iii, 328 suppresses Lutheran books, iii, 413, 421 inaugurates censorship, iii, 481 annexes Military Orders to crown, i, 34

Advocates allowed to accused, iii, 43 papers furnished to, iii, 44, 48 selection of, iii, 45, 52 restrictions on, iii, 44, 48, 49 their functions, iii, 47, 56, 69 become officials, iii, 45 ask places at autos, iii, 46

Affonso V on Jewish ostentation, i, 96

_Afrancesados_, iv, 400 classed as Jansenists, iv, 297

Agde, Council of, on Jews, i, 39

Age requirements of officials, ii, 220, 233, 236, 279

Age of responsibility, ii, 3, 536 minimum, for witnesses, ii, 536 for confiscation, ii, 321 for reconciliation, iii, 150, 206 for prison, iii, 161 for disabilities, iii, 174

Age, old, scourging in, iii, 137 exempts from galleys, iii, 140 no exemption from torture, iii, 13

Agent, Roman, of Inqn., ii, 110

_Agermanados_, iii, 346

_Agraviados_, iv, 456

Agriculture, burdens on, iv, 478

Agueda de Luna, case of, iv, 76

Aguilar, Inq.-genl., his death, ii, 172

Aguirre, dismissed and restored, i, 215 shares in Seville composition, ii, 362

Ailly, Cardinal d', on Jews, i, 82

_Ajodadores_, iv, 180

Albarracin, conversion of Moors of, iii, 345

Albaycin, depopulation of, iii, 339

Alberghini, his definitions of propositions, iv, 139 on witchcraft, iv, 240 on suspicion, iii, 123

Alberoni, Card., i, 317, 318

Albertino, Arnaldo, his works, ii, 475 on mercy to Jews, i, 144 on Time of Mercy, ii, 461 on _consulta de fe_, iii, 73 on the Sabbat, iv, 211, 217 on clerical marriage, iv, 337

Alberto, Miguel, his _Repertorium_, ii, 475

Albertus Magnus on coerced baptism, iii, 349

_Alboraycos_, i, 146

Albornoz, Carlos, ii, 220, 455

Albrecht of Austria as inq.-genl., iii, 265

Albret, Jeanne d', sends missionaries, iii, 450 her prosecution, iv, 253

_Alcaide de las cárceles_, ii, 248 his duties, ii, 515, 519

Alcaide of penitential prison, ii, 249

Alcalá, University of, admits Conversos, ii, 287 MSS. of, burnt, iv, 530

_Alcaldes de Casa y Corte excommunicated_, i, 382

Alcántara, Pedro de, on observances, iv, 3

Alcaraz, Firmin de, iv, 92, 93

Alcaraz, Pedro Rúiz de, a mystic, iv, 8

Alcaraz, tribunal of, i, 541

_Alcavala_, iv, 479 penitents exempt from, iii, 150, 155 officials subject to, i, 377

Alexander II tolerates Jews, i, 88

Alexander III on Jewish synagogues, i, 81 prescribes confiscation, ii, 316 limits canonization, iv, 356

Alexander IV on disabilities of descendants, iii, 173 on sorcery, iv, 184 on usury, iv, 372

Alexander VI praises Torquemada, i, 174 appoints four inqs.-genl., i, 178 grants the penances to Ferdinand, i, 338 rehabilitations, ii, 402 patronage, ii, 416 canonries to Inqn., ii, 423 insists on episcopal concurrence, ii, 12 reserves jurisdiction over bps., ii, 43, 44 his treatment of appeals, ii, 113, 116 his speculative Inqn., ii, 114 allows laymen as inqrs., ii, 234 excludes Conversos, ii, 286 authorizes galley-service, iii, 140 charges bishops with censorship, iii, 480

Alexander VII, his jubilee indulgence, ii, 26 confirms subjection of regulars, ii, 37 on Villanueva's case, ii, 157 objects to fines, ii, 400 opposes relief of New Christians, iii, 284 on absolution in solicitation, iv, 113 condemns Jansenism, iv, 287 on Immaculate Conception, iv, 369

Alexander VIII persecutes Pelagini, iv, 46 attacks Molinos, iv, 54 persecutes mystics, iv, 60 See also Ottoboni.

Alexandria, expulsion of Jews from, i, 38 captured by Muladíes, i, 49

Alfonso VI deports Mozárabes, i, 47 takes refuge with Moors, i, 53 his policy with Moors, i, 58 with Mudéjares, i, 61

Alfonso el Batallador, i, 48

Alfonso X limits spiritual courts, i, 15 is aided by Moors, i, 54 descriminates against Jews, i, 61 patronizes Jews, i, 89, 99 on trade with Moors, i, 56 burning for renegades, iii, 183 on sorcery, iv, 180

Alfonso XI restores order, i, 3 loses Gibraltar, i, 54 policy with Jews, i, 95, 100 claims half of confiscations, ii, 316

Alfonso VI (Aragon) expels Jews from Barcelona, i, 110

Alfonso of Aragon made Archbp. of Saragossa, i, 13

Alguazil, his position and functions, ii, 245 pays prison expenses, ii, 210, 259

Alguaziles of commissioners, ii, 270 of Moriscos, their exactions, iii, 370

_Alguazil mayor_, ii, 246

Alguazilships, sale of, ii, 213

_Alhondiga_, i, 388

Aliaga, Amador de, his defalcation, ii, 452 opposes grants from confiscations, ii, 383

Aliaga, inq.-genl., forced into Suprema, i, 323 his resignation, i, 307

Aliaga, Abp., tries cases of solicitation, iv, 102, 104

Alicante, failure of Christians in, i, 67 _visitas de navíos_, iii, 314, 519

Alienation of property by heretics, ii, 324, 339

Aljafería assigned to the Inqn., i, 255 shops opened in, i, 389 attacked to rescue Ant. Pérez, iv, 259 tribunal ejected, ii, 441

Aljamas responsible for fines, ii, 395

Allende, Fr. Lucas de, case of, ii, 532; iii, 96

Allegiance, renunciation of, i, 1 Aragonese oath of, i, 229

Allowance to prisoners, ii, 531 to families of prisoners, ii, 500

Almaden, service in, as penance, iii, 145

Almagro, Moriscos of, iii, 330

Almanzor aided by Christians, i, 53

Almenara, Count of, iv, 256, 259

Almería, its prosperity under Moors, i, 67 quarrel over its precentorship, ii, 425

_Almirantazgo_, iii, 510

Almohades, their fanaticism, i, 48, 51

_Almojarife_, i, 74, 98

Almoravides, their invasion, i, 47

Alms as pecuniary penance, ii, 320, 389

Alonso de la Fuente attacks Luis de Granada, iv, 17 assails Jesuit mystics, iv, 19

Altamira, Margarita, case of, ii, 187, 497; iii, 67, 137

Alum, cargoes of, confiscated, iii, 463

_Alumbrados_ appear in Spain, iv, 6 of Llerena, iv, 23 errors ascribed to, iv, 24 cases, ii, 135; iii, 62

_Alumbrado y solicitante_, iv, 118, 121

_Alumbramiento_, iv, 4

Alvarado, his _Cartas del Filósofo Rancio_, iv, 405 on calificadores, ii, 264 on solicitation, iv, 135 on witchcraft, iv, 242 on political use of Inqn., iv, 277 on philosophers, iv, 314

Alvárez, Hernando, iv, 20, 21, 23

Alva, Duke of, interferes with Inqn., i, 186

Alzaibar, Manuel, his _Triple Alianza_, iv, 408

Ambrose, St., on Jews, i, 37

_Amin_, i, 593; ii, 566

Amnesty, decree of 1824, iv, 451 and pardon of 1832, iv, 464

Amort, Dr., on revelations, iv, 5

Amusquibar quarrels with abp., ii, 17

Anarchy, virtual, of Castile, i, 4 in 17th century, iv, 511

Ana of Austria, her obsequies, i, 362

Anathema in quarrels with spiritual courts, i, 494 in Edict of Faith, ii, 95

Ancona, Jews invited to, iii, 254

Anchias, Juan de, his Libro Verde, i, 260; ii, 298 as informer, ii, 324

Andalusia, persecution of Conversos, i, 129 expulsion of Jews, i, 131 of Moriscos, iii, 398 effect of Inqn. in, ii, 103 English merchants in, iii, 467

Andorra, subject to Barcelona, i, 543; iii, 460

Andujar, decree of, iv, 448

_Angel Exterminador_, iv, 456

Angelo da Chivasso on the Sabbat, iv, 209

Anger as extenuation, iii, 63

Anglican Catechism in Spain, iii, 451

Angoulême, Duc d', iv, 447, 448, 450

Antequera, capture of, i, 4, 65 quarrel over canonry, i, 342, 348

Antist, Inqr., besieged, i, 466

Antagonism, racial, i, 75, 81, 121, 126

Antonino, St., on the Sabbat, iv, 209

Antwerp, torture in, iii, 3

_Anusim_--unwilling Christians, i, 146

Apartments, autos held in, iii, 221

_Aplacería_, ii, 508

Apollinaris, Sidonius, on Jews, i, 39

Apostate Jews, their bitterness, i, 113

Appeals, devolutionary and suspensive, ii, 187

Appeals from sentence of torture, iii, 6 in secular cases, i, 509 to inq.-genl. become obsolete, ii, 187 to king, how smothered, ii, 26 none from Inqn., i, 341, 356, 437 referred to bps., ii, 108, 110, 112, 113, 116 to Suprema, i, 271; ii, 164; iii, 95

Appeals to Rome, ii, 103 Villanueva's case, ii, 145 forbidden by Philip III, i, 494, 496 about canonries, ii, 422

_Appel comme d'abus_, i, 341

Appellate jurisdiction renounced, ii, 126, 128, 129

Appointees, temporary, ii, 220

Appointments reserved to the crown, i, 158, 290, 300, 302; ii, 237 made by inq.-genl., i, 177, 302; ii, 161, 167 shared by Suprema, i, 298 sale of, ii, 212 nepotism in, ii, 219

_Aquelarre_, iv, 220

Aquinas on consultation of demons, ii, 173 on coerced baptism, iii, 349 on trances, iv, 4 on Immaculate Conception, iv, 359

Arabic, its use prohibited, iii, 332, 335, 340 writers on magic, iv, 180

Aragon, the Hermandad in, i, 31 rates of interest in, i, 97 popular liberties in, i, 229 Court of the Justicia, i, 450 liberties curtailed in 1592, iv, 270 clerics liable to taxes, i, 375 export of wheat, i, 385 of horses, iv, 279 right of asylum, i, 422, 424 coinage, i, 565 protection of accused, ii, 466 rules as to witnesses, ii, 536, 559 torture not used, iii, 2 trials _in absentia_, iii, 81 galley-service forbidden, iii, 139 the _sanbenito_ unknown, iii, 162 usurers not prosecuted, iv, 372 massacre of 1391, i, 108, 112 oppression of Jews, i, 117 early tribunals in, ii, 206 separate Inqn. for, i, 180 its Suprema, ii, 164 Torquemada appointed, i, 236, 238 opposition to Inqn., i, 245 effect of murder of Arbués, i, 252 fate of New Christians, i, 259 contest over Concordia of 1519, i, 277 repetition of complaints, i, 285 special oppression, i, 439 Concordia of 1568, i, 454 conflicts of jurisdiction, i, 452 reforms evaded in 1626, i, 455 privileges compared with Castile, i, 453, 458, 459 Córtes of 1645-6, i, 458, 460, 619 number of familiars reduced, i, 462 troubles over familiars, ii, 274 tribunal impoverished, i, 463 agreement not to appeal to Rome, ii, 118 voluntary conversion of Moors, iii, 344 conversion of Moors enforced, iii, 354, 356 position of Moriscos, iii, 342 their disarmament, iii, 379 their expulsion, ii, 486; iii, 401 extensive confiscations, i, 256 grievances of confiscation, ii, 327 confiscations taxed, ii, 352 composition for confiscation, ii, 354 penance replaces confiscation, ii, 395 Inqn. depends on confiscation, ii, 434 Morisco confiscations, iii, 359 carrying arms at night, i, 408 number of officials in tribunal, ii, 211 absence of Judaism, iii, 309 sorcery, iv, 182, 184 affair of Antonio Pérez, iv, 256 bigamy punished, iv, 316 jurisdiction over blasphemy, iv, 328 unnatural crime, iv, 363, 366 Council of, on familiars, i, 447

Aragon, Antonio de, forced on Suprema, i, 324 his report on Catalonia, i, 477

_Arancel_, or fee-bill, ii, 252

Aranda, Bp. of Calahorra, case of, ii, 43

Aranda, Council of, i, 10, 123

Aranda, Count of, iv, 261, 264, 265, 266, 390

Aranjuez, Tumult of, iv, 390, 399

Arbués, Pedro, i, 244, 249, 251, 252, 255 punishment of his assassins, i, 256

_Arca de tres llaves_, ii, 231, 450, 452

Arce y Reynoso, Diego de, his salary as professor, ii, 252 submits nominations to king, i, 301 resigns see of Plasencia, i, 310; ii, 154 evades the _media añata_, i, 378 strives for independence, i, 489 suppresses Madrid tribunal, i, 545 reopens case of San Placido, ii, 138 admits that appeals lie to Rome, ii, 149 prohibits sale of offices, ii, 215 case of Luisa de Carrion, iv, 38 permits cult of fictitious saints, iv, 358

Arce y Reynoso, Ramon de, his resignation, i, 321 joins the French, iv, 401

Archbishops, visits not to be paid to, i, 358

Archives of the Inquisition, i, 159

Ares Fonseca, his memorial, iii, 279

Arévalo, Pragmática of, i, 121, 123

Argüelles, Fray, consults demons, ii, 171

Arguello, his collection of instructions, i, 182

Arguments of advocates, iii, 69

Arians, their toleration of Jews, i, 38

Arias, Abp., arrested and exiled, iv, 440 his _junta de fe_, iv, 460

Arias, García, case of, iii, 427, 429

Arjona, inquisitorial proceedings, i, 212; ii, 555

Arm nailed to cross as punishment, iii, 133

_Armas alevosas_, i, 402

Arms, right to carry, i, 270, 401; ii, 272 forbidden to Moriscos, iii, 323, 332

Army of the Faith, iv, 443

Army, Inqn. of, i, 541 conflicting jurisdiction, i, 504

Arnaud of Narbonne, his intolerance, i, 59

Arquebuses, flint-lock, prohibited, i, 404

Arquer, Sigismondo, case of, iii, 453

Arrese, Juan de, tries Luis de Leon, iv, 160 suppresses astrology, iv, 193

Arrest by Inqn., complaint of, i, 185 power of, i, 186, 241, 357; ii, 179 its preliminaries, ii, 486 arbitrary, ii, 491 proof required for, ii, 490 without proof, ii, 493; iii, 232 without jurisdiction, iv, 364 segregation of prisoner, ii, 493 sequestration, ii, 496 money seized for expenses, ii, 494 supervised by Suprema, ii, 184 abuses, ii, 492 infamy caused by, ii, 311, 490, 492

Arrogance towards royal judges, i, 519 towards spiritual courts, i, 494

_Ars Notoria_, ii, 142; iv, 185

Art, censorship of, iii, 546

Arts, mechanic, habilitated, iv, 487 occult, iv, 179

_Asalariados_, i, 376

Ashes of culprit scattered, iii, 220

_Aspa de San Andrés_, iii, 163

Assassination of Arbués, i, 251

Assassins of Arbués, their punishment, i, 256 their sanbenitos, i, 258

Assembly of experts, ii, 265; iii, 72

Assent of Suprema to royal decrees required, i, 325

Assessments in compositions, ii, 359

Assessor, the, ii, 232 as judge of confiscations, ii, 350

Assumpçao, Fray Diogo de, iii, 293

Astesanus on sorcery, iv, 181

Astrology, prosecution for, ii, 140 punishment of, iv, 194 taught at Córdova, iv, 180 condemned by Sixtus V, iv, 189 suppressed in Salamanca, iv, 193

Asylum afforded by Inqn., i, 421, 455, 460

Atheism, punishment of, iv, 307

Auction on arrest of accused, ii, 494, 500 of confiscated property, ii, 363 sale of offices at, ii, 214 prebends farmed out at, ii, 430

_Auctorem Fidei_, bull, iv, 286, 293, 295

Audience-chamber, the, ii, 231, 541, 554 sentence read in, iii, 96, 180

Audience granted when asked for, iii, 37 delay in granting, iii, 78 at the auto de fe, ii, 586

_Audiencia de cárcel_, ii, 467, 471 _de cargos_, iii, 40 _de hacienda_, ii, 321, 497 _de preguntas_, iii, 71

Audiencia of Seville, its injustice, ii, 468

Auditor-general, his duties, ii, 366

Auditors of receivers' accounts, ii, 447

Auditorship, price of, ii, 214

Augustin, St., on marriage with Jews, i, 37

Augustinians exempted from Inqn., ii, 31 attacked by Jesuits, iv, 288

Authors, classification of, iii, 500 defence allowed to, iii, 541

Authorship, discouragement of, iii, 549

Authorities must be present at autos, iii, 211

_Autillo_, iii, 220

Auto de fe, the, iii, 209

_Auto particular_, iii, 210, 220

_Auto publico general_, iii, 209 its discontinuance, iii, 222 preparations for, iii, 214 public, as spectacle, iii, 211, 227 the procession, iii, 217 sentences read in, iii, 93 confession during, iii, 191 audience at, ii, 586 oath taken by kings, i, 353 the first at Seville, i, 163 centralized in tribunal cities, iii, 210 in Saragossa, i, 592

Auto controlled by Suprema, iii, 211 reports required of, ii, 183 cases accumulated for, iii, 72, 77 unattractive without burning, iv, 526 in Rome in 1498, ii, 114

Auto-suggestion in witchcraft, iv, 208, 221, 238

_Autos sacramentales of Suprema_, ii, 195, 198

Autocracy, growth of, iv, 250 limited by bureaucracy, i, 346, 418

Avellaneda on witchcraft, iv, 214

Avignon, slaughter of witches, iv, 242

Avila, conversion of Moors, iii, 325 tribunal of, i, 171, 542

Avila, Bp. of, appeals referred to, ii, 113

_Avisos de cárceles_, ii, 515

Avora, Gonzalo de, on Lucero, i, 195

Ayala, Abp., his edict of faith, ii, 8 seeks to instruct Moriscos, iii, 367, 375

Ayerbe, Francisco de, iv, 263, 271

Aymar, Juan, his visitation of Gerona, ii, 239

_Ayuda de costa_, i, 294 its development, ii, 253 subjected to king, i, 336 restricted by Philip V, ii, 223 conditioned on reports, ii, 183 on visitations, ii, 240 paid from fines and penances, ii, 254

Azanza, Miguel de, his Masonry, iv, 303

Azevedo, Inq.-genl., his death, i, 307

_Azofras_, iii, 376

Azpilcueta is advocate of Carranza, ii, 71 on denial of sacraments, ii, 520 on sinful prayer, iv, 16 on the Sabbat, iv, 220 on profanation of churches, iv, 5O3

Badajoz, conversion of Moors, iii, 326 mystics of, iv, 20

Badges imposed on Jews and Moors, i, 68, 115 of Inquisition, ii, 284

Badía, Juan de la, plots to kill Arbués, i, 251, 257, 602

_Bagages_, i, 395

Bahia, New Christians in, iii, 279

Bail, admission to, ii, 507; iii, 111

Baius, Michael, his errors, iv, 284

Baker, Anthony, case of, iii, 437

Bakery, troubles over, i, 388, 391

Balaguer, tribunal of, i, 542

_Baldíos_, iv, 309, 482

Balearic Isles, i, 266

_Balestilla_, iii, 23

Ballads of the Cid, i, 1 Moors in the, i, 52

Balmaseda, Jews expelled from, i, 125

Balmés, his opinion of Carranza, ii, 85

Banch Reyal of Catalonia, i, 465, 472

Bandits as familiars, i, 453

Banishment, iii, 126

Bankruptcy of familiars, i, 445 cases, treatment of, i, 453

_Banquillo_, iii, 20

Baptism necessary to heresy, ii, 3; iii, 69 torture to ascertain, iii, 34 forcible, doctrine of, i, 41, 93, 294; iii, 348 of children of Conversos, i, 146 of Valencian Moors, iii, 346, 355 of Morisco children, iii, 380 manumits slaves, i, 57 of coins, iv, 199

Bar, Catherine of, her missionary project, iii, 451

Barbarj, Filippo de, his influence, i, 155

Barbary, conveying arms to, iii, 104

Barbastro, tribunal of, i, 543

Barber of tribunal, ii, 249

Barbers' busts, censorship of, iii, 547

Barcelona, massacre of 1391, i, 108 its aljama destroyed, i, 110 admits tribunal, i, 263 disrepute of tribunal, i, 187, 467, 468, 481 visitations, i, 369, 528 abuses of commissioners, ii, 268 of fines and penances, ii, 393, 397, 399 punishes _espontaneados_, ii, 571 prosecutes for exporting horses, iv, 282 confusion of its records, ii, 258 negligence as to limpieza, ii, 295 conviction on one witness, ii, 562 its finances, ii, 434, 437, 439, 441 its condition in 1632, i, 417 quarrels over its canonries, ii, 430 its perpetual prison, iii, 153, 157 fuero of servants vindicated, i, 433 severity to Frenchmen, iii, 459 case of billeting troops, i, 396 removal of _sanbenitos_, iii, 165 humiliation of royal judges, i, 518 deportation of Inq. Muñoz, i, 482 _visitas de navíos_, iii, 314, 518 tribunal argues away Concordias, i, 472 right of asylum, i, 423, 424 witch cases in, iv, 217, 224 acquittals in, iii, 106 operations of Inqn. in, iv, 521 the Inqn. invaded in 1567, i, 469 inqrs. banished in 1611, i, 473 rising of 1640, i, 476 tribunal during rebellion, i, 476 inqrs. during rebellion, i, 477 tribunal re-established, i, 480 during War of Succession, i, 483 Inqn. sacked in 1820, iv, 435

Barcena, Antonio de, i, 211, 212

Barnuevo, Dr., on Spanish intolerance, iv, 505

Baronius, his Annals, iii, 534

Barons, oath of, i, 351 ineligible as familiars, ii, 281

Barre, Chev. de la, case of, iii, 100

Barroeta, Abp., his quarrel with inqrs., ii, 17

Basante, Juan de, iv, 258, 262

Basin, Bernardo, on pact with demon, iv, 185 on the Sabbat, iv, 210

Basle, Council of, its oppression of Jews, i, 119

Bastida, Francisco de la, iv, 346

Baths, prohibition of, iii, 332, 335

Bayonne, Constitution of, iv, 400

Beaurains, his grant on Seville composition, ii, 362

Bearing arms, i, 401

Béarn, export of horses to, iv, 280

Beas, Judaizers of, iii, 90, 298

Beata de Piedrahita, iv, 6

Beata de Cuenca, iv, 90

Beata Clara, iv, 91

_Beatas_, the, iv, 6 _revelanderas_, iv, 25, 81, 83

Beccarellisti, iv, 61

_Becerro, libros de_, ii, 307

Bedding of the relapsed confiscated, ii, 337

Beds supplied to prisoners, ii, 528

Begghards and Beguines, iv, 2

Belando, his History condemned, i, 316

Bell' Uomo, Gottardo, iv, 51

Belmonte, suppression of canonry, ii, 428

Beltran, Beatriz, her compurgation, iii, 114

Beltran, Felipe, his commission, i, 303, 612 suppression of _sanbenitos_, iii, 170

Beltraneja, La, i, 19

Benalcázar, Count of, impedes the Inqn., i, 186

Ben-Astruch disputes with Christiá, i, 91

Benavente, Count of, his insolence, i, 8

Bène, Amaury of, iv, 2

Benedict XII, his tax-roll, iv, 340

Benedict XIII entertains appeal from Spain, ii, 160

Benedict XIV on episcopal jurisdiction, ii, 10

Benedict XIV on use of vernacular Bible, iii, 529 limits censorship, iii, 541 condemns the _Mística Ciudad_, iv, 41 on solicitation, iv, 112, 113 on witchcraft, iv, 245 defends Card. Noris, iv, 289 condemns Masonry, iv, 300 his grant to Philip V, iv, 494

Benedict XIII (antipope) on the Jews, i, 118

Benefit of clergy, i, 427

Benefices, ii, 319, 415, 418, 440; iii, 176

_Beneplacitum_ commissions, i, 176

Beni-Cassi supreme in Aragon, i, 50

Benet, Jaime, on coerced baptisms, iii, 351

Bequest, pious, seized, ii, 337 claims of Religious Orders for, iv, 488

Berin, Judaizers of, iii, 300

Bernabeu, Antonio, case of, iv, 437 on effect of denunciation, iv, 138

Bernal, Juan, an Alumbrado, iv, 23

Bernáldez on Judaism of New Christians, i, 151 account of the expulsion, i, 139 his statistics, iv, 519 his persecuting zeal, iv, 525

Bernat, Hugues, case of, iii, 449

Bernières-Louvigny, his Quietism, iv, 63

Berri, Jean de, case of, ii, 129

Berrocosa, Fray, case of, iii, 456

Berwick and Alva, Duke of, is alguazil mayor, iv, 431

Betrothal leads to bigamy, iv, 317

Bewitchment of Carlos II, ii, 171

Béziers, Council of, on disabilities of descendants, iii, 173

Bibles, Hebrew, burnt, iii, 480 list of prohibited, iii, 485 censorship of, iii, 527 vernacular, iii, 528, 529, 575

_Bibliothèque Janseniste_, iv, 289, 290

Bigamy, cognizance of, forbidden, i, 271 secular punishments, iv, 316 Inqn. assumes jurisdiction, iv, 317 spiritual punishment, iv, 318 competencias with civil courts, iv, 319 punishment by Inqn., iv, 321 is _mixti fori_, iv, 323 jurisdiction limited, iv, 324 resumed under Restoration, iv, 326 number of cases, iv, 327 stimulates false-witness, ii, 559

Bigamists, their cases not _calificado_, ii, 488

Bilbao, quarrel over _visitas de navíos_, iii, 513

Billeting of troops, i, 394

Bisbal, la, Count of, iv, 434, 435

Biscay admits the Hermandad, i, 31 composition for, ii, 356 protection of accused, ii, 466 _visitas de navíos_, iii, 515 witchcraft in, iv, 211, 215

Bishops, their character, i, 8; iv, 497 dispute over their appointment, i, 13 of Jewish extraction not admitted, ii, 12 their jurisdiction, i, 153; ii, 5 over heresy, ii, 19; iv, 411 over witchcraft, iv, 242 over bigamy, iv, 318, 320 their concurrent jurisdiction, i, 230; ii, 6-12; iii, 71 appointment of delegates, ii, 17 their _juntas de fe_, iv, 460 quarrels with inqrs., i, 620 struggle for precedence, i, 358, 361 their exemption from the Inqn., i, 147, 159, 501; ii, 41, 45, 73, 87; iii, 423 their censorship, iii, 480, 544 allowed to grant dispensations, iv, 396 officiate in degradation, iii, 182 ordered to instruct Moriscos, iii, 367 protest against suppression of Inqn., iv, 414 their persecution, in 1820-3, iv, 440

Black Death, massacres caused by, i, 101

Blackstone, Sir. Wm., on witches, iv, 247

_Blanca_, coin, i, 562

Blanco, Dr., case of, iii, 427, 429

Blanco, Pedro Luis, his reply to Grégoire, iv, 397

Blank papal letters of exemption, ii, 110 pages, rebuke for, ii, 190

Blasphemy, cognizance of, forbidden, i, 271 heretical and non-heretical, iv, 328 definitions, iv, 331 cumulative jurisdiction, iv, 333 punishment, iii, 134; iv, 334 number of cases, iv, 335 used in trial of Ant. Pérez, iv, 258

Blau, Jaime, his fine, ii, 398

Bleda, Fray, his _Defensio Fidei_, iii, 388 on wealth of Inqn., ii, 437 on number of clergy, iv, 490

Blood of Arbués, its liquefaction, i, 251 judgements of, i, 367; iii, 184, 188, 223

Bobadilla, his _Tizon de la nobleza_, ii, 298

Bodies, briefs for secret burning of, i, 296

Bohorques, Juana de, iii, 446

Bohorques, María de, iii, 443

Bolgeni on Jansenism, iv, 286

_Bolsa_, i, 415

Bona, Bartolommeo, iv, 47, 48

Bonaventura, St., on danger of mysticism, iv, 9

Bonds required of receivers, ii, 446

Boniface VIII, his bull _Clericis laicos_, i, 375 exempts bps. from Inqn., ii, 41 suppression of witnesses' names, ii, 548 disabilities of descendants, iii, 173 coerced baptism, iii, 348

Bonifaz, Inq.-genl., banished from court, i, 321; iii, 540 removes Card. Noris from Index, iv, 291

Bonifaza, case of convent of, ii, 348

Books submitted to censors, ii, 263 official revisors of, iii, 501 Lutheran, sent to Spain, iii, 421 in English prohibited, iii, 523 lascivious, in Index, iii, 545 all new ones seized, iii, 504 fate of those seized, iii, 509 edict prohibiting, iii, 573 penalties for disregarding it, iii, 482, 488, 525 importation of, iii, 489, 505, 506, 508, 510, 512, 517 exports of, supervised, iii, 507 in transit examined, iii, 508 expurgation of, iii, 492, 494, 497, 498 allowed to prisoners, iv, 157

Booksellers, regulations for, iii, 501 prosecutions of, iii, 499, 525

Book-shops, search of, iii, 482, 486, 487 489, 495, 498, 501, 502

Book-trade, foreign, passes through Suprema, iii, 506 domestic, supervision of, iii, 507

Borja, Card., interferes with Valencia tribunal, i, 230, 240

Borja, Cæsar, prosecution of, iv, 252

Borja, St. Francisco de, his books condemned, iii, 530; iv, 16

Borja, Galceran de, case of, iv, 370

Borri, Fran. Gius., iv, 44

Borromeo, S. Carlo, his pension on Toledo, ii, 70 introduces confessional, iv, 96 burns witches, iv, 242

Bossuet, his quarrel with Fénelon, iv, 64

_Bostezo_, iii, 19

Bouillon, Card. de, defends Fénelon, iv, 66

Bourbons, restraint of Inqn. under-- control of finances and confiscations, i, 336 inquisitorial arrogance, i, 348 case of Canary tribunal, i, 349 questions of precedence, i, 364 enforcement of police rules, i, 365 tax of salaried officials, i, 383 salt-privilege in Valencia, i, 394 billeting of troops, i, 399 carrying of arms, i, 411 exemption from military service, i, 415 conflicts of jurisdiction, i, 514 appeals to Rome, ii, 159 rivalry of Suprema and inq.-genl., ii, 178 restriction of jubilation and ayudas de costa, ii, 223 financial exactions, ii, 440 restrictions on censorship, iii, 540 jurisdiction over bigamy, iv, 323 political use of Inqn., iv, 275

Bourmont, Gen., saves Liberals, iv, 450

Bourignon, Antoinette, her Quietism, iv, 63

Box for sentences, iii, 215

_Brasero_, see _Quemadero_.

Bravonel the Moor, i, 52

Brazil, no tribunal there, iii, 261 New Christians in, iii, 272, 279

Bread-knife, mode of holding, ii, 567

Breakfast at autos, iii, 217

Breviary prohibited, iii, 531

Brianda de Bardaxí, her penance, ii, 390

Bribery in cases of _limpieza_, ii, 304 of prison officials, ii, 520 of executioner, iii, 32 in witchcraft accusations, iv, 233

Bricklayer reckoned as official, ii, 211

Bridle and pannier as penance, iii, 133

Briefs, papal, for private reconciliation, i, 296 penalty for using, ii, 110

Brothers, transfer of offices to, ii, 220, 221

Brunon de Vertiz, case of, iii, 40 delays in his trial, iii, 79

Buchanan, George, his prosecution, iii, 263

_Buen confitentes_ sent to galleys, iii, 143

Buendias, the, their hardships, ii, 355

Bugia, Conversos to be seized in, i, 185

Buildings for tribunals, ii, 206

_Bulario de la Orden de Santiago_, i, 159

Bull-fights, perquisites of, ii, 197, 198 school for, iv, 453

Bureaucracy undermines autocracy, i, 346, 418

Burgos, complaint of Jews of, i, 89 tribunal of, i, 543

Burgos, Javier de, his memorial, iv, 453

Burgundian influence, iv, 475, 477

Burial rite, Jewish, ii, 566 secret, of prisoners, ii, 521, 522

Burning of heretics, iii, 183; iv, 406 the sentence to, iii, 185, 219, 220, 225 of effigies, iii, 81 for false-witness, ii, 557 for relapse, iii, 204 for unnatural crime, iv, 361, 367, 368 its popular attractiveness, iv, 526 statistics of, iv, 517 alive for pertinacity, iii, 197 for _negativos_, iii, 198 infrequency of, iii, 193, 194

Burton, Nicholas, case of, iii, 446

Butcher is a titular official, i, 491

Butchers of San Sebastian, i, 34 Morisco, iii, 381

Butcher-shops of Inqn., i, 389, 392

Caballería, Jaime de la, i, 295 Pedro de la, i, 115

Caballero, Francisca de Paula, iv, 80

Cabarrús, Count, his letters, iv, 314

Cabezon, Declaration of, i, 19

Cabra, Count of, resists assessments, ii, 360

_Caciquismo_, iv, 473

Cadets, limpieza required for, ii, 312

Cádiz, tribunal of, i, 543 _visitas de navíos_, iii, 315, 518, 520 composition of, ii, 357 Córtes convoked at, iv, 403 Córtes of, their Jansenism, iv, 297 contest with Chapter, iv, 414 massacre in 1820, iv, 435 as refuge in 1823, iv, 446

Cæsarius of Heisterbach on Jews, i, 82

Cag de la Maleha as almojarife, i, 99

Cagliostro founds the lodge España, iv, 303 condemned for Masonry, iv, 300

Caietano on exclusion of New Christians, ii, 289

Caladui, battle of, iii, 323

Calahorra, tribunal of, i, 543 cost of prisoner's food, ii, 532

Calatayud, Aljama of, fined, i, 94 tribunal of, i, 544

Calatrava, Order of, attacks New Christians, i, 126

Calcena, Ferdinand's secretary, i, 193 his influence, i, 210 dismissed and restored, i, 215 his gains from confiscations, ii, 362, 372 ignores and enforces heretic debts, ii, 329

Caldera, his _Mística Teología_, iv, 29

Calderon, Francisco Garcia, case of, ii, 134

_Calidad de oficio_, ii, 485, 488

_Calificacion_, ii, 486 its process, ii, 487 after arrest, ii, 492 becomes obsolete, ii, 488

_Calificadores_, ii, 216, 263, 486, 488

Calomarde, his disgrace, iv, 463

Camargo, Juan de, enforces subjection of regulars, ii, 37

Camarilla, power of, iv, 451

_Caminos de herradura_, iv, 480

Campillo, José de, ii, 100

Campo, Elvira de, her case, ii, 489 her torture, iii, 24

Canals, iv, 480

Canaries, tribunal of, i, 544 excesses, i, 348; ii, 527 Englishmen subject to the Index, iii 467 foreign sailors, iii, 462 quarrel over canonry, i, 342, 348 inspection of, ii, 229 receipts from, in 1824, iv, 460 relaxations in, iv, 524

Candia captured by Muladíes, i, 49

Candles, lighting of, on Friday, ii, 566 for penitents, iii, 215

Cangas, demoniacs of, ii, 170

Cano, Melchor, his _parecer_, ii, 51; iii, 533 relations with Carranza, ii, 56, 62, 63 on Jesuit mysticism, iv, 18

Canonical purgation, iii, 114

Canonization of Arbués, i, 252 of saints, iv, 355

Canonries granted to officials, ii, 416 doctoral and magistral, ii, 421 suppressed for Inqn., ii, 423, 426, 429 for Inqn. of Portugal, iii, 266 their revenues, ii, 430, 443

Canons as commissioners, ii, 422 of Majorca obtain papal brief, i, 498

Canopies, Inqn. deprived of, i, 364

_Cantadores_, iv, 180

Canticles, Luis de Leon's version of, iv, 152

Canto, Miguel, his pamphlet, iv, 442

Caone, Hilario, case of, iv, 130

_Capellanías_, foundation of, iv, 488

Cappa, Ricardo, on pact with demon, iv, 205

Capodiferro, nuncio, iii, 242, 243

Captives, redemption of, ii, 411

Caraccioli, Card., on Quietism, iv, 53

Caraffa, Card., speculates on Jews, iii, 254

Carbonell, Pere Miguel, his statistics, iv, 521

_Cárcel y abito_, ii, 411; iii, 163

_Cárcel de familiares_, ii, 508

_Carcelero_, ii, 247

_Cárceles medias_, _comunes_, _públicas_, ii, 508

_Cárceles secretas_, ii, 230, 471, 507 preferable to other gaols, ii, 509 terror inspired by, ii, 511

Cardona, Duke of, banishes Inqn., i, 475

Cardona, Folch de, resists arrest of Admiral of Castile, ii, 172 resists Inq.-genl. Mendoza, ii, 175, 177

Cargoes, seizure of, ii, 338, 497

Carlists prepare for Fernando's death, iv, 466

Carlos, Don, case of, iv, 253

Carlos, Don, head of ultra royalists, iv, 456 his prospects of succession, iv, 462 insists on his claims, iv, 463 is sent to Portugal, iv, 465

Carlos II claims confiscations, i, 335 increased power of Inqn., i, 347 rejects appeal of Suprema, i, 464 forbids pistols, i, 411 rebuffed by Majorca clergy, i, 504 seeks to check abuses, i, 511; ii, 215, 222, 234, 413 his character, ii, 169 his bewitchment, ii, 170 abandons Froilan Díaz, ii, 173 requires inqrs. to be lawyers, ii, 235 his oath at auto, iii, 218 orders search for Huguenots, iii, 471 persecutes Jansenists, iv, 287 his disastrous reign, iv, 476 on growth of Church, iv, 491 unable to protect his subjects, iv, 511 humiliated by Inqn., iv, 512

Carlos III scrutinizes commission of inq.-genl., i, 303 on Catechism of Mesengui, i, 321 regulates the Suprema, i, 323 enforces police regulations, i, 365 annuls exemption from billets, i, 400 forbids bearing arms, i, 412 exemptions from military service, i, 414 orders Concordias observed, i, 483 limits the _fuero_, i, 516 insists on courtesy, i, 520 expedites _competencias_, i, 525 relieves Mallorquin New Christians, ii, 313 on pay of commissioners, ii, 423 on non-Catholic recruits, iii, 476 requires proof before arrest, ii, 493 his _Pragmática del Exequatur_, iii, 540 limits censorship, iii, 541 expels the Jesuits, iv, 294 his action as to bigamy, iv, 323 his control of Inqn., iv, 389 progress under him, iv, 387, 480, 486 taxes church acquisitions, iv, 493 on profanation of churches, iv, 503

Carlos IV dismisses inq.-genl., i, 321 on conflicts of jurisdiction, i, 505, 524 exclusion of Jews, iii, 314 registers all foreigners, iii, 472 confirms censorship law, iii, 489 revolution is heresy, iii, 543 evokes the case of Salas, iv, 313 his disastrous reign, iv, 390 his treatment of Jovellanos, iv, 395 sent to Compiègne, iv, 399 revives law of succession, iv, 463, 465 taxes church acquisitions, iv, 493

Carlotta de Bourbon, iv, 464

Carmelites, discalced, ask for commutations, ii, 410

_Carnicería_ of Logroño, trouble over, i, 532

Carpenter's bill referred to Ferdinand, i, 293

Carranza, Abp., case of, ii, 46 his reforming tendencies, ii, 52 his Commentaries, ii, 55 his trial commenced, ii, 62 delays, ii, 71, 73 surrendered to the pope, ii, 79 his sentence, ii, 82 his death, ii, 84 his mysticism, iv, 15 on character of clergy, iv, 486 on observance of Sundays, iv, 502

Carranza, Sancho de, persecutes witches, iv, 215

Carrillo, Abp., his turbulence, i, 8, 287 his treatment of Ximenes, i, 13 appoints an inquisitor, i, 167 on exclusion of New Christians, ii, 285

Cartagena, tribunal of, i, 544 _visitas de navíos_, iii, 314 contribution from, ii, 201

_Cartas acordadas_, i, 182; ii, 475 _de gracía_, ii, 346 _del Filósofo Rancio_, iv, 405

_Cartillas_ prohibited, iii, 531 of commissioners, ii, 269, 272

_Casa de penitencia_, ii, 507; iii, 155 its alcaide, ii, 249

Casafranca, Jaime de, case of, ii, 344

Casas, Diego de las, case of, ii, 124

Caspe, conversion of Moors of, iii, 344

_Castellano_, coin, i, 560

Castile, its turbulence, i, 1 rates of interest in, i, 97 massacres in 1391, i, 107, 112 expulsion of Jews, i, 136 Inqn. for, granted by Nicholas V, i, 147 established, i, 188 separate Inqn. for, i, 180 resistance provoked by Lucero, i, 189 complaints, i, 217, 220, 222, 485 complaints of temporal jurisdiction, i, 510 Concordia of 1553, i, 436 familiars, i, 458; ii, 275, 277 secular procedure, ii, 466, 468 rules as to witnesses, ii, 535, 559 use of torture in, iii, 1 forcible conversion of Moors, iii, 324 Moriscos persecuted, iii, 330, 390 expelled, iii, 399 sorcery in, iv, 182, 184 struggle over blasphemy, iv, 330 unnatural crime, iv, 364 export of horses, iv, 278 See also Córtes

Castro, Alfonso de, on duty of denunciation, ii, 486 on disabilities of descendants, iii, 173 on witchcraft, iv, 217 on the clergy, iv, 496, 497 on religion, iv, 502

Castro, Archdeacon of, case of, i, 193

Castro, Leon de, iv, 150, 159

Castro, Pedro de, Bp. of Cuenca, ii, 50, 66, 87

Castro, Rodrigo de, arrests Carranza, ii, 64 sent to Rome, ii, 74 persecutes mystics, iv, 21

Catalina, Doña, Ordenamiento de, i, 116, 123

Catalonia, papal patronage resisted, i, 12 contempt for New Christians, i, 125 introduction of Inqn. in, i, 236, 260 complaints, i, 265, 283, 285, 286 concordia of 1512, i, 283 Mercader's Instructions, i, 273 donation to Inqn. in 1520, i, 284 familiars, i, 270, 273, 398, 401; ii, 275 struggles with Inqn., i, 326, 465, 469-74 outrages of billeted troops, i, 396 right to bear arms, i, 403 excludes officials from office, i, 416 limitation of jurisdiction, i, 432 rejects Concordia of 1568, i, 469 social condition in 1632, i, 474 rebellion of 1640, i, 476; iii, 543 forms a national Inqn., i, 477, 479 collapse of rebellion, i, 479 hostility continued, i, 483 its coinage, i, 565 Edict of Faith in, ii, 92 exacts pledges as to Moors, iii, 343 expulsion of Moors decreed, iii, 354 complains of corsairs, iii, 384 Morisco expulsion, iii, 401 Inqn. judges sorcery, iv, 183 struggle over bigamy, iv, 317

Catalonia, struggle over blasphemy, iv, 329 jurisdiction over unnatural crime, iv, 363, 371 revolt of 1822, iv, 443 rising of ultra royalists, iv, 456

Catechism of Mesengui, i, 320 for New Christians, i, 155 of Juan Pérez, iii, 428 Anglican, for Spain, iii, 451 in Romance prohibited, iii, 530

Cathedrals, _sanbenitos_ hung in, iii, 166

Catholic Kings, reasons for the title, i, 143

Catholicism, feigned, punished, iii, 474, 476

Catholics burnt for denying heresy, ii, 586 tried for Lutheranism, iii, 420

Cato, Precepts of, iii, 447

Cazalla, Dr. Agustin, ii, 318, 512; iii, 201, 430, 431, 438

Cazalla, Bishop, iv, 12

Cazalla, María, iii, 96; iv, 5, 12

Cazalla, Pedro de, iii, 429, 431, 442

Cazalla house, razed, iii, 130

Celestina, the, iii, 546

Celibacy stimulated by _limpieza_, ii, 309 of clergy, iv, 336

Cell-companions, betrayal by, ii, 518, 579

Cella, Jews expelled from, i, 124

_Celo de Cristo contra los Judíos_, i, 115

_Celosia_ in audience-chamber, ii, 231, 554

Celso, Hugo de, case of, iii, 423

Cemeteries, Jewish, their destination, i, 138

Censors or calificadores, ii, 263

Censorship confided to Inqn., iii, 482 independence of, iii, 486, 493, 535 savage law of Philip II, iii, 488 trivialities of, iii, 491 penalties for infraction, iii, 525 cases of infraction, iii, 526 its extension, iii, 532 power conferred by, iii, 539 limited by Carlos III, iii, 541 political use of, iii, 542 under Restoration, iii, 544 over morals and art, iii, 545 by the State, iii, 549 of the pulpit, iv, 173 of Immaculate Conception, iv, 361 of scientific works, iv, 394 abolished by Córtes of Cádiz, iv, 404 its influence, iv, 528

Censos due to confiscated estates, i, 270 investments in, ii, 435

Census of Inqn. in 1746, ii, 216 of Inqn. exempts, ii, 217

Centellas, Gaspar, case of, iii, 453, 555

_Céntimo_, value of, i, 565

Centralization, development of, ii, 184, 186

Ceremonial, quarrels over, i, 359 of autos, iii, 213

Certificate of _limpieza_, ii, 598 of discharge, iii, 109 _de no obstancia_, iii, 177

Cervantes on Moriscos, iii, 341

Cervantes, Gaspar, his visitation of Barcelona, i, 467, 529

Cervera, capitulations of, i, 20 Univ. of, its Jansenism, iv, 295

_Cessatio a divinis_, i, 495, 514

Cevallos, Gerón., his book condemned, iii, 535

Chains, prisoners kept in, ii, 466, 467, 511

Chair, ceremonial, question of, i, 362, 364

Chamorro and Uliff, correspondence of, i, 133

Chaplain of tribunal, ii, 249

Chapter of Belmonte submits, ii, 428 of Cádiz, its contest with the Córtes, iv, 414 of Valencia, prosecution of, ii, 133

Chapters resist grants of canonries, ii, 418, 420, 421

_Character_ in priesthood, iv, 336

Character, influence of Inqn. on, iv, 138, 507, 515

Charges withheld from accused, iii, 39

Charles V restrains clerical immunity, i, 18 regulates butchers, i, 33 obtains masterships of Military Orders i, 34 protests against papal letters, ii, 122, 123, 124, 126 his early vacillation, i, 216 his project of reform, i, 218 swears to Concordias, i, 275, 276 contest over Concordia of 1519, i, 278 his answers to Córtes of 1528 and 1533, i, 286 power to appoint inq.-genl., i, 303 grants from confiscations, i, 329; ii, 362, 380, 381, 385 annuls statutes restricting Inqn., i, 365 deprives familiars of arms, i, 404 asserts right to public office, i, 415 grants the _fuero_ to servants, i, 432, 434 suspends cédula of 1518, i, 435 _firma_ served on him, i, 451 abolishes passive _fuero_, i, 466 offer to him as to confiscations, i, 583 memorial to him from Granada, i, 585 executes Bp. Acuña, ii, 44 his orders to receivers, ii, 191 protects Virués, ii, 127; iii, 418 empowers inspectors, ii, 228 on _limpieza_, ii, 289 confirms grants by heretics, ii, 328 less liberal than Ferdinand, ii, 348 enforces exclusive jurisdiction, ii, 352 his concession to the Guimeras, ii, 354 orders release of galley-slaves, ii, 412 seeks canonries for Inqn., ii, 424 regulates prison expenses, ii, 530 on suppression of witnesses' names, ii, 550 on punishment of false-witness, ii, 556 hesitates as to galley-service, iii, 141 on enforcement of disabilities, iii, 175 aids João III, iii, 241 Edicts of Grace for Moriscos, iii, 328 his Granada edict, iii, 332 protects Conversos of Teruel, iii, 345 confirms coerced baptisms, iii, 351 orders baptism of Moors, iii, 352 his edict of expulsion, iii, 354 on Morisco confiscations, iii, 359 suspends Inqn. as to Moriscos, iii, 373 asks Inqn. to protect Moriscos, iii, 376 forbids Moriscos to change domicile, iii, 377 forbids butchering by Moriscos, iii, 381 suppresses Luther's books, iii, 413 favors Erasmus, iii, 414 urges extermination of Protestants, iii, 434 his list of prohibited authors, iii, 484 letter of January 25, 1550, iii, 565 on export of horses, iv, 278 confiscates for bigamy, iv, 316 evades complaints as to blasphemy, iv, 330 confines usury to secular courts, iv, 374 results of his reign, iv, 474 his devoutness, iv, 499 his death, ii, 57

Charles le Chauve sends for relics, i, 47

Charles II (Navarre) and his Moors, iii, 317

Charles II (England), his treaty with Philip IV, iii, 470

Charles IX (France) complains of arrests of Frenchmen, iii, 459

Charms, curative, iv, 186, 188, 201

Châteaubriand prepares French intervention, iv, 445 strives to repair mischief, iv, 451 protests against Inqn., iv, 454

Chaves, Fr. Diego de, iv, 257, 259

Child-bed, removal from prison during, ii, 505, 524

Children, baptism of Jewish, i, 93 of Moriscos, iii, 380 prosecution of, ii, 3, 321; iii, 150, 161, 206 must denounce parents, ii, 485 of heretics, provision for, ii, 336, 528 their impoverishment a benefit, ii, 336 of accused can consult counsel, iii, 44 refused access to counsel, iii, 48 of dead, their citation, iii, 83 disabilities of, iii, 172 Morisco, detained, iii, 395, 399, 401, 403

Chinchilla, Juan, case of, ii, 468, iii, 190

Christiá, Pablo, disputes with Nachmanides, i, 90

Christian co-operation with Saracens, i, 49, 52, 56 converts to Islam, i, 49 Love, confraternity of, ii, 285 Moriscos expelled, iii, 403, 409

Christianity, hatred of, inspired, iii, 321, 330

Christianization of Moriscos, iii, 365

Christians under Saracen rule, i, 45 not to be burnt alive, iii, 192 burnt as _negativos_, iii, 287

Christina of Sweden favors Molinos, iv, 49, 54

Chrysostom, St. John, on Jews, i, 37

_Chuetas_, ii, 312

Church, the, its immunities, i, 11 on forcible conversion, i, 41; iii, 348 seeks to estrange the races, i, 55, 64, 68, 72, 75 on Jews, i, 74, 81, 86 revenues derived from Jews, i, 86 condemnation of usury, i, 96; iv, 372 burden of Inqn. thrown on, i, 331; ii, 423 its claim on confiscations, ii, 316, 318 its responsibility for burning, iii, 183 hostility to it in 1820-3, iv, 439 used to enforce passive obedience, iv, 444 its wealth, iv, 488, 493, 495 its oppressiveness, iv, 492 its influence, iv, 498, 507

Churches, asylum in, i, 421 _sanbenitos_ hung in, iii, 165 autos held in, iii, 221 judgements of blood in, iii, 223 for Moriscos, iii, 366 pollution of, iv, 130 profanation of, iv, 503

Churrucca persecutes Moriscos, iii, 347 investigates conversions, iii, 350

Cibò, Card., on mystics, iv, 56

Cid, the, i, 1, 11, 53

_Cientos_, iv, 479

Cifuentes, church of, objects to _sanbenitos_, iii, 168

Circumcision of New Christians, i, 151 as evidence, ii, 566

Ciruelo on jurisdiction over sorcery, iv, 184 on astrology, iv, 192 on punishment for sorcery, iv, 197 on the Sabbat, iv, 220

_Cirujano y barbero_, ii, 249

Cisneros, Leonor de, iii, 429, 441

Cistercians subjected to Inqn. ii, 31

Citation of children of dead, iii, 83 of the absent, iii, 87 to Rome, ii, 118

Cities represented in Córtes, i, 2 assigned as prison, ii, 508

Ciudad Real, tribunal of, i, 166, 544 its activity, i, 167; iii, 82; iv, 520 persecution of Conversos, i, 126 New Christians denied office, i, 128

Civil law, confiscation in, ii, 316

Claims, buying up of, i, 265, 270, 430 of creditors of heretics, ii, 328

Clementines, rules in the, ii, 5 canon on usury, i, 95

_Clamosa_, the, ii, 489

Clara, Beata,, case of, iv, 91

Clasquerin, Archbp., on sorcerers, iv, 182

Class privileges, i, 375

Classification of heresy, ii, 4 of authors, iii, 500 of propositions, iv, 139

Cleanliness as evidence, ii, 566; iii, 329

Clemencin, Dom, on decline of printing, iv, 530

Clément, Joseph, his mission, iv, 293, 307, 390

Clement III favors Jews, i, 81

Clement IV rebukes Jaime I, i, 70, 91

Clement V subjects Jews of Toledo to the chapter, i, 94

Clement VI strives to arrest massacres, i, 101

Clement VII on absolution for occult heresy, ii, 20 his policy as to regulars, ii, 31, 32 limited jurisdiction over bps., ii, 45 renounces appellate jurisdiction, ii, 126 appeals for Francisco Ortiz, ii, 127; iv, 12 forbids taxes on confiscations, ii, 353 action as to Portuguese Inqn., iii, 239, 240 as to Valencia Moors, iii, 351, 352 as to Moriscos, iii, 371, 376 as to Lutherans, iii, 422, 423 brief of July 15, 1531, iii, 563 grants jurisdiction over unnatural crime, iv, 363 withdraws usury from Inqn., iv, 374

Clement VIII asserts episcopal cognizance of heresy, ii, 8 asserts appellate jurisdiction, ii, 132 on age of inqrs., ii, 236 commutes relapse, iii, 261 prohibits defamatory writings, iii, 531 confirms jurisdiction over regulars, ii, 36 heresies treated as relapse, iii, 201 insists on denunciation of accomplices, ii, 462; iii, 373 on ecclesiastical jurisdiction, iii, 534 relaxation for personating priesthood, iv 340

Clement IX sustains the Majorca Church, i, 502

Clement X suspends Portuguese Inqn., iii, 288

Clement XI, his instructions to Vidal Marin, i, 302; ii, 175, 178 tries Toro of Oviedo, ii, 88; iv, 73 condemns use of Bible, iii, 529

Clement XII condemns Masonry, iv, 299

Clement XIII condemns Mesengui's Catechism, i, 320

Clergy, their character, i, 9, 10; iv, 496, 508 their immunity, i, 17, 345; iv, 497 their inviolability, i, 367 as tax-collectors, i, 99 taxed in kingdoms of Aragon, i, 375, 379 not to be familiars, i, 443, 454 leniency towards, iii, 100; iv, 368 arrests and sentences require confirmation, ii. 184, 185 confiscation of, ii, 318 levy on, for Inqn., ii, 426 subject to torture, iii, 13 sentenced in audience-chamber, iii, 96 spiritual penance for, iii, 132 circular discipline for, iii, 138 exempt from galleys, iii, 140 not exposed in autos, iii, 180 formal heresy in, iii, 181 judgements of blood forbidden to, iii, 184 tried for treason by Inqn., iv, 275 alienated by Córtes of Cádiz, iv, 413 resist the suppression of Inqn., iv, 414 hostility to, in 1820-3, iv, 439 their numbers, iv 489, 492, 493 refuse to reveal their wealth, iv, 494 of Majorca, obtain papal brief, i, 499 triumph over Inqn., i, 503

Clericalism, influence of, iv, 488, 498

_Clericis laico_, bull, i, 375

Clíment, Bp., of Barcelona, iv, 293

Clothes of relapsed confiscated, ii, 337 supplied to prisoners, ii, 528

Coaches, trouble over, in Logrono, i, 531

Coadjutorships with reversion, ii, 222

Coast-guard duty of familiars, i, 412

Coasts unprotected, iii, 383

Code, penal, on toleration, iv, 470

_Coelestis Pastor_, bull, iv, 59 circulated in Spain, iv, 68

_Coeli et Terræ_, bull, iv, 189

Coello, Juana, iv, 254, 255, 266, 270

_Cæna Domini_, bull in, ii, 19

Coercion in baptism, i, 41; iii, 349

Coffer of three keys, ii, 450, 452

_Cofradia de S. Pedro Martir_, ii, 282

Coinage, Spanish, i, 560 debased under Henry IV, i, 7 violation of laws on, i, 438 debasement of, iv, 482 Inqn. invoked, iv, 283 Mariana's attack on it, iv, 273

Coins, baptism of, iv, 199

_Colegios de Familiares_, ii, 282

Collection of debts, i, 434 through Inqn., i, 266 of _media añata_, i, 378 of confiscations, ii, 341

College for Moriscos, iii, 366, 367, 369, 379 of Santiago in Huesca, i, 456

Colleges, limpieza required by, ii, 298

Colonial tribunals, their finances, i, 332 remittance, seizure of, i, 333

Colonies, New Christians in, iii, 280 contribute to Suprema, ii, 200

Comets, superstition as to, iv, 530

Commentaries of Carranza, ii, 55, 56, 59, 73, 83, 85

Commerce, damage to, ii, 331, 386, 446, 462, 506, 511, 514

Commercial operations of Inqn., i, 176, 389

Commission paid to informers, ii, 323

Commissions of inqrs.-genl., i, 303 Lutheranism included, iii, 423 solicitation included, iv, 99 sorcery included, iv, 189 of inquisitors, ii, 595 issued by inqrs., ii, 218 of familiars, i, 409, 516 renewal of, ii, 162 for discovering hidden property, i, 268 to investigate New Christians, i, 156 on secular business, i, 468 of absolution, papal, ii, 106 military, their cruelty, iv, 452

Commissioners, ii, 268 their appointment, ii, 237 their fees, ii, 271 take ratifications, ii, 544 cannot form competencias, i, 444 must be present at autos, iii, 214 in investigating limpieza, ii, 302 instructions as to witchcraft, iv, 237 temporary, ii, 272

Communion, daily, taught by Molinos, iv, 51

Commutation of punishment, ii, 402, 408; iii, 161 grants of, ii, 410

_Companhia da Bolsa_, iii, 282

Competencia in 1530, i, 268 difficulty of settling, i, 481, 524 delays caused by, i, 464, 512, 525 formula of i, 518, 519 refusal of, i, 513, 516, 522 in bigamy cases, iv, 319 courtesy displayed, iv, 432

Complaints of Inqn. punished, iv, 515

Compositions for confiscation, i, 236, 267, 331; ii, 353 their violation, ii, 355 the great one of Seville, ii, 357 for individuals, ii, 356 for imperfect confession, ii, 460 for immunity, iii, 362 for military service, i, 334

Compurgation, iii, 113 in trials of the absent, iii, 87

Comte, Juan, inq. of Barcelona, i, 261, 263

Comuneros of 1820-3, iv, 439

_Comunidades_, iv, 250 Inqn. not concerned in, i, 221

Concealment of finances, i, 330, 332 of property, ii, 322

Conception, the Immaculate, iv, 174, 359

Conclusion of case, iii, 71

Concordat of 1737, iv, 493 of 1753, iv, 291

_Concordia Compromisoria_ of 1465, i, 123

Concordia of Castile, in 1553, i, 436 familiars in, ii. 275, 277 asked for by Aragon, i, 450 of Aragon in 1512, i, 270 confirmed by Ferdinand, i, 274 in 1520, i, 282 its guarantees, i, 465 ignored by Inqn., i, 283, 472 on jurisdiction, i, 432 on familiars, ii, 274 on violation of compositions, ii, 356 on bigamy, iv, 317 on blasphemy, iv, 329 on usury, iv, 373 of 1519, i, 276 of 1520, i, 466 of 1568, i, 442, 454 its printing forbidden, i, 445

Concordia of 1568 made a _fuero_, i, 455 on witnesses, i, 492 on commissioners, ii, 270 on familiars, ii, 281 of Zapata, i, 474 of 1646, i, 460, 464 of 1554 for Valencia, i, 440 Morisco, of 1528, iii, 357, 376, 378

Concordias, their observance commanded, i, 483

Concubinage of clergy, i, 10, 16; iv, 496

Concurrence, episcopal, i, 159, 230; ii, 11; iii, 71 effort to avoid it, ii, 14 its necessity, ii, 16 its decline, ii, 18; iii, 74

Concurrent witnesses required, ii, 562

Condemned, efforts to convert the, iii, 196

Conditions justifying torture, iii, 6 of patient in torture, iii, 14

Conditional acquittal, iii, 106

_Con el Rey y la Inquisition, chiton!_ iv, 515

Confession, judicial, ii, 569 urgency to induce it, ii, 570 spontaneous, ii, 571 must be complete, ii, 573 imperfect, ii, 353; iii, 199 time of, ii, 580; iii, 143, 191 variable, ii, 582 revocation of, ii, 582; iii, 10, 200 relaxation after, iii, 190 under torture, ii, 581; iii, 26 must be ratified, iii, 27 retraction of, iii, 28 useless in relapse, iii, 202 under Edict of Grace, ii, 457, 459, 605 of witches, iv, 219, 223, 231, 232, 235, 237

Confession, sacramental, its divine origin, iii, 412 of heresy, i, 234; ii, 20 of prisoners, ii, 521 denied to _negativos_, iii, 198 not to be heard in houses, iv, 96 seal of, ii, 24; iv, 31, 377

Confessional, the, introduced, iv, 96 indecency in, by mystics, iv, 25, 31 its use in censorship, iii, 490 seduction in, see Solicitation

Confessional letters, ii, 104, 590

Confessions heard by laymen, iv, 344

Confessors, inqrs. are not, ii, 21 of tribunals, ii, 249 licensed to absolve for heresy, ii, 22, 24 elicit information as to property, ii, 322 require penitents to obey the Index, iii, 490 to denounce solicitors, iv, 101, 108

Confessors, royal, their influence, iv, 498 are members of Suprema, i, 323

Confidence, destruction of, ii, 91, 100

Confinement not solitary, ii, 518

Confirmation of commissions, ii, 162 of sentences, ii, 184

Confiscation, demanded by Ferdinand, i, 158 at Cordova, i, 191 of offices, i, 192 evils of, i, 218; ii, 343, 386; iv 504 offers for its suppression, i, 219, 221, 583; ii, 368 compositions for, see Composition complaints of, in Valencia, i, 236 extensive, in Aragon, i, 256 debts of estates, i, 266 controlled by Suprema, i, 329 concealed from crown, i, 330 reclaimed by crown, i, 331, 336 revert to Inqn., i, 337 jurisdiction over, ii, 209 the most deterrent penalty, ii, 316, 336 included in sentence, ii, 318 operates from first act of heresy, ii, 316, 325, 331, 339, 348 in reconciliation, ii, 320; iii, 149 its enforcement, ii, 321, 334, 335, 341 professional informers, ii, 323 estates of the dead, ii, 327; iii, 82 creditors and debtors, ii, 328 dowries, ii, 332, 599 system of collection, ii, 341 of alienated property, ii, 339 of persons of heretics, ii, 340 Valencia court of, ii, 330 abuses, ii, 346 no appeal from Inqn., ii, 349 insurance against, ii, 353 productiveness, ii, 367 waste of property, ii, 363, 364, 370 malversation, ii, 365 use made of its products, ii, 371 grants from, i, 187; ii, 373, 380 investments from, ii, 433, 442 stimulus to condemn, ii, 377 prosecution of the wealthy, ii, 385 becomes obsolete, ii, 370 distinguished from penances, ii, 393 replaced by penance, ii, 394 of 1679 in Majorca, i, 335; iii, 306; iv, 512 of Morisco property, iii, 359 annual payment substituted, i, 331; iii, 361 of expelled Moriscos, iii, 409 Valencia register of, i, 581 for bigamy, iv, 316, 317 sequestration a preliminary, ii, 503 razing houses, iii, 129

Confiscation, account of a receiver, ii, 600 in Portugal, iii, 260, 281

Conflicts of jurisdiction, i, 427 in Valencia, i, 439 in Aragon, i, 450 in Catalonia, i, 465 in Majorca, i, 484 in Castile, i, 485 with spiritual courts, i, 493 with army, i, 504 methods of settlement, i, 517 See also _Competencias_.

Confrontation, ii, 553

Conjurators, iii, 113, 117

_Congregation de S. Pedro Martir_, ii, 282 presided over by Fernando VII, iv, 431 _Católica_, i, 207

Conjurations, iv, 188, 199, 203

Conquests by husband and wife, ii, 334

Conscience, jurisdiction over, ii, 19

Conscription, exemptions from, i, 414

Consent in solicitation not enquired into, iv, 122

_Consejeros de la tarde_, i, 323; ii, 195

_Consejo de la Suprema y General Inquisicion_, i, 173 _de Poblaciones_, iii, 340

Conspiracy of San Bias, iv, 303

Constantinople, Council of, on Jews, i, 39

Constitution of Bayonne, iv, 400 of Cádiz, iv, 406 restrictions on the crown, iv, 421 abrogated by Fernando VII, iv, 422 revived in 1820, iv, 436 in 1836, iv, 469

_Consulta Magna_, the, i, 512

_Consulta de fe_, ii, 266; iii, 72 preliminary, ii, 489 before _auto de fe_, iii, 210 votes on torture, iii, 4 its action, iii, 73 its obsolescence, ii, 268; iii, 74 fiscal present in, ii, 481 its service, iii, 75

Consultation of demons, ii, 170, 173

_Consultores_, ii, 266 their appointment, ii, 267 their functions, iii, 71, 73 become unnecessary, iii, 74 are not officials, i, 443 diminished number of, ii, 216

Contemplation, iv, 1, 6, 19, 28 condemned in Seville, iv, 30 taught by Molinos, iv, 50, 52 by S. François de Sales, iv, 62 its results, iv, 55, 74

_Contestes_, ii, 562

Continence, test of, iv, 2, 9, 10, 34

Contraband tobacco, search for, i, 425 trade, facilities for, i, 385

_Contrafuero_, cry of, i, 451; iv, 259

Contracts of heretics, ii, 325 of peace and truce, i, 445

Contreras, Ant. de, disregards quarantine, i, 264

Contumacy, absence is, iii, 86 proves heresy, iii, 89

Conventicles, houses used as, iii, 128

Convents used as prisons, iii, 151, 154 reclusion in, iii, 180 _autillos_ held in, iii, 221 their multiplication, iv, 490 have licences for prohibited books, iii, 503

Conversion, forcible, doctrine of, i, 41; iii, 347 efforts at, i, 63 by preaching authorized, i, 91 in massacre of 1391, i, 111 of Jews in 1413, i, 118 checked by Inqn., i, 131 of Moors of Granada, iii, 319 of Valencian Moors, iii, 348, 355 of Moriscos, iii, 365 at autos, iii, 191, 193, 216, 218 after sentence, iii, 193, 194, 197 efforts to obtain, iii, 196 confirmed by torture, iii, 11

_Conversos_, see New Christians

Converts, favor shown to, i, 63 to Judaism, iii, 293 from Protestantism, iii, 476

Convicts transferred for execution, iii, 222 effort to convert, iii, 191, 196; iv, 525

Copper coinage, i, 564

_Cordeles_, iii, 19

Córdova, massacres of Jews, i, 51, 115 persecution of New Christians, i, 128 its tribunal, i, 166, 544 its inquisitors, i, 190 its struggle with Lucero, i, 192 ceremonial in the mass, i, 361 persecution of provisor of, i, 495 dispute over a house, i, 528 Confraternity of Christian Love, ii, 285 exclusion of Conversos, ii, 290 benefices of its officials, ii, 420 its doctoral canonry, ii, 421 tortures used in, iii, 20 houses rebuilt, iii, 129 conversion of Moors, iii, 324 _Molinistas alumbrados_, iv, 71 its school of magic, iv, 180

Córdova, Sancho de, case of, ii, 29

Córdovan martyrs, relics of, i, 47

Coria, Council of, on clergy, iv, 496

_Corona_, coin, i, 561

_Coroza_, iii, 215

Corregidor of Logroño, his punishment, i, 351

Correspondence of Chamorro and Uliff, i, 133

Corsairs, their ravages, iii, 383

Corte, tribunal of, i, 545

Córtes of Castile, representation in, i, 2 resist papal patronage, i, 12 of 1380 on Jews, i, 77 of 1385 on Jews, i, 99 of 1387 on Jews and Moors, i, 77 of 1462 ask for trade with Jews, i, 122 never ask for Inqn., i, 154, 157 of 1523 renounce power, i, 33 complain of Inqn., i, 217, 220, 222, 485; ii, 14 ask for fixed salaries, ii, 349 complain of courts, ii, 468 of wealth of Church, iv, 489 of number of convents, iv, 490 of 1532 define Old Christians, ii, 288 of 1570 ask for teaching of astrology, iv, 192 of 1789 on the succession, iv, 463, 465 of Cádiz convoked in 1810, iv, 403 suppress benefices, ii, 445 on _sanbenitos_, iii, 171 grant freedom of press, iii, 543; iv, 404 adopt Constitution, iv, 406 struggle over the Inqn., iv, 407 prolonged debate, iv, 411 Inqn. informally suppressed, iv, 412 alienate the clergy, iv, 413 contest with chapter of Cádiz, iv, 414 of 1813-14, iv, 418 prescribe terms to Fernando VII, iv, 419 are ejected, iv, 422 of 1823 move to Seville and Cádiz, iv, 446 of 1833 acknowledge Isabella II, iv, 465

Córtes of Aragon, their independence, i, 229 accept Torquemada, i, 238 of 1510, their demands, i, 269 on usury, iv, 373, 374 on episcopal concurrence, ii, 14 of 1519, their articles, i, 276 of 1526, demands evaded, i, 455 of 1528 and 1533, grievances, i, 285, 286 of 1533, members threatened, i, 452 of 1547 and 1553, their complaints, i, 440, 453 of 1564, their complaints, i, 441 of 1585, ask for new Concordia, i, 454 of 1646, their victory, i, 458

Córtes of Valencia oppose Inqn., i, 239

Coruña, _noyade_ at, iv, 443

_Cosas arbitrarias_, ii, 401; iii, 173, 174, 179 _de Luteranos_, iii, 453

Cost of a tribunal, i, 478, 479; ii, 209 of _autos_ and _toros_, ii, 198 of maintaining prisoners, ii, 529, 532

Costs collected from the accused, ii, 533

Costa, Pastor de, his pension, ii, 252

Cote, Juan, case of, i, 300; ii, 348; iii, 102

Cotoner, Inqr., i, 424, 478

Council of Castile, its protests, i, 487, 489 on temporal jurisdiction, i, 510 evades royal order, i, 531 its opinion of Inqn., i, 532

Council of Aragon trifles with Philip IV, i, 418 sustains the Bishops, i, 501

Councils, royal, organized, i, 172

Counsel allowed to accused, iii, 42 his functions, iii, 44, 69 secrecy enforced on, ii, 474 furnished at public expense, ii, 467

Counterfeiting, extent of, i, 563 an excepted crime, i, 438

Couriers, expense of, ii, 179

Court of confiscation, ii, 330, 350 of Justicia of Aragon, i, 450 its conflicts with tribunal, i, 452, 454, 456 acquits Antonio Pérez, iv, 258

Courts, secular, of Castile, ii, 468 use of torture in, iii, 3

Courts, spiritual, limitations on, i, 15 procedure in, ii, 469, 470

Credit, destruction of, ii, 331

Creditors, claims of, ii, 328, 330, 331

_Creix_, ii, 334

Crime, heresy as, ii, 4 unnatural, iv, 361

Cristina, María, de Bourbon, iv, 462 is appointed regent, iv, 464 her enforced Liberalism, iv, 466

Criticism of Inqn. punishable, i, 372 captious, of censors, iii, 491

Croce, Giov. Gius. della, his mysticism, iv, 68

Cromwell demands freedom of conscience, iii, 469; iv, 501

Crops, division of, by Moriscos, iii, 377

Cross, the, of Casar de Palomero, i, 133 of the sanbenito, iii, 162 green, procession of, iii, 214 white, at _brasero_, iii, 216 irreverence to, iv, 353, 355

Crosses of Luisa de Carrion, iv, 38 green, of the relaxed, iii, 214

Cross-examination, none of accusing witnesses, ii, 542 of witnesses for defence, ii, 544 of witnesses in Aragon, ii, 466

Crossing, forms of, ii, 568

Crown, impoverishment of, i, 7 its relations with Inqn., i, 289 its appointing power, i, 158, 290, 298, 300, 302 enforces resignations, i, 304 its relations with Suprema, i, 322 loses control over finances, i, 330 reclaims confiscations, i, 331; ii, 317 its demands on Inqn., i, 332 claims salary from Suprema, ii, 196

Crucifix, irreverence to, iv, 333

Crudeli, Tomaso, his works condemned, iii, 547

Cruelty and benignity, iii, 99

Crusades, Jewish massacres caused by, i, 83, 88

Cruz, Gerónimo de la, on _limpieza_, ii, 306

Cruzada indulgence, complaints of, ii, 24; iv, 511

_Cruzado_, value of, i, 566

_Cuartel_, i, 399

Cuesta, la, brothers, their persecution, v, 296

Cuenca, aljama of, its usury, i, 97 Bp. of, deprived of his palace, ii, 207 composition for, ii, 356 tribunal of, i, 546 troubles in 1520, i, 221 refuses to pay taxes, i, 377 judges its own case, ii, 428 fines for overcoming torture, iii, 31 _sanbenitos_ hidden, iii, 168

Cult of uncanonized saints, iv, 356

_Cum quorundam_, bull, iii, 201

_Cum sicut dilecti_, brief, i, 499

_Curador_ for minors, iii, 50 present at sentence of torture, iii, 6 for the insane, iii, 59

_Curanderos_, punishment of, iv, 200

Cure of souls, benefices with, ii, 419

Cures, superstitious, iv, 188

Curia, the, its treatment of Portuguese Conversos, iii, 239

Cushions, inqrs. deprived of, i, 364

_Custos morum_, Inqn. as, iv, 376

Customs duties, exemption from, i, 376, 384 Jewish and Moslem, i, 145; ii, 565

Cyril, St., persecutes Jews, i, 38

Daimiel, Moriscos of, iii, 330

Dameto, Jorje, case of, i, 500

Danger of using papal letters, ii, 105 of witnesses, ii, 550

Danger of denouncing solicitation, iv, 108 in mysticism, iv, 2

Daroca, tribunal of, i, 547

Date of heretical acts, ii, 325, 331, 348

Daubenton, Père, expels Alberoni, i, 318

Daughters, offices transmitted through, ii, 221

Davila Bp. of Segovia, case of, ii, 42

Day of judgement imitated in autos, iii, 209

Dead Hand, the, iv, 489

Dead, trials of the, iii, 80 suspension forbidden, iii, 109 form of sentence, iii, 85 reconciliation, iii, 149 confiscation of estates, ii, 327 property not sequestrated, ii, 503

Dean of Suprema, ii, 166

Death in prison, ii, 510, 522; iii, 197, 285 trial continued, iii, 85 through torture, iii, 23 during auto, iii, 218 of owners of libraries, iii, 502, 504 mystic, of Molinos, iv, 49

Death-penalty for Masonry, iv, 299 for seducing female prisoners, ii, 524 commuted for galley-service, iii, 139 confiscation equivalent to, ii, 316

Death-sentences reported in advance, iii, 187

_De Auxiliis_, controversy over, iv, 160

Debtors excommunicated, ii, 322 imprisoned, ii, 340

Debts of heretics, ii, 325, 328 of confiscated estates, i, 266 due to confiscated estates, i, 270 due to Jews, i, 103, 115 to _reconciliados_ repudiated, ii, 335 of familiars, i, 453 buying up of, i, 430 collected through Inqn., i, 266, 434

Decadence and Extinction, iv, 385 change under the Bourbons, iv, 386 influence of Philip V, and his sons, iv, 387 rapid decadence, iv, 388 limitations under Carlos III, iv, 389 influence of French Revolution, iv, 390 amelioration of procedure, iv, 392 suppression proposed, iv, 394 the French invasion, iv, 399 Inqn. supports Napoleon, iv, 400 suppressed by Napoleon, iv, 401 condition during the war, iv, 402 the Córtes of Cádiz, iv, 403 struggle over the Inqn., iv, 407 Inqn. informally suppressed, iv, 412 protests of the clergy, iv, 414 reaction after the war, iv, 418

Decadence, restoration of Fernando VII, iv, 420 Inqn. re-established, iv, 424 financial troubles, iv, 426 resumes its functions, iv, 429 comparative feebleness, iv, 431 abolition decreed in 1820, iv, 436 French intervention, iv, 447 Fernando keeps it suspended, iv, 453 condition in 1830, iv, 459 replaced by _Juntas de fe_, iv, 460 final dissolution in 1834, iv, 467

Deceit forbidden, iii, 70

Decrees suppressing the Inqn., iv, 436 468, 541, 543, 545 royal, require assent of Suprema, i, 325

Defalcations of receivers, ii, 451, 454

Defamatory writings prohibited, iii, 531

Defaulters, receivers as, ii, 451, 454

Defence, facilities for, denied, ii, 482 suppression of witnesses' names, ii, 552; iii, 66 witnesses for the, ii, 539 treatment of evidence, ii, 543 advocates allowed, iii, 43 perfunctory character of, iii, 56 pleas in abatement, iii, 57 by _tachas_ and _abonos_, iii, 64 of non-baptism, iii, 69 in trials of the dead, iii, 84 no prescription of time against, iii, 89

Defendant entitled to his own court, i, 430 466 deprived of his own court, i, 467

_Defensor de oficio_, iii, 542

Definition of limpieza, ii, 288, 297 of solicitation, iv, 100, 112

Degradation of clerics, i, 179; iii, 181 for marriage in orders, iv, 339

Degrees, Conversos ineligible to, ii, 287

_Dejamiento_, iv, 4, 8, 9 of Molinos, iv, 50

Delation, habit of, ii, 99; iv, 138, 515

Delay in confession, ii, 580

Delays in trials, iii, 40, 75 forbidden by Ferdinand, i, 187 complaints of, i, 226; iii, 77 caused by temporal jurisdiction, i, 509, 512 by competencias, i, 525 by ratification, ii, 548 by evidence for defence, iii, 67 of Suprema in deciding cases, ii, 182 forbidden in trials of the dead, iii, 84 in cases of absentees, iii, 90 in expurgation, iii, 497, 508

Delegates of bishops, ii, 12

Delusion in Mysticism, iv, 79 in witchcraft, iv, 208, 212, 217, 219, 229, 231, 237

Demoniacal possession, iv, 348 jurisdiction, iv, 349 epidemics, iv, 350 imposture, iv, 351

Demoniacs, their utterances, ii, 134 their responsibility, iv, 349

Demons, revelations of, ii, 134 consultation of, ii, 170, 173 invocation of, iv, 199 pact with, iv, 185 illusive relations with, iv, 220

Denial of intention, ii, 576

Denial, pertinacity in, ii, 585; iii, 198

Denmark, treaty of commerce, iii, 467

_De no obstancia_, certificates of, iii, 178

Denunciation, Edict of, ii, 91 habit of, ii, 99 duty of, i, 168; ii, 93, 96, 485 in solicitation, iv, 101, 106 two required, iv, 120, 123 of accomplices, ii, 460, 462, 577; iii, 371 of self, ii, 571; iv, 130 of prohibited books, iii, 482, 490 danger relieves from duty, iv, 108 threats of, iv, 348

Depopulation, causes of, ii, 309; iv, 478

_Depositario_ of sequestrations, ii, 499 _de los pretendientes_, ii, 304 sale of, ii, 214 delay in rendering accounts, ii, 449 money used to replace _sanbenitos_, iii, 170

Deposits in coffer, delays allowed, ii, 453

Deposition of Avila, i, 4

_Deputados_ of Portuguese Inqn., iii, 262

_Derecho de Inquisicion_, iii, 520

Descendants of dead to be cited, iii, 84

Descendants, disabilities of, iii, 172, 557 of penitents, their hardships, iii, 177

Despatch urged in trials, iii, 76, 78

_Despoblados_, iv, 482 caused by confiscation, ii, 364

Details, supervision over by Suprema, ii, 184 suppressed in publication, iii, 54

Deterioration of officials, iv, 388

Devolutionary appeals, ii, 187

Deza, Diego, his Jewish blood, i, 120 appointed inq.-genl., i, 180 action in the case of Lucero, i, 196, 201, 202, 203 compelled to resign, i, 205 forbids officials to trade, i, 534 orders Edict of Denunciation, ii, 92 appeals referred to, ii, 116

Deza, Pedro de, his action in Granada, iii, 335 urges depopulation, iii, 339

Diana and Herodias, iv, 208

Díaz, Bernardino, case of, ii, 123, 550

Díaz, Blanquina, case of, ii, 122

Díaz, Froilan, case of, ii, 169

_Diccionario crítico-burlesco_, iv, 409

Diego de Uceda, case of, ii, 288, 553; iii, 28, 66, 415

_Diminucio_, ii, 573, 578; iii, 10, 199

_Dinerillo_, i, 566

_Dinero_, value of, i, 565

Diogo da Annunciasam, his sermon, iii, 302

Diputados of Aragon, i, 271 coerced by Inqn., i, 274 their powers restricted, iv, 270

Disabilities of Jews and Moors, i, 77, 95, 117, 119, 121, 124 of penitents, iii, 172 under Edict of Grace, i, 170 of Conversos, ii, 286 of culprits, ii, 401 of descendants, iii, 172, 177, 557 of Mallorquin New Christians, ii, 314 enforced by Inqn., iii, 175 fine for disregard of, iii, 179 composition for, ii, 358 removal of, ii, 407

Disabling of witnesses, iii, 64, 68

Disarmament of Moriscos, iii, 332, 378

Disarming a familiar, case of, i, 405

Disbursements under royal authority, i, 329

Discharge without sentence, iii, 112

Discipline, the, iii, 135; iv, 116 circular, iii, 138, 181

Discipline, relaxation of, ii, 225 in perpetual prisons, iii, 152, 154, 155

_Discordia_, ii, 163, 179 as to arrests, ii, 185 between calificadores, ii, 487

Discourtesy, prosecution for, ii, 132

Discretion as to torture, iii, 10, 30

Dismissal, power of, by inq.-genl., i, 177 controlled by Ferdinand, i, 291

Disobedience of Inqn., i, 616

Disorder of records, ii, 258

Dispensations, ii, 401 sale of, ii, 408 for lack of limpieza, ii, 297 for familiars, ii, 279 _en lo arbitrario_, ii, 408 from imprisonment, iii, 160 episcopal, iv, 396 papal, ii, 402, 405, 406 for non-residence, i, 303, 307; ii, 415

_Dispensero_, ii, 249, 526

Disputations between Jew and Christian, i, 90, 118 scholastic, iv, 150, 159

Disqualification of witnesses, ii, 536, 538

Disregard of papal letters, ii, 106, 108, 131

Disrepute of Barcelona tribunal, i, 481

Dissipation of the confiscations, ii, 434

Districts of tribunals, ii, 206 visitation of, ii, 238

Divination, punishment of, iv, 182

_Dobla de la banda_, i, 560

_Doblon_, i, 561

Doctoral canonries, ii, 421

Documents of the Inqn., i, 159

Dog, funeral rites for, iv, 432

Dogmatizers, fate of, iii, 200

_Doli capaces_, ii, 3

Dolores, Beata, case of, iv, 89

Domination of Inqn., iv, 513, 516

Dominicans employ Jewish physicians, i, 75 as inqrs., ii, 234 member of Suprema, i, 323 subjected to Inqn., ii, 31 on exclusion of New Christians, ii, 288 deny Immaculate Conception, iv, 359 persecuted by Inqn., iv, 380

_Donec corrigatur_, iii, 484

Don Quixote, correction of, iv, 16

_Dos de Mayo_, iv, 399

Doubts solved by torture, iii, 33

Dowry of Catholic wife, i, 270, 286; ii, 325, 328 illustrative cases, ii, 332, 333 husband liable for wife's, ii, 334, 341 receipt given for, ii, 599 office regarded as, ii, 221

Dozy, his view of the Cid, i, 53

Dread inspired by Inqn., iv, 514, 516 of imprisonment, ii, 511

Dream-expounding, iv, 185

Drunkenness, inquiry as to, iii, 63

Dryander, Franciscus, iii, 424

Ducat, value of, i, 560

Duels forbidden to clergy, i, 11 subjection to Inqn. suggested, iv, 379

Duns Scotus on coerced baptism, iii, 349

Durango, tribunal of, i, 547

Durango, Vidau, i, 251, 256

Duration of torture, iii, 22 of imprisonment, iii, 159

Dutch, privileges granted to the, iii, 463, 465, 467 struggles in Brazil, iii, 262 aided by Portuguese refugees, iii, 279

Eboli, Princess of, iv, 254

Eckart, Master, case of, ii, 30; iv, 2

Ecclesiastical jurisdiction limited, i, 15

Ecclesiastics, see Clergy

Ecija, milder treatment of Judaism in, iii, 236

Edict of Faith, ii, 91, 587 as issued in 1696, ii, 93 solemnities of publication, ii, 94

Edict published in visitations, ii, 239 its distribution, ii, 97 its effectiveness, ii, 98, 486; iv, 516 gradual disuse, ii, 98 includes Lutheranism, iii, 422 prohibited books, iii, 482 mysticism, iv, 18, 24 solicitation, iv, 103, 104, 105 sorcery, iv, 184 astrology, iv, 194 export of horses, iv, 280 blasphemy, iv, 329

Edict of Grace, i, 165; ii, 457, 604 its conditions, ii, 459; iii, 371 penalties under, i, 169, 243, 337 sanbenitos of the reconciled under, iii, 165, 167 its advantages, ii, 460 shunned by Conversos, ii, 461; iii, 274 confession in, ii, 571 for mystics, iv, 30 for witches, iv, 211, 226, 228, 230 causes witch-craze, iv, 234 in Navarre, i, 224 in Barcelona, i, 263 in Majorca, i, 267 none in Saragossa, i, 244 for Moriscos, iii, 328, 371 revived in 1815, ii, 463 in Portugal, iii, 274

Edict of 1572, for Moriscos, iii, 340 of Morisco expulsion, iii, 394, 398, 400 of expurgation, iii, 498 prohibiting book, iii, 573

Edicts, reading of, in churches, i, 359

Education abroad prohibited, iii, 449 after expulsion of Jesuits, iv, 294

Edward I banishes Jews, i, 83

Efficacy of inquisitorial process, ii, 482

Effigies of dead burnt, iii, 81 reconciliation of, iii, 85, 149 preparation of, iii, 215 carried in autos, iii, 91, 226 relaxed in churches, iii, 223 no plea for mercy for, iii, 188

Egidio, Dr., case of, iii, 424, 445

Egiza exterminates Judaism, i, 43

_Ejercicio de las tres Potencias_, iv, 17

Elna, Bp. of, resists Inqn., i, 268

_Elches_, iii, 320

_El Español Constitucional_, iii, 544

Elizabeth, Queen, intercedes for a galley-slave, iii, 460

Elvira, Council of, on Jews, i, 37

Elvira del Campo, case of, iii, 24, 233

Embargo, ii, 504

Embezzlement, ii, 365, 451, 454

_Embustero_ in mysticism, iv, 82 in sorcery, iv, 197, 201

Emigration of Conversos forbidden, i, 183 forbidden in Aragon, i, 246 of Portuguese forbidden, iii, 271, 303 permission for, sold, iii, 271, 277 to France, iii, 271, 278 of Moriscos forbidden, iii, 378

Emmerich, Katherine, iv, 94

_Empleomanía_, iv, 485

Ems, Congress of, iv, 292

_Enchiridion Militis Christiani_, iii, 412, 414

Encubierto, el, iv, 253

_Endemoniadas_, iv, 350 consulted in behalf of Carlos II, ii, 170

Endowment, scanty, of Inqn., i, 293; ii, 433

Enemies sought as witnesses, iii, 65

Energumens, iv, 351

Enforcement of sentences, iii, 101

England, Carranza's labors in, ii, 49 treaties with, iii, 332, 464, 466, 470 protests against visitas de navíos, iii, 515, 517, 518 witchcraft in, iv, 246 burning of women, iv, 526 Inqn. in, iv, 532

Englishmen, privileges granted to, iii, 464, 467

English sailors prosecuted, iii, 462, 463

Enguera, Juan, Inq.-genl. of Aragon, i, 180 swears to Concordia, i, 271

_En juicio plenario_, ii, 545

Enmity disqualifies witness, ii, 538; iii, 64, 68 disregarded, iv, 156

Enmity towards Jews, iii, 272, 290

Enríquez, Ana, case of, iii, 90, 299

_Ensalmadores_, iv, 180

Enslavement of Moriscos, iii, 338

Enzinas, Francisco de, iii, 424

Epidemics of demoniacal possession, iv, 350 of witchcraft, iv, 214, 234

Episcopal Inquisition at work, i, 153; iv, 461 courts succeed the Inqn., iv, 468 jurisdiction, i, 497; ii, 5 concurrence, see Concurrence

_Episcopi_, canon, iv, 209, 217, 220, 239

_Epocha de Calomarde_, iv, 464

_Epocha de Chaperon_, iv, 453

Eppinger, Elizabeth, iv, 93

Equality of judges and inqrs., i, 520

Erasmists, their persecution, iii, 415

Erasmus, his freedom of utterance, iii, 412 his means of support, iii, 417

Errors ascribed to mysticism, iv, 24

_Escalera_, iii, 19

Escape from prison, ii, 513 from penitential prison, iii, 103

Escobar on _limpieza_, ii, 300, 309 on penalties of descendants, iii, 177 on single witnesses, ii, 562

Escobedo, Juan de, his murder, iv, 254

Escorial, its library expurgated, iii, 499

_Escudo_, coin, i, 561

Espada y Landa, Bp., accused of Masonry, iv, 305

España, Count de, iv, 444, 457

España, lodge, iv, 303

Esperandeu, Juan de, i, 251, 256, 596

Espina, Alonso de, his Fortalicium Fidei, i, 36, 75, 149 on the Sabbat, iv, 209

Espina, Alonso de, inq. of Barcelona, i, 263

Espino, Dr., attacks Jesuits, iv, 380

Espinosa, Diego de, Inq.-genl., i, 306; iii, 334

_Espontaneados_, ii, 571 spared public penance, i, 232 in solicitation, iv, 130 in witchcraft, iv, 236 confiscation enforced, ii, 320, 321

Estates of dead confiscated, ii, 327 confiscated, debts of, i, 266 books belonging to, iii, 502, 504 claims of Church on, iv, 488

Estella, tribunal of, i, 227, 547

_Estilo_ of Inqn., ii, 475

Estrées, Card. d', favors Borri, iv, 45 persecutes Molinos, iv, 51, 54

Ethenard, Raimundo, iv, 400, 407, 459

Estrada, Duke of, his torture, iii, 3

Etiquette, contests over, i, 359

Eugenius IV, oppresses the Jews, i, 119

Eulogio, St., of Córdova, i, 46

Evangelical Alliance stops persecution, iv, 470

Evidence, ii, 535 how obtained at Arjona, i, 212 for prosecution not sifted, ii, 543 its sufficiency, ii, 561 hearsay admitted, ii, 563 not to be investigated, iv, 261 ratification of, ii, 544 publication of, iii, 53 sufficient for torture, iii, 9 purged by torture, iii, 7, 30 for defence kept secret, ii, 543 obstructions to, iii, 64 carefully sought for, iii, 67 as to _limpieza_, ii, 300 against Judaizers, ii, 566; iii, 232 against Moriscos, iii, 329 against familiars, i, 447 in solicitation, iv, 120 in witchcraft, iv, 218, 235

Evils of temporal jurisdiction, i, 513

Examination of accused, iii, 70 of witnesses, ii, 479, 541 of imports, iii, 505 of book-shops and libraries, iii, 487, 495, 498, 574 in sorcery cases, iv, 196 of witches, iv, 218

Excellency, title of, contested, i, 358

Excepted crimes under Concordia, i, 436, 438

Exclusion from public office, i, 416 of foreigners, iii, 472 of Jews, iii, 311, 314

Excommunication, power of, i, 355 abuse of, i, 379, 484, 487, 489, 495, 511, 523 endurance of, proves heresy, i, 271; iii, 89 threats of, i, 519 in Edict of Faith, ii, 95 of the absent, iii, 86 of alcaldes de Corte, i, 382 of spiritual judges, i, 494 for concealing property, ii, 322 for refusal to burn heretics, iii, 185, 187

Excommunicates as witnesses, ii, 538

_Excusado_, iv, 494

Execution of sentence, ministerial, i, 354 of heretics compulsory, iii, 187 expenses of, iii, 187 under temporal jurisdiction, iii, 188

Executioners as torturers, iii, 17 bribery of, iii, 32 their fees, iii, 35 their skill, iii, 195

Executors, duty of, with regard to books, iii, 502

Exemptions, papal, issued in blank, ii, 110 from taxation, i, 376, 381; iv, 478 from billets of troops, i, 396 from prohibition to bear arms, i, 403 from military service, i, 412

Exempts, census of, ii, 217 number of clerical, iv, 493

Exequatur required for papal briefs, iii, 540

Exercises, spiritual, as penance, iii, 132

Exhumation, secret, special briefs for, i, 296 of heretic corpses, iii, 80

Exile, iii, 126 varieties of, iii, 127 infraction of, iii, 103, 128

Exiles, Jewish, their sufferings, i, 139 from Granada, their prosperity, iii, 341 Morisco, their fate, iii, 406

Exorcisers denounced, iv, 351

Exorcism of demons, ii, 170; iv, 349

Expatriation forbidden, i, 183, 246; iii, 238, 271

Expenses, offers to defray them, i, 220, 221 defrayed by the crown, i, 231, 293 met by penances, ii, 393 controlled by Suprema, ii, 189, 447 thrown on accused, ii, 494 of prisoners, ii, 528 of executions, iii, 187 of proving _limpieza_, ii, 302, 308

Experts, assembly of, ii, 265

_Exponi nobís_, bull, i, 275

Export of wheat from Aragon, i, 385 of horses, iv, 278 of books supervised, iii, 507

Expropriation of houses, ii, 207, 208

Expulsion of Jews in 1492, i, 135 of Moriscos proposed, iii, 390 determined on, iii, 392 terms of the edicts, iii, 394, 398, 401 of Protestants, iii, 572

Expurgation of books, iii, 484, 491, 492, 494, 497, 498

Expurgators, professional, iii, 497

_Exsurge Domine_, bull, iii, 184

External heresy, ii, 4

Extinction, decree of, 1834, iv, 545 See Decadence.

Extradition of heretics, i, 191, 253; iii, 278

Extremadura, tribunal of, i, 549 milder treatment of Judaizers, iii, 236 mystics of, iv, 20

Eymerich on friendship with Moors, i, 56 on mysticism, iv, 6 on sorcery, iv, 183

_Fabrica de Sevilla_, ii, 201

Factions, turbulent, in Valencia, i, 449

Faculties to absolve for heresy, ii, 24

Faith, Edict of, see Edict matter of, its significance, i, 357, 406 not interfered with, i, 294 Philip III intervenes in one, i, 300

Faith, prosecutions not of, ii, 257

False-witness, i, 223, 271; ii, 554 detected in ratification, ii, 547 cognizance of, ii, 555 few cases of, ii, 559 in cases of _limpieza_, ii, 304 in Portugal, iii, 287 in witchcraft cases, iv, 233

Fame, common, as to limpieza, ii, 300

Familiars not subject to secular law, i, 265

Familiars, exclusive jurisdiction over, i, 429, 432 435 their privileges, i, 465 claim exemption from taxation, i, 381 from billets of troops, i, 397 from military service, i, 412 right of asylum, i, 422 their right to bear arms, i, 403 their right to hold office, i, 419 relegated to secular courts, i, 435 under Concordia of Castile, i, 436 their character, i, 447 their _fuero_ in civil cases, i, 444 their _fuero_ limited, i, 516 their qualifications, i, 443, 454; ii, 275, 279, 280, 281, 294 as witnesses, i, 492 as bankrupts, i, 445 their advantages in trade, i, 535 as feudal vassals, i, 537 imprisoned for resigning, ii, 212 their numbers, i, 270, 273, 436, 440, 443, 453, 454, 462, 467; ii, 217, 274, 276, 283 confraternity of, ii, 282 fines imposed on them, ii, 398 forbidden to make arrests, ii, 492 must be present at autos, iii, 214, 226 Moriscos as, iii, 379 in Portuguese Inqn., iii, 262

Familiarships, sale of, ii, 213 value of, ii, 279

Families, inquisitorial, ii, 221 of officials enjoy the _fuero_, i, 440 of prisoners, provision for, ii, 499

Fanaticism exultant over burnings, iv, 526

_Farda_, iii, 333

_Farfanes_, i, 45

Farmers of revenues, Jews as, i, 98

Farming of prebends, ii, 430

Farnese, Cardinal, iii, 252, 253, 255, 257

Fautorship of heresy, ii, 492

Favorites, royal, in 17th cent., iv, 474

Feast-days, autos celebrated on, iii, 212 Moriscos forbidden to work, iii, 370, 375 profanation of, iv, 502

Febronius de Statu Ecclesiæ, iv, 292

_Fe de confiscacion_, ii, 318

Fees in secular business, i, 463, 468 of officials, ii, 252 of Suprema, ii, 200 of secretaries, ii, 244 in litigation of officials, ii, 279 for dispensations, ii, 279 for investigating limpieza, ii, 302 for torturer, iii, 17, 35 for visiting ships, iii, 510, 511, 513, 520

Felix of Urgel, his heresy, i, 46

Female prisoners, ii, 523, 525, 526 succession to the throne, iv, 462

Fénelon, his persecution, iv, 64

Ferdinand and Isabella object to papal legates, i, 15 restrict spiritual jurisdiction, i, 16, 428 punish clerical malefactors, i, 17 their mutual relations, i, 20 defray cost of Hermandad, i, 33 re-enact oppressive laws, i, 75, 124 establish ghettos, i, 78 expulsion of Jews, i, 135 ask Sixtus IV for Inquisition, i, 157 investigate Valladolid Inqn., i, 169, 171 organize the Inqn., i, 172 claim the confiscations, ii, 317 elude the claims of Xeres, ii, 329 liberate slaves of heretics, ii, 339 capitulations of Granada, iii, 318 welcome Portuguese Moors, iii, 319 their law of censorship, iii, 480 on diviners, iv, 183 on export of horses, iv, 278 on unnatural crime, iv, 362 their influence, iv, 504

Ferdinand the Catholic, his claim to church patronage, i, 13 his character, i, 20 his conquest of Granada, i, 21 instances of liberality, i, 22; ii, 332, 336, 344, 378, 499 controls the Military Orders, i, 34 enforces decree of Vienne, i, 71 his Jewish blood, i, 120 enforces the _señal_, i, 124 banishes Jews of Saragossa, i, 132 requires Jews to denounce apostates, i, 168 divides the Inquisition, i, 180 rebukes excesses, i, 187, 265 insists on obedience, i, 188 his pleasure in autos de fe, i, 188; iii, 209 he supports Lucero, i, 196, 209 suspends the Inqn., i, 199 abandons Deza, i, 206 instructions to Charles V, i, 214 founds Inqn. of Navarre, i, 224 revives Inqn. of Aragon, i, 230 his struggle with Sixtus IV, i, 233 imposes Torquemada on Aragon, i, 238 breaks down resistance in Valencia, i, 239 his action in Aragon, i, 246, 254 forces Inqn. on Catalonia, i, 261 treatment of Concordia of 1512, i, 272 his control over Inqn., i, 290, 322 inculcates rectitude, i, 297 claims the fines and penances, i, 338 grants royal jurisdiction, i, 343, 439 exempts from taxation, i, 376 right to bear arms, i, 403 right to hold office, i, 415 limits privileges in Aragon, i, 466 Military Orders not exempt, i, 505 letter to Torquemada, i, 567 letter to Sixtus IV, i, 590 excludes bishops from jurisdiction, ii, 6 evades episcopal concurrence, ii, 11 opposes papal letters, ii, 110, 111, 116, 117 obtains papal letters, ii, 112 threats against refugees, ii, 115 troubled by citations to Rome, ii, 118 tribunals wherever necessary, ii, 205 tries to keep down salaries, ii, 209 approves hereditary transmission, ii, 219 leniency to official offenders, ii, 224 on qualifications of inqrs., ii, 234 orders consultores to serve, ii, 266 seeks to restrain familiars, ii, 274 explains why he confiscates, ii, 317 grants one-third to feudal lords, ii, 319 on concealment of property, ii, 322 pays informers, ii, 323 on debts due by heretics, ii, 329 Inqn. made judge of confiscations, ii, 350 bad faith as to compositions, ii, 353 enforces composition of Seville, ii, 359 struggles with receivers, ii, 365 pious gifts from confiscations, ii, 371 his lavish grants, ii, 373, 380 checked by Inqn., ii, 374 double dealing, ii, 376 appropriates from confiscations, ii, 378 spirit of justice, ii, 379 claims sale of dispensations, ii, 402 his use of benefices, ii, 415 obtains grant of prebends, ii, 416, 423 provides no endowment for Inqn., ii, 433 uses sequestrated property, ii, 497 protection of witnesses, ii, 549 letter to Torquemada, ii, 602 on diminished confiscations, ii, 603 objects to paying torturers, iii, 16 on razing houses, iii, 129 employs galleys as penance, iii, 140 enforces the _fuero_ for penitents, iii, 150 orders prison built, iii, 151 exempts Moriscos from relapse, iii, 204 orders officials' presence at autos, iii, 212 suppresses Granadan revolt, iii, 322 orders instruction of Moriscos, iii, 327 orders zealous inquisitors, iii, 328 his pledges as to Moors of Aragon, iii, 343 forbids enforced conversion, iii, 344 yields as to confiscation, iii, 358 depopulates the southern coast, iii, 384 favors the Beata de Piedrahita, iv, 7 on jurisdiction over sorcery, iv, 183 irregular use of Inqn., iv, 251, 378

_Fermosa Fembra, la_, i, 162

Fernández, Francisco, his letter of absolution, ii, 105

Fernández de Aguilar, Inq.-genl., his death, i, 314

Fernando de Aragon on clerical immunity, i, 428; iv, 497

Fernando I, his policy, i, 58

Fernando III assists the Almohades, i, 48 favors Jews, i, 69, 89

Fernando IV favors Hermandades, i, 29 protects Jews of Toledo, i, 94

Fernando VI rebukes Inqn., i, 364 forbids carrying arms, i, 411 limits jurisdiction of Inqn., i, 515; iv, 389 subjects familiars to taxation, ii, 281 on non-Catholic recruits, iii, 476 defends the Index of 1747, iv, 290 persecutes Masonry, iv, 301 makes bigamy _mixti fori_, iv, 323 encourages culture, iv, 387 taxes church acquisitions, iv, 493

Fernando VII places his confessor in Suprema, i, 323 restores the fuero, i, 521 Order of Knighthood for officials, ii 283; iv, 431 suppresses torture, iii, 34 exclusion of Jews, iii, 314 political use of Inqn., iv, 277 persecutes Masonry, iv, 304, 306 dispossesses his father, iv, 390 sent to Valençay, iv, 399, 418 his return--his character, iv, 420 overthrows the Córtes, iv, 422 sentences the Liberals, iv, 423 restores the Inqn., iv, 424 acts as inquisitor, iv, 430 his misgovernment, iv, 433 forced to abolish the Inqn., iv, 436 his policy, iv, 439 carried to Seville and Cádiz, iv, 446 liberated--his faithlessness, iv, 449 his ruthless proscriptions, iv, 451 his absolutism, iv, 454 keeps Inqn. in abeyance, iv, 455 suppresses Catalan rising, iv, 457 suppresses _juntas de fe_, iv, 462 marries Queen Cristina, iv, 462 revives law of succession, iv, 463, 465 his death, iv, 466

Fernando Noronha, captured by Jews, iii, 280

Ferrandez, Juan, his letter of absolution, ii, 105

Ferrer, Benito, case of, iii, 47, 60

Ferrer, Dr., of Tortosa, his appeal, i, 439

Feudalism, its rights undermined, i, 537 its disappearance, iv, 249

Feudal lords threatened, i, 161

Feyjoo, Padre, on Masonry, iv, 301

Fez, fate of exiled Jews there, i, 139

Fictitious confession, ii, 574

_Fiestas de toros_, ii, 197, 198

Figueroa, Bp., of Segorbe, instructs Moriscos, iii, 369

Filippo di Santa Pelagia, iv, 46

_Filósofo Rancio, el_, iv, 405

Finance, its influence on persecution, ii, 357; iv, 527

Finances, exhaustion of Spanish, ii, 374; iii, 337 of Inqn., ii, 433 contributions from the Church, i, 331 control of, i, 328, 336; ii, 190 of colonial tribunals, i, 332 its system, ii, 442 of Inqn. in 1731, ii, 609 under Restoration, iv, 428 decree of Sep. 9, 1814, iv, 540 during suppression, iv, 460

Financial services of Jews, i, 86

Fineness, standard of, i, 560

Fines under Edict of Grace, i, 169; ii, 320 of clergy of Murcia, i, 421 on officials, revenue from, ii, 279, 396 applied to tribunals, ii, 393 proportioned to their wants, ii, 396; iv, 219 their productiveness, ii, 398 enforced by punishments, ii, 399 substituted for confiscation, iii, 360, 361 for overcoming torture, iii, 31 for fraud in limpieza, ii, 304 for disregarding disabilities, iii, 175, 179 for solicitation, iv, 129 for propositions, iv, 144

Fines and penances, their abuse, ii, 397 See also Penances.

Fire-arms, length of barrel of, i, 402 their discharge prohibited, i, 408

Fire-locks prohibited, i, 404

_Firma_, i, 451 obtained by Villanueva, ii, 145

Fiscal, his position, ii, 241 his early subordination, ii, 242 assimilated to inqr., ii, 243 his duties, ii, 480 his right of appeal, ii, 481; iii, 96 presents _clamosa_, ii, 489 his fictitious functions, ii, 491 presents accusation, iii, 41 refuses counsel to accused, iii, 44 present in _consulta de fe_, iii, 72 not in compurgation, iii, 116 of Suprema, vote refused to him, i, 324

Fish not to be detained for inqrs., i, 534

Fitzwilliam, Ellen, pleads for her husband, iii, 460

Flagellation of penitents, iv, 116

Flanders, Jansenism in, iv, 287

Flemings, their greed under Charles V, ii, 381

Flemish sailors prosecuted, iii, 448, 462

Flight presumed in heresy, ii, 491 from prison, iii, 157

Florence, illuminism in, iv, 43 Masonry introduced, iv, 299

Floridablanca, his account of his services, iv, 486

Foch, Johann, case of, iii, 472, 473

Fonolleda, Damian de, sent to Rome, ii, 152, 155

Fonseca, Abp., favors Erasmus, iii, 417

Fontaine, Jacques de la, S. J., iv, 287

Fontainebleau, treaty of, iv, 399

Food for prisoners, ii, 524, 525, 527, 532 its cost, ii, 532 supplied by kindred, ii, 530

Forbearance to official offenders, ii, 223

Force, use of, in conversion, i, 41; iii, 348

Foreign merchants, their property seized, ii, 338

Foreigners ineligible for familiars, ii, 279 their losses by sequestration, ii, 332 self-confessed, ii, 573 their number in Spain, iii, 457 precautions against, iii, 461 privileges granted to, iii, 464 watched by spies, iii, 467 all registered, iii, 472 freedom of conscience for, iii, 473 Protestant, cases of, iii, 426, 447, 448 455, 458 regulations for, iii, 472

Forestry laws, iv, 481

Forgotten sins, ii, 574

Formal heresy, ii, 4

Formalities in torture, iii, 4

Fornication no sin, ii, 100; iv, 145 sequestration in, ii, 503

_Fortalicium Fidei_, i, 148

Forty years' prescription, ii, 328

Forum of conscience, heresy in, ii, 20

Fourquevaux on French galley-slaves, iii, 459

_Frailes_ not to be familiars, i, 443, 454 their confession of heresy, ii, 22 sent to the galleys, iii, 142

Frampton, John, case of, iii, 446

France, Catalonia submits to, i, 477 inquisitorial process in, ii, 465 transit to, iii, 271, 278 Morisco plots with, iii, 386 exiles pass through, iii, 400, 402, 407 complains of cruelty, iii, 459 relations with, iii, 470 protests against _visitas de navíos_, iii, 517, 518 mysticism in, iv, 62 indifference to solicitation, iv, 101 witchcraft in, iv, 246 export of horses to, iv, 280 Jansenism in, iv, 285 favors Masonry, iv, 300 intervention of 1823, iv, 447 the tithe in, iv, 495

Franch, Francisco, case of, iii, 44

Francis, St., _latria_ due to him, iv, 175

Franciscans urge Inqn., i, 152 claim exemption, ii, 30 refuse admission to Converses, ii, 287, 293 Buchanan's satire on, iii, 263 empowered to absolve Lutherans, iii, 422 Inqn. used to reform them, iv, 251

François de Sales, St., his Quietism, iv, 62

Fraud in office deprived of _fuero_, i, 444 in cases of _limpieza_, ii, 304 in confiscation, ii, 363

Frederic II on disabilities of descendants, iii, 172 burning for heretics, iii, 183

Free Companions, massacres by, i, 102

Freedom of press granted, iii, 543; iv, 404

Free-Masonry, its origin, iv, 298 condemned by Rome, iv, 299 prosecuted in Spain, iv, 300 its development, iv, 302 its political activity, iv, 303 under the Restoration, iv, 304 number of cases, iv, 305 influence in 1820-3, iv, 438

Free-quarters for troops, i, 394

Free-will in Quietism, iv, 57

Frejenal, struggle over _sanbenitos_, iii, 167

Frenchmen, their number in Spain, iii, 457 sent to galleys, iii, 459 not to be molested, iii, 473

Friendship with Jews and Moors, i, 75, 100, 111

Friday lighting of candles, ii, 566

Frigiliana, Count of, on finances of Inqn., i, 335; ii, 440

_Fuero_, active and passive, i, 429, 434 granted to all claimants, i, 468 protects those in trade, i, 535 under Valencia Concordia of 1554, i, 440 for penitents, iii, 150

Fuero Juzgo, Jews in, i, 84 sorcery in, iv, 179

Fugitives, number of, i, 263, 267 effigies of, burnt, i, 183 prosecution of, iii, 80, 86

Furtado de Mendonça, his narrative, iii, 311

Gabriel de Narbonne, case of, iii, 425

_Gacis_, iii, 332

Gain, incentive of, iv, 527

Gains, heretic incapable of making, ii, 335

Gag for prisoners, ii, 512 as punishment, iii, 139

Galés, Pedro, case of, iii, 454

Galicia pacified by Isabella, i, 25 opposes the Hermandad, i, 31 outrages of billeted troops, i, 396 tribunal of, i, 547 its methods of torture, iii, 21 severity of its tribunal, iii, 236 precautions against Lutheranism, iii, 422 witch-craze in, iv, 221

Galileo, his _Dialogo_, iii, 536

Gallardo, his _Gabinete de Curiosidades_, iii, 545 his _Diccionario crítico-burlesco_, iv, 409

Galley-service as penance, iii, 139 superseded by presidios, iii, 145 transfer of culprits, iii, 210 Frenchmen condemned to, iii, 459 for various offences, iv, 128, 129, 316, 321, 331, 334, 338, 342, 345 redemption of, ii, 411

Galley-slaves reclaimed by Inqn., iii, 143

Gallicanism, tendency to, iv, 292 influence of, iv, 386

Gallois, his statistics, iv, 518

Gambling, forbidden to priests, i, 10 inqrs. to be moderate in, ii, 227 its prohibition, as penance, iii, 133

Gams, Father, on Spanish peculiarities, i, 35 on Inqn., iv, 248 his statistics of burnings, iv, 517

_Ganancias_, ii, 334

Gandía, rout of, iii, 346

Gandía, Duke of, ships his Moriscos, iii, 396

Gaol-breaking, ii, 513; iii, 156

Gaoler, the, ii, 247 his duties, ii, 515, 519 pays expenses of prison, ii, 529 prebend granted to, ii, 417

Gaols, condition of, ii, 509

_Gaon_, Jewish, i, 87

Garau, Father, on Conversos, ii, 312 describes burnings, iv, 526

García, Pablo, his _Orden de Procesar_, ii, 475 on non-performance of sentence, iii, 102 on acquittal, iii, 107 on compurgation, iii, 117

Garments, Moorish, prohibited, iii, 332, 335, 342

Garrote before burning, i, 263; iii, 192, 193, 194

_Garrotes_, iii, 19

_Garrucha_, iii, 18

Gaspar de Toledo, confessor of Philip III, iv, 498

_Gastos extraordinarios_, ii, 393

Geltruda, burnt for Molinism, iv, 62

Genealogies of accused recorded, ii, 260; iii, 38 required of officials, ii, 296 importance of, ii, 256 registers of, ii, 288

General Inquisition, ii, 238

General utility, iv, 378 miscellaneous duties assumed, iv, 379, 382 Jesuits aided against Dominicans, iv, 380 wheat-famine in Granada, iv, 381 quarantine work, iv, 381

_Generales de la ley_, ii, 539

Genoa, mystics in, iv, 45

Gentility, privileges of, iii, 100

Gentlemen ineligible as familiars, ii, 281 sent to galleys, iii, 141 sent to presidios, iii, 144

Germaine, Queen, grant to her, ii, 377

Germanía of Valencia, iii, 346; iv, 362 Inqn. invoked against, iv, 252

Germany indifferent to solicitation, iv, 101 witchcraft in, iv, 246 priestly marriage in, iv, 337

Gerona, attacks on Jews, i, 92, 93, 119 auto de fe in, i, 264

Gerónimites defend New Christians, i, 153 exclude New Christians, ii, 286 of San Isidro, iii, 427, 447, 448

Gerónimo de la Madre de Dios, iv, 5, 26

Gerson, John, on visions, iv, 4

Gesner, Conrad, _de Piscibus_, iii, 488

Ghettos, establishment of, i, 77

Ghiberti, Matteo, his severity, iv, 97

Gibraltar, Jews offer to purchase, i, 123 Jews and Moors excluded, iii, 312

_Gigantones_, iv, 503

Gil, Juan, see Egidio

Giudice, Inq.-genl., i, 314, 318, 319 shields Canary tribunal, i, 349

Goa, its tribunal, iii, 261, 271, 310

God not to be asked for anything, iv, 8, 26, 28

Godoy, Manuel, his career, iv, 390 reaction under, iv, 295 his variable influence, iv, 313 plot against him, iv, 393 his fall from power, iv, 399

Goes, Damião de, his persecution, iii, 264

Gold coinage, i, 560

Gómez, Mari, her release, iii, 556

Gonsales, María, her confession, ii, 459

Gonsalvo the Painter, case of, iii, 413

González, Andrés, case of, ii, 2, 460

González, Diego, has charge of Carranza, ii, 68, 79

González de Mendoza urges expulsion of Moors, iii, 319

González, Tirso, combats Jansenism, iv, 288

Gosa, Dr. Juan de, his opinion, ii, 338

Gossip as evidence, ii, 563

Government by favorites, iv, 474 loans, investments in, ii, 439, 444

Gowrie, Earl of, his corpse tried, iii, 81

Goya, his _Caprichos_, iii, 547

Grace, Edict of, see Edict

Grain, import and export of, i, 385 price of, fixed, iv, 479

Granada pays tribute to Castile, i, 49 treaties with Aragon, i, 55 offer of Moriscos to Charles V, i, 222, 585 its Inqn., i, 548 right of asylum, i, 422 advantage of penitents in, iii, 150 discipline of its prison, iii, 155 _sanbenitos_ removed from Cathedral, iii, 168 capitulations of 1492, iii, 318 forcible conversion, iii, 320 Moriscos relieved from Inqn., iii, 323 oppression of Moriscos, iii, 331 Edict of 1526, iii, 332, 335 rebellion of 1568, iii, 336

Granada, Morisco expulsion, iii, 398 Moriscos in 1728, iii, 406 quarrels with Chancillería, i, 364, 486, 488, 517; ii, 351, 360 solicitation subjected to Inqn., iv, 99 congregation of 1526, iv, 212 fictitious martyrs, iv, 357 wheat famine in, iv, 381 wealth of clergy of, iv, 494

_Granata, la_, in Seville, iv, 30

Grand Orient of Madrid, iv, 302

Grants from confiscations, ii, 373, 380 of commutations, ii, 410

Gratuities given by Suprema, ii, 197

Gravina, Nuncio, contest with Córtes, iv, 415, 417

Great Britain, witchcraft in, iv, 246

Grégoire, Bp., his letters on the Inqn., iv, 397

Gregory I on Jews, i, 39

Gregory IV on forcible conversion, i, 41

Gregory VII on office holding by Jews, i, 86

Gregory IX on badges for Jews, i, 69

Gregory XI on friendship with Moors, i, 56

Gregory XIII on Jews, i, 36, 75 on abuse of privileges, i, 454 exempts Jesuits from Inqn., ii, 33 revises Carranza's trial, ii, 81 wishes to subordinate Spanish Inqn., ii, 128 excludes heresy from indulgences, ii, 25 admits refugees to Rome, ii, 129 seeks to limit _limpieza_, ii, 306 exempts from irregularity, iii, 189 confiscations in Portugal, iii, 260 licenses Jesuits to read prohibited books, iii, 522 encourages María de la Visitacion, iv, 84 grants jurisdiction in personating priesthood, iv, 341

Gregory XV causes Aliaga's resignation, i, 308 orders expulsion of heretics, iii, 470 annuls all licences, iii, 523 on solicitation, iv, 100 on sorcery, iv, 244

Green cross, procession of, iii, 216

Guaccio, his _Compendium Maleficarum_, iv, 244

Guadalajara, number of cases in, i, 170 mystics of, iv, 4, 7

Guadalupe, Inqn. of, i, 171, 548; ii, 367 trials of the absent, iii, 88

_Guadoc_, iii, 329

Gualbes, Cristobal de, i, 230, 233, 235, 237

Guanzelli da Brisighella, his Index, iii, 492

Guerrero, Abp., on Carranza's Commentaries, ii, 60, 81 causes rebellion of Granada, iii, 334 seeks to repress solicitation, iv, 99

Guevara, Ant. de, labors in Granada, iii 331 in Valencia, iii, 348, 355

Guevara, Inq.-genl., on unfitness of inqrs., i, 299 his resignation, i, 306

Guicciardini on Spanish indolence, iv 484

_Guida spirituale_ of Molinos, iv, 49, 50 54, 68

Guienne, seizure of refugees, iii, 278

Guilds and confraternities, i, 445

Guilt, assumption of, ii, 465, 482

Guimeras, the, their hardships, ii, 354

Guipúzcoa, complaints of clergy, i, 16 exclusion of Conversos, ii, 285 witch-craze in, iv, 221

Guiral, Inqr., his peculations, i, 190

Gutiérrez, Alfonso, seeks to remove secrecy, i, 221

Guyon, Madame de la Mothe, iv, 63

Guzman, his service with Moors, i, 56

Habilitation of mechanic arts, iv, 487

Habit, the penitential, ii, 401; iii, 162

_Habitelli_, iii, 172

Hansa, privileges of the, iii, 463, 467

Hardships from violated compositions, ii, 355

Half-pay in jubilation, ii, 224

Haro, sales of land forbidden in, i, 122

Haste in early trials, iii, 76

Hatred of Inquisition, i, 469, 538 of laity for clergy, iv, 496, 497

Havana, its capture planned by Jews, iii, 280 Frenchmen arrested in, iii, 459

_Hebræomastix_, i, 115

Hefele, Bp., on the Inqn., iv, 248

Heirs of dead, their citation, iii, 83

Henna, staining nails with, iii, 329, 335 use of, as evidence, ii, 566

Henríquez, Henrique, his book condemned, iii, 534

Henry of Portugal, iii, 242, 245, 247, 248, 249, 252, 259, 261, 265; iv 22

Henry, Infante, serves King of Tunis, i, 57

Henry I, his concessions, i, 3

Henry II orders badges for Jews and Moors, i, 69 persecutes Jews, i, 101, 103 represses Ferran Martínez, i, 104

Henry III represses Ferran Martínez, i, 105 promises protection to Jews, i, 115 claims half of confiscations, ii, 316 on divination, iv, 182

Henry IV, his deposition, i, 4 his improvident grants, i, 7 his treatment of his daughter, i, 19 encourages the Hermandad, i, 30 employs Moorish troops, i, 55 favors Jews, i, 122 on Judaizing New Christians, i, 152 punishment for blasphemy, iv, 328

Henry IV (France), his plots with Moriscos, iii, 386

Henry VIII (England), his list of prohibited books, iii, 484

Heredia, Diego de, iv, 259, 262, 263, 266, 271, 282

Hereditary offices, ii, 219

_Hereges flagelantes_, iv, 117

Heresiarchs, fate of, iii, 200

Heresy, its denunciation required, i, 168 it disables kings, i, 340 duty of exterminating it, ii, 1 in children, ii, 3 grades of, ii, 4 exclusive jurisdiction of, ii, 8; iii, 187 inferential, ii, 10; iii, 207 a reserved papal case, ii, 19 occult, absolution for, ii, 19, 22 formal, absolution for, ii, 23 in trials of dead, iii, 84 in clerics, iii, 181 absolution under indulgences, ii, 25 acquittal never final, ii, 137, 142; iii, 107 it infects everything, ii, 337 flight presumed in, ii, 491 fautorship of, ii, 492 a condition of sequestration, ii, 503 scourging for, iii, 136 burning for, iii, 183 requires reconciliation, iii, 146 in refusal to burn heretics, iii, 185 in revolutionary principles, iii, 543 in solicitation, iv, 99, 113, 121 in propositions, iv, 143, 146 in sorcery, iv, 185 in exporting horses, iv, 281 of Jansenism, iv, 285 in bigamy, iv, 316, 317, 319 in blasphemy, iv, 329, 331 in priestly marriage, iv, 338 or sanctity, iv, 16

Heretic, the last, executed in Spain, iv, 461

Heretics, extradition of, i, 252 never to be alluded to, ii, 55 their benefices enure to pope, ii, 319 invalidity of their acts, ii, 325, 327 claims of their creditors, ii, 328 incapable of making gains, ii, 335 forfeiture of ships carrying, ii, 338 confiscated in person, ii, 340 incapable of inheritance, ii, 348 outlawry of, iii, 388 their oaths not received, iii, 467 advocates must not defend, iii, 48 exhumation of corpses, iii, 80 foreign, regulations for, iii, 464, 472, 473, 475

Hergenrother, Card., on Inqn., iv, 248

Heriot, iv, 496

_Hermandad de S. Pedro Martir_, ii, 282 _la Santa_, i, 29

Hermaphrodites punished, iv, 187

Hernia, torture in cases of, iii, 15

Hernández Diego, iii, 416

Hernández, Francisca, iii, 416; iv, 9

Hernández, Julian, iii, 427, 429, 445

Herraiz, Isabel Maria, iii, 208; iv, 90

Herrera, prophetess of, her arrest, i, 186 her followers burnt, iv, 520

Herrezuelo, Antonio de, iii, 429, 431, 440

_Hidalguía_, privileges of, i, 375, 396; iv, 478

Hindu converts, iii, 261

Hojeda, Alonso de, urges Inquisition, i, 154, 163

Holy Alliance on Liberalism, iv, 444 intervenes in Spain, iv, 445

Holy See, its supreme jurisdiction, ii, 160 rupture with, iv, 441

Holland, emigration to, iii, 279 protests against visitas de navíos, iii, 517

_Honestas personas_, ii, 544

Honey and feathers as penance, iii, 133

Honey, case of load of, iii, 287

Honorary officials, ii, 216

Honorius III on badges for Jews, i, 69

Honorius IV on disabilities of descendants, iii, 173

Hornachos, Moriscos of, iii, 342

Horses, export of, iv, 278

Horstmann, J. Heinrich, case of, iii, 477

Hospitals, sick transferred to, ii, 523 insane sent to, iii, 59 service in, as penance, iii, 145 used as prisons, iii, 151

Host, sacrilege on, by Jews, i, 116 insults to it, iv, 355, 432

Hostegesis, Bp., of Málaga, i, 46

Hostility, racial, stimulated, i, 75, 81 to Inquisition, i, 214, 527

Hours of the Virgin in Romance prohibited, iii, 528 of work not observed, ii, 226

Houses, appropriation of, i, 527 rented for tribunals, ii, 206 private, used as prisons, iii, 151 furnished to officials, ii, 195, 208, 218 rents paid from penances, ii, 394 of officials and familiars as asylums, i, 422 razing of, iii, 128, 207; iv, 266

Huesca, tribunal of, i, 548 College of Santiago, i, 456 episcopal edict of faith, ii, 7

Huguenots in Spain, iii, 450, 458, 471

Humanity to prisoners, ii, 524, 525

Hunting licences granted, iv, 383

Husbands liable for wives' dowries, ii, 334, 341

Hypnotism in mysticism, iv, 2 in witchcraft, iv, 220

Hysteria in demoniacal possession, iv, 350

Ideal of Inqn., ii, 483

Identification of accused, ii, 553 of witnesses prevented, iii, 53

Idiaquez, Fran. de, on Moriscos, iii, 391

Ignorance as extenuation, iii, 63

Illescas, Abbot, on Protestants, iii, 432, 440, 444 expurgation of his book, iii, 498

Illness, removal from prison during, ii, 505, 523 torture during, iii, 15

Illuminism, ii, 135; iv, 4, 9 in the Edict of Faith, iv, 18, 24 in Extremadura, iv, 20 taught by Caldera, iv, 29 errors ascribed to, iv, 30 is formal heresy, iv, 34 treatment of, iv, 35 in Italy, iv, 43 mystic, iv, 73

Illuminists of Llerena, iv, 23 of Seville burnt, iv, 34

Illusion in witchcraft, iv, 208, 212, 217, 219, 229, 231, 237

_Iluso_, iv, 79

Images, irreverent, suppressed, iii, 546 outrages on, iii, 100; iv, 352, 391

Immaculate Conception, iv, 359 controversy over it, iv, 359 jurisdiction, iv, 360 censorship over books, iv, 361

Immorality in mysticism, iv, 9, 23, 25, 31, 35, 42, 43, 56, 57, 61, 70, 74 of 17th century, iv, 510

Immunity of clergy disregarded, i, 16, 428; iv, 497 of officials, i, 265 for false-witness, ii, 557

Impartiality to be preserved, ii, 483

Impeccability of mystics, iv, 2, 8, 31, 43, 55, 56, 74

Impeding the Inqn., i, 341; ii, 472, 492 case of Ant. Pérez, iv, 260, 268, 269

Imperfect confession, ii, 574

Importation of grain, i, 385

Imports supervised by Inqn., iii, 505 of books, iii, 489, 505, 507, 508 of vellon coinage, iv, 283

Impostors, mystic, iv, 81, 86, 87, 88 in Italy, iv, 44 in sorcery, iv, 197, 201

Imposture of personating officials, iv, 345 of demoniacal possession, iv, 351

Imposts on Moriscos, iii, 377

Imprisonment destroys _limpieza_, i, 357, 510, 512; ii, 311, 334, 340; iii, 177 dread of, ii, 511 nature of, ii, 509, 514, 515, 518, 519 as torture, iii, 4 escape from, iii, 103 sentences to, iii, 158 _cum_ and _absque misericordia_, iii, 159

Improvidence of the tribunals, ii, 435

Impurity of blood, consequences of, ii, 297 through penance, ii, 299 limitation on, ii, 306 its infection, ii, 310

_In absentia_, trials, iii, 86

_In caput alienum_, torture, iii, 12

Income from canonries, ii, 431 of Church of Toledo, iv, 493

Income-tax, exemption from, i, 384

_Incomunicado_, ii, 494, 513

_In conspectu tormentorum_, iii, 6

Incriminating questions forbidden, ii, 466

Incubus, an illusion, iv, 220, 231

Indecency of exorciser, iv, 352

Independence, financial, of Inqn., i, 328 claimed by Inqn., i, 342 of Spanish censorship, iii, 535

_Index Librorum Prohibitorum_, iii, 484 earliest Spanish, iii, 485 expurgatory, of Bibles, iii, 486 Tridentine, iii, 492 expurgatory, iii, 492, 494 of Brisighella, iii, 492 of Quiroga, iii, 493 successive Indexes, iii, 495 classification of authors, iii, 500 of defamatory writings, iii, 531 lascivious books, iii, 545 astrology placed in, iv, 193 uncanonized saints, iv, 357

Indexes to registers, ii, 256, 259

Indian Bibles suppressed, iii, 529

Indies, trading with, by Conversos, ii, 357 tribunals modify sentences, iii, 98

_Indirectas_, iii, 63

Indolence, Spanish, iv, 483

Indulgences not to include heresy, ii, 25 for disregarding papal letters, ii, 106 for bringing wood to stake, iii, 184 for attending autos, iii, 209

Industry, disdain for, i, 2; iv, 485 of Mudéjares, i, 66 effect of confiscation on, ii, 386 burdens on, iv, 479

_In eminenti_, bull, iv, 299

Infamy caused by prison, i, 510, 512 by arrest, ii, 311, 490, 492 of impurity of blood, ii, 297 perpetuated by _sanbenitos_, iii, 166 no disqualification for witnesses, ii, 538

Infantado, Duke del, shares in confiscations, ii, 319

Infanzones, their right of asylum, i, 422

Infection shed by heresy, ii, 337

Infidel, warlike exports to the, iv, 279

Influence of Edict of Faith, ii, 99 of confiscation, ii, 386 of unjust taxation, iv, 478 of intolerance, iv, 505 of Inquisition, iv, 138, 507 of delation, iv, 515 on intellectual development, iv, 528

_Informacion de moribus_, ii, 251

Informers, secrecy enforced on, ii, 473 as to property, ii, 323

Inhibition, power of, i, 355 certificates of, i, 495

Innocence, assertion of, ii, 584 information concerning, ii, 256

Innocent III on Jews, i, 81 prohibits vernacular Bible, iii, 527

Innocent IV orders expulsion of Moors, i, 60 on badges for Jews, i, 69 subjects friars to Inqn., ii, 30 on dowries, ii, 325

Innocent VIII recommissions Torquemada, i, 176 removes old inqrs., i, 239, 263 orders extradition of heretics, i, 253 on absolution of heresy, ii, 20 subjects friars to Inqn., ii, 30 reserves jurisdiction over bps., ii, 41 plays fast and loose with appeals, ii, 111, 591 on exclusion of Conversos, ii, 286 on qualifications of inqrs., ii, 234 asks mercy for the reconciled, ii, 335 his quinquennial indult, ii, 416 diminishes disabilities, iii, 173 on duty of burning, iii, 186 stimulates witchcraft, iv, 207

Innocent X, his action in Villanueva's case, ii, 147, 150, 154, 156 encourages Inqn. of Portugal, iii, 282

Innocent XI reforms Portuguese Inqn., iii, 288 condemns the _Mística Ciudad_, iv, 40 favors Molinos, iv, 49 his bull _Coelestis Pastor_, iv, 59 protects Card. Noris, iv, 285 condemns _Plomos del Sacromonte_, iv, 358

Innocent XII commends Fénelon, iv, 67 protects Jansenists, iv, 287

Innocent XIII restricts number of clergy, iv, 492

Inns, foreigners forbidden to keep, iii, 465

_Inquisitio_, ii, 478 in case of Ant. Pérez, iv, 258

Inquisition of Portugal-- negotiations with Rome, iii, 239 Inqn. established, iii, 245 has jurisdiction over bps., ii, 87 its activity, iii, 247, 259, 265, 273, 283, 290, 308, 310 non-residence of officials, iii, 248 investigation into, iii, 251 transaction establishing it, iii, 253, 257 suppression of names, iii, 257 confiscation, iii, 260, 282, 288 its organization, iii, 262 intellectual influence, iii, 263 under Spanish rule, iii, 265 obtains canonries, iii, 266 urges stronger action, iii, 275 under João IV, iii, 280 opposes reforms, iii, 286 resists papal interference, iii, 289 its suspension removed, iii, 290 Pombal's reform, iii, 310 cédula of January 17, 1619, iii, 558 persecutes Masonry, iv, 302 unnatural crime, iv, 365

Inquisition of Rome-- protection of officials, i, 368, 436 annuls papal pardons, ii, 107 not to interfere with Spanish Inqn., ii, 128 rarely imposes fines, ii, 400 secrecy, ii, 470 sequestration, ii, 495 denies sacraments to prisoners, ii, 520 husbands and wives as witnesses, ii, 538 confrontation, ii, 553 use of torture, iii, 3 accused does not pay torturer, iii, 35 procedure reformed by Pius VII, iii, 92 acquittal, iii, 105 suspension, iii, 106 compurgation, iii, 119 scourging, iii, 136 galleys as penance, iii, 146 removes _sanbenitos_ from churches, iii, 172 its judgements final, iii, 186 judgements of blood, iii, 189 strangulation before burning, iii, 193 personating priesthood, iii, 207; iv, 340 discards use of mitres, iii, 215 autos held in churches, iii, 222 intercourse with heretics, iii, 465 forbids residence of heretics, iii, 470 mystic extravagance, iv, 45 persecutes Pelagini, iv, 46, 48 solicitation, iv, 100, 108, 109, 112, 121, 122, 124, 128, 130 witchcraft, iv, 242 bigamy, iv, 321 blasphemy, iv, 333 prosecutes exorciser, iv, 352 seal of confession, iv, 377

Inquisition of Spain-- asked for in 1451, i, 147 episcopal Inqn. ordered in 1464, i, 153 attempt by Sixtus IV in 1475, i, 154 founded in 1480, i, 160 Castile receives it, i, 161 imposed on Navarre, i, 223 resistance in Valencia, i, 239 in Aragon, i, 244 in Catalonia, i, 260 received by Majorca, i, 266 relations with the State, i, 289 subordination under Ferdinand, i, 289 growth of independence under Hapsburgs, i, 325 culminating under Carlos II, iv, 512 Bourbons reassert control, i, 348 powers which gave it predominance, i, 351 excommunication and inhibition, i, 355 it defines its own powers, iii, 539 frames its own rules, i, 181; ii, 477 keeps them secret, ii, 475, 606 prescribes its punishments, iii, 393 a crime to examine its methods, iv, 261 superior to all law, i, 265, 365 has royal jurisdiction over its officials, i, 345, 429 privileges and exemptions, i, 375 resistance in Valencia, i, 435 in Aragon, i, 450 in Catalonia, i, 465 conflicts with civil authorities, i, 484 with spiritual courts, i, 493 popular hatred thence arising, i, 527 jurisdiction over heresy, ii, 1 enforced on regular Orders, ii, 29 bishops exempted, ii, 41 device of the Edict of Faith, ii, 91 appeals to Rome, ii, 103 organization, ii, 161 the Suprema becomes the governing power, ii, 167 organization of the tribunals, ii, 205 limpieza, or purity of blood, ii, 285 finances--are kept secret, i, 325 confiscation the chief support, ii, 315 fines and penances, ii, 389 dispensations, ii, 401 benefices, ii, 415 system of management, ii, 453 practice--the Edict of Grace, ii, 457 the inquisitorial process, ii, 465, arrest and sequestration, ii, 485 the secret prison, ii, 507 character of evidence, ii, 535 confession of the accused, ii, 569 the use of torture, iii, 1 conduct of the trial, iii, 36 the defence, iii, 56 the _consulta de fe_, iii, 71 the sentence, iii, 93 compurgation, iii, 113 minor penalties, iii, 121 harsher penalties, iii, 135 sanbenitos in churches, iii, 164 the _quemadero_--burning, iii, 183 responsibility for it, iii, 184 the auto de fe, iii, 209 persecution of Jews, iii, 231 the Portuguese Inqn., iii, 237 disappearance of Judaism, iii, 311 persecution of Moriscos, iii, 317 their expulsion, iii, 393 persecution of Protestantism, iii, 411 policy with foreigners, iii, 457 censorship, iii, 480 censorship, the Indexes, iii, 484 visitos de navíos, iii, 510 independence from Rome, iii, 533 mysticism, iv, 1 in Italy, iv, 42 in France, iv, 62 Molinism, iv, 68 solicitation, iv, 95 propositions, iv, 138 sorcery and occult arts, iv, 179 astrology forbidden, iv, 192 witchcraft, iv, 206 rationalistic treatment, iv, 231 political activity, iv, 248 case of Antonio Pérez, iv, 253 subservience to the crown, iv, 276 export of horses, iv, 278 Jansenism, iv, 284 Free-Masonry, iv, 298 philosophism, iv, 307 bigamy, iv, 316 blasphemy, iv, 328 marriage in Orders, iv, 336 personation of priesthood, iv, 339 of officials, iv, 344 demoniacal possession, iv, 348 outrages on images, iv, 352 uncanonized saints, iv, 355 the Immaculate Conception, iv, 359 unnatural crime, iv, 361 usury, iv, 371 morals, iv, 375 the seal of confession, iv, 377 general utility, iv, 378 decadence under the Bourbons, iv, 386 action on the _Dos de Mayo_, iv, 400, 539 suppression by the Córtes in 1813, iv, 407 re-establishment in the Restoration, iv, 424 suppression in 1820, iv, 436, 541 dormant under the reaction, iv, 458 definitely abolished in 1834, iv, 467, 545 its object the saving of souls, ii, 482, 569; iii, 196 its service in preserving peace, iv, 507 contemporary opinion, iv, 508, 514 indifference to morals, iv, 509 influence on prosperity, iv, 504 on national character, iv, 138, 531 on Spanish intellect, iv, 138, 148, 528 statistics of its operations, iv, 517 its greed, iv, 527

_Inquisidor de las Galeras_, i, 541

Inquisitorial process, ii, 465

Inquisitors-general, list of, i, 556 four appointed, i, 178 formula of commission, i, 176, 303, 612 its duration, ii, 161 appointed by King, i, 302 resignations, i, 304 appointing power, i, 290, 298, 302; ii, 161, 167, 237 delegate power to Suprema, i, 322 appellate jurisdiction, ii, 129, 187 effect of their death, ii, 162 fix salaries, ii, 163 their salary, ii, 165, 196 their power diminished, ii, 166, 177, 178 have but one vote in Suprema, ii, 168 struggle with Suprema, ii, 173 lose control of finances, ii, 192 grant commutations, ii, 409 grant licences for prohibited books, iii, 522

Inquisitors, first appointment of, i, 160 their qualifications, i, 188; ii, 233, 237 their appointing power, i, 177; ii, 237, 280 their inviolability, i, 214, 368 their coercive powers, i, 355 claim superiority, i, 357 privileges in travelling, i, 395 judges in their own suits, i, 437 equality with judges, i, 520 proclamation on taking office, i, 617 delegated by bps., ii, 12 have no spiritual functions, ii, 21, 569 are excommunicated, ii, 120, 123 their commissions, ii, 161, 595 their early independence, ii, 179 their authority, ii, 205, 233 are judges of confiscations, ii, 209, 350 deputize their duties, ii, 218 rarely dismissed, ii, 224 cannot punish officials, ii, 225 must abstain from outside business, ii, 227 employed as inspectors, ii, 228 their visitations, ii, 238 two required for action, ii, 241 act as fiscals, ii, 243 are prosecutors, ii, 479 retain papers, ii, 257 cannot grant commutations, ii, 409 examine witnesses, ii, 541 conduct ratification of evidence, ii, 544 must draw up the publication, iii, 54 control defence, iii, 64, 543 must examine accused, iii, 70 cannot modify sentences, iii, 98 both must be present at auto, iii, 212 grant licences to print, iii, 483

_Insaculacion_, i, 415, 455

Insane, the, as witnesses, ii, 538

Insanity, punishment for, ii, 495 torture in cases of, iii, 8 as a defence, iii, 58

Insecurity of titles, ii, 327, 339, 346 caused by confiscation, ii, 345

Inspection, its routine, ii, 228, 229 of prisons, ii, 509, 524, 525; iii, 153

Inspectors, ii, 227 of books, iii, 501

Instruction of New Christians attempted, i, 155 of converts neglected, iii, 231 of Moriscos, attempts at, iii, 366

_Instruciones Antiguas_, i, 181 _Nuevas_, i, 182 of Mercader, i, 273 issued by command of the crown, i, 291; ii, 163 by Suprema, ii, 162 to inq.-genl., i, 299, 300, 301 of December, 1484, i, 571 of January, 1485, i, 576 of 1500, i, 579 kept secret, ii, 475, 606 for witchcraft cases, iv, 219 of 1614 on witchcraft, iv, 235 Roman, of 1657, iv, 244

Insult to Inq. of Valladolid, iv, 432

Insults to images, iv, 352

Insurance against confiscation, ii, 353

Intellect, Spanish, influence of Inqn. on, iv, 138, 148, 528

Intention, denial of, ii, 576; iii, 199 torture for, ii, 576

Intercommunication of records, ii, 260

Intercourse with Moors and Jews, i, 55, 75, 117

Interdict, power of, i, 355 abuse of, i, 120, 187, 495, 514

Interest, rates of, i, 97

Interim, priestly marriage in, iv, 337

Intermarriage of Moriscos, iii, 380 of New and Old Christians, i, 120 in Portugal, iii, 238

_Inter multiplices_, bull, iii, 107

Internal heresy, ii, 4

Interpreters, two required, ii, 182

Interrogatories in inspections, ii, 229 of witnesses, ii, 542 for defence, ii, 593; iii, 64

Interval before ratification, ii, 546

Intolerance, rise of, i, 59 its results, iv, 504 its prevalence, iv, 531

Intoxication, plea of, iii, 63

Invalidity of acts by heretics, ii, 325, 327

Invasion of secular jurisdiction, i, 431 the French, in 1823, iv, 447

Inventory at sequestration, ii, 496 charged to receiver, ii, 341

Investments of tribunals controlled by Suprema, ii, 191 converted to government loans, ii, 203 of Suprema, ii, 201

Investigation into _limpieza_, ii, 301

Inviolability, i, 367

Invocation of demon, iv, 199

Irregularity in judgements of blood, i, 273; iii, 184, 188

Irremissible prison redeemed, ii, 411

Irresponsibility of Inqn., i, 341; ii, 181, 478

Irreverence to sacred objects, iv, 353

Isabel de la Cruz, a mystic, iv, 7

Isabella the Catholic appoints Ximenes to Toledo, i, 14 her character, i, 22 her enforcement of jurisdiction, i, 24, 28 her vigilant justice, i, 26 her share in government, i, 27 expels Jews of Andalusia, i, 131 disregards appeals for Inquisition, i, 155 delays organization of Inquisition, i, 160 intercedes for a servant, ii, 114 seeks to avoid appeals to Rome, ii, 108 revision of criminal procedure, ii, 466 converts Moors of Castile, iii, 324

Isabella, Empress, violates privileges of Inqn., i, 304, 404 on _fuero_ of servants, i, 433

Isabella II recognized as queen, iv, 465

Isidor of Seville (St.) on Jews, i, 40

Islam, toleration under, i, 45 disappears from Spain, iii, 405

Isolation of prisoners, ii, 515 of Spain, iii, 411, 449

Italy, Mendicant Orders subjected to Inqn., ii, 33 Portuguese Conversos invited, iii, 253 mysticism, iv, 42 witchcraft, iv, 242 unnatural crime, iv, 365

Itinerant tribunals, ii, 206

Jaen, tribunal of, i, 166, 548; iii, 332 its cruelties, i, 211, 213; ii, 526, 529 exclusion of Conversos, ii, 290 case of the chapter of, ii, 346 complaint of false witness, ii, 555 as to advocates, iii, 45, 48

Jaime I, his relations with Moors, i, 55 refuses to expel Moors, i, 70 presides over disputation, i, 90 authorizes conversion by preaching, i, 91 restrains persecution, i, 92 on confiscation, iii, 359 prohibits vernacular Bible, iii, 527

Jaime II, his treaties with Moors, i, 55 protects Jews, i, 89 the Jews of Palma, i, 93 his use of Inquisition, i, 94

Jansenism, iv, 284 nature of the heresy, iv, 285, 292 struggle in Flanders, iv, 287 Index of Prado y Cuesta, iv, 289 its development, iv, 293 reaction under Godoy, iv, 295 its disappearance, iv, 297 is Masonry, iv, 298 is Liberalism, iv, 455

Jeanne of Navarre pillages Jews, i, 100

Jehoshua Ha-Lorqui, i, 115

Jesi, Quietists in, iv, 54

Jesuit member of Suprema, i, 323

Jesuits of Palermo, their drama, i, 370 claim exemption from Inqn., ii, 33 case of Padre Briviesca, ii, 34 struggle to escape jurisdiction, ii, 36 licensed to read prohibited books, iii, 522 attacked by Universities, iii, 532 their mysticism, iv, 18 attack Molinos, iv, 51 defend Fénelon, iv, 66 attack Card. Noris, iv, 284 control Inqn., iv, 288 their expulsion, iv, 294 repatriated, iv, 295 aided against Dominicans, iv, 380 suppressed in 1820, iv, 441

Jew as a name of disgrace, iii, 291

Jewish observances, prosecution for, i, 147; ii, 565; iii, 232

Jews, their vicissitudes, i, 35 attitude of Church towards them, i, 36 forced conversions in Gothia, i, 39 persecutions in Gothic Spain, i, 41 they favor the Moorish conquest, i, 44 their position under Saracens, i, 50 are citizens in Castile, i, 60, 84 badges imposed on, i, 68 influence of Council of Vienne, i, 71 forbidden to hold office, i, 73, 94 to practise medicine, i, 74 intimacy with, forbidden, i, 75 their segregation ordered, i, 76 position in Middle Ages, i, 81 massacres, i, 83 toleration in Spain, i, 84 their services, i, 85 their numbers, i, 86 favor shown to them, i, 87 massacred by crusaders, i, 88 conversion by preaching, i, 91 commencement of hostility, i, 94 its causes, i, 96 massacre in Navarre, i, 100 caused by Black Death, i, 101 in 1366, i, 102 in 1391, i, 106 its effects, i, 110 increasing oppression, i, 115 extensive conversions, i, 118 reaction in their favor i, 121 oppression under Ferdinand and Isabella i, 124 diminished numbers, i, 125 not subject to Inquisition, i, 130 expulsion of 1492, i, 135 return forbidden, i, 141; iii, 311, 314 number of exiles, i, 142 settlements with the exiles, i, 569 hatred of them stimulated, i, 150 required to denounce New Christians, i, 168 foreign, their property seized, ii, 338 as witnesses, ii, 536 not for defence, ii, 539 neglect of instruction, iii, 231 character of proofs, i, 147; ii, 565; iii, 232 apparent extirpation, iii, 234 treatment in Portugal, iii, 237-50, 272 invited to Italy, iii, 254 influx from Portugal, iii, 266, 277 purchase pardon from Philip III, iii, 267 Judaizers are all Portuguese, iii, 270 enmity towards them, iii, 272, 290 dangers apprehended from them, iii, 276 their assistance to Holland, iii, 279 offers for relief in Portugal, iii, 283, 286 their admission proposed, iii, 292 proselytism ascribed to, iii, 293 persistent persecution, iii, 297, 303 concealment practised, iii, 300 persecution in Majorca, iii, 305 cessation of persecution, iii, 311 exclusion of foreign, iii, 311, 314 admitted to Spain, iii, 315 argument in their favor, iv, 506

Joan of Kent burnt, iv, 532

João II bargains with Jews, i, 137

João III bargains for Inqn., iii, 239

João III, his quarrel with da Silva, iii, 244 his struggle with Paul III, iii, 250 his payments to Rome, iii, 252 obtains unrestricted Inqn., iii, 254 his inquisitorial policy, iii, 256 founds no colonial Inqn., iii, 260

João IV, his policy, iii, 280 evades confiscation, iii, 281

Jocularity as extenuation, iii, 63

John of Austria, Don, sent to Granada, iii, 338

John of Austria (2d) expels Nithard, i, 311

John, King, his extortions, i, 83

John XXII persecutes sorcery, iv, 181

José, Dom, of Portugal, his reforms, iii, 310

Joseph ben Joshua ben Mier on the expulsion, i, 143

Joseph Bonapart, King of Spain, iv, 399

Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor de, iv, 394 on lack of roads, iv, 480 on burden of Church, iv, 495

Juan I (Castile) regulates _Hermandades_, i, 29 prohibits employment of Jews, i, 99 avenges Yuçaf Pichon, i, 103 represses Ferran Martínez, i, 104 on sorcery, iv, 182

Juan II (Castile), his disastrous reign, i, 4 favors _Hermandad_, i, 30 favors Jews, i, 121 applies for Inquisition, i, 147 exemptions from military service, i, 412 applies to the pope, iv, 489

Juan I (Aragon) represses massacre of 1391, i, 108

Juan II (Aragon) relieved of cataract, i, 75 proposes expulsion of Moors, iii, 317 his oath as to usury, iv, 372

Juan de Avila on illusions, iv, 15

Juan de la Cerda serves king of Morocco, i, 57

Juan de la Cruz on observances, iv, 3 his persecution, iv, 17

Juan de la Cruz an alumbrado, iv, 25

Juan Manuel, his turbulence, i, 54

Juan de Olmillos a mystic, iv, 7

Juan of Seville, his fate, ii, 108, 109

Juana, daughter of Henry IV, i, 19

Juana and Philip, appealed to by Córdova, i, 196, 201

Juana, Princess, banishes Valdés, ii, 47; iii, 433 has Carranza arrested, ii, 64

Jubilation, ii, 174, 216, 224 restricted by Philip V, ii, 223

Jubilee indulgences objected to, ii, 24, 578

Judaism of New Christians, i, 151; ii, 232, 238, 300, 305

Judaism, its extirpation, iii, 234, 300 books on, burnt, iii, 480 converts to, iii, 293

Judaizers, their cases not _calificado_, ii, 488 are all Portuguese, iii, 270

Juderías, i, 64, 77

Judgements of blood, iii, 184, 188, 273 permitted, i, 367 in churches, iii, 223

Judge, secular, his sentence, iii, 185, 186, 219, 225 penalty for not executing sentence, iii, 187

Judges as prosecutors, ii, 465 recusation of, ii, 467 responsibility of, iii, 1 discretion as to torture, iii, 30 as _consultores_, ii, 266

Judges, royal, humiliation of, i, 518, 519 terrorism of, i, 439 must be present at autos, iii, 212

_Juez de los bienes_, ii, 250, 350 disappears, ii, 217, 371

Juglar, Gaspar, appoints inqrs., i, 231 his commission withdrawn, i, 233 his poisoning, i, 244, 592

Julian, St., on Jews, i, 43

Julius II asserts appellate jurisdiction, ii, 116 separates Inqn. of Aragon, i, 180 authorizes Talavera's prosecution, i, 199 decides against Córdova, i, 203, 582 orders trial of Lucero, i, 206 renews quinquennial indult, ii, 417 subjects usury to Inqn., iv, 372

Julius III confirms sale of pardons for crime, ii, 107 renounces appellate jurisdiction, ii, 128 enforces limpieza, ii, 293 on profits of nuncios, iii, 243 gifts to him, iii, 252 protects Jews in Italy, iii, 254 stimulates the Inqn., iii, 426 annuls licences for prohibited books, iii, 521

_Junta Apostolica_, iv, 443, 456 _Central_ orders Córtes convoked, iv, 402 _de Estado_, i, 525 _Grande de Competencias_, i, 524 _de hacienda_, ii, 230, 453 _Magna_, the, i, 511 of Ozarzun, iv, 447

_Juntas de fe_, iv, 460, 461, 468

Jurisdiction supreme, of Rome, ii, 103, 160 of bishops, i, 497; ii, 5, 12 cumulative, of Inqn. and bps., ii, 10 exclusive, of Inqn., i, 341, 437 the Inqn. defines its own, ii, 89 of Inqn., its superiority, i, 357 illegal extension of, i, 431 over officials, i, 429 claims made for it, i, 343, 490, 614 conflict with royal jurisdiction, iii, 539 over conscience, ii, 19 over confiscations, ii, 209, 350 over solicitation, iv, 99 over sorcery, iv, 183, 189 over witchcraft, iv, 213, 216, 222, 228, 236 over export of horses, iv, 279 over Masonry, iv, 300 over bigamy, iv, 316, 324 over blasphemy, iv, 329 over unnatural crime, iv, 362 over usury, iv, 372 over morals, iv, 375 military, conflicts with, i, 504 appellate, of Iñigo Manrique, ii, 108 of inq.-genl., ii, 187 ecclesiastical, struggle over, iii, 534

Jury relieves judges, iii, 1

Justice enforced by Isabella, i, 24 inculcated by Ferdinand, i, 297 perversion of, in Castile, ii, 468

Justicia of Aragon, i, 450; iv, 257, 270

Justification by works rejected by mystics, iv, 3, 8, 28

_Juzgado_, ii, 250

Kindliness to prisoners, ii, 524, 525 of Ferdinand, i, 22; ii, 332, 344, 378, 499

Kindred, infamy extends to, ii, 143, 311 duty of denunciation, ii, 96, 462, 578 as witnesses, ii, 537, 539 their consultation with counsel, iii, 44, 48

Kings must make inquiries through Suprema, i, 326 ask and do not command Inqn., i, 327 subject to Inqn., i, 340; ii, 29 their oaths at autos, i, 353; iii, 218 as ultimate judges, i, 356 inqrs. to consult with, ii, 163

Knighthood, Order of, for officials, ii, 283

Knives allowed to Moriscos, iii, 379 censorship of, iii, 546

Koran classed with Bible, iii, 529

La Almiranta, her martyrdom, iii, 197

La Barre, Jean de, case of, ii, 557

Labor, aversion for, i, 58; iv, 483 forced, of Moriscos, iii, 377

Labour, Pays de, witches in, iv, 228, 246

_Labradores_, i, 375; iv, 478

La Force, his plots with Moriscos, iii, 387 receives Morisco exiles, iii, 402

La Croix, Ursule de, her relapse, ii, 572

_La Guardia, el Santo Ninom de_, i, 134

Laity not subject to spiritual courts, i, 15

La Mancha, Morisco expulsion, iii, 400

La Mata, complaint of people of, ii, 347

Lancre, Pierre de, on witchcraft, iv, 228, 246

Lanuza, Juan de, iv, 262, 263, 264, 265

Lanuza, Martin de, iv, 263, 264, 266, 271

Lanz, Miguel, his cruelty, iv, 267

Lara, María, her heresy, ii, 23

Las Casas, Diego de, his mission to Rome, i, 276

_Laæ sententiæ_, excommunication, i, 393

Latançon, Marcos de, case of, iv, 131

Lateau, Louise, iv, 94

Lateran Council imposes badges, i, 68 on Jewish rites, ii, 565 on dealings with infidels, iv, 279

Latin schools, number of, iv, 485

Laws, codification of, i, 27 of the Moors, i, 65 Inqn. superior to, i, 365 enforced by Inqn., iv, 278

Lawyers, inqrs. must be, ii, 235 as consultores, ii, 266

Laxity of prison discipline, ii, 518 of rules of evidence, ii, 564

Laybach, Congress of, iv, 444

Laymen as inspectors, ii, 228 as assessors, ii, 232 as inquisitors, ii, 235 in judgements of faith, ii, 266, 267 as commissioners, ii, 269 acting as confessors, iv, 111, 344

Lazaeta, Inqr., case of, i, 461

Lee, Edward, on errors of Erasmus, iii, 414

Leganes, Marquis of, as alguazil mayor, i, 162; ii, 207

Legates, Spain objects to, i, 15

Legatine Inquisition of Sixtus IV, i, 154

Legitimacy as qualification, ii, 251, 279

Leguina, commissioner, his quarrels, iii, 514

Le Maître de Saci, his Bible, iii, 530

Lencastre, Inq.-genl., his contumacy, iii, 289

Leniency to official offenders, ii, 223 to _espontaneados_, ii, 573 towards clerics, iii, 100 in solicitation, iv, 127 in personating priesthood, iv, 344 in insults to images, iv, 354 in unnatural crime, iv, 369 of spiritual courts, ii, 469; iv, 97

Leo X orders Inqn. in Navarre, i, 224 permits judgements of blood, i, 273, 367; iii, 89 action in the Aragonese quarrels, i, 272, 274, 279, 280, 281, 284 limits jurisdiction, i, 432 orders episcopal concurrence, ii, 14 issues and annuls letters, ii, 118, 121 case of Miguel Vedreña, ii, 120 case of Blanquina Diaz, ii, 122 commits appeals to Adrian, ii, 125 confers appellate power on Suprema, ii, 164 confirms acts by heretics, ii, 328 on prosecuting the wealthy, ii, 385 his dispensations, ii, 405 refuses canonries to Inqn., ii, 424 on false witness, ii, 555 on burning heretics, iii, 184 suppression of Luther's books, iii, 413

Leo XIII, canonization of María de Agreda, iv, 41 blesses Sor Patrocinío, iv, 93

Leon, tribunal of, i, 548

Leoni, the brothers, condemned, iv, 59

Leonor of Navarre, her borrowing, i, 98

Leopold I sends exorcist to Carlos II, ii, 172

Leopold of Tuscany, his Jansenism, iv, 286

Lequeitio complains of its priests, i, 16

Lérida, its surrender in 1149, i, 52 its tribunal, i, 549

Lerma, Duke of, his downfall, i, 307 his greed, iii, 410

Lerma, Pedro de, case of, iii, 419

Le Sauvage, Jean, favors reform, i, 218

_Letrados_ as inqrs., ii, 234

Letters, papal, to Conversos, struggle over, ii, 104, 110, 111, 113, 114, 117, 121, 123, 125, 128, 131; iii, 245, 247, 249 regulated by Carlos III, i, 321 of exemption from conscription, i, 414

Leyes, Jacobo de las, on sorcery, iv, 179

Liberalism, its follies in 1820-23, iv, 438

Liberals, proscription of, iv, 433, 452

Liberties, popular, in Aragon, i, 229

_Libra_, value of, i, 565

Libraries, examination of, iii, 487, 489, 495, 498, 499, 501, 502 commission for examining, iii, 574 death of their owners, iii, 502, 504

_Libro del Becerro_, ii, 299 for property, ii, 454

_Libro de manifestaciones_, ii, 341 _Verde de Aragon_, ii, 298, 307 its statistics, iv, 521 of Fernando VII, iv, 452

_Libros Vocandorum_, ii, 260

Licences to trade with Saracens, i, 56 for emigration, i, 181, 216 to import wheat, i, 386 to absolve for heresy, ii, 21 to convey property, ii, 346 for rehabilitations, ii, 404 for Jews, iii, 312, 313, 315 papal, to Jews, i, 124 for residence of foreigners, iii, 472 to print, iii, 481, 483, 489 to keep writings, iii, 489 to convents for prohibited books, iii, 503 to sell new books, iii, 508 to read prohibited books, iii, 521, 524, 575 to hunt, iv, 383

Liége, mystic nuns of, iv, 2

Life-imprisonment for penitents, iii, 151

Lights forbidden to prisoners, ii, 519

Liguori, St. Alphonso, on sorcery, iv, 205

Lima, audacity of tribunal of, i, 317 quarrel with Abp. Barroeta, ii, 17 contributions from, ii, 201 sale of offices, ii, 215 case of sorcerer, iv, 201 officials deprived of _fuero_, iv, 389

Limitation of impurity of blood, ii, 297, 306

_Limpieza_ as qualification, ii, 251 use of records as to, ii, 259, 261 early traces, ii, 285 development of mania, ii, 290 its general adoption, ii, 292 method of verification, ii, 295, 301 investigation of officials, ii, 296 difficulty of its proof, ii, 300 motives for proving, ii, 305 its influence, i, 357; ii, 309 stimulates dread of Inqn., ii, 310 under Restoration, ii, 311 stimulates false-witness, ii, 559 struggle over _sanbenitos_, iii, 167 applied to Moriscos, iii, 379

Limpo, Balthazar, Bp. of Porto, iii, 253

Linen, change of, ii, 566; iii, 232

Lippomano, Luigi, nuncio, iii, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249

Lisbon, massacre of 1506, i, 140

Lists of familiars, i, 440, 467; ii, 274, 277

Literature, discouragement of, iii, 549; iv, 528

Litigation, fees from, ii, 279

Llerena, New Christians punished, i, 153 tribunal established, i, 171, 549 its abuses, i, 213, 382; ii, 499, 526, 529; iii, 4, 5, 48 claims exemption from taxation, i, 380 receipts from penances, ii, 397 carrying effigies in auto, iii, 226 alumbrados of, iv, 21, 23

Llorente on licences for prohibited books, iii, 524 his statistics, iv, 517, 524

Llotger, Fray Juan, inquisitor, i, 94

Loan from Inqn. to king, i, 334

Loazes, Fern. de, i, 286, 287, 467; ii, 491; iii, 350

_Loberos_, iv, 200

Locksmith reckoned an official, ii, 211

Lodgement, free for officials, i, 395; ii, 206, 208

Logan, Robert, his corpse tried, iii, 81

Logroño, its tribunal, i, 227, 549 corregidor punished, i, 432 trouble over coaches, i, 531 trouble over shambles, i, 532 hatred of Inqn., i, 538 required to aid Suprema, ii, 193 abuse of fines and penances, ii, 397 its finances, ii, 436, 444 troubles in visitas de navíos, iii, 516 auto of 1610, iii, 219; iv, 225 witchcraft, iv, 224, 228 its reconstruction, iv, 426

Lombay, Marquis of, at Saragossa, iv, 265

Longas, Juan de, case of, iv, 76

López, Padre Luis, S. J., ii, 24

López, María de los Dolores, iv, 89

López, Abp. of Valencia, his _junta de fe_, iv, 460

Lords, feudal, obtain share of confiscations, ii, 319 of Moriscos obstruct their conversion, iii, 369

Lorenzana, Inq.-genl., his dismissal, i, 321; iv, 393

Louis IX, his treatment of Jews, i, 83

Louis XIV, his anger at Giudice, i, 316 persecutes Fénelon, iv, 65

Louis XVIII counsels moderation, iv, 450

Louvain, Indexes of, iii, 485 Jansenism in, iv, 287

Love-letters in confessional, iv, 112

Loyola, Ignatius, his persecution, iv, 14 on mysticism, iv, 17

Lucas of Tuy on Jews, i, 87

Lucena, Petronila de, case of, iii, 111; iv, 13

Lucero, his career at Córdova, i, 189 attacks Hernando de Talavera, i, 197 his trial ordered, i, 206 his retirement, i, 210 his use of perjury, ii, 555

Lucius III permits no exemption, ii, 30 prescribes confiscation, ii, 316

_Luctuosa_, iv, 496

Luis de Granada on good works, iv, 3 his works prohibited, iii, 530; iv, 17 endorses María de la Visitacion, iv, 84

Luis de Leon, sacraments denied to, ii, 520 his _patrones teólogos_, iii, 52; iv, 154 seeks to recuse judges, iii, 58 his first trial, iv, 149 his second trial, iv, 159

Luisa de Carrion, case of, iv, 36

_Luminarias_, ii, 195

Luna, Alvaro de, favors Jews, i, 121 asks for Inqn., i, 147

Luther's books, seizure of, iii, 413, 421

Lutheran revolt, its influence, iii, 412; iv, 4

Lutherans invited to conversion, iii, 422

Lutheranism, seal for its suppression, iii, 413 factitious, iii, 426, 453, 458 statistics of, iii, 426, 455, 461

MACANAZ, MELCHOR DE, his career, i, 315 his defence of Inqn., i, 319 his confiscated estate, ii, 370, 455 on number of officials, iv, 486 on growth of Church, iv, 492

Machiavelli on Ferdinand, i, 21 on Jewish expulsion, i, 143

Madrid, fuero of, in 1202, i, 61 enforcement of police rules, i, 366 tribunal of, i, 545, 550 rebuked, ii, 186 cost of prisoners, ii, 532 auto of 1632, i, 353; iii, 130, 147, 150, 212, 214, 220, 228 auto of 1680, iii, 136, 139, 212, 218, 225, 228 insurrection of May 2, iv, 399 conflict with royal guard, iv, 443 relaxations in, iv, 523

_Maestra de Espiritu_, iv, 86

_Maestre racional_, ii, 446

Magdalena de la Cruz, iii, 94; iv, 82

Magic, its prevalence among Moors, iv, 180

Magicians persecuted by Ramiro I, iv, 179

Magistral canonries, ii, 421

Magistrates, their oaths, i, 352 their function in relaxation, iii, 186

Maimonides flies from Spain, i, 51

Maintenance of prisoners, ii, 500, 528, 531

Maistre, Joseph de, on the Inqn., iv, 248

_Majestas_, prosecution of the dead for, iii, 81

Majorca, massacre in 1391, i, 109 oppressive legislation, i, 117 its tribunal, i, 266 composition in, i, 267 Time of Mercy, ii, 461 military service of familiars, i, 413 right to hold office, i, 415, 418 extension of jurisdiction, i, 431 its temporal jurisdiction, i, 484 conflicts with spiritual jurisdiction, i, 498 tribunal humiliated, i, 504 conflicts with Military Orders, i, 506 appeals referred to bp., ii, 112 canons appeal to Rome, ii, 158 required to aid Logroño, ii, 193 inordinate number of officials, ii, 211 finances of tribunal, ii, 437, 441 reconciliations in, iii, 148, 149 _sanbenitos_ in churches, iii, 172 fines on the reconciled, iii, 207 autos of 1679 and 1691, iii, 225, 306; iv, 526 confiscations of 1679, i, 335; iii, 306; iv, 512 Judaism extinguished, iii, 307 position of New Christians, ii, 312; iii, 305 Lutheranism in, iii, 413 seizure of Dutch vessel, iii, 467 attempt to seize French vessel, iii, 471 _visitas de navíos_, iii, 512 unnatural crime not subject to Inqn., iv, 364 condition of tribunal in 1830, iv, 458 operations of its tribunal, iv, 522

_Mala doctrina_, iv, 118, 121

Málaga, quarrel over canonry, i, 342, 348

Malfeasance in office forfeits _fuero_, i, 444

Malignity, gratification of, ii, 100

Mallani, Abp., case of, ii, 87

Maltreatment of inquisitors forbidden, i, 214, 367

Malversation, ii, 365, 438, 451

_Mancha_ of impurity of blood, ii, 297

_Mancuerda_, iii, 20

Mandates to spiritual judges, i, 494

Manices, Moriscos of, iii, 345

Manicheism survives in Masonry, iv, 298

_Manifestacion_, i, 451 obtained by Villanueva, ii, 145 claimed by Ant. Pérez, iv, 157, 259 in export of horses, iv, 280

Manifesto of Córtes of Cádiz, iv, 413

Manjarre, Bp., case of, i, 500; ii, 87

Manoel (King), his treatment of Jews, i, 140, 191; iii, 227, 319

Mañozca, Juan de, i, 477; iii, 122

Manrique, Alfonso, prints the Instructions, i, 181 his disgrace, i, 304 converts Moors of Badajoz, iii, 326 dealings with Moriscos, iii, 328, 349, 376 favors Erasmus, iii, 414 puts sorcery in Edict of Faith, iv, 184

Manrique, Gerónimo, instructions to him, i, 299

Manrique, Iñigo, i, 178; ii, 108

_Mantetas y insinias_, iii, 169

_Manuales_, ii, 195

Manufactures, burden on, iv, 479

Manumission of baptised children of slaves, i, 325

_Maragatos_, i, 58

_Maravedí_, value of, i, 560

Marc, value of, i, 560

Marcen, Ant., Jesuit Provincial, ii, 34

Marchena, Abate, iv, 401

María de Agreda, i, 461; iv, 39

Maria Ana of Austria and Nithard, i, 310, 501

María Anna of Neuburg persecutes Froilan Díaz, ii, 172

María de la Visitacion, case of, iv, 83

Mariana, Padre, on influence of Inqn., ii, 91; iv, 515 licensed to read prohibited books, iii, 522 his essays suppressed, iii, 542 his prosecution, iv, 273 translates his history, iv, 529

Marin, Vidal, tries to reduce offices, ii, 216 his Index, iii, 495

Marina, Francisco M., on the tithe, iv, 495

Market-place of Valencia, i, 365

Markets, privileges of the, i, 533

_Marranos_, i, 111, 146 Spaniards all called, ii, 309 also Portuguese, iii, 283

_Marranía_, dispensation for, ii, 402

Marriage of New Christians, i, 120 of descendants of penitents, iii, 178 of Moriscos, iii, 380 better than celibacy, iv, 144 in Orders, iv, 336

Martignac, de, on Fernando's rule, iv, 433

Martin de Arles on the Sabbat, iv, 210

Martin V confirms oppression of Jews, i, 119

Martínez, Ferran, provokes massacre, i, 103 as founder of Inqn., i, 111

Martínez, Juana, case of, iv, 201

Martini, his version of the Bible, iii, 530

Martyr, Peter, on Lucero, i, 198 pleads for Hern. de Talavera, i, 204 on greed of Flemings, ii, 381 on danger from pirates, iii, 384

Martyrdom, definition of, iii, 195 of _negativos_, ii, 586; iii, 198

Martyrs, Christian Morisco, iii, 409 fictitious, cult of, iv, 357

Mary of Hungary suspected, iii, 423

Marzilla, Juan Garcés, at Teruel, i, 249

Masonry, iv, 298

Masks, use of, by torturers, iii, 17

Masquo, Luis, opposes Inqn., i, 232

Mass, priests required to celebrate, i, 10 bowing to bishop in, i, 361 accidents in celebration, ii, 10 denied to prisoners, ii, 520 hearing, as penance, iii, 132 burlesque, iv, 355

Massacres of Jews in Middle Ages, i, 83 in 1210, i, 88 in Navarre, i, 100 caused by Black Death, i, 101 in 1366, i, 102 in 1391, i, 106 in Granada, iii, 322, 338

Matamoros, Manuel, persecuted, iv, 469

Mataflorida, Marquis of, iv, 422, 443

Material heresy, ii, 4

Matheo, Cath., case of, iv, 223, 537

Matheu, Joan, his defalcation, ii, 454

Matilla, Pedro, royal confessor, ii, 169

Matrimony, episcopal authority over, iv, 321

Matter of faith, i, 357, 406

Mattos, Vicente da Costa, his book, iii, 272

Maximilian I seeks regency of Castile, i, 205

Maximum, law of, i, 393

Maya, Antonio de, Inqr. of Navarre, i, 224

Mayans y Siscar, Gregorio, his library, iii, 503 on aversion for industry, iv, 485

_Mayorazgos_, iv, 443

Mayr, Don, his fate, i, 116

Meat, trading in, i, 389, 392 eating, on fast days, ii, 11 for prisoners, ii, 525, 527 of dead animals, ii, 566 soaking before cooking, ii, 567 butchering of, for Moriscos, iii, 381

Mechanics as officials, i, 442; ii, 249 ineligible as familiars, ii, 280

Medellin, Countess of, i, 6

_Media añata_, tax of, i, 377, 531

Medicine, astrology necessary in, iv, 192

Medina, Bart, de, iv, 151, 158, 510

Medina, Miguel de, case of i, 872; iii, 420

Medina del Campo, New Christians in, i, 151 Concordia of, i, 153 tribunal of, i, 550; ii, 210

Medina Sidonia, Duke of, protects his contador, ii, 105 resists assessments, ii, 360

_Meditatio cordis_, bull, iii, 255

Meditation, iv, 2, 17, 52

Medrano, Antonio de, case of, iv, 9

Melgares Marin, his statistics, iv, 518

Melo, Luys de, his _Verdades Cathólicas_, iii, 268, 274, 277, 278

Members of Suprema, how chosen, i, 322 of Córtes threatened, i, 452 prosecuted, i, 468

Membreque, Bachiller, case of, i, 195, 208

_Memoria de diversos autos_, i, 592

Memorial of 1623, on tax-exemption, i, 381 on abusive jurisdiction, i, 495 character of officials, i, 536 disabilities of descendants, iii, 177 insubordination of officials, ii, 225 disorder of records, ii, 258 suits of creditors, ii, 331 frauds in confiscation, ii, 363 financial mismanagement, ii, 438 losses through receivers, ii, 448, 454

Men, soliciting of, iv, 127

Méndez, Fernando, iv, 29, 33

Mendieta, his summons to appear, ii, 311

Mendoza, Card. de, his career, i, 9 his zeal for the faith, i, 155, 157 grants rehabilitations, ii, 402 on convents, iv, 490

Mendoza, Inq.-genl., his appointment, ii, 172 asserts control of Suprema, ii, 173 his resignation, i, 314; ii, 178

Mendizabal, Pedro, case of, iv, 114

Menghini, his book condemned, iv, 60

_Menudos_, perquisite of, i, 532

Mercader, Mateo, episcopal inqr., i, 230 quarrels with Gualbes, i, 237 dismissed by Ferdinand, i, 240

Mercader, Inq.-genl., his Instructions, i, 273, 465; ii, 432, 450

Mercenaries, heretic, iii, 475

Merchandise of foreign Jews seized, ii, 338

Merchants, English, arrested, iii, 468

Mercy of Inqn., its fallacy, ii, 311 adjuration for, iii, 184, 185, 188 tendency towards, iii, 99 none for relapse, iii, 202

Merida objects to Inqn., i, 187

_Meritos_, sentences with and without, iii, 93

Merola, Nicolas, inqr. of Majorca, i, 266

Mesa, Gil de, iv, 257, 259, 262, 263, 271

_Meschudanim_, i, 146

Mesengui's Catechism, i, 320; iii, 540

Messengers, expense of, ii, 179

_Mesta_, the, iv, 309, 481

Mexia, Agustin de, sent to Valencia, iii, 393

Mexia, Inqr., suspended, i, 530

Mexico, Edict of Faith in, ii, 92 contributions from, ii, 201 inspection of, ii, 230 prison provided, iii, 154 cases of sorcery, iv, 195, 201

Mezquita, Miguel, case of, iii, 419

Middle Ages, condition of Jews in, i, 81 rates of interest, i, 97

Midwives forbidden to attend Jewesses, i, 81 Christian, required, iii, 332

Mier y Campillo, the last inq.-genl., iv, 425

Miguélez, M. F., his book on Jansenism, iv, 288, 292

Milan, pestilence of 1630, iv, 243

Military jurisdiction, conflicts with, i, 504 Orders absorbed by the crown, i, 34; iv, 370 limpieza in, ii, 298 service due by Moors, i, 63 of Jews, i, 85 as penance, iii, 134 compounded, i, 334 exemption from, i, 412

_Millones_, i, 377; iv, 487

Minims exclude New Christians, ii, 290

Mints, private, under Henry IV, i, 7

Minuarte, receiver, his defalcation, ii, 454

Miollis, Madame, iv, 94

_Miramamolin_, i, 49

Miraval, Martin de, his report on Inqn., i, 317

Miscegenation punished, i, 64

Misfortunes ascribed to witchcraft, iv, 215, 233

Mislata, penances levied on, ii, 396

Missionary work, Protestant, iii, 421, 425, 449

_Mistica Ciudad_ of María de Agreda, iv, 40

Mitigation of penalties, iv, 432

Mitres for penitents, iii, 215

_Moça de Herrera, la_, i, 186; iv, 520

Mock-marriage, prosecution for, iv, 382

Moderation inculcated by Ferdinand, i, 297

Modification of sentences, iii, 97

Molina, Juan, quarrel over, iii, 494

Molinism, its persecution in Spain, iv, 68 Bp. Toro of Oviedo, ii, 88; iv, 72 abuse of the term, iv, 78

_Molinistas alumbrados_, iv, 71

Molinists burned in Palermo, iv, 62

Molinos, Miguel de, iv, 49 his sentence, iv, 59 circulated in Spain, iv, 68

Monarchy, absolutism of Spanish, iv, 473

Mondéjar, Capt.-Genl., iii, 333, 335, 338

Mondoñedo, Dean of, his appeal, ii, 109

_Moneda de molino_, i, 564

Money, its export prohibited, i, 12

Money-chest, the, ii, 231

_Monfíes_, iii, 334

Monitions, the three, iii, 38

Monroy, María de, i, 5

Monserrat, Mosen, case of, iii, 453

Montalvo, Alfonso Díaz de, i, 27, 127

_Montañeses_, their limpieza inferred, ii, 297

Montano, Arias, his books seized, iii, 499 his Biblia Regia, iv, 159

Montblanch governed by Inqn., iv, 516

Montemayor, Fran. de, case of, ii, 467

Montesa, Jayme, burnt, i, 607

Montesa, order of, incorporated with crown, iv, 370

Monthly reports required, ii, 183

Montijo, Count of, his Masonry, iv, 302, 305

Montoya, Isabel de, case of, iii, 98; iv, 195

Moors, toleration under, i, 45 not objects of hatred, i, 52 trade with, forbidden, i, 55 as slaves, i, 57 their laws, i, 65 forbidden to practise medicine, i, 74 intimacy with, forbidden, i, 76 segregation ordered, i, 77 their citizenship, i, 84 of Serra, treatment of, i, 187 enforced baptism by Inqn., i, 294 favored by Charles le Mauvaís, iii, 317 terms of capitulation of Granada, iii, 318 forcible conversion in Granada, iii, 320 in Castile, iii, 324 Ferdinand's pledges to Aragon, iii, 343 voluntary conversions, iii, 344 conversion by Germanía, iii, 346 Christian friendliness, iii, 347 conversion attempted, iii, 348 treatment of those baptized, iii, 351 their baptism ordered, iii, 352 their expulsion ordered, iii, 354 their wholesale baptism, iii, 355 fruitless resistance, iii, 356 their importance in Aragon, iii, 356 their corsairs, iii, 383 their magic, iv, 180

_Morabatin_, i, 565

Morals, no jurisdiction over, iv, 375 gradually assumed, iv, 376 indifference to, iv, 509 not involved in solicitation, iv, 109, 115 of inqrs., watch over, ii, 237

_Mordaza_, ii, 512; iii, 139

_Morerías_, i, 64, 77

Morillo, Miguel de, the first inquisitor, i, 160 his quarrels with Torquemada, i, 177

Moriscos, arbitrary arrests forbidden, ii, 185 as familiars, ii, 294, 295 fines replace confiscation, ii, 395; iii, 361 effects of expulsion, ii, 436; iii, 410 shun Edicts of Grace, ii, 462 their cases not _calificado_, ii, 488 preliminary _consulta de fe_, ii, 489 not witnesses for defence, ii, 539 punished for overcoming torture, iii, 31 suspicion always vehement, iii, 123 exempt from penalties of relapse, iii, 203 forcible conversion in Granada, iii, 320 promised relief from Inqn., iii, 323 disarmament, iii, 323, 332, 378 forcible conversion in Castile, iii, 324 attempts at instruction, iii, 326 Edicts of Grace, iii, 328 evidence against them, iii, 329 persecution, iii, 330 condition in Granada, iii, 331 offer to Charles V, i, 122 rebellion of 1568, iii, 338 deportation from Granada, iii, 339 restrictions on the exiles, iii, 340 their prosperity, iii, 341 position in Aragon, iii, 342 their forcible conversion, iii, 354 of Valencia, their persecution, iii, 347, 362 no attempt to instruct them, iii, 358 their confiscations, iii, 359 an intermediate faith, iii, 364 attempts to convert them, iii, 366, 372 intervals of immunity, iii, 373 their miserable condition, iii, 375 emigration forbidden, iii, 378 their marriages, iii, 380 baptism of children, iii, 380 their discontent, iii, 382 connection with corsairs, iii, 384 plots with foreign powers, iii, 385 plans for getting rid of them, iii, 388 expulsion decided on, iii, 392 commenced in Valencia, iii, 395 number expelled, iii, 397, 399, 400, 402, 403, 406 final rooting out, iii, 403 Christians expelled, iii, 403, 409 in Granada in 1728, iii, 406 fate of the exiles, iii, 407 their confiscations, iii, 409

Morocco, bishopric of, i, 49 fate of exiles there, i, 139

_Moros, cosas de_, disappear, iii, 405

Mortmain, lands in, i, 375; iv, 488, 492

Moses, Rabbi, his conversion, i, 114

Mosque in Cartagena in 1769, iii, 406

Mosques converted into churches, iii, 347 use made of their property, iii, 366

_Motin de la Granja_, iv, 469

Motril, _visitas de navíos_, iii, 315

_Motu proprio_ form of commissions, i, 303

Mourning furnished to officials, i, 362; ii, 190

Moya, his _Opusculum_, iv, 511

_Mozárabes_, i, 45

_Mudéjares_, i, 57; iii, 317 their status, i, 60 assert their rights, i, 61 become denationalized, i, 65 revenues derived from, i, 66 badges imposed on, i, 68 their forced conversion, iii, 324, 353 their value to Aragon, iii, 356 their descendants expelled, iii, 403 punish sorcery, iv, 182

_Mugeres varoniles_, i, 6

_Muladíes_, i, 49

Mule-tracks, iv, 480

Mules forbidden in coaches, i, 530

Muley Cidan, iii, 387

Multiplication of tribunals, ii, 205 of convents, iv, 490 of officials, ii, 212, 265, 270, 271

Munebrega, Bp., his severity, iii, 442

Municipal laws abrogated, i, 288 self-government abolished, iv, 454

Muñoz, Candido, his tract, iii, 198

Muñoz de Castilblanque, case of, i, 489, 506

Muñoz Torrero, iv, 404, 409, 413, 423

Munster, treaty of, iii, 467

Murcia, its isolation, i, 7 separation of races in, i, 64 its tribunal, i, 171, 550; ii, 593 case of Froilan Díaz, ii, 173, 174 military service of familiars, i, 412 milder measures for Judaism, iii, 235 Morisco expulsion, iii, 398, 404

Murder rite, Jewish, in Partidas, i, 90 case of el Santo Niño, i, 133

Murder of witnesses, ii, 551

Murga, Sor Lorenza, iv, 87

Murner, Thomas, his utterances, iii, 412

Musicians, ill-treatment of, i, 366

Mussulman legislation, i, 65

Mutton, removing fat from, ii, 567

Muzquiz, Archbp., persecutes the la Cuesta, iv, 296 his plot against Godoy, iv, 393

Mysticism, hypnotism in, iv, 2 its dangers, iv, 3 confused with Protestantism, iv, 4, 13 sexual aberrations, iv, 9, 23, 25, 31, 34 errors ascribed to, iv, 24 its practices condemned, iv, 28 in Italy, iv, 42 condemned by the Holy See, iv, 59, 66 Molinism persecuted, iv, 68 harmless, punished, iv, 77 delusion, iv, 79 in solicitation, iv, 118

Mystics of Seville, case of, iv, 31

Nachmanides, his disputation, i, 90

Nails, staining of, as evidence, ii, 566

Nájera, Duke of, his complaints, i, 537

Names of witnesses suppressed, ii, 548; iii, 53 offers for their revelation, i, 217, 221, 222

Nano, Agostino, on _limpieza_, ii, 310 political use of Inqn., iv, 273

Naples, fate of exiled Jews there, i, 141 _ayudas de costa_ for, ii, 254

Napoleon, his invasion of Spain, iv, 399 suppresses Inqn., ii, 445; iv, 401

_Nassi_, Jewish, i, 87

Natives not to be employed in tribunals, i, 225 asked for as inqrs., i, 509

Naturalism, iv, 308

Navarre adopts the Hermandad, i, 32 rates of interest in, i, 98 destruction of Jews in, i, 100 receives exiled Jews, i, 138, 141 incorporated with Castile, i, 223 its tribunal, i, 224, 551 obtains Castile Concordia, i, 438 witch-crazes in, iv, 214, 219, 222, 225, 228 Royal Council of, on witchcraft, iv, 216 court of, on witchcraft, iv, 222, 228, 234 revolt in 1820, iv, 435

Navarrete on _limpieza_, ii, 310; iii, 380 on aversion for industry, iv, 485 on wealth of Church, iv, 493

Navarrez, Marquis of, his limpieza, ii, 301

Navy, Inqn. of, i, 541 Venetian estimate of, iii, 142

Nebrija, his prosecution, iv, 529

Necromancers condemned, iv, 183

Neglect of duty, ii, 226; iv, 388

_Negativo_, ii, 585 torture of, iii, 12 relaxation for, iii, 198; iv, 227 in Portugal, iii, 286

Nepotism in appointments, ii, 219

Nevers, Count of, rebuked, i, 82

New Christians, i, 111; ii, 298 career opened to, i, 113 their rapid advancement, i, 120 increasing hatred, i, 125, 150 sufferings in Toledo, i, 126, 128 persecution in Andalusia, i, 129 conversion doubted, i, 145, 151 attack Alvar de Luna, i, 147 Commission to investigate them, i, 156 of Seville propose resistance, i, 162 Jews required to denounce them, i, 168 forbidden to emigrate, i, 183, 246; iii, 271, 303, 323 in Bugia to be seized, i, 185 their political importance, i, 199, 205 offers to Charles V, i, 217, 219, 221, 222; ii, 368 bribe Jean le Sauvage, i, 218 conspire to kill Arbués, i, 249 their fate in Aragon, i, 259 dealings with, prohibited, i, 271 refugees in Rome, ii, 114 disabilities, i, 126; ii, 284, 285, 287, 288, 290 dread inspired by them, ii, 292; iii, 291 persistence under confiscation, ii, 315 avoid Edicts of Grace, ii, 461 not witnesses for defence, ii, 539 seek publication of witnesses, ii, 549 no attempt to instruct, iii, 231 struggle in Rome, iii, 288 their services to Spain, iii, 572 condition in Majorca, ii, 312; iii, 305 in Portugal, their wealth, iii, 268 their numbers, iii, 283 their complaints, iii, 286 efforts to expel them, iii, 276

Newfoundland, deportation to, for Moriscos, iii, 389

New Granada, case of bigamy in, iv, 323

Nicholas III on truces with Moors, i, 70

Nicholas IV seeks to convert Jews, i, 92 on permanence of inqrs., ii, 161

Nicholas V, his oppressive decree, i, 119 asserts privileges of converts, i, 127 grants Inquisition for Castile, i, 147; ii, 41, 103 subjects unnatural crime to Inqn., iv, 362

Nicholas de Rupella on the Talmud, i, 114

Niederbronn, the Ecstatic of, iv, 93

Nieva, Countess of, her complaint, i, 537

Night, weapons forbidden at, i, 404, 408

Nithard, Inq.-genl., his career, i, 310 his quarrel with church of Majorca, i, 500 claims jurisdiction over bps., ii, 87 his influence, iv, 498

Noailles, Card., condemns mysticism, iv, 64

Nobility, its Jewish blood, i, 120; ii, 298 not forfeited by work, iv, 487

Nobles, asylum in lands of, i, 161, 241, 421 as familiars, i, 443, 454; ii, 281 their feudal rights undermined, i, 537 punished by Inqn., ii, 29 greater severity towards, iii, 100 serve as _alguazil mayor_, ii, 246

Noffre Calatayut, his _violario_, ii, 343

Non-fulfilment of sentence, iii, 102

Non-residence, dispensation for, i, 303, 307; ii, 416

Noris, Card., quarrel over his books, iv, 284, 289

Notariat, price of, ii, 214

Notaries, ii, 243 of Valencia, case of, i, 242 prosecuted for serving papal briefs, ii, 117, 119, 149 of commissioners, ii, 270 fees in _limpieza_ cases, ii, 302

_Notario del secreto_, ii, 231 _de los secuestros_, ii, 244, 392, 496 _de lo civil_, ii, 250 _de açotaciones_, iii, 137

Notoriety supersedes proof, iii, 88

_Nuevas Poblaciones_, iv, 309

Number of Jews in 1474, i, 125

Number of expelled Jews, i, 142 of expelled Moriscos, iii, 406 of officials in 1746, ii, 216 of calificadores, ii, 265 of commissioners, ii, 270, 271 of familiars, see Familiars of exempt classes, iv, 478 of clergy, iv, 489, 492, 493 of convents, iv, 490

_Nuncio_, the, ii, 246

Nuncio, papal, his jurisdiction, i, 314; iii, 533 empowered to inflict death, iii, 186 objection to, in Portugal, iii, 244 the False, iii, 243

Nuns, their confession of heresy, ii, 22 their dowries seized, ii, 333 epidemics of possession, iv, 352

Nymphomania, case of, iii, 62

Oath of allegiance in Aragon, i, 229 taken to inqr., i, 182, 243, 245, 352 royal, at autos, i, 353; iii, 268 required of people, i, 353; iii, 218 of inqrs. in Catalonia, i, 467, 470 of secrecy of accuser and witnesses, ii, 473, 539 of officials, ii, 472 of penitents to pay costs, ii, 534 of accused, iii, 37 of advocates, iii, 43, 47 of _curador_, iii, 51

Oaths of heretics not received, iii, 467

_Obedecer y no cumplir_, i, 327; ii, 150; iv, 415

Obedience to Inqn., i, 188, 351, 617

Obedience better than the sacrament, iv, 35

Obligations of heretics invalid, ii, 325, 331

Obsequies, quarrels over, i, 362 of Fernando VII, iv, 466

Observances, Jewish, i, 146; ii, 565 forgotten, iii, 301 religious, necessity of, ii, 567 among mystics, iv, 3, 8, 28, 50

Obsession causes solicitation, iv, 72, 74

Obstructions to defence, iii, 64

Ocaña, contemplative fraile of, iv, 7

Occult heresy, ii, 4 arts, iv, 179

Occultation of property, ii, 322

_Ochavo_, value of, i, 566

Octroi, exemption from, i, 384, 389

O'Donnell, Count of la Bisbal, iv, 434, 435

Offences specified in Edict of Faith, ii, 93 statistics of, iii, 551

Offences exempt from torture, iii, 8

Offers made to Ferdinand, i, 217 to Charles V, i, 217, 219, 221, 222; ii, 368

Office, public, right to hold, i, 415, 419 onerous, refusal of, i, 420

Offices forbidden to Jews, i, 73 Jews indispensable, i, 99 Conversos disabled from, i, 126; ii, 285 removal of disabilities, ii, 407 confiscation of, i, 192, 581 sale of, ii, 212 life-tenure of, ii, 218 hereditary transmission of, ii, 219 transfer of, ii, 221 held without pay, ii, 223 become undesirable, iv, 388

Officials forbidden to trade, i, 270, 534, 535 their privileges, i, 265, 270, 367, 376, 377, 379, 412, 465; ii, 415, 417, 418, 419 their right to the _fuero_, i, 429, 522 their servants and slaves, i, 369 their character, i, 536 their perquisites, ii, 190, 252 of Suprema, their fees, ii, 200 to lodge in one house, ii, 207 houses furnished to them, ii, 208 their salaries, ii, 251 their number, i, 468, 516; ii, 209, 210, 211, 212, 215, 216 leniency shown to them, ii, 223 punished only by Suprema, ii, 225 they retain records, ii, 257 unsalaried, ii, 263 organized in confraternity, ii, 282 Order of Knighthood for, ii, 283 limpieza requisite, ii, 294, 296 collusion with informers, ii, 324 their penury, ii, 443, 444 sworn to secrecy, ii, 472 must be present at autos, iii, 214 personation of, iv, 344 their deterioration, iv, 388 of Portuguese Inqn., iii, 262 public, take oath to Inqn., i, 182, 352

Ointment, demonic, of witches, iv, 208, 214, 229, 231

Olavide, Pablo, case of, iv, 308

Old and New Christians, distinction recognized, ii, 288

Old Christians, definition of, ii, 288, 298 forfeit limpieza, ii, 300 involved in confiscations, ii, 346 only witnesses for defence, ii, 540 their descendants disabled, iii, 177

Old Inquisition, its organization, i, 172

Oliva, his letters to Molinos, iv, 51

Olivares, his despair over conflicts of jurisdiction, i, 489 proposes admission of Jews, iii, 292 suffers from revelations, iv, 39 his prosecution, iv, 274

Olligoyen, Fray, induces massacre, i, 100

Olmo, del, family of, ii, 221

Opinion in cases of limpieza, ii, 300 political, punished, iv, 276

Opposition to Inqn., i, 232, 239, 245, 260, 268, 439, 452, 465 to grant of canonries, ii, 417

Oran, tribunal of, i, 551

_Orden de Procesar_, ii, 475

Ordenamiento of Alcalá on usury, i, 98 de Doña Catalina, i, 116, 123

_Ordenanzas Reales_, i, 27 oppression of Jews in, i, 124

Order of Knighthood for officials, ii, 283 of _S. María de la Espada Blanca_, i, 507

Orders, holy, forbidden to descendants of penitents, iii, 176 marriage in, iv, 336 minor, abuses of, i, 17; iv, 497

Orders, Military, absorbed by crown, i, 34; iv, 370 competencias with, i, 505

Orders, Religious, their reform proposed, i, 317 represented in Suprema, i, 323 subjected to Inqn., ii, 36 pay cost of imprisoned frailes, ii, 533 suppressed in 1820-3, iv, 439 growth of, iv, 490, 492

Ordinaries, their jurisdiction, ii, 6, 10 effort to exclude them, ii, 12, 14 negligence as to concurrence, ii, 15 appointment as inqrs., ii, 16 their concurrence omitted, ii, 18

Organization of Jews in Spain, i, 86 of Inquisition, i, 172 of tribunals, i, 231, 244; ii, 208, 593

Orihuela, tribunal of, i, 551 composition for, ii, 356 slaughtering of cattle in, iii, 382

Ortiz, Blas, his negligence as to concurrence, ii, 15 punishes solicitation, iv, 97 made inqr. of Valencia, i, 384

Ortiz, Francisco, his temerity, i, 372

Ortiz, Francisco, case of, iv, 11

Orts, Juan, inqr. of Aragon, i, 230, 239

Ostentation of Jews, i, 96 in dowries, ii, 333

Ostrogoths, their tolerance, i, 38, 39

Osuna, tribunal of, i, 551

Osuna, Francisco de, on prayer, iv, 3 on scholastic theology, iv, 5

Osuna, disciple of Francisca Hernandez, iv, 9 escapes correction, iv, 17

Otadui, Dr., his advice to Philip II, iii, 334

_Otrosi_, demand for torture in, iii, 42

Ottoboni, Card., persecutes Pelagini, iv, 46 attacks Molinos, iv, 54 See Alexander VIII.

Outlaws, safe-conducts for, i, 444

Outlawry of heretics, iii, 388

Oven, royal, of Aljafería, i, 391

Overcoming torture, iii, 30

Oviedo, Gonzalo Fern. de, on heresy, ii, 2

Ownership of documents, ii, 220

Pacheco, Inq.-genl., punishes Bp. of Murcia, i, 420 his conflict with Seville, i, 489 prosecutes Granada judges, i, 487 has but one vote in Suprema, ii, 168 banishes Englishmen, iii, 466, 572 condemns mysticism, iv, 30

Pacheco, Pedro, his grant from sale of offices, ii, 215 his disgrace, ii, 438

Pact with demon, iv, 185, 188, 195, 205

Padilla, Inqr., suspended, i, 530

Padilla, Juan de, keeps clear of Inqn., i, 221

Padua, faculty of, on defence of accused, iii, 56

Paging of records of trials, ii, 259

Palafox, Bishop, his portrait _borrado_, iii, 498

Palencia, Bp. of, his appellate jurisdiction, ii, 110

Palermo, iniquity of tribunal, ii, 121

Pallavicini, Card., on persecution, iv, 500

Palm of victory for acquittal, iii, 108

Palma, massacre in 1391, i, 109 number of officials in, ii, 212 autos of 1679 and 1691, iii, 225, 306; iv, 526

Pampeluna, tribunal of, i, 552 relations with Saragossa, i, 225 political utility, i, 226

_Pan asegurado_, i, 388

_Pan cotazo_, i, 594

Paniagua, D. Pedro, case of, i, 514

_Paños de la vergüenza_, iii, 17

Papacy, popular disrespect for, i, 11 export of money to, i, 12 approves of Torquemada, i, 174

Paper, writing, for prisoners, ii, 517

Papers, all, returned to tribunal, ii, 474 detailed inventory of, ii, 497

Paradinas, inqr., stabbed, i, 214

Páramo on treatment of Jews, i, 36 his eulogy of Inqn., ii, 483 on acquittal, iii, 108 on Protestants, iii, 432 on mystics of Llerena, iv, 24 his abuse of women, iv, 121

Pardon of 1604, iii, 268 of 1627 and 1630, iii, 273 purchase of, iii, 363

Paredes, Fray Manuel de, his mysticism, iv, 71

Pareja tried for solicitation, iv, 98

Pariahs created by _limpieza_, ii, 310

Paris, Council of 1212, on midwives, i, 81

Parish churches, _sanbenitos_ hung in, iii, 166

Parque Castrillo, Duke of, prosecuted, iv, 430

Parra, Juan Adan de la, iii, 271, 291

Participation in Sabbat, iv, 232, 243, 245

Partidas on trade with Moors, i, 56 on slavery, i, 57 restrictions on Jews, i, 69, 74, 89 on confiscation, iii, 316 on magic, iv, 180, 182 law on heresy revived, iv, 411 law as to succession, iv, 462

_Parvitas materiæ_, none in solicitation, iv, 110, 112 none in sorcery, iv, 196

Pascual of Aragon, his inqr.-generalship, i, 310

Passes for free goods, i, 376, 384

_Passo Honroso_, the, i, 5

Passover bread, eating of, ii, 566

_Pastoralis officii_, bull, i, 275, 432; iv, 317, 329

Pastrana, Judaizers of, ii, 494; iii, 300 mystics of, iv, 7

Paternoy, Sanchó de, i, 249, 257

Patiño, his services, iv, 486

Patrocinio, Sor, career of, iv, 92

Patronage, papal, resisted, i, 12 granted to sovereigns, ii, 416; iv, 291 royal, of canonries, ii, 429 of inquisitors, ii, 280

_Patrones teólogos_, iii, 51; iv, 154

Paul III exempts regulars from Inqn., ii, 32 confirms sale of pardons, ii, 107 Roman Inqn. not to interfere with Spanish, ii, 127 on exclusion of New Christians, ii, 289, 291 relieves Moriscos from confiscation, ii, 395 his dispensations, ii, 406 limits duration of torture, iii, 22 relieves from irregularity, iii, 186 his dealings with Portugal, iii, 241-58 creates da Silva cardinal, iii, 244 abandons him, iii, 253 invites Jews to Italy, iii, 254 suspends Inqn. as to Moriscos, iii, 373 aids Magdalina de la Cruz, iv, 82

Paul IV threatens Melchor Cano, ii, 51 subjects regulars to Inqn., ii, 33 his brief of January 7, 1559, ii, 61 on exclusion of Conversos, ii, 290 claims benefices of heretics, ii, 319 grants canonries to Inqn., ii, 425 orders torture to discover accomplices, iii, 11 heresies treated as relapse, iii, 201 prosecutes Jews, iii, 254 suppression of witnesses' names, iii, 258 his bull against Q. Elizabeth, iii, 436 his Index, iii, 486 requires confessors to enforce it, iii, 490 withdrawn licences for prohibited books, iii, 521 subjects solicitation to Inqn., iv, 99 decrees relaxation for personating priesthood, iv, 340

Paul V confirms subjection of regulars, ii, 36 profession of faith of inqrs., ii, 420 exempts from irregularity, iii, 189 empowers Inqn. to issue licences, iii, 522 on solicitation, iv, 100

Payment for discovering property, ii, 323

Pay-roll, Ferdinand seeks to reduce it, ii, 209 of Suprema, ii, 191, 196, 202

Paz, Diogo da, iii, 239

Peace, internal, preserved by Inqn., iv, 507

Peace and truce, treaties of, i, 441

Peasants can prove limpieza, ii, 308 condition of, iv, 478 church burdens on, iv, 495

_Pecheros_, i, 375 familiars to be, ii, 281

Peculations of inq.-genl., i, 190 in confiscation, ii, 363, 365

Peculium of frailes, ii, 495, 504

Pedraça, his instructions for commissioners, ii, 302

Pedro II (Aragon) persecutes Waldenses, iii, 183

Pedro III (Aragon) summons his Moors to arms, i, 63 protects Jews, i, 93

Pedro the Cruel, his struggles with nobles, i, 3 employs Moorish troops, i, 54 favors Jews, i, 101

Pedro de Madrid, _delator_, ii, 323

Pedro Sánchez, Joan de, burnt, i, 596

Pedro de Valencia on witchcraft, iv, 229, 247

Peláez, Anton, his deposition, ii, 105

Pelagini, iv, 46 their successors, iv, 61

Peliag the Jew, i, 51

Pellegrini di San Rocco, iv, 47

Peña, Francisco, his edition of Eymerich, ii, 476 justification of secrecy, ii, 474 on insane convicts, ii, 59, 60 on death sentences, iii, 186 on conversion after sentence, iii, 193

Peña, Pedro, condemned for Molinism, iv, 59

Peñalosa, Benito de, on _limpieza_, ii, 309 on the peasantry, iv, 478 on education, iv, 529

Penalties. See Punishments.

Peñas, Benito, case of, ii, 494

_Penas extraordinarias_, iii, 101

_Penas y penitencias_, i, 337; ii, 389

Penance is punishment, ii, 389, 569 destroys limpieza, ii, 296, 299, 304, 307, 310, 311 its performance enforced, iii, 101 abridgement of, iii, 161 with suspension, iii, 109 spiritual, iii, 131

Penances, pecuniary, i, 337; ii, 389 Inqn. obtains them, i, 339 applied to tribunals, ii, 393 productiveness, ii, 397 proportioned to need of tribunal, ii, 396; iv, 219 replace confiscation, ii, 394 limited in Valencia, ii, 395 reconciliation a prerequisite, ii, 396 excessive, i, 226

_Penca_, iii, 135

Penitence, sacrament of, in solicitation, iv, 109

Penitents of Inqn., ii, 389 penalties imposed on, i, 169-70 entitled to _fuero_, i, 433; iii, 150, 153 maintenance of, i, 567 costs collected from, ii, 533 their pictures in churches, iii, 171 disabilities of, iii, 173 hardships of descendants, iii, 177 stripping and flagellating, iv, 117

Penitential prison, iii, 150

Penitentiary, papal, its absolutions, ii, 104

Penitentiary, its pardons for crime, ii, 107 taxes of, ii, 402

Penn, George, case of, iii, 468

Pensions granted on offices, ii, 222 in jubilation, ii, 224 on canonries, ii, 428, 429

Penury of royal treasury, ii, 373 of officials, ii, 443, 444

People, oath required of, i, 353

Pepper bought with heretic money, ii, 338

Perales, contract of, i, 19

Pérez, Alonso, his visitation of Barcelona, i, 528

Pérez, Antonio, case of, iv, 254 burnt in effigy, iv, 268 pensioned by Henry IV, iv, 271 postmortem absolution, iv, 272 his blasphemy, iv, 332 his writings suppressed, iii, 542

Perez de Pineda, Juan, iii, 427, 428, 445

Performance of sentences, iii, 101

Perjury in cases of _limpieza_, ii, 304 of witnesses, ii, 554, 556 detected in ratification, ii, 547 in secular courts, ii, 554; iv, 379

Pernambuco, its capture, iii, 279, 282

Perpignan, placed under interdict., i, 187 tribunal of, i, 552 auto de fe in, i, 264 violation of Concordia, i, 272 magistrates penanced, i, 285 arrest of officials, i, 469 sequestrated houses in, ii, 498

Perquisites of officials, ii, 190 of Suprema, ii, 195

Persecution, conscientious, ii, 1; iv, 525 financial element in, ii, 315, 357; iv, 527

_Personas honestas_, ii, 249

Personation of officials, iv, 344 punishment, iii, 189; iv, 345 frequency, iv, 348

Personation of priesthood, iv, 339 relaxation for, iv, 340, 342 doubt as to jurisdiction, iv, 341 penalties in Spain, iii, 207; iv, 341 confessions heard by laymen, iv, 344

Personnel of tribunals, ii, 209, 232 efforts for reduction, ii, 211 of Inqn. in 1746, ii, 597

Pertinacity entails relaxation, ii, 585; iii, 195

_Peseta_, value of, i, 561, 565

_Peso ensayado_, i, 562 _de oro_, i, 560 _de plata_, i, 562

Petition, Inqn. must be addressed by, i, 356

_Petosiris_, iv, 195

Petrucci, Card., iv, 52, 55, 60

Pharmacopoeia of Schoderius, iii, 507

Phelippeaux, agent of Bossuet, iv, 66

Philip Augustus banishes Jews, i, 83

Philip I appealed to by Córdova, i, 196 admits papal appellate power, ii, 116 grants from confiscations, ii, 376 his death, i, 201

Philip II makes no appointments, i, 299 his control of Suprema, i, 322 reclaims confiscations, i, 331 enforces jurisdiction of Inqn., i, 341, 343, 437; ii, 352 on official oaths, i, 352 regulates tax-exemption, i, 376 billeting of troops, i, 397 forbids concealed weapons, i, 402 on right to hold office, i, 416 at Córtes of Monzon in 1564, i, 442 evades complaints of Córtes, i, 485 suppresses Order of Santa María de la Espada blanca, i, 508 revives tribunal of Galicia, i, 547 demands a forced loan, ii, 46 case of Carranza, ii, 50, 57, 62, 64, 69, 70, 73, 77, 79, 81, 86 impedes appeals to Rome, ii, 129, 130, 131 defines personnel of tribunals, ii, 210 objects to transfer of offices, ii, 221 requires inqrs. to be clerics, ii, 235 couples inqr. and fiscal, ii, 242 on nobles as familiars, ii, 281 on limpieza, ii, 291, 295, 306 restrains commutations, ii, 413 obtains canonries for Inqn., ii, 425 on denunciation of accomplices, ii, 462; iii, 373 on importance of secrecy, ii, 476 wants penitents for galleys, iii, 142 galleys for bigamy and blasphemy, iv, 316, 331 on _sanbenitos_ in churches, iii, 169 on expenses of execution, iii, 187 on windows overlooking autos, iii, 213 autos celebrated for, iii, 227 at Valladolid auto, iii, 441 milder measures for Judaism, iii, 235 his conquest of Portugal, iii, 265 forbids expatriation, iii, 271 his financial exhaustion, iii, 337 debasement of coinage, i, 562; iv, 482 maintains commutation of confiscation, iii, 361 dealings with Moriscos, iii, 334, 339, 367, 371, 379, 381, 388 urges action against Protestants, iii, 435, 448 prohibits education abroad, iii, 449 his savage censorship, iii, 488 renews law against sorcery, iv, 190 political use of Inqn., iv, 250 prosecutes Jeanne d'Albret, iv, 253 case of Ant. Péres, iv, 254, 255, 262, 265, 267, 269 on unnatural crime, iv, 364 results of his reign, iv, 474 his intolerance, iv, 499 quarrel at his obsequies, i, 362

Philip III makes appointments, i, 300 forces resignations, i, 306 adds member to Suprema, i, 323 asks assent of Suprema, i, 326 reclaims confiscations, i, 331 on royal jurisdiction of Inqn., i, 343, 510 prohibits discharge of fire-arms, i, 408 duplicity with Catalonia, i, 471 on appeals to Rome, i, 494, 496; ii, 131 case of provisor of Córdova, i, 496 subjects Military Orders to Inqn., i, 505 forbids refusal of competencias, i, 522 denies episcopal cognizance of heresy, ii, 8 favors transfer of offices, ii, 221 inqrs. must be lawyers, ii, 235 exaggerates limpieza, ii, 311 restrains grants of canonries, ii, 420 sells pardon to Judaizers, iii, 267 sells right to emigrate, iii, 271 refuses to banish Conversos, iii, 275 seeks to convert Moriscos, iii, 372 his fear of Moriscos, iii, 387 his edict of expulsion, iii, 394 dissipates Morisco confiscations, iii, 409 makes treaty with England, iii, 463 prohibits the Annals of Baronius, iii, 534 asserts independence of Roman censorship, iii, 535 pardons Ant. Pérez's family, iv, 270 his lavishness, iv, 475 debases the coinage, iv, 482 subjection to his confessor, iv, 498 his piety, iv, 500

Philip IV, appointments and resignations, i, 301, 307, 309, 323, 324 his demands on Inqn., i, 332 claims portion of fines, i, 340; ii, 399 struggles against bureaucracy, i, 346, 616 on royal jurisdiction of Inqn., i, 343, 344 withdraws exemptions from billets, i, 398 on bearing arms, i, 402, 408, 410 on military service of familiars, i, 413 on right to hold office, i, 418 on right of asylum, i, 423 crimes under coinage laws, i, 438 protects Valencia familiars, i, 448 evades reform in 1626, i, 455, 473 yields to Córtes of 1646, i, 459, 619 deprecates quarrels, i, 475 maintains Catalonian privileges, i, 479 orders Concordias enforced, i, 480 his subservience to Pacheco, i, 487, 489, 490 avoids quarrel with Majorca, i, 499 regulates sequestration, ii, 496 urged to check abuses, i, 510 orders excommunications raised, i, 523 on competencias, i, 522, 524 favors the Logroño tribunal, i, 531 on quarrels with bishops, i, 620 contests appeals to Rome, ii, 132 case of Villanueva, ii, 138, 140, 148, 154, 157 proposes a governor for Suprema, ii, 165 asks for expenses of Suprema, ii, 195 tries to diminish officials, ii, 211 resorts to sale of offices, ii, 212 his prodigality, ii, 215; iv, 476 attempts to reform _limpieza_, ii, 300, 307 yields to chapter of Córdova, ii, 422 proposes discharge of prisoners, iii, 155 refuses Cromwell's demands, iii, 469; iv, 501 confirms censorship law, iii, 489 asks licence to read prohibited books, iii, 523 favors the Jesuits, iii, 532; iv, 380 asserts independence of Roman censorship, iii, 535 defends the _regalistas_, iii, 537 influenced by visions, iv, 39 his horoscope, iv, 194 competencia over bigamy, iv, 320 punishes blasphemy, iv, 333 urges the Immaculate Conception, iv, 359 his disastrous reign, iv, 475 debases the coinage, iv, 482 subservience to Inqn., iv, 501 his immorality, iv, 510

Philip V, his struggle with Giudice, i, 314 efforts to reform Inqn., i, 317, 336; ii, 202, 223, 560 orders a Jesuit member of Suprema, i, 323 asserts authority of Suprema, i, 325; ii, 177 reclaims confiscations, i, 336 enforces obedience, i, 348 taxes salaries, i, 383; ii, 440 limits exemptions from billets, i, 399 prohibits pistols, i, 402 admits right to bear arms, i, 411 restricts temporal jurisdiction, i, 515 seeks to hasten competencias, i, 525 prohibits appeals to Rome, ii, 159 appoints Vidal Marin, ii, 178 on false-witness, ii, 560 refuses honor of an auto, iii, 229 use made of Inqn., iv, 275 persecutes Masonry, iv, 301 curbs the Inqn., iv, 386 stimulates culture, iv, 387 his zeal for the faith, iv, 387 changes law of succession, iv, 463 on growth of Church, iv, 492 eulogizes Inqn., iv, 501

Philippe le Bel expels Jews, i, 83

Philippines, exile to, iii, 128

Philosophism, iv, 307

Philtres, punishment for, iv, 203

Physician of Inqn., ii, 190, 248

Physicians, Moorish, i, 66 Jewish and Moorish, forbidden, i, 73 accused of slaying Christians, i, 74; ii, 292

Pichon, Yuçaf, his murder, i, 103

Pictures, censorship of, ii, 400; iii, 547

Pico della Mirandola on Jewish expulsion, i, 143

_Pié de amigo_, ii, 512; iii, 135

Pietro Paolo di S. Giovanni, iv, 61

Pilgrimage as penance, iii, 131

Pimiento, Fr. Joseph Díaz, case of, iii, 182, 205

Pimp, confessor serving as, iv, 111

Pious gifts from confiscations, ii, 371 uses, penances applied to, ii, 393, 410

Pistoja, council of, iv, 286, 293, 295

Pistols, prohibition of, i, 402

Pius II exempts Franciscans from Inqn., ii, 30

Pius IV subjects regulars to Inqn., ii, 33 action in trial of Carranza, ii, 70, 74, 75, 76 condemns statute of limpieza, ii, 293 gifts to him, iii, 252 grants suppression of witnesses' names, iii, 258 urges compulsion of Moriscos, iii, 334 his Index, iii, 492 subjects solicitation to Inqn., iv, 99 unnatural crime to Inqn. of Portugal, iv, 365

Pius V forces Valdés to resign, i, 305 his bull _Si de protegendis_, i, 368 his protection asked by Catalonia, i, 470 authorizes Inqn. of navy, i, 541 issues jubilee indulgence, ii, 25 action in Carranza's case, ii, 77, 79, 80 invalidates acquittals, ii, 137, 142; iii, 107 seeks to limit limpieza, ii, 306 renews quinquennial indult, ii, 420 confirms suppression of canonries, ii, 427 orders torture to discover accomplices, iii, 11 exempts from irregularity, iii, 189 confiscation in Portugal, iii, 260 his intolerance, iv, 500

Pius VI approves of Italian Bible, iii, 530 beatifies Giov. Gius. della Croce, iv, 67 dispensation to Beata Clara, iv, 91 condemns council of Pistoja, iv, 286

Pius VII renews quinquennial indult, ii, 423 suppresses torture, iii, 35 reforms procedure of Inqn., iii, 92 denounces Masonry, iv, 303 breaks with the Liberal Government, iv, 441 supports the Regency of Catalonia, iv, 444

Pius VIII grants appeals from _juntas de fe_, iv, 462

Pius IX blesses Sor Patrocinio, iv, 93

Pla, Joseph, Inqr. of Catalonia, i, 479, 480

Place and time suppressed in publication, iii, 54

Plaintiff must seek court of defendant, i, 430, 466

Plasencia, wealth of see, ii, 154; iv, 494

_Plata national_ and _provincial_, i, 562

_Plata_, salaries partly paid in, ii, 197

Plate of officials, seizure of, i, 333

Plaza, Fray Fernando de la, i, 152

Plea for mercy, iii, 184, 185, 188

Pleas in abatement, iii, 58, 63

_Plomos del Sacromonte_, iv, 357

Plots, Morisco, iii, 385 against Fernando VII, iv, 434

Pluralism of officials, ii, 418

Poblet, royal tomb in, ii, 374

Pole, Cardinal, his books examined, iii, 508

Police power during autos, iii, 213 rules disregarded, i, 365

Politics, Inqn. not an instrument for absolutism, i, 291; iii, 249 occasional service, iii, 251 case of Ant. Pérez, iii, 253 he is prosecuted for blasphemy, iii, 258 obstruction of royal policy, iii, 267 occasional cases, iii, 273 subservient to the Bourbons, iii, 275 export of horses, iii, 278 use of impostors, iv, 84, 92 political propositions, iv, 177

Poll-tax on Jews and Moors, i, 85, 86, 125

Pollution of churches, iv, 130

Polygamy tolerated, i, 87

Pombal, his reforms, iii, 310 denies existence of sorcery, iv, 202

Ponce de la Fuente, Constantino, iii, 427, 429, 445

Ponce de Leon, Juan, case of, iii, 176, 201, 427, 429, 443

Ponce de Leon, Martin, inq.-genl., i, 178; ii, 257

Pontificals prohibited, iii, 531

Poore, Richard, punishes solicitation, iv, 97

Popes, claim of patronage resisted, i, 12 their jurisdiction supreme, ii, 160 dispense for marriage in Orders, iv, 337

Population of Spain, iv, 476, 487

Pork, avoidance of, iii, 232

_Portero_, the, ii, 246 _de camara_, ii, 247

Portocarrero, Inq.-genl., his resignation, i, 306 on age of inqrs., ii, 236

Portocarrero, Juan D., on royal jurisdiction, i, 344, 345 defends mystics, iv, 31 becomes Bp. of Guadix, iv, 37

Portraits of penitents in churches, iii, 171

Portugal, oppression of Jews, i, 117, 140 New Christians fly to, i, 165 extradition with Castile, i, 191, 253; iii, 278 effect of its conquest, iii, 237, 266 emigration to Castile, iii, 277 infection of blood, iii, 283 offers for relief, iii, 283, 286 injury to commerce, iii, 288 treaty of 1668, iii 303 equality of New Christians, iii, 310 Jesuit mystics, iv, 22 solicitation, iv, 100 sorcery, iv, 202 unnatural crime, iv, 365 See also Inqn. of Portugal.

Portuguese refugees in Italy, iii, 254 regarded as Jews, iii, 270, 283, 296 emigration to France, iii, 271 forbidden to emigrate, iii, 271, 303 vigilantly tracked, iii, 297 Moors invited to Spain, iii, 319

Possadas, Fray Fran. de, on Molinism, iv, 70

Possession, demoniacal, iv, 348

Postage oppressive in 1815, iv, 428

Post-office, influence of, ii, 179

_Potro_, iii, 19

Poza, Juan Bautista, iii, 57, 536

Pozo, Juan del, opposes grants, ii, 382

Pozzo di Borgo sent to Madrid, iv, 451

Practice, ii, 457

Practices, Jewish and Moslem, i, 146; ii, 565

Prado y Cuesta revokes all licences, iii, 524 his Index, iii, 495; iv, 289

_Pragmática del Exequatur_, iii, 540

Pragmáticas, violation of, i, 438 of 1501, ii, 401, 404, 406

Prat, Juan, i, 276, 277, 281, 282

Prayer-test, ii, 568

Prayer at opening of sessions, iv, 523, 546

Prayer, mental, iv, 1, 2, 6, 28, 30 forbidden, iv, 46 practised by Pelagini, iv, 47 taught by Molinos, iv, 50, 52 by Beccarellisti, iv, 61 by S. François de Sales, iv, 62 by Madame Guyon, iv, 63 by Giov. Gius. della Croce, iv, 68 by Toro of Oviedo, iv, 74

Prayers, Jewish, i, 150 used as charms, iv, 188

Preachers at autos, iii, 216

Preaching authorised for conversion, i, 91 absurd, iv, 168 censorship of, iv, 173

Prebends, see Canonries

Precautions in solicitation, iv, 119

Precedence, contests over, i, 359; iii, 214

Precepts, in observance of, ii, 11

Predestination, debate over, iv, 284

Pre-eminence of Inqn., i, 351

Pregnancy in prison, ii, 524 torture in, iii, 15

Prelates, their character, i, 8; iv, 497

Preliminaries of torture, iii, 4

Premium on precious metals, i, 438, 563; iv, 482

Preparation of Index, iii, 493

Prescription of time, i, 270; ii, 377, 328

President of Suprema, ii, 164

_Presidios_, iii, 144

Press, freedom of, iv, 404

Price of papal absolutions, ii, 104 of offices, ii, 214

Priesthood, immunity of i, 428 personation of, iv, 339

Priests, marriage of, iv, 336 must absolve for heresy, ii, 21

Prince-bishops, their judges, iii, 184

Printers, foreign, prosecuted, iii, 457

Printing, decline of, iv, 530 regulation of, iii, 489 office, sequestration of, ii, 501

Prison, the secret, ii, 230, 507 only for heresy, i, 444 infamy caused by, i, 485, 510, 512 clerics not confined in, iii, 180 expenses paid by alguazil, ii, 210, 245 abuses in, i, 222; ii, 526 inspection of, ii, 509, 524, 525 humane regulations, ii, 524, 525 laxity of discipline, ii, 518, 520 sickness in, ii, 522 escape from, ii, 513 deaths in, ii, 522; iii, 285

Prisoners, kept _incomunicado_, ii, 493, 515 their existence concealed, ii, 473 their maintenance, i, 567; ii, 500, 528, 532 expenses thrown on them, ii, 494, 530, 533 allowance fixed by inqrs., ii, 531 their rations, ii, 524, 525, 527 cook their own food, ii, 519 clothes supplied to, ii, 528 female, ii, 523, 525, 526 pregnant, ii, 524 kept in ignorance of sentence, iii, 94 borrowing of, i, 481 denied sacraments, ii, 520

Prisons, perpetual or penitential, iii, 151 construction ordered, i, 567 gradually provided, iii, 152, 154 their inspection, iii, 153 their discipline, iii, 152, 154, 156 escape from, iii, 156 meaning of perpetual, iii, 159 irremissible, ii, 411; iii, 160 substitutes for, iii, 152 become obsolete, iii, 158 prisoners not to be supported, iii, 153 their mode of livelihood, iii, 155

Prisons, episcopal, harshness of, ii, 509

Prisons, character in Portugal, iii, 284

Priuli, Lorenzo, on _limpieza_, ii, 309

Privileges, Jewish, withdrawn, i, 117 of Majorca, i, 266 in the markets, i, 533 of Inqn., oath to uphold, i, 352 of officials, i, 375 in Portugal, iii, 262

Probabilism, iv, 510

Procedure, secular, in Castile, ii, 467 of Inqn., kept secret, ii, 475 uniformity attained in, iii, 37 delays in, iii, 76 in trials of the dead, iii, 83 of the absent, iii, 83 in cases of propositions, iv, 142 in unnatural crime, iv, 363 amelioration of, iv, 392

Process, the inquisitorial, ii, 465

Processions of penitents, i, 169 of the green cross, iii, 216

Proclamation on arrival of inqr., i, 617 of autos, iii, 214

_Procurator del fisco_, ii, 250

Procurators allowed to accused, iii, 43 denied to accused, iii, 49 for the absent and dead, iii, 50

Procuress, penitent serving as, iv, 111

Prodigality with confiscations, ii, 373, 376; iii, 409 of Philip IV, ii, 215

Profession of faith by inqrs., ii, 420

Professions forbidden to Jews, i, 117 to penitents, iii, 173

Profits of temporal jurisdiction, i, 462, 468, 508 of multiplying offices, ii, 212 of confiscation, ii, 367 of penances and fines, ii, 397, 398 of dispensations, ii, 403 of persecution, ii, 315; iv 527

Progress, intellectual, impeded, iii, 549; iv, 148, 528

Prohibition to collect taxes, i, 380

Promoter fiscal, see Fiscal

Proofs, character of, iii, 232 required for arrest, ii, 490 required for torture, iii, 9 in trials of the dead, iii, 84

Property, accused examined as to, ii, 321 its concealment, ii, 322 alienated, is confiscated, ii, 339 faculties to purchase, ii, 346 wasted in confiscation, ii, 364, 370 sequestrated is sacred, ii, 497 in hands of third parties, ii, 503 of Inqn., escheated, iv, 412, 437 restored in 1814, iv, 427, 540

Prophetess of Herrera, i, 186; iv, 520

_Propinas_ of Suprema, ii, 195

Propositions, iv, 138 definitions, iv, 139 ever-present danger, iv, 140 abusive punishments, iv, 141 rules for procedure, iv, 142 marriage better than celibacy, iv, 144 fornication not sinful, iv, 145 influence on intellectual development, iv, 148 case of Luis de Leon, iv, 149 his second trial, iv, 159 case of Francisco Sanchez, iv, 162 case of Joseph de Sigüenza, iv, 168 theological trivialities, iv, 171 errors in preaching, iv, 173 proportion of business, iv, 176 intention in, ii, 577

Proprietorship in offices, ii, 219

Proscription of Liberals, iv, 433, 448, 450, 452 its effects, iv, 453

Prosecution _in absentia_, ii, 466, 467

Prosecutor, public, ii, 466, 479

Proselytism forbidden, i, 87 ascribed to Jews, iii, 293

Protection of officials, i, 242, 368 of witnesses, ii, 549

Protest attached to confessions, ii, 574

Protestantism, iii, 411 no danger to Spain, iii, 448 its disappearance, iii, 457, 461 foreign, its exclusion, iii, 472 converts from, iii, 476 confused with Mysticism, iv, 4, 13 modern propagandism, iv, 471 statistics of, iv, 525 its intolerance, iv, 532

Protestants, special severity for, iii, 200 successfully excluded, iii, 472, 473 persecute witches, iv, 246

_Proveedor_, ii, 249

_Providas_, bull, against Masonry, iv, 300

Provision for families of prisoners, ii, 499

Provisions, seizure of, i, 392 detention of, for inqrs., i, 534

Provisors, prosecution of, i, 495; ii, 9

Publication of Edict of Faith, ii, 94 of evidence, ii, 552; iii, 53

Public funds, investments in, ii, 439, 444 heresy, ii, 4 office, right to hold, i, 415, 419

Puente, Luis de la, iv, 18

_Pugio Fidei_, the, i, 114

Puigblanch, his _Inquisicion sin Mascara_, iv, 405 attacks Villanueva, iv, 442

Pulgar, Hern. de, his statistics, iv, 518

Pulpit, censorship of, iv, 173

Punishment is penance, ii, 389, 569 under Edict of Grace, i, 169 corporal, sentences of, ii, 184 reduced by Suprema, ii, 187 indelible stigma of, ii, 299 commutation of, ii, 402, 408 after overcoming torture, iii, 31 at discretion of inqrs., iii, 98 multiple, iii, 101 enforcement of, iii, 101, 104 with acquittal, iii, 107 with suspension, iii, 110 minor, iii, 121 accompanying abjuration, iii, 125 unusual, iii, 132 harsher, iii, 135 for using papal briefs, ii, 110, 117 for concealing property, ii, 321 for false-witness, ii, 554, 556, 561 for disobeying censorship, iii, 525 of mystics, iv, 35 of impostors, iv, 86, 88 of solicitation, iv, 97, 101, 119, 126 for propositions, iv, 141 of sorcery, iv, 197 of witchcraft, iv, 218, 224, 240 of bigamy, iv, 316, 318, 321 of blasphemy, iv, 328, 331, 334 of marriage in Orders, iv, 336, 337, 338 of personating priesthood, iv, 343 of personating officials, iv, 345 of insults to images, iv, 353 of unnatural crime, iv, 361, 365, 367 mitigation in 1815, iv, 432 statistics of, iii, 553

Purchase of papal letters, ii, 118, 121 of pardon, iii, 267, 363

Purging evidence, iii, 7, 30

Purification, iv, 408, 425

Purveyance and pre-emption, i, 393

Purveyors not to take provisions by force, i, 533

Pyrenees, peace of, iii, 471

Pyx, theft of, in Portugal, iii, 284

Qualifications of inquisitors, i, 158, 237; ii, 233 of familiars, ii, 275, 279 of officials, ii, 250 limpieza indispensable, ii, 296 of witnesses, ii, 536, 539

Quarantine broken by inqr., i, 264 work by Inqn., iv, 381 on ideas, iii, 505

Quarrels of Torquemada and inquisitors, i, 177 over precedence, i, 360; iii, 214 with secular courts, i, 434, 439, 452, 469, 481, 486, 492 of bishops and inqrs., i, 497, 620 between the Regular Orders, ii, 38 over house in Valladolid, ii, 208 over revenues of canonries, ii, 430

Quartering of troops, i, 394

Quarters, free, i, 395

_Quarto_ and _quartillo_, i, 562

Queipo, Bp., tried by Inqn., ii, 88

_Quemadero_ of Seville, i, 164 procession to, iii, 219 special, for unnatural crime, iv, 368

Queral, D. Pedro de, his grievances, i, 537

Querétaro, demoniacs in, iv, 350

_Question préalable_ or _définitive_, iii, 11

Questions referred to Suprema, ii, 163 not put during torture, iii, 18 leading, forbidden, iii, 71

Quevedo, Bp. of Orense, iv, 401, 404, 407, 417

Quicksilver mines, service in, iii, 145

Quietism, iv, 4, 8, 9, 18 in Edict of Faith, iv, 18, 24 condemned, iv, 28 taught by Molinos, iv, 49 its errors, iv, 55 of Beccarellisti, iv, 61 of S. François de Sales, iv, 62 limited by Fénelon, iv, 65 of Giov. Gius. della Croce, iv, 68 of Toro of Oviedo, iv, 72, 535

Quietists, designs attributed to, iv, 53

Quinisext Council on Jews, i, 39

Quiñones, Suero de, i, 5

Quinquennial indults, ii, 416, 422, 423

Quintanilla revives Hermandad, i, 30

Quinto, Javier de, on oath of allegiance, i, 229

Quiroga, Inq.-genl., honors Carranza's memory, ii, 85 his prosecution threatened, ii, 130 enforces secrecy, ii, 472 his Index, iii, 493, 528 protects Luis de Leon, iv, 157, 161 his gifts to Philip II, iv, 494

Quiroga, María (see Patrocinio), iv, 92

Quito, _la Azucena de_, iv, 39 omission of Edict of Faith in, ii, 98

Rábago, Padre, defies the Holy See, iv, 290 decries culture, iv, 530

Race, antagonism of, i, 121, 126

Rack, the, iii, 21

Raga, Martin de la, escapes assassination, i, 250

Ram, Mateo, i, 251, 257, 604

Ramírez of Guatemala organizes an Inqn., ii, 8

Ramírez de Haro, Bp., iii, 373

Ramiro I persecutes sorcerers, iv, 179

Ramon Martin, his Pugio Fidei, i, 114

Ramoneda, Estevan, case of, iv, 129

Ranke on political use of Inqn., iv, 248

Ransoms, commutations used for, ii, 411

Rapica, Mateo de, his persecution, i, 146

Rates of interest, i, 97

Ratification of evidence, ii, 544, 546; iv, 106 of confession in torture, iii, 7

Ratio of gold and silver, i, 560

Rations for prisoners, ii, 519, 525, 531

Razors, censorship of, iii, 546

Reaction in favor of Jews, i, 121 ten years of, iv, 450

Reading of edicts in churches, i, 359

_Real_, value of, i, 561

Real Compañia Maritima, ii, 444

Real, Dr., on unnatural crime, iv, 365

Real estate, insecurity of titles, ii, 327, 339, 346

_Rebeldia_, or contumacy, ii, 467; iii, 83

Rebukes of tribunals by Suprema, ii, 183, 186

_Recabdores_, i, 98

Receipt given for dower, ii, 599

Receiver of fines and penances, ii, 391

Receiver-general, his duties, ii, 366 of penances, ii, 392

Receivers of confiscations, ii, 250 sent to Seville in 1480, ii, 315 honor requisitions of Suprema, ii, 191 districts assigned to, ii, 206 become officers of Inqn., i, 328 powers and duties, ii, 342, 445 pay maintenance of prisoners, ii, 529 their accounts, i, 294; ii, 365, 446, 447, 600 deposits in coffer, ii, 450, 452 defalcations habitual, ii, 451 obstruct grants from confiscations, ii, 382

Receivership, price of, ii, 214

Recemund, Bishop, his embassy, i, 47

Reception of inqrs. in visitations, ii, 239

Reclamation of sequestrated property, ii, 497

Reclusion in convents, iii, 180

_Recojimiento_, iv, 6

_Reconciliados_, spoliation of, ii, 335 their Christian slaves liberated, ii, 340 forbidden to trade with Indies, ii, 357

Reconciliation, private, i, 296 as punishment, iii, 146 infers confiscation, ii, 320; iii, 149 of the dead, iii, 85 after relaxation, iii, 90 ceremony of, iii, 147 _sanbenito_ prescribed for, iii, 162 during auto de fe, iii, 191 in relapse, iii, 206 in witchcraft iv, 213, 228, 230

Reconquest, toleration during, i, 52

Records of the Inquisition, i, 159 their development, ii, 255 retained by officials, ii, 257, 258 their arrangement, ii, 259 intercommunication of, ii, 280 final perfection, ii, 261 why never bound, ii, 474 of familiars, ii, 274

Rectories for Moriscos, iii, 367

Rectors, their character, iii, 367, 368

_Recurso de fuerza_, i, 341 428; iii, 533

Recusation of judges, ii, 69, 143, 467; iii, 57

Redemption of captives, ii, 411 of punishment, ii, 408

Reform, Charles V's project of, i, 218 project of, in 1623, i, 381 efforts of Philip V, i, 317, 336; ii, 202, 223, 560

Reformation, the, its influence, iii, 412 clerical celibacy in, iv, 337

_Reformistas antiguos espanoles_, iii, 427

Refreshments at bull-fights, ii, 198

Refuge in lands of nobles, i, 241

Refugees in Rome, ii, 114 in Guienne to be seized, iii, 278 despoilment of, ii, 337

Refusal of onerous offices, i, 420

_Regalías_ defended by Inqn., iii, 535 assailed by Inqn., iii, 540 control the Inqn., iv, 390

_Regalistas_, quarrel over, iii, 533

Regency of Maria Ana of Austria, i, 310 during War of Liberation, iv, 403, 416, 419, 422 of Catalonia, iv, 443 of 1823, iv, 443 of Cristina, iv, 456

Reggio, Alessandro, attacks Molinos iv, 52

_Regimento_ of Portuguese Inqn., iii, 262, 310

Registers, ii, 266

Register of Valencia, iv, 458 of confiscations, i, 581 of familiars, i, 467; ii, 274 of solicitations, iv, 135

Registration of foreigners, iii, 472

Regla, Juan de, his prosecution, iii, 420

Regulars, subjected to Inqn., ii, 29, 36; iv, 100 solicitation by, iv, 135 quarrels between, ii, 38; iv, 380

Regulations of _cárceles secretas_, ii, 519 for foreign heretics, iii, 464, 473, 475

Rehabilitations, ii, 402 composition for, ii, 358 profits of, ii, 403, 408 papal and royal, ii, 404, 406

Reina Cassiodoro de, iii, 428, 447

Rejaule, Dr. Juan, case of, i, 405

Relapse, definition of, iii, 202 after abjuration _de vehementi_, iii, 124 after reconciliation, iii, 148 for non-performance of sentence, iii, 102, 173 relaxation for, iii, 125, 190, 202, 204 reconciliation in, iii, 206 in inferential heresy, iii, 207 in solicitation, iv, 129

Relapsed admitted to mercy, i, 267

Relator, ii, 194

Relaxation, iii, 183 for impenitence, iii, 190, 195 for denial, ii, 585; iii, 198 for _diminucio_, iii, 199 for revocation, ii, 582 for relapse, iii, 125, 190, 202, 204 for infraction of sentence, iii, 101, 173 sentences of, submitted to Suprema, ii, 181 in churches, iii, 224 have precedence, iii, 187 magistrates informed in advance, iii, 187 after confession, iii, 190 without burning, iii, 192 not for solicitation, iv, 128, 129 in witchcraft, iv, 214, 218, 227 in unnatural crime, iv, 367, 368 becomes obsolete, iii, 208 statistics, iii, 562; iv, 517

Relaxation of discipline, ii, 225

Relaxed, efforts to convert the, iii, 196

Religion subservient to politics, i, 50 character of, iv, 502

Remedies for witchcraft, iv, 213

Remittance, colonial, seized, i, 333

Removal of records forbidden, ii, 257

Remy, Nich., on witches, iv, 246

_Rentas Provinciales_, iv, 487

Rents collected through Inqn., i, 270

Renewal of commissions, ii, 162

_Repartimiento_ of 1284, i, 86 of 1474, i, 125

Repentance, feigned, relaxation for, iii, 191

Repetition of torture, iii, 18, 28

Reports required from tribunals, ii, 183 of visitations, ii, 238 financial, ii, 448 of torture, iii, 24

Representation in Córtes, i, 2 of the Persians, iv, 421

Reprimand, iii, 109, 112, 113, 121; iv, 334

Repudiation of debts to _reconciliados_, ii, 335

Requesens, Juan de, case of, i, 537

Reserve engendered by Inqn., ii, 91; iv, 515

Residence, episcopal, required, i, 306 dispensation from, ii, 415 royal, exile from, iii, 126

Resignations in favor of descendants, ii, 220 of inqrs.-genl., i, 304, 613

Resistance, absence of, in Castile, i, 185 in kingdoms of Aragon, i, 239, 245, 261 to grant of canonries, ii, 416 to _visitas de navíos_, iii, 513

Respect, enforcement of, i, 366, 370 diminution of, iv, 392, 431

Responsibility, age of, ii, 3 absence of, ii, 478 for confiscation, ii, 317 for burning, iii, 183 of _secrestador_, ii, 502

Restoration of Fernando VII, iv, 420 revival of Inqn., iv, 424 finances of Inqn., iv, 426, 540 its moderation, i, 521; iv, 430 limpieza under, ii, 311 censorship under, iii, 544 political use of Inqn., iv, 277 disappearance of Jansenism, iv, 297 Masonry, iv, 304

Retraction, formula of, iv, 173

Retrenchment under Restoration, iv, 428

Retribution for intolerance, iv, 533

Revelations of demons, ii, 134 doubtful source of, iv, 4

Revenue of Castile, i, 8; iv, 487 derived from Jews and Moors, i, 66, 85, 110 farming of, i, 98 of canonries, ii, 430 of Inqn., ii, 440, 608; iv, 460

_Revisores de libros_, iii, 487, 501 in custom-houses, iii, 509

_Revocante_, ii, 582 in Valencia, ii, 584; iii, 129 punishment of, iii, 10, 28, 29, 200 in witchcraft, iv, 232, 235

Revocation of letters of absolution, ii, 591

Revolts in 1820-3, iv, 443

Revolution, French, influence of, iii, 509; iv, 390 of 1820, iv, 434 its failure, iv, 442

Ribas Altas, Maestre, story of, i, 132

Ribas Altas, Aldonza, burnt, i, 610

Ribbons, sacrilegious, iii, 546

Ribera, Abp., his edict of faith, ii, 8 dealings with Moriscos, iii, 342, 361, 368, 372, 382, 389, 393, 409 protests against English treaty, iii, 465 favors mysticism, iv, 20

Ricaldini, Agostino, iv, 47

Ricasoli, Pandolfo, iv, 43

Ricci, Giovanni, nuncio, iii, 249, 251

Ricci, Scipione de', iv, 286

Rico, Medina, as inspector, ii, 230

Ricosomes, their allegiance, i, 1

Riego, Rafael de, his rising, iv, 434

Riesco, Francisco, iv, 398, 401, 404, 408, 409

Rigorism of Jansenists, iv, 285

Rios, Amador de los, his statistics, iv, 518

Ripaut, Archange, combats mysticism, iv, 63

Ripoll, Cayetano, case of, iv, 401

Rites, Judaic, their importance, i, 145 their obsolescence, iii, 300

Roa, Juan de, his book condemned, iii, 534

Roads, lack of, iv, 480

Roales, Francisco, attacks Jesuits, iv, 380

Robert the Pious burns heretics, iii, 183

Robinson Crusoe prohibited, iii, 497

Robles, Bart., his importations, iii, 512 his book-shop examined, iii, 488

Rocaberti, Inq.-genl., instructions to him, i, 301 his dispensation, i, 313 on strife between regular Orders, ii, 39 investigates bewitchment, ii, 170

Rodríguez, Miguel, on Catalonia, i, 474

Rodrigo, Fran. J. G., his statistics, iv, 517

Rodrigo of Toledo, his intolerance, i, 59 appoints Jews to office, i, 99

Roda, Manuel de, suspected, iv, 310

Roig, Martin, cost of proving his limpieza, ii, 302

Rojas, Bp. Cristóbal de, favors mystics, iv, 20

Rojas, Domingo de, ii, 53; iii, 430, 431, 442

Rojas, Juan de, his work on practice, ii, 476 on Concordia of 1568, i, 446 on ratification, ii, 547 on concurrent witnesses, ii, 563 on imperfect confession, ii, 575 on consulta de fe, iii, 73 on suicide in prison, iii, 197 on propositions, iv, 142

Rolle, Richard, the mystic, iv, 2

Romain, G., on Inqn., iv, 248

Roman law, confiscation in, ii, 316 Inqn., see Inqn. of Rome

Rome, its patronage resisted, i, 12 appeals to, i, 494, 496; ii, 103 concerning canonries, ii, 422 assists Mallorquin clergy, i, 498, 502, 503, 504 use of Edict of Faith, ii, 97 converso refugees, ii, 114 citations to, ii, 118 struggle over dispensations, ii, 405, 406 grants Inqn. to Portugal, iii, 239 reserves right to issue licences, iii, 522 allows vernacular Bible, iii, 529 Masonry condemned, iv, 229 condemns the _Plomos del Sacromonte_, iv, 358 payments withdrawn from, iv, 441

Romero, Alonso, case of, iv, 171

Romuald of Freiburg accuses Olavide, iv, 309

Romualdo burnt for Molinism, iv, 62

Rosary as penance, iii, 132

Rosellon, New Christians, in, i, 146 abandoned to France, i, 479

Rossi, Margarita, iv, 48

Rovere, Marco della, iii, 239, 241, 243

Royal Council, struggles with the Inqn., i, 487, 491 permits service of papal brief, ii, 128 grants licences to print, iii, 483, 489 consulta of, 1619, iv, 478, 490

Royal jurisdiction of Inqn., i, 343, 614

Royalist Volunteers, iv, 448

Royalists, ultra, risings of, iv, 456

Royz, Juan, ii, 253, 374, 375

Ruet, Francisco, his persecution, iv, 469

Rules of Inquisition, i, 181, 571-80 for examinations, iii, 70

Ruyz Padron, iv, 413, 423

Saavedra, the False Nuncio, iii, 243

Sabbat, the, of witchcraft, iv, 207, 214, 217, 227, 229 debate as to reality, iv, 209, 231 evidence as to participants, iv, 232, 243, 245

Sabbath, Jewish, held inviolate, i, 87 its observance, iii, 232, 300

_Saco bendito_, iii, 162

Sacrament, trampling on, iv, 355 sacrilege by Jews, i, 116

Sacraments, importance of, iv, 339 vitiated by heretics, ii, 2 denied to prisoners, ii, 520 denied to _negativos_, iii, 198 denied to witches, iv, 232, 237

_Sacramentum Pænitentiæ_, bull, iv, 112

Sacromonte, fictitious martyrs of, iv, 358

Saddlers, Morisco, wanted in Córdova, iii, 399

Saez, Victor Damien, iv, 449

Safe-conducts issued by inqrs., i, 270 to outlaws limited, i, 444

Sailors, foreign, prosecuted, iii, 446, 462

Saints, uncanonized, iv, 355

St. Victor, Richard of, on trances, iv, 4

St. John, Knights of, seek papal brief, i, 500

_Sala_, autos held in, iii, 221

_Sala de media añata_, i, 378

Salamanca, Council of, on Jewish physicians, i, 74 in 1565, on heretics, ii, 55

Salamanca, Univ. of, Conversos barred from, ii, 287 professors prosecuted, iv, 150 astrology suppressed, iv, 193 its Jansenism, iv, 293

Salaries, division of, ii, 220, 222 in Valencia, in 1482, i, 231 in Saragossa, in 1484, i, 244 of fiscal and notaries, ii, 241 paid by the king, i, 291, 294 his assent required for, i, 330 Ferdinand's complaint, i, 568; ii, 209 taxed by Philip V, i, 383 fixed by inq.-genl., ii, 163 controlled by Suprema, ii, 189 of president of Suprema, ii, 165 of Suprema, ii, 196, 202 their inadequacy, ii, 217, 251; iv, 388 dependent on confiscations, ii, 349, 371, 393 have preference over grants, ii, 380 not relieved by benefices, ii, 418

Salas, Ramon de, case of, iv, 313

Salazar, Count of, expels Moriscos, iii, 399, 403, 404

Salazar, de Soto, his visitation, i, 369, 442, 468, 529; ii, 181 its cost, ii, 228

Salazar Frias on witchcraft, iv, 225, 227, 230

Sale of papal absolutions, ii, 104 of offices, ii, 213 of dispensations, ii, 402, 408 of property by penitents, i, 243 by heretics, ii, 325, 339 of books to be reported, iii, 501

Salgado de Somoza, his books condemned, iii, 535

Salic law, question of, iv, 462

_Salidas_, iii, 226

Salignac on invasion of Spain, iii, 388

Salt, trading in, by Inqn., i, 391 privilege of Valencia tribunal, i, 394

Salucio, Agustin, on limpieza, ii, 306

_Saludadores_, iv, 180

Salvatierra, Bp. of Segorbe, on Moriscos, iii, 341, 345, 389

Salvation the object of Inqn., ii 482, 569; iii, 196 torture as means of, iii, 11

Samaniego, Felipe, case of, iv, 311

Samuel ha Levi of Granada, i, 51

Samuel of Morocco assails Jews, i, 113

_Sanbenito_, ii, 401; iii, 162 its severity, ii, 409; iv, 527 cost of dispensation for, ii, 402 offer to Ferdinand, i, 280 _de dos aspas, de media aspa_, iii, 125, 163 its duration, iii, 163 worn in auto, iii, 209 discarding it, iii, 103, 156, 164 of assassins of Arbués, i, 258 hung in churches, iii, 165 becomes obsolescent, iii, 170

Sánchez, Francisco, case of, iv, 162

Sánchez, Juan, iii, 429, 431, 442

Sánchez, Juan, on solicitation, iv, 114

Sánchez, Tomás, on consultation of demons, ii, 170

Sancho I aided by Moors, i, 53

Sancho IV, his rebellion, i, 3 Hermandades under, i, 29 limits Jewish privileges, i, 95

Sancho, Francisco, labors on Index, iii, 487, 493

Sancho de Ciudad, trial of, iii, 87

Sanctity or heresy, iv, 16

Sanctuary afforded by Inqn., i, 421

_Sanctus Diabolus_, iv, 332

Sandoval, Index of, iii; 495 instructions to him, i, 300

San Hermengildo, college of, its bankruptcy, iv, 381

Sanity, investigation into, iii, 60

San Martin, Juan de, the first inquisitor, i, 160 quarrels with Torquemada, i, 177

San Miguel, Evaristo, iv, 403, 441, 445

San Placido, case of convent of, ii, 134, 137, 138, 157

San Roman, Francisco de, iii, 423

San Sebastian, appeals to Charles V, i, 33 foreigners in, iii, 461 import of books, iii, 517

Santafé, Francisco de, i, 257, 601

Santafé, Gerónimo de, i, 115, 117

_Santa Hermandad, la_, i, 29

_Santa María de la Espada Blanca_, Order of, i, 507

Santa María, Pablo de, i, 114

Santander, witch-craze in, iv, 223

Santangel, Luis de, penanced, i, 259

Sant Feliu, Juan, case of, i, 431

Santiago, college of, in Huesca, i, 456

Santiago, tribunal of, i, 552 its finances, ii, 441 _visitas de navíos_, iii, 315 chapter of, appeals to Rome, ii, 422

_Santiguada_, ii, 568

_Santigueadores_, iv, 233

Santis, Don Martin, his murder, i, 446

_Santa Niño de la Guardia_, i, 134 confrontation in case of, ii, 553

Santos, Inqr., and Fray Vinegas, i, 371

Santos, Fray Manuel, case of, iii, 456

Santos, Francisco, on indolence, iv, 495 on profanation of churches, iv, 503

Sanz, Mari, an alumbrado, iv, 23, 24

Saracens, their toleration, i, 45 aided by Christians, i, 49, 52

Saragossa, dispute over its archbishopric, i, 13 expulsion of Jews, i, 132 Córtes of, 1518, i, 275 quarrels with tribunal, i, 389 massacre of French troops, i, 396 its composition violated, ii, 355 revolt in 1820, iv, 435

Saragossa, its tribunal, i, 244, 552 its activity, i, 255, 592 rebuked by Ferdinand, i, 187 its relations with Navarre, i, 225 quarrel over precedence, i, 360 its temporalities seized, i, 452 its finances, i, 463; ii, 209, 437, 441 its contribution to Suprema, ii, 192 frauds of receivers, ii, 451 musicians illtreated, i, 366 is visitor of College of Santiago, i, 456 Córtes of 1646, i, 458 military service of officials, i, 413 persecution of Moriscos, iii, 358 case of Ant. Pérez, iv, 259 auto of Oct. 20, 1591, iv, 268 trade in horses, iv, 280 operations of Inqn., iv, 521

Sardinia, bishops deprived of jurisdiction, ii, 6 appeals to Rome, ii, 129 no _ayudas de costa_, ii, 254 _visitas de navíos_, iii, 512 solicitation, iv, 123 reform of Franciscans, iv, 252 competencia on bigamy, iv, 320

Sarmiento, Inqr., i, 529; iv, 218

Satisfying the evidence, ii, 575

_Saynetes_, censorship of, iii, 547

Scaglia, Card., on mysticism, iv, 42 on personating priesthood, iv, 340 on possession, iv, 352

Scandal more dreaded than crime, i, 368; iv, 119, 130, 137

Scaviella, people of, their complaint, ii, 347

Schäfer, Dr. Ernst, his statistics, iii, 426, 455; iv, 525

Schism threatened in Villanueva'e case, ii, 152

Schoderius, his Pharmacopoeia, iii, 507

Schools for Moriscos, iii, 336

Scio de San Miguel, his Bible, iii, 580

Scotland, trials of dead, iii, 81 witchcraft, iv, 247

Scourging, iii, 135 execution of sentence, iii, 219 for propositions, iv, 142 for sorcery, iv, 187 for bigamy, iv, 321 for blasphemy, iv, 334 remitted by Suprema, iii, 187 its gradual disuse, iii, 137

Scriptures, vernacular, iii, 527

Scrivenerships, confiscation of, i, 192, 581

_Scrutinium Scripturarum_, i, 114

Sea-coast, prohibition to approach, iii, 127

Sea-ports, commissioners of, ii, 271

Seal of Confession in heresy, ii, 24 violation of, iv, 31 jurisdiction asked for, iv, 377 not granted, iv, 378

Sebastian, Dom, on confiscation, iii, 260 forbids emigration, iii, 271

Secrecy of Inqn., ii, 470 early proceedings public, ii, 471 gradual development, ii, 472 effort for its removal, i, 221 complaints, i, 222 in secular cases, i, 509 creates irresponsibility, ii, 181 in limpieza, ii, 302 as to procedure, ii, 475 enforced on all parties, ii, 473; iii, 37 estimate placed on it, ii, 476, 607

_Secrestador_, ii, 501

Secretaries, ii, 243 their salary, ii, 244 fees in _limpieza_, ii, 302

_Secretario de las causas civiles_, ii, 250

_Secreto_, the, ii, 230, 471

Secular arm, delivery to, iii, 185, 219, 225

Secular business, its predominance, i, 468

Secular clergy, solicitation by, iv, 135

Secular courts their procedure, ii, 467 use of torture in, iii, 3

Seduction of female prisoners, ii, 523

Segneri, Paolo, attacks Molinos, iv, 52

Segorbe, conversion of Moriscos, iii, 369

Segovia, Judería established in, i, 78 Jews accused of outrage, i, 116 tribunal of, i, 166, 552 false-witness in, ii, 555

Segregation of races, i, 64, 68, 72, 77 follows arrest, ii, 493 of prisoners, ii, 515

_Seguro de Tordesillea_, i, 4

Seizure of provisions, i, 393

Selection of episcopal delegates, ii, 17

Selemoh Ha-Levi, i, 114

Self-denunciation, ii, 571 confiscation in, ii, 320 in relapse, iii, 203 in solicitation, iv, 130 in witchcraft, iv, 236

Self-government of Inqn., i, 343; ii, 477

Selles, Fray Vicente, case of, iv, 70

_Señal_ for Jews and Moors, i, 68, 115

Senior, Abraham, i, 131, 138

Sensuality as mortification, iv, 34, 42, 43 of Illuminism, iv, 57, 74

Sentence, the, iii, 93 execution of, ministerial, i, 354; iii, 185 enforcement of, iii, 101 includes confiscation, ii, 318 confirmed by Suprema, ii, 184 of torture, iii, 5 on the dead, form of, iii, 85 when revealed to culprits, iii, 94 delayed to prevent appeals, iii, 95 modification of, iii, 97 mitigated by Suprema, ii, 187 torture not alluded to, iii, 32 multiplex, iii, 101 of acquittal, iii, 105, 107 of suspension, iii, 109 of burning, iii, 185, 219, 225 of compurgation, iii, 113 of _abito y cárcel_, iii, 164 discretional, forbidden, iii, 160 confession prior to, iii, 191 conversion after, iii, 193

Sentences, reading of, at autos, iii, 217 box for, iii, 215 _con méritos_, their influence, iv, 510

_Sentencia Estatuto_, i, 126; ii, 285

_Sentencia de diligencias_, ii, 342

Seo de Urgel, massacre at, iv, 443

Separation of races, i, 64, 68, 72, 77

Sepúlveda, persecution of Jews in, ii, 42

_Sequere me_, mystics so called, iv, 45

Sequestration, ii, 485 reports required of, ii, 183 damage caused by, i, 236; ii, 331 its importance, ii, 495 its procedure, ii, 496 reclamation of others' property, ii. 497 consumed by expenses, ii, 500, 530 its limitations, ii, 503 in trials of the dead, iii, 84 in cases of suspension, iii, 109 abolished in Portugal, iii, 282

Sequestrations, notary of, ii, 244 appropriated, i, 333; ii, 498

Serfdom, predial, of Moriscos, iii, 377

_Sermo_, the, iii, 209

Sermon of Abp. of Cranganor, iii, 302

Sermons, absurd, i, 10; iv, 168

Serra, arrest of its people, i, 187; iii, 343

Serra, Fray N., his sermon, iv, 175

Servants, their wages paid, ii, 329, 330, 332 not witnesses for defence, ii, 539 of officials, i, 270, 369, 429, 432, 440, 443, 444

Service, gratuitous, liability for, ii, 218 military, exemption from, i, 412

_Serviles_, iv, 443

Seso, Carlos de, iii, 429, 431, 442

Settlement of competencias, i, 524

Settlements in expulsion of Jews, i, 136, 569

Severity shown to nobles, iii, 100

Seville pacified by Isabella, i, 24 Jewish aljama founded, i, 89 massacre in 1391, i, 106 synod of, in 1478, i, 157 council of, in 1512, on bigamy, iv, 318 on instruction of Moriscos, iii, 327 on blasphemy, iv, 329 on the clergy, iv, 496 character of clergy, iv, 497 Audiencia of, its injustice, ii, 468 first Inqn. organized in, i, 160 first auto de fe, i, 163 number of burnings, i, 165 assembly of inquisitors, i, 181 quarrels in funerals, i, 362 right of asylum, i, 422 conflict with tribunal, i, 488 trouble in fish-market, i, 534 funds taken by Suprema, ii, 191 _Hermandad de S. Pedro Martir_, ii, 282 the great composition, ii, 357 protest in Córtes of Burgos, ii, 360 poverty of tribunal, ii, 363 receipts from penances, ii, 397 abuses in prison, ii, 526 false witnesses punished, ii, 561 auto of 1604 stopped, iii, 268 influx of Jews, iii, 314 Protestants of, iii, 427, 442 autos of Protestants, iii, 443, 445, 447 persecution of mystics, iv, 29 unnatural crime, iv, 362 restores the Inqn., iv, 424 operations of Inqn. in, iv, 519

Sexual relations, propositions concerning, iv, 146 in mysticism, iv, 9, 23, 25, 31, 35, 42, 43, 56, 57, 61, 70, 74

Sforza, Card., his promises, iii, 350

Shambles, Moorish, i, 62; iii, 381

Ships, seizure of, i, 184; ii, 338, 497 visitation of, iii, 505, 510, 520

Sicily, Edict of Faith in, ii, 92 financial disorders, ii, 194, 366, 451, 452 grants postponed to salaries, ii, 381 proposed endowment, ii, 433 galley service, iii, 140 _sanbenitos_, iii, 164, 165 treatment of English sailors, iii, 463 unnatural crime, iv, 364

Sickness in prison, ii, 521, 522

_Si de protegendis_, bull, i, 368; iii, 189; iv, 261, 269, 297

_Signo_, ii, 568

Sigüenza, Joseph de, case of, iv, 168

Sigüenza, quarrel over bishopric of, i, 13 its tribunal, i, 552

Silence, enforced, ii, 473; iv, 515

Siliceo, Abp., his statute of limpieza, ii, 290

Silva, Diego Rodríguez, iii, 90, 299

Silva, Diogo da, iii, 239, 241, 242

Silva, Miguel da, iii, 244, 246, 253, 257

Silver coinage, i, 561 scarcity of, iv, 482, 484

Simancas, Bishop, his works, ii, 476 as judge of Carranza, ii, 71, 80 on episcopal duties, ii, 7 on licences to absolve, ii, 21 on confiscations of clerics, ii, 318 on prescription of time, ii, 328 on beggaring children, ii, 336 on purchase-money, ii, 339 on duty of denunciation, ii, 485 on kindred as witnesses, ii, 537 on ratification, ii, 547 on imperfect confession, ii, 575 on confession in torture, ii, 581 on denial of guilt, ii, 585 on methods of defence, iii, 56 on _consulta de fe_, iii, 73 on returning absentee, iii, 89 on evasion of sentence, iii, 102 on compurgation, iii, 117 on duration of prison, iii, 159 on recantation at brasero, iii, 192 on martyrdom, iii, 195 on suicide in prison, iii, 197 on relapse, iii, 202, 203 he prosecutes mystics, iv, 20 on pact with demon, iv, 186 on astrology, iv, 192 on the Sabbat, iv, 220 on heresy in bigamy, iv, 319 on personation of officials, iv, 346 on usury, iv, 374

Simon, Francisco, his sanctity, iv, 356

Simony not subject to Inqn., iv, 372

Single witnesses, ii, 562

_Sisa del córte_, i, 379

Sisebut converts Jews, i, 41

Sixtus IV claims episcopal appointment, i, 14 on Jewish segregation, i, 124 orders legatine Inqn., i, 154 his bull for Inqn., i, 158 appoints additional inqrs., i, 166 assents to organization, i, 173 praises Torquemada, i, 174 revives Inqn. of Aragon, i, 230 asserts appointing power, i, 232 bull of April 18, 1484, i, 233, 587 appoints Torquemada for Aragon, i, 236 dismisses Gualbes, i, 237 insists on episcopal concurrence, ii, 11 on Franciscan and Dominican inqrs., ii, 30 plays fast and loose with Conversos, ii, 106-9 on requisites for inqrs., ii, 233 grants appointments to benefices, ii, 415 on doctoral and magistral canonries, ii, 421 originates censorship, iii, 480

Sixtus V protects Spanish Jesuits, ii, 35 grants jurisdiction over bps., ii, 87 on Morisco marriages, iii, 381 on magic and divination, iv, 189

Slaughtering, mode of, ii, 566

Slaves, Moorish, i, 57; iii, 325 Jewish, banished, i, 142 manumission of baptized children of, i, 325 Christian, of heretics, ii, 339 of officials inviolable, i, 369 witnesses against masters, ii, 537 not for defence, ii, 539 substitutes for the galleys, ii, 412 Morisco, baptized, iii, 405

Slave-girls, grants of, ii, 377

Smuggling, facilities for, i, 385 of books, iii, 510 prevalence of, iv, 480

Snuff-box, censorship of, iii, 547

Sobaños, Diego, his prosecution, ii, 61

Sodomy, iv, 361

Soldiers, foreign heretic, iii, 475

Soler on Mallorquin New Christians, ii, 314

_Solicitante y flagelante_, iv, 118

_Solicitantes_, registers of, ii, 261 their cases not _calificado_, ii, 488

Solicitation, iv, 95 subjects regulars to Inqn., ii, 33 is merely obsession, iv, 72 in Molinism, iv, 75, 77 in spiritual courts, iv, 97, 469 subjected to Inqn., iv, 99 definition, iv, 100, 110, 112 punishment, iv, 101, 119, 126 denunciation required, iv, 101, 106 is a technical offence, iv, 101, 108, 114 morals not involved, iv, 109, 115 bps. assert jurisdiction, iv, 102 devices to elude prosecution, iv, 103 in Edict of Faith, iv, 105 passive, iv, 111 absolution by solicitor, iv, 113 not a reserved case, iv, 114 procedure, iv, 119 two denunciations required, iv, 120, 123 light suspicion of heresy, iv, 121, 126 examination of accusers, iv, 122 communication between tribunals, iv, 125 special registers kept, iv, 126 self-denunciation, iv, 130 statistics, iv, 133

Solorzano, his book condemned, iii, 537

Sonnets, prosecutions for, iv, 430

Son must denounce father, ii, 485 succeeds to father's office, ii, 220, 221

Sons-in-law, offices descend to, ii, 221

Sorano, Miguel, case of, iii, 208

Sorbonne condemns the _Mística Ciudad_, iv, 40

Sorcery, iv, 179 persecuted by Ramiro I, iv, 179 taught by the Moors, iv, 180 medieval treatment, iv, 181 question of jurisdiction, i, 271; iv, 183 of heresy, iv, 184 pact with demon, iv, 185 in commission of inq.-genl., iv, 189 astrology suppressed, iv, 192 procedure, iv, 196 punishment, iv, 197 persistent belief, iv, 203 number of cases, iv, 204 case of Carlos II, ii, 171 attributed to Jesuits, iv, 20

Sorell, Pedro, his frauds, ii, 452

Soriana, Anastasia, case of, iv, 220

Sotomayor, Duke of, prosecuted, iv, 430

Sotomayor, Inq.-genl., his resignation, i, 301, 309, 613 his pensions, ii, 132 his Index, iii, 495, 529 persecutes Dominicans, iv, 380

Sovereigns, their duty as to heresy, ii, 1

Sovereignty of the nation asserted, iv, 406

Spain, its relations to the Church, i, 11 Jews excluded, i, 141; iii, 292, 311 no danger from Protestantism, iii, 448 the home of magic, iv, 180 its vicissitudes, iv, 472 its exhaustion, iii, 337; iv, 474 misery in 17th century, iv, 475 its natural advantages, iv, 477 burdens of taxation, iv, 478 lack of roads, iv, 480 the _Mesta_, iv, 481 _despoblados_ and _baldíos_, iv, 482 vitiation of coinage, iv, 482 aversion for labor, iv, 483 recovery under Bourbons, iv, 486 retrogression under Carlos IV, iv, 487 growth of population, iv, 487 influence of clericalism, iv, 488, 498 character of clergy, iv, 496 sensitiveness as to religion, iv, 502 character of religion, iv, 502 results of intolerance, iv, 504 influence of Inqn. on the popular character, iv, 507, 515 modern indifferentism, iv, 509 immorality, iv, 510 virtual anarchy, iv, 511 Inqn. independent, iv, 513 its predominance, iv, 516 statistics of its operations, iv, 517 intellectual isolation, iii, 411, 505; iv, 530

Spallacino, Domenico, burnt for personating priesthood, iv, 340

Spies on foreigners, iii, 467 domestic, iv, 138

Spiritual courts, conflicts of jurisdiction, i, 15, 493 limits of jurisdiction, i, 15, 497 their procedure, ii, 469, 470 on solicitation, iv, 97

Spiritual penance, iii, 131

Spiritual power, its supremacy, ii, 160

Spoliation in compositions, ii, 354, 355, 361

Spoils of refugees seized, ii, 337

Staging at autos de fe, iii, 212

Stake, the, iii, 183

Standard of fineness, i, 560

Standard of Inqn., iii, 215

Starvation of prisoners, iii, 153

Statistics of burnings, iv, 517 of torture, iii, 33 of offences and penalties, iii, 551 of Protestantism, iii, 426, 455, 461, 525 of solicitation, iv, 133

_Statutæ duplicatæ_, iii, 215

Statute of limpieza, ii, 290

Stephen VI on Jews, i, 81

Steward of tribunal, ii, 249

Stigmata, the, iv, 31, 85, 86, 92, 94

Stone-throwing at penitents, iii, 136

Stone-masons exclude Conversos, ii, 285

Strangulation before burning, i, 263; iii, 192-4

_Strappado_, iii, 19

Strauch, Bp. of Vieb, his murder, iv, 441

Stripping for torture, iii, 17

Suárez, Dr., insults the Inqn., iv, 431

_Subsidio_, iv, 494

Substitutes for confessional, iv, 96 for officials, ii, 222

Subvention to Suprema, ii, 441

Succession, law of, contest over, iv, 463

_Sueldo_, value of, i, 565 _barcelonense_, i, 565

Sugar perquisite of Suprema, ii, 195

Suicide in prison, ii, 522; iii, 85, 95, 197

Suitors seek jurisdiction of Inqn., iv, 379

Suits, civil, trial of, i, 270

_Sumaria_, ii, 486 submitted to Suprema, ii, 185 submitted to censors, ii. 263

_Summis desiderantes_, bull, iv, 207

Summons to spiritual judges, i, 494

Sumptuary disabilities, ii, 401, 403, 407; iii, 173, 174, 179

Sumptuary laws against Jews, i, 95

Sundays, autos celebrated on, iii, 212 observance of, iv, 502

Supereminence of Inqn., i, 351

_Super illius specula_, bull, iv, 181, 184

Support of family of prisoner, ii, 500

Suprema, the, founded, i, 173 number of members, i, 322 at first merely consultative, ii, 162 references to it discouraged, ii, 180 its appellate jurisdiction, i, 341, 356, 437; ii, 187, 188; iii, 95 growth of its power, ii, 163, 298 resents interference, ii, 278 becomes head of Inqn., ii, 166 acts without inq.-genl., ii. 167 its struggle with Inq.-genl. Mendoza, ii, 173 its authority assured by Philip V, ii, its routine of voting, ii, 168, 178 its control over tribunals, ii, 179, 189 development of its supervision, ii, 181 routine in deciding cases, ii, 182 its scrutiny of reports, ii, 183 supervises arrests, ii, 184, 490 fixes rations of prisoners, ii, 531 controls sentences, ii, 184, 186 its labors, ii, 203 its delays, iii, 80 punishes officials, ii, 225 it orders suspensions, iii, 112 controls the holding of autos, iii, 211 insists on secrecy, ii, 476, 607 controls finances, ii, 190 supported by tribunals, ii, 192 audits accounts of tribunals, ii, 193 its income and outlay, ii, 201, 440; iv, 228 its pay-roll, ii, 191, 194, 196 increase of its wealth, ii, 369 its control of confiscations, i, 329 of fines and penances, i, 339; ii, 398 its control of commutations, ii, 409 absorbs the levy on the clergy, ii, 434 fees of its officials, ii, 200 its pluralist officials, ii, 418 its liberality, ii, 252 refreshments at bull-fights, ii, 198 negligent book-keeping, ii, 449 appointing power, i, 299, 301, 323, 324 its relations with crown, i, 322 countersigns royal cédulas, i, 291 assents to royal decrees, i, 325 evades royal decrees, i, 327 its royal jurisdiction, i, 345, 346, 513 struggle with Córtes of 1646, i, 459 its appeal in 1677, i, 463 argues away Concordias, i, 472, 474 complains of competencias, i, 491 admits excesses of tribunals, i, 488 497 prohibits abuses in 1705, i, 536 seeks to restrain familiars, ii, 275 defends Valencia familiars, i, 447, 449 denies right of asylum, i, 422, 423 forbids degrees to Conversos, ii, 287 action in witchcraft, iv, 216, 225 in bigamy cases, iv, 319 letter on Madrid insurrection, iv, 400 visited by Fernando VII, iv, 431

Supremacy of Inqn., i, 341, 357

Suppression of adverse memorials, iii, 532, 539 of the Valencia Concordia, i, 445 of canonries, ii, 426 of _libros verdes_, ii, 307 of witnesses' names, ii, 548; iii, 53 permissory at first, ii, 549 becomes the rule, ii, 550 its effect, ii, 552; iii, 64, 66 importance attached to it, ii, 551 offers for its abandonment, i, 217, 221, 222; ii, 550 in Portugal, iii, 257

Surgeon of Inqn., ii, 249

Surgery forbidden to clerics, iii, 184

Suspects, lists of, iv, 452

Suspension of trials, iii, 108 forbidden in trials of the dead, iii, 84 releases sequestration, ii, 501 of witch cases, iv, 238

Suspensive appeals, ii, 187

Suspicion, classification of, iii, 123 vehement, relapse in, iii, 203 extinguished by death, iii, 85 galley service for, iii, 142 engendered by Inqn., ii, 91, 100

Sylva, Diego de, on _limpieza_, ii, 299

Synagogues, existing ones permitted, i, 38, 81 houses used at, iii, 129

Taboada, Felipe Sobrino, his persecution, iv, 402

Taboada, Inq.-genl., does not serve, i, 316

_Tachas_, iii, 63

Tails attributed to Jews, iii, 291

Talaru, his fruitless efforts, iv, 451

Talavera, Hernando de, his Jewish blood, i, 120 accused by Lucero, i, 197, 204 his missionary labors, iii, 319

_Talio_, the, for false witness, ii, 556, 558, 559

_Taor_, iii, 329

_Tarascas_, iv, 503

Tarazona, tribunal of, i, 553 Bp. of, delegates his powers, ii, 13 Córtes of, accept Torquemada, i, 238 on export of horses, iv, 281 of 1592, iv, 269

Tardy confession, ii, 580

Tariffs rendered uniform, iv, 486

Taronji on Mallorquin New Christians, ii, 314

Tarragona, council of, on badges for Jews, i, 69 on Moorish observances, i, 71 on friendship with Jews, i, 75 on jurisdiction over heresy, ii, 8 tribunal of, i, 478, 553 punished for enforcing quarantine, i, 264

_Tassa_ of grain, iv, 479

_Tatti mammillari_, iv, 110

Tavera, his grants of ayuda de costa, ii, 254 tries to exclude Conversos, ii, 290

Tavern of Saragossa tribunal, i, 389

Tavira, Bp., on solicitation, iv, 136

Tax on confiscations, ii, 352 on accretion of church-property, iv, 489

Taxation, exemption from, i, 270, 376, 379, 380 burdens of, iv, 478

Tax-collectors, Jews as, i, 95, 98, 99

Tax-roll of Benedict XII, iv, 340

Taxes of Jews and Moors, i, 85, 125 of Penitentiary on _Marrania_, ii, 402

Teachers, penitents forbidden to be, iii, 176

Tello, Diego, on the Sabbat, iv, 240

Temporal jurisdiction, independence of, i, 490 its profits, i, 462, 468, 508; ii, 398 its evils, i, 510, 513 limited, i, 465, 515

Temporalities, seizure of, i, 469

Tenants ejected by tribunals, ii, 207

Tenderness for official delinquents, i, 369; ii, 451, 454

Tendilla, Count, rescues Ximenes, iii, 320

Teresa, St., her persecutions, iv, 16

Teresa de Silva, abbess of San Placido, ii, 134, 137

Term of Grace, ii, 320, 457

Terror of imprisonment, ii, 511 of Inqn., iv, 514

Tertullian on mystics, iv, 1

Teruel, expulsion of Jews, i, 132, 159 resistance to Inqn., i, 247 its tribunal, i, 553 belongs to Valencia, i, 444 public bath of, iii, 336 conversion of Moors of, iii, 345

_Testa ferrea_, iv, 505

Testimony presented by fiscal, ii, 491 in cases of _limpieza_, ii, 300 See also Evidence.

Tetuan, Christian Moriscos martyred, iii, 409

Theatre, censorship of, iii, 547

Theodorie tolerates Jews, i, 38

Theodosius II, his laws on Jews, i, 38

Theology, dangers of, iv, 150 trivialities of, iv, 171 mystic, superior to scholastic, iv, 5

Threat of torture, iii, 6 for non-performance of penance, iii, 104

Threatening of witnesses, ii, 552

Tigrekan, iv, 420

Time of Grace, ii, 320, 457

Time of Mercy, ii, 461

Time of making confession, ii, 580

Time and place suppressed in publication, iii, 54

Tithes paid by Jews, i, 86 and first-fruits of Moriscos, iii, 376 insecurity of, ii, 327, 339, 346 reduced one-half, iv, 440 burden of, iv, 480, 495

_Titulados_, i, 376 definition of, i, 491

_Titulo de jubilacion_, ii, 225

_Tizon de la nobleza_, ii, 298

Tobacco, use of, in churches, iv, 504

Tobacco revenue, frauds on, i, 425, 438

_Toca_, iii, 19

Toledo, Councils of, on Jews, i, 40 on heretic kings, i, 340 Muladíes dominant, i, 49 Moorish slaughter-house, i, 62 its chapter persecutes Jews, i, 94, 99 massacres of Jews, i, 88, 102, 108, 113 riots with Conversos, i, 126, 127 exclusion of Conversos, ii, 287, 290 its Huguenot colony, iii, 450 its convents, iv, 490 income of its Church, iv, 493 episcopal inquisitor in, i, 167 tribunal founded, i, 168, 553 it defies Rome, ii, 123 its activity, i, 169; iii, 81 its butcher-shop, i, 392 case of butcher, i, 491 case of D. Pedro Paniagua, i, 514 venality of its officials, ii, 306 amount of fines, ii, 399 amount of rehabilitations, ii, 403 financial mismanagement, ii, 438 its humanity, iii, 99 acquittals, iii, 107, 112 its prison, iii, 154, 155 _sanbenitos_ hung, iii, 167 diminished activity, iii, 226; iv, 388 statistics of, iii, 551; iv, 520, 523 solicitation, iv, 135 witch cases, iv, 223 Masonry, iv, 302 bigamy, iv, 318

Toleration, Moorish, i, 45 during the Reconquest, i, 52 in Middle Ages, i, 84, 87 prior to Reformation, iii, 481 replaced by fanaticism, iv, 499 vicissitudes in 19th century, iii, 315; iv, 469

Toletus, Card., on coerced baptism, iii, 349 on the Sabbat, iv, 220

Tomás Admiral of Castile, ii, 169, 172, 176, 178

Tomás of Vilanova, St., on clerical immunity, i, 428; iv, 498 on Moriscos, iii, 374 on disarmament, iii, 378

Tongue cut out for blasphemy, iv, 328

Tonsure, abuses of, i, 17, 428

Toro, victory at, in 1476, i, 19 laws of, on _ganancias_, ii, 334 on false witness, ii, 556

Toro, Bp. of Oviedo, case of, ii, 88; iv, 72

_Toros_, perquisitos of, ii, 197, 198

_Torpezas_, iv, 109

Torpor, intellectual, of Spain, iv, 528

Torquemada, Card., on the Sabbat, iv, 210

Torquemada, Tomás de, made Inq.-genl., i, 173 for kingdoms of Aragon, i, 236, 263 his Jewish blood, i, 120 urges expulsion of Jews, i, 132, 135 his edict on the expulsion, i, 137 urges Inquisition, i, 157 his character, i, 174 his quarrels with inqrs., i, 177 his death and sanctity, i, 179 his Instructions, i, 181, 571, 576 fixes age of discretion, ii, 3 his appellate power, ii, 6 seeks jurisdiction over bps., ii, 41 opposes papal briefs, ii, 110 defines the tribunal, ii, 209 qualifications of inqrs., ii, 234 excludes Conversos, ii, 286 stops Ferdinand's grants, ii, 374 on prosecution of the dead, iii, 82 orders the _sanbenito_, iii, 162 on disabilities of children, iii, 174

Torralba, Gaspar, case of, iii, 68

Torreblanca on pact with demon, iv, 188 on punishment of sorcery, iv, 198 on witchcraft, iv, 239

Torrejoncillos, P., his _Centinela_, iii, 290

Torres-Padmota, Nicolás de, ii, 170, 173

Torricella, his Consultas Morales, iv, 511

Torrubia, his book against Masonry, iv, 301

Tortosa, Council of, on Moorish observances, i, 71 tribunal of, i, 554 belongs to Valencia, i, 444 opposition to Inqn., i, 476, 478 episcopal edict of faith, ii, 8 _sanbenitos_ in churches, iii, 170 jurisdiction over sorcery, iv, 191

Torture, iii, 1 preliminaries of, iii, 4 conditions required, iii, 6 one witness justifies, ii, 562 to purge imperfect confession, ii, 575 on intention, ii, 576 as test of insanity, iii, 61 at discretion of judge, iii, 10, 22 of witnesses, iii, 11 no privileged exemptions, iii, 13 stopped at order of physician, iii, 16 varieties of, iii, 18 frequently overcome, iii, 23, 30 reports of, iii, 24 confession under, ii, 581 must be ratified, iii, 27 repetition for revocation, iii, 28 not alluded to in sentence, iii, 32 statistics of, iii, 33 its suppression, iii, 34 not used in sorcery, iv, 195 used in witch-trials, iv, 223, 232, 245 in unnatural crime, iv, 367

Torturer, difficulty of finding, i, 568 gaoler serves as, ii, 248 official, iii, 16 his fees, iii, 17, 32 bribery of, iii, 32

Tostado, Alfonso, on the Sabbat, iv, 209

Tovar, Bernardino de, iii, 416; iv, 9

Trade with Moors, i, 55 with Jews, i, 117, 122, 123 forbidden to officials, i, 270, 466, 534 frauds and offences in, i, 443 carried on by Inqn., i, 389 with Indies by Conversos, ii, 357 burdens on, iii, 511; iv, 479

Traders not to be made familiars, i, 535 ruined by sequestration, ii, 501

Trades forbidden to Jews, i, 117 to penitents, iii, 173

_Trampa_ and _trampazo_, iii, 20

Transactions prior to 1479, ii, 326

Transit of Conversos through Spain, iii, 271, 278, 303

Transfers of offices, ii, 212, 221

Transmission, hereditary, of offices, ii, 219

Transportation of Conversos forbidden, i, 184

_Trashumantes_, iv, 481

Travelling expenses reimbursed, ii, 254 privileges of officials, i, 395; ii, 206, 208

Treason, trials for, by Inqn., iv, 275

Treasure-seeking, iv, 196, 204

Treasurer of tribunal, ii, 250

Treaties as to foreign heretics, iii, 463-70

Trejo, Bp. of Murcia, prosecuted, i, 420

Trent, C. of, on occult heresy, ii, 19 favors Carranza, ii, 73 on non-residence, ii, 419 on celibacy, iv, 144, 337 on the Vulgate, iv, 151 on number of clergy, iv, 492

_Tres actos positivos_, ii, 307

Trial, the, iii, 36 conclusion of, iii, 53 delays, iii, 75 of absent and dead, iii, 80 cost paid by prisoner, ii, 533

Trials, records of, ii, 259

Triana, castle of, i, 162; ii, 207 inscription on, iv, 519

Tribunal, the, ii, 205 its organization, i, 231, 244; ii, 208 its buildings, ii, 230 its cost, i, 478, 479 its personnel, ii, 210, 232

Tribunals, list of, i, 541 establishment of, i, 166 multiplication of, ii, 205, 206 controlled by Suprema, ii, 179, 189 resist its encroachments, ii, 180 reports required from, ii, 183 become mere agencies, ii, 185, 186 funds controlled by Suprema, ii, 191 made to aid each other, ii, 193 their intercommunication, ii, 260 evasions respecting familiars, ii, 276 compile genealogies, ii, 288 expenses met by penances, ii, 394 subventions to Suprema, ii, 441

Tridentine Index, iii, 492, 528

_Trincheras_, iv, 303

_Triple Aliansa_, la, iv, 408

Trivial prosecutions, ii, 99; iv, 141

Troops, foreign heretic, iii, 475

Troppau, Congress of, iv, 444

Truxillo, clerical immunity in, i, 17

Tudela, tribunal of, i, 227, 554

Tudela penanced for harboring assassins, i, 254, 567, 610 Moors of, iii, 317

Tumult of Lackeys, iv, 390, 399

Turixi, Vicente, his fate, iii, 398

Turkey, refugee Jews in, i, 141 Morisco plots with, iii, 385

Tyrol, stigmata in, iv, 94

Tzevi, Zabathia, the false Messiah, iii, 303

Ubeda, slaughter of, i, 59

Uceds, Diego de, case of, iv, 139

Ucles, battle of, Jews in, i, 85

Ugolino, Giov., his mission, iii, 255

Uliff, his advice, i, 133

Ultramontanism, struggle with, iv, 292 its triumph, iv, 295

_Umbilicarii_, iv, 2

Unanimity, see _Discordia_

Uncanonized saints, iv, 355 jurisdiction over, conferred by Urban VIII, iv, 357 fictitious martyrs of Granada, iv, 357

Uniformity of procedure, iii, 37

Union with God, iv, 2, 8, 28, 63, 72, 74

Unity of faith, importance of, ii, 1 results of, iv, 477, 505, 534

_Universi Dominici Gregis_, bull, iv, 101, 102

Universities, limpieza required by, ii, 298, 313 attack the Jesuits, iii, 532 number of, iv, 485

University of Paris on pact with demon, iv, 185

Unnatural crime, iv, 361 in Spain, iv, 362 jurisdiction, only in Aragon, iv, 363 procedure secular, iv, 363, 366 in Sicily and Portugal, iv, 365 punishment, iv, 367 leniency to clerics, iv, 368 frequency, iv, 371

Unsalaried officials, ii, 263 seek exemption, i, 377, 382 jurisdiction over, i, 429 office-holders, ii, 223

Urban IV invalidates laws, i, 365

Urban V denounces Pedro the Cruel, i, 102 reserves cases of heresy, ii, 19

Urban VIII protects Mallorquin clergy, i, 499 objects to fines, ii, 400 revives brief of Sixtus IV, ii, 421 commutes relapse, iii, 261 annuls all licences, iii, 523 condemns the _regalistas_, iii, 537 on solicitation, iv, 101 on divination, iv, 244 on uncanonized saints, iv, 357 on reform of religious Orders, iv, 491 on tobacco in churches, iv, 504

Urgel, witchcraft in, iv, 211

Urquijo, Mariano Luis de, iii, 504, iv, 396

Urrea, Bp. Miguel de, a magician, iv, 180

Ursins, Princesse des, i, 317; ii, 176

Ursule de la Croix, case of, iii, 203

Usury, i, 95, 98; iv, 371 exorbitant in Middle Apes, i, 97 is heresy, iv, 372 struggle over it, i, 271, 285; iv, 373 jurisdiction abandoned, iv, 374

_Utensilio_, i, 399

Utility, general, iv, 378

Utrecht, treaty of, iii, 468, 470

Vaca, Licenciado, his visitation of Barcelona, i, 529

Vacancies occurring in Rome, ii, 429

Vacillation in confession, ii, 582

Val del Aguar, Moriscos massacred at, iii, 398

Val de Ricote, Moriscos expelled, iii, 404

Valcamonica, mystics of, iv, 46

Valdelamar, Alonso de, case of, iv, 97

Valdés, Inq.-genl., his Instructions, i, 182 condemns a book of Talavera, i, 204 forbids billeting troops, i, 396 on bandits as familiars, i, 453 limits Valencia familiars, ii, 276 his provisor as inqr., ii, 16 in danger of disgrace, ii, 46 resolves to prosecute Carranza, ii, 48 obtains power from Paul IV, ii, 61 wins over Philip, ii, 63 urges rupture with Rome, ii, 78 enforces limpieza, ii, 293 forbids prosecution for perjury, ii, 304 obtains canonries for Inqn., ii, 425 exploits discovery of Protestantism, iii, 432, 433, 435 his letter of Sep. 9, 1558, iii, 566 his Index, iii, 486 his views on witchcraft, iv, 212 on clergy of Seville, iv, 497 his enforced resignation, i, 305; ii, 79

Valdés, Juan de, his heresies, ii, 53 on mysticism, iv, 14

Valençay, treaty of, iv, 419

Valencia, Council of, orders segregation, i, 77 massacre of 1391, i, 108, 111 complaints of confiscation, i, 236 _fuero_ as to confiscations, iii, 359 they revert to feudal lord, ii, 395 public supply of wheat, i, 388 military service of familiars, i, 412 factional strife, i, 449 chapter appeals to Rome, ii, 132 limits on torture, iii, 2 sanbenitos in cathedral, iii, 168, 170, 171 conversion of Moors, iii, 345, 353 treatment of baptized Moors, iii, 351 expulsion of Moors decreed, iii, 354 number of Moriscos, iii, 355 their disarmament, iii, 378 their expulsion, iii, 393 number of Frenchmen, iii, 457 but two Protestants in, iii, 472 adoration of Francisco Simon, iv, 356 rejoicings over Immaculate Conception, iv, 360 its _junta de fe_, iv, 460

Valencia, tribunal of, its treatment of Serra, i, 187 salaries in 1482, i, 231 opposition to Inqn., i, 232, 239, 242 Torquemada appointed for, i, 236 resistance suppressed, i, 240 oath to tribunal, i, 352 quarrel over precedence, i, 360 over market-place, i, 365 taxation of officials, i, 379 importation of wheat, i, 385 its salt-privilege, i, 394 billeting of troops, i, 399, 401 right to bear arms, i, 402 complaint of familiars, i, 407 right of asylum, i, 422, 423 extension of jurisdiction, i, 431 collection of debts, i, 434 struggles over the _fuero_, i, 439 Concordias, i, 440, 443 character of familiars, i, 447 refusal of competencies, i, 516 number of Edict of Faith, ii, 97 discourtesy punished, ii, 132 commissioners required, ii, 268 number of familiars, ii, 276 nobles as familiars, ii, 281 court of confiscations, ii, 330 composition for confiscation, ii, 353 cost of tribunal, ii, 210 its productiveness, ii, 367 saved from bankruptcy, ii, 375 struggle over confiscation, iii, 360 confiscation commuted, ii, 395 fines on familiars, ii, 398 its finances, ii, 435, 436, 439, 441, 443 composition for imperfect confession, ii, 460 cost of prisoners, ii, 533 revocation of confessions, ii, 584; iii, 129 the perpetual prison, iii, 153, 155, 158 trials for Judaism, iii, 235 two Jews arrive there, iii, 293 foreign Jews, iii, 313 persecution of Moriscos, iii, 358 suspension as to Moriscos, iii, 373 _visitas de navíos_, iii, 519 unnatural crime, iv, 362, 363, 371 tribunal supports Napoleon, iv, 400, 539 its resources in 1814, iv, 428 its register, iv, 458 statistics of trials, iii, 561; iv, 522

Valenzuela, Fernando de, iv, 476

Valera, Cipriano de, iii, 427, 447

Valero, Rodrigo de, case of, iii, 424

Valladares, Inq.-genl., i, 313 yields to Mallorquin Church, i, 503 on quarrels of regular Orders, ii, 39 on exile of New Christians, iii, 304 tries to reduce officials, ii, 215

Valladolid, Council of, on Jews, i, 73, 74 child-murder at, i, 149 chapter of, appeals to Rome, ii, 160 Univ. of, enforces limpieza, ii, 287

Valladolid, its tribunal, i, 171, 554 royal oath at auto, i, 353 Carranza's imprisonment, ii, 66 omission of Edict of Faith, ii, 98 quarrel over house, ii, 208 list of officials, ii, 210 Protestants of, iii, 429 auto of May 21, 1559, iii, 130, 437 of Oct. 8, 1559, iii, 441 case of Luisa de Carrion, iv, 37 of Luis de Leon, iv, 148 resumes in 1816, iv, 429 statistics, iv, 522

Van Halen, Juan de, his Memoirs, iv, 306

_Vara_ of alguazil, sale of, ii, 213

Vargas, Alonso, iv, 263, 264

Varieties of torture, iii, 18

_Vario_, ii, 582

Vassalage of Moriscos, iii, 342, 377

Vatable Bible, the, iv, 151

Vedreña, Miguel, his appeal to Rome, ii, 120

Vega, Juan de la, case of, iv, 76

Velada, Marquis of, on Moriscos, iii, 390

Vélez, Archbp., iv, 297, 409, 410, 413, 441

Velez, los, Marquis of, on familiars, i, 446

Vellon coinage, i, 562; ii, 197; iv. 482

Venality of the curia, ii, 104; iii, 252

Veneration, diminution of, iv, 391

Venice, licences to trade with Moslems, i, 56 galley-service in, iii, 142 powers of nuncio in, iii, 186 Portuguese refugees in, iii, 254 writings in its favor suppressed, iii, 542

Vera, Lope de, case of, iii, 294

Vergara, Juan de, case of, iii, 416

_Verqüenza_, iii, 138, 219

Verona decree admits no exemptions, ii, 30 Congress of, iv, 444

Vibero, Leonor de, iii, 130, 430, 437

Vicalvero, tax-exemption in, i, 382

Vicente Ferrer, St., i, 112, 116

Vicente, Gregorio de, case of, iv, 312

Viceroys, circular letter to, i, 354 visits not to be paid to, i, 357 precedence claimed over, i, 358 of Majorca, i, 268; iv, 512

Vich, Pablo, Bp. of, his contumacy, iv, 457

Vicissitudes of Spain, iv, 472

Vidal Marin, Inq.-genl., i, 302, 314 exhorted by Clement XI, ii, 178 his Index, iii, 495

Vidau Durango, i, 251, 596

Vieira, Ant., S. J., opposes confiscation, iii, 282 champions New Christians, iii, 284

Vienne Council of, in 1312, its influence, i, 71 its rules, ii, 5 condemns Begghards, iv, 2 on usury, iv, 372

_Vientres_, perquisite of, i, 532

Villacis, Pedro de, prosecuted, i, 294 manages composition of Seville, ii, 358 opposes waste of confiscations, ii, 383

Villahermosa, Duke of, iv, 261, 264, 265, 266

Villalba, Fran, de, prosecuted, iii, 420

Villalpando, Juan de, case of, iv, 34

Villanueva, Gerónimo, case of, ii, 133 his sentence, ii, 142 appeals to Rome, ii, 145 his death, ii, 156 struggle over the papers, ii, 157 effect of his sentence, ii, 311

Villanueva, Lorenzo, on suppression of Bible, iii, 529 his reply to Grégoire, iv, 398 his speech against Inqn., iv, 413 his imprisonment, iv, 423 sent as envoy to Rome, iv, 441

Villar, Count of, excommunicated, i, 358

Villaroja, Eusebio, case of, iv, 77

Villela, holy bell of, i, 251

Villena, Marquis of, a mystic, iv, 8

_Vinculaciones_, iv, 443

Vinegas, Fray Diego, case of, i, 371

Vintras, Pierre-Michel, iv, 94

Violant, Queen, on massacre at Palma, i, 109

_Violario_, ii, 343

Violation of compositions, ii, 354 of secrecy, ii, 476

Virgin, denial of her virginity, iii, 201 Immaculate Conception, iv, 175, 359 irreverence to images, iv, 352, 354

Virués, Alonso de, ii, 127; iii, 418

Visions, doubtful source of, iv, 4

_Visitas de navíos_, iii, 311, 314, 474, 510, 519; iv, 432

_Visitador_, ii, 227

Visitations of tribunals, i, 369, 442, 468, 528; ii, 181, 227

Visitation of districts, ii, 238 Edicts of Faith in, ii, 97 repugnance for, ii, 240 renewal of _sanbenitos_, iii, 169

Visits of inqrs. regulated, i, 357

Vivés, Juan Luis, on enforced silence, iv, 515

_Vocandorum, libros_, ii, 260

Vote, the last, of Suprema, iv, 542

Voting in consulta de fe, iii, 73, 75 in Suprema, ii, 168, 178

Voto de Santiago, iv, 413

_Vuelta de trampa_, iii, 20

Vulgate, authority of the, iv, 151

Wafers, consecrated, insults to, iv, 355

Wager of law, iii, 113

Wages of servants paid, ii, 329, 330, 332

Wamba banishes the Jews, i, 43

War, munitions of, their export, iv, 281 of Succession, Inqn. in, iv, 275

War-ships subjected to visits, iii, 512

Washing as evidence, ii, 566

Waste of confiscations, ii, 364

Water torture, iii, 19

Wax perquisite of Suprema, ii, 195

Wealth a source of danger, ii, 385 fines proportioned to, ii, 396 of Church, iv, 488, 493, 495 of Portuguese New Christians, iii, 268

Weapons, prohibited, i, 402, 404

Wergild of Jews and Moors, i, 61

Wheat, importation of, i, 385 requisition of, i, 393

Wheel of Beda, iv, 195

Widow holds office as dowry, ii, 221 of officials and familiars, i, 444, 445

Wife, dowry of Catholic, ii, 325 as witness against husband, ii, 537 of officials, qualifications of, ii, 251, 296

Windows, overlooking, closed, ii, 472 overlooking autos, iii, 213

Wine, trouble over, in Saragossa, i, 389

Wisigothic laws on Jews, i, 40 on sorcery, iv, 179

Wisigoths, conversion of, i, 39

Witchcraft, cases referred to Suprema, ii, 180 character and causes, iv, 206 development, iv, 207 the Sabbat, iv, 208 congregation of 1526, iv, 212 caution ordered, iv, 216 enlightened instructions, iv, 219 zeal restrained, iv, 221 Logrofio auto of 1610, iv, 225 Salazar's report, iv, 231 instructions of 1614, iv, 235 treated as illusion, iv, 238 cases become rare, iv, 241 in Roman Inqn., iv, 242 treatment throughout Europe, iv, 246

Witch-crazes, their cause, iv, 234

Witches reputed as insane, iii, 58

Witiza favors Jews, i, 44

Witnesses in mixed suits, i, 72 their perjury, i, 223; ii, 554 against familiars, i, 447 clerical, episcopal licence for, i, 491 protection of, i, 368; ii, 542, 549, 551 familiars as, i, 492 as to _limpieza_, ii, 301 their examination, ii, 466, 479, 541 sworn to secrecy, ii, 473 in secular law, ii, 535 presumed to be legal, ii, 536 for the defence, ii, 539; iii, 67 compelled to testify, ii, 540 suppression of their names, iii, 53, 64, 66, 548; iv. 106 offers respecting, i, 217, 221, 222; ii, 550 in Portugal, iii, 242, 257 number required, ii, 561, 562 _de visu_ and _de oidas_, ii, 564 single, suffices for torture, iii, 9 torture of, iii, 11 disabled for enmity, iii, 64, 68 in solicitation, iv, 120, 123 enmity disregarded, iv, 156 can revoke in witchcraft, iv, 235 not to be investigated, iv, 261

Women exempt from galleys, iii, 140 service in hospitals as penance, iii, 145 prisoners, ii, 523, 525, 526 stripped for torture, iii, 17 monkish abuse of, iv, 120 burning of, in England, iv, 526

Wood, indulgences for contributing, iii, 184

Work, hours of, not observed, ii, 226

Workmen entitled to _fuero_, i, 434

Works, external, rejected by mystics, iv, 3, 8, 28, 50

Writing materials for prisoners, ii, 517

Writings, licence to keep, iii, 489

Xavier, St. Francis, urges colonial Inqn., iii, 260

Xavierr, Cardinal, on Morisco expulsion, iii, 392

Xea, Moriscos of, prosecuted, iii, 375

Xelder, Juan, arrested by impostor, iv, 346

Xeres, battle of, i, 44 complaint of arrest at, i, 185 tribunal of, i, 555 claims on fugitive heretics, ii, 329

Ximenes, Catalina, case of, ii, 347

Ximenes, Cardinal, his purchase of preferment, i, 13 Inq.-genl., of Castile, i, 180, 205 power of dismissal confirmed, i, 178 attempts reform, i, 215 his alhondiga at Toledo, i, 388 appoints president of Suprema, ii, 164 restrains familiars, ii, 274 no discrimination against Conversos, ii, 287 claims share of confiscations, ii, 320 his financial reforms, ii, 366 checks grants from confiscations, ii, 380 abolishes receivers of penances, ii, 391 reserves commutations, ii, 409 reforms office of receiver, ii, 446 on suppression of witnesses' names, ii, 550 allows prisoners to live at home, iii, 152 prison must be perpetual, iii, 159 forbids discretional sentences, iii, 160 defines the sanbenito, iii, 163 his conversion of Granada, iii, 320 orders instruction of Moriscos, iii, 327 on seduction of female prisoners, ii, 523 favors the Beata de Piedrahita, iv, 7 fate of his MSS., iv, 530

Ximenez de Reynoso on Moriscos, iii, 389

Ximeno, Cristóbal, case of, iv, 116

_Xorguina_, iv, 210

Yáñez, Alvar, case of, i, 25

_Yantar_, i, 395

Youth as a defence, iii, 58

Youth liable to confiscation, ii, 321 to torture, iii, 14 to scourging, iii, 137 to reconciliation, iii, 150, 206 to prison, iii, 161 to disabilities, iii, 174

Zacharie, Jacques, case of, iii, 458

Zafar y Ribera, case of, ii, 579

Zafra, Francisco de, case of, iii, 427, 444

_Zahori_, iv, 187, 196

_Zala_, iii, 329

Zalaca, Jews in battle of, i, 85

_Zamarra_, iii, 163

_Zambras_ and _leilas_, iii, 329, 335

Zamora, Council of, on Jews, i, 69, 72 struggle over canonry, ii, 417

Zapata, Inq.-genl., his resignation, i, 309 Concordia of, i, 474 Index of, iii, 495

Zapata, Garcia de, case of, ii, 2

Zapata, Melchor, his jubilation, ii, 225

Zaportas. Salomon and Bale, iii, 293

_Zaragüelles_, iii, 17

_Zarza, compañia de la_, iii, 216, 219, 228

Zayas, Josef de, his prosecution, iv, 429

_Zelatores fidei_ as witnesses, ii, 540

_Zofras_, iii, 376

Zumarraga, Juan de, persecutes witches, iv, 215

Zuñiga, Juan de, seizes Jean de Berri, ii, 130

Zuñiga, Inq.-genl., his death, i, 306

Zurita, Gerónimo, on papal jurisdiction, ii, 131 as auditor of Suprema, ii, 194 reclaims early records, ii, 258 audits Sicilian accounts, ii, 367 accounts of fines and penances, ii, 392 his petition, ii, 194, 592 his statistics as to Seville, iv, 519

Zurita, Dr., his reception at Castellon, ii, 239 tenderness shown to him, i, 369, 530 his arrests of Frenchmen, iii, 458

Zurbano, president of Suprema, ii, 164

_Zurra de rueda_, iii, 181

FOOTNOTES:

[1] I have considered this subject at greater length in "Chapters from the Religious History of Spain," but the views there expressed have been somewhat modified by access to additional documents.

[2] II. Corinth. xii, 2-4.

[3] Est hodie soror apud nos revelationum charismata sortita quas in ecclesia inter Dominica solemnia per ecstasin in spiritu patitur; conversatur cum angelis, aliquando etiam cum Domino, et vidit et audit sacramenta et quorumdam corda dignoscit et medicinas desiderantibus submittit.--De Anima, cap. ix.

[4] Rufini Aquileiensis Historia Monachorum, _passim_.--Vitæ Patrum, Lib. III, c. 141.

[5] Chapeavilli Gestt. Pontiff. Leodiens., II, 256-7.

[6] Treatises of Richard Rolle, VIII, pp. 14-15 (Early English Text Society).

[7] Basnage in Canisii Thes. Monum. Ecclesiæ, IV, 366-7.

[8] Johann. PP. XXII, Bull. _In agro dominico_ (Ripoll. Bullar. Ord. Prædic. VII, 57).

[9] S. Cypriani Epist. iv ad Pomponium.--Concil. Antioch. (Harduin Concil. I, 198).--Lactant. Divin. Institt. VI, xix.

This test of continence was tried by St. Aldhelm (Girald. Cambrens. Gemm. Eccles., Dist. II, cap. xv) and was practised by the followers of Segarelli and Dolcino (Bern. Guidonis Practica, Ed. Douais, p. 260).

[10] Clementin. Lib. V, Tit. iii, cap. 3.

[11] Abecedario spiritual, P. III, Trat. xiii, cap. 3, fol. 122 (Burgos, 1544).

[12] Subida del Monte Carmelo, III, 38.

[13] De la Oracion y Meditacion, II, ii.

[14] De Oratione et Meditatione, cap. lv.--Cf. S. Pedro de Alcántara, De la Oracion II, iv.

[15] Archivo de Simancas, Sala 40, Lib. IV, fol. 231(see Vol. III, p. 570).

[16] R. S. Victor Benjaminis Minoris, c. lxxxi.--S. Th. Aquin. Summæ Sec., Sec. Q. clxxv, Art. 1.

[17] Joh. Gersoni. Tract. de Distinct. verar. Visionum a falsis (Opp. Ed. 1494, T. I, xix. L).

[18] B. Juan de Avila, Audi Filia et vide, cap. li-lv.

[19] Arbiol, Disengaños misticos, Lib. III, cap. xv (1707).

[20] Amort de Revelationibus etc. P. I, pp. 259-68 (Aug. Vindel. 1744).

[21] Abecedario spiritual, P. III, Trat. vi, cap. 2, fol. 52.--Cf. Molinos, Guida, Lib III, cap. xvii, n. 163-4.

[22] Melgares Marin, Procedimientos de la Inquisicion, II, 88(Madrid, 1886).

[23] Proceso contra Hieron. de la M. de Dios (MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. VII).

[24] Eymerici Director. P. II, Q. ix, n. 5.--Repertor. Inquisit. s. vv _Beatæ_, _Begardæ_, _Beguinæ_, _Hæresis_, _Hæretici_, etc.

[25] Abecedario spiritual, P. III, Trat. xxi, cap. 4, fol. 204.--Menendez y Pelayo, Heterodoxos, II, 526.

[26] Pet. Mart. Angler. Epistt. 428, 431.

[27] D. Manuel Serrano y Sans (Revista de Archivos etc., Enero, 1903, p. 2).

[28] See the trial of Alcaraz, epitomized by D. Manuel Serrano y Sana, in the Revista de Archivos, Enero, 1903, pp. 1-16; Febrero, pp. 127, 130 sqq.

[29] S. Bonaventuræ de Puritate Conscientiæ, cap. 14.

[30] Don M. Serrano y Sans has published (Boletín, XLI, 105-37) the principal features and documents of this trial. He states that much of the testimony is utterly unfit for transcription.

[31] Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib. III, fol. 133.

[32] This account of Francisco Ortiz is derived from the skilful analysis of his trial by Eduard Böhmer in his "_Franzisca Hernandez und Frai Franzisco Ortiz_" (Leipzig, 1865).

[33] Melgares Marin, Procedimientos de la Inquisicion, II, 94-5.

[34] Juan and María were uncle and aunt of the Cazallas who suffered for Protestantism.

[35] Melgares Marin, _op. cit._, II, 74-88.

[36] Ibidem, pp. 147-53.

[37] Archivo, hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. III, u. 46.--Cf. Schäfer, II, 119.

[38] MS. _penes me_.

[39] Diálogo de Mercurio y Caron, cap. lxv.

[40] So much has been said about this prosecution of Loyola that Padre Fidel Fita has performed a service in printing the documents of the case in the Boletin, XXXIII, 431-57.

[41] Caballero, Vida de Melchor Cano, pp. 549-50, 557-9, 568-9, 572-7, 582-3, 592-3, 598, 601.

[42] Salazar de Mendoza, Vida de Carranza, cap. xxxiii.

The first of these undoubtedly is found in the Comentarios (P. III, Obra iii, cap. 3), but it was perfectly admissible doctrine at the period. Aspilcueta, who was no mystic, tells us, in 1577, that prayer is worthless unless uttered in lively faith and ardent charity; innumerable priests are consigned to purgatory or to hell on account of their prayers, each one of which is at least a venial sin.--De Oratione, cap. viii.

It illustrates the progress of the movement against mysticism that the Index of Zapata, in 1632 (p. 980) orders a passage in Don Quixote to be _borrado_ in which this is expressed much less offensively--"Las obras de Charidad que se hasen tibia y floxamente no tienen merito ni valen nada."

[43] Reusch, Die Indices, pp. 237, 438.

[44] V. de la Fuente, Escritos de S. Teresa, I, 3-4, 557; II, 439-40, 557, 568, 571.--Index of Sotomayor, 1640, p. 529.--Indice Ultimo, p. 118.

[45] José de Jesus María, Vida de San Juan de la Cruz (Escritos de S. Teresa, II, 511-14).

[46] Index of Sandoval, 1612, p. 379 (Ed. Genevæ, 1620).

[47] Reusch, Die Indices, p. 224.

[48] Caballero, Vida de Melchor Cano, p. 597.--Barrantes, Aparato para la Historia de Extremadura, II, 346-7.--Giovanni da Capugnano, Vida del P. Luigi Granata.--Theiner, Annal. Eccles., III, 361.--Palafox y Mendoza, Obras, VII, 65.

[49] Alfonso Rodríguez, Ejercicio de la Perfeccion, P. I, Trat. v, cap. 7, 12.

[50] Ribadeneira, Vit. S. Ig. Loyolæ, Lib. v, cap. 10.

[51] Alegambe, Bibl. Scriptt. Soc. Jesu, p. 136.--Nieremberg, Honor del Gran Patriarca San Ignacio, p. 513.--L. de la Puente, Guia Spirituale, P. II, Trat. 1, cap. 15, n. 3; cap. 18, n. 2 (Roma, 1628).--De Backer, III, 639-53.

[52] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 76, fol. 343.

[53] Caballero, _op. cit._, p. 526.--Cf p. 359.

[54] Fray Alonso's Memorial, from which the subsequent details are drawn, has been printed by Don Miguel Mir in the _Revista de Archivas_ for Aug.-Sept., 1903; Jan., 1904; Aug.-Sept., 1904; June, 1905; July, 1905; and Aug.-Sept., 1905.

[55] Barrantes, Aparato para la Historia de Extremadura, II, 332-47.

[56] Biblioteca nacional, MSS., S. 151, fol. 54-67.--Barrantes, _op. cit._, II, 329, 347-57.--Miscelanea de Zapata (Memorial hist. español, XI, 75).--Cipriano de Valera, Dos Tratados (Reformistas antig. españoles, p. 272).--Dorado, Compendio histórico de Salamanca, p. 423.

In 1576 Alonso González Carmena was tried at Toledo for saying that the only object of the Inquisition was to get money, and instancing a wealthy damsel of Llerena recently arrested as an Alumbrado. He probably considered his assertions verified by having to pay a fine of 4000 maravedís, in addition to six months' exile.--MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[57] Páramo, p. 302.

[58] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 939, fol. 108; Lib 979, fol. 30.--The details of the Edict are derived from a copy published in Mexico, July 17, 1579, which I owe to the kindness of the late General Don Riva Palacio. In the Edict published at the opening of the Mexican Inquisition, Nov. 3, 1571, there is no allusion to the subject. See Appendix to Vol. II, p. 587.

[59] Páramo, pp. 302, 681-2, 688-9, 854.

[60] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[61] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. VII.

[62] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 1.

[63] Mística Teología, Lib. II, cap. 1, 4, 5, 6.

[64] Menéndez y Pelayo, II, 547-8.--MSS. of Bodleian Library, Arch S, 130.

[65] Barrantes, Aparato, II, 363.

[66] Barrantes, _op. cit._, II, 364-70. Thia copy is somewhat imperfect; a better one is in the Bibliothèque nationale, fonds Dupuy, 673, fol. 181.

Malvasia (Cathologus omnium Hæresum et Conciliorum, Romæ, 1661, p. 269) gives a list of fifty Illuminist errors from this edict of Pacheco. Cf. Bernino, Historia di tutte l'Heresie, IV, 613 (Venezia, 1717).

[67] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 927, fol. 475.

This bold protest seems to have called attention to Portocarrero's ability for, in 1624, we find him appointed Inquisitor of Majorca and writing a book in defence of the Inquisition against the royal jurisdiction.

[68] Barrantes, _op. cit._, II, 363, 371-2.

[69] MSS. of Bodleian Library, Arch S, 130.

[70] MSS. of Bodleian Library, Arch Seld. A., Subt. 11; Arch Seld. 130.

[71] Llorente, Hist. crit., cap. xxxviii, n. 5.--Llorente's statement is confirmed by the account in Bernino's _Historia di tutte l'Heresie_, IV, 613. See also Terzago, Theologia historico-mystica, p. 6 (Venetiis, 1764).

[72] Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. xxi.

[73] Cartas de Jesuitas (Mem. hist. español, XIII, 122, 150-62, 165, 173, 175, 177-80, 184, 205-7, 214, 222, 245, 267, 324, 435, 528, 543, 547; XIV, 12, 21, 47; XV, 80; XIX, 383).--Pellicer, Avisos históricos (Semanario erúdito, XXXIII, 99, 168).--Index of Vidal Marin, 1707, II, 19.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 1, n. 6, fol. 591.--Decret. authent. Sacræ Congr. Indulgentt. n. 4, 14.

[74] Vida, pp. 6, 10, 275 (Ed. 1784).

[75] Various biographies of her have been written by Moran de Butron, Pietro del Spirito Santo, P. Gijon y Leon, P. Gius. Boero and Juan del Castillo, of some of which repeated editions have appeared.

[76] Pellicer, Avisos históricos (Semanario erúdito, XXXIII, 171).

[77] Ochoa, Epistolario español, II, 81.

[78] Vita Yen. Mariæ de Agreda, §§ 4, 6, 8, 13, 38.--Præfat. ad Lib. I, Vitæ B. Virginis.

[79] Archivo de Simancas, Inq. Leg. 1465, fol. 101.--Index Libb. prohib. Innoc. PP. XI, p. 167; Append. p. 41.--Reusch, Der Index, II, 253.--Mendham, Literary Policy of the Church of Rome, pp. 272-4 (London, 1830).--Phelippeaux, Relation de l'Origine etc. du Quietisme, I, 178-83 (s. l. 1732).

[80] D'Argentré, Collect. Judic. de novis Erroribus, III, I, 156.

[81] Analecta Franciscana, I, 92.--Reusch, Der Index, II, 256.--Amort de Revelationibus, P. II, p. 226.

[82] Index Clementis PP. XI, p. 292.--Index Bened. PP. XIV, 1744, p. 313. It is significant of the resultant dubious position of the books that Caetano Marcecales, in his _Enchiridium mysticum_ (Veronæ, 1766), while giving two lists of mystic works, one permitted and the other prohibited, wholly omits the writings of María de Agreda.

[83] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.--Biblioteca Casanatense, MS. X. v, 27, fol. 235.

[84] Bordoni Sacrum Tribunal Judicum, p. 508 (Romæ, 1648).--Ign. Lupi Bergomens. Nova Lux in Edictum S. Inquisit. (Bergomi, 1648).

[85] Reusch, Der Index, II, 610-11.

[86] Scaglia, Prattica per le cause del Sant' Officio, cap. 25 (MS. _penes me_). There are copies in the Bibliothèque nationale, fonds italien, 139; in the Royal Library of Munich, Cod. Ital. 598, and in the Municipal Library of Piacenza.

[87] Bernino, Historia di tutte l'Heresie, IV, 712 (Venezia, 1717.)

[88] Royal Library of Munich, Cod. Ital. 185, pp. 1-7.--Library of the Seminario della Curia arcivescovile di Firenze, Chiese, Spogli, Vol. I, pp. 407 aqq.--[Modesto Rastrelli] Fatti attinenti all' Inquisizione, pp. 173-77 (Venezia, 1782).--Cf. Cantù, Eretici d'Italia, III, 336.

[89] Biblioteca del R. Archivio di Stato in Roma, Miscellanea MS., pp. 577-630.--Royal Library of Munich, Cod. Itat. 185, pp. 13-26.--L'Ambasciata di Romolo a Romani, p. 689 (Colon. 1676).--Collect. Decret. S. Congr. S. Officii, p. 7 (MS. _penes me_).--Cantù, _op. cit._, III, 330.

[90] MSS. of Ambrosian Library of Milan, H, S, VI, 29, fol. 140.

[91] Bernino, Historia di tutte l'Heresie, IV, 722-6.--MSS. of Ambrosian Library, H, S, VI, 29, fol. 14. This latter is a considerable body of documents from which are derived the facts that follow.

[92] Ambrosian MSS. _ubi sup._ fol. 111, 113, 117, 119, 121, 135, 137, 138.

[93] Ibidem, fol. 58, 61, 66, 80, 83, 86.

[94] Ambrosian MSS. _ubi sup._, fol. 18, 22, 24, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 61, 81, 91.

[95] Ibidem, fol. 44, 54, 66, 81.

[96] Ambrosian MSS. _ubi sup._, fol. 65, 82, 113, 117, 119.

[97] Guida spirituale, Lib. I, n. 128.--"Non parlando, non pensando, non desiderando, si giunge al perfetto silenzio mistico, nel quale Iddio parla con l'anima e a lei si communica e le insegna nel più intimo fondo la più perfetta e alta sapienza."

Cf. Osuna, Abecedario spiritual, P. III, Trat. xxi, Cap. 3, fol. 203.--Santa Teresa, Libro de las Revelaciones.--San Juan de la Cruz, Subida del Monte Carmelo, II, vii.

[98] Guida, Lib. I, n. 68-70.

[99] Guida, Lib. III, n. 3, 40.

[100] Biblioteca Casanatense, MS. X, v, 27, fol. 231 sqq.

[101] Reusch, Der Index, II, 612-14. Of these controversial works I have been able to examine only Segneri's _Lettera_ and the _Clavis Aurea_. The chief impression made by these polemics is the elusiveness of these mystic dreams when an attempt is made at rigid definition and differentiation.

[102] Biblioteca Casanatense, MS. X, IV, 39, fol. 19sqq.

[103] Bernino, _op. cit._, IV, 726.

[104] Biblioteca Casanatense, MSS. X, VII, 46, fol. 289 sqq. This is an account of the affair by one evidently in position to have accurate knowledge of details.

[105] Archivo histórico nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Legajo 1, n. 4, fol. 164.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Legajo 1465, fol. 101.

[106] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Legajo 12, n. 1, fol. 106.

[107] Trois lettres touchant l'Etat present d'Italie, pp. 90-120 (Cologne, 1688)

These nineteen errors are here printed with their confutations, but without indication of date or of the authority under which they were prepared. They are also contained, with a different series of confutations, in the mass of papers concerning the Pelagini, in the Ambrosian Library, H, S., VI, 29, fol. 28.

This also contains (fol. 30) a series of instructions for detecting the Quietist heresy, consisting of a list of forty-three errors. Some of these set forth so concisely the leading tenets ascribed, with tolerable accuracy, to the Quietists, that they are worth presenting here.

21. They seek to annihilate the memory, the intellect and the will; to remember nothing, to understand nothing, to desire nothing, and they say that when they have thus emptied themselves they are refilled by God.

22. They say that God operates in their souls without coöperation; that their spirit is identified with God, so that they are purely passive, surrendering their freewill to God who takes possession of it.

23. Thus such souls are preserved from even venial sins of advertence and, if they commit some inadvertently they are not imputed.

24. Also some proceed to claim impeccability, because they cannot sin when God operates in them without their participation.

25. If these souls commit sinful acts, they say it is through the violence of the demon, with the permission of God, for their torment and purgation.

28. Examination of conscience to ascertain if there has been consent to such acts is not expedient, for it distracts introversion and disturbs the quiet of the soul.

[108] Bibl. Casanatense MSS., X, VII, 45, fol. 289.

I cannot but regard this as a truthful report. It accords with the briefer abstract in the final sentence, which distinguishes between the articles proved by witnesses and denied by Molinos and those which he admitted. Reusch (Der Index, II, 617-18) states that the sentence has been printed in the _Analecta Juris Pontificii_, 6, 1653, and in the Appendix to Francke's translation of the _Guida Spirituale_, published in 1687. I have a copy from the Royal Library of Munich, Cod. Ital. 185, and there is one in the Bibliothèque nationale, fonds italien, 138, which also contains the 263 articles drawn from his correspondence, with his answers.

[109] D'Argentré, Collect. judic. de novis Erroribus, III, II, 357-62.

[110] The account of the atto di fede is derived from the MS. Casanatense, X, VII, 45, and a relation printed by Laemmer, _Meletematum Romanorum Mantissa_, pp. 407 sqq., who also prints (pp. 412-22) the sentence of Pedro Peña.

The contemporary printed sources of the whole affair are _Trois Lettres touchant l'Etat present d'Italie_, Cologne, 1688; _Recueil de diverses pièces concernant le Quietisme et les Quietistes_, Amsterdam, 1688, and Bernino, _Historia di tutte l'Heresie_, IV, 711 sqq. The concise account by Reusch (_Der Index_, II, 611 sqq.) is written with his accustomed thoroughness and careful use of all accessible sources. John Bigelow's "Molinos the Quietist" (New York, 1882) is a popular narrative which rejects the charges of immorality. See also Heppe, _Geschichte der quietistischen Mystik_, pp. 110 sqq., 260 sqq. (Berlin, 1875).

[111] Innocentii PP. XI, Bull. _Coelestis Pastor_ (Bullar. X, 212).

[112] Reusch, Der Index, II, 618.--Index Innoc. XI, Append, pp. 7, 28, 45, 47 (Romæ, 1702).

[113] MSS. of Ambrosian Library, H. S. VI, 29, fol. 67 sqq.

[114] Bernino, _op. cit._, IV, 727-8.

[115] Royal Library of Munich, Cod. Ital. 209, fol. 67 sqq.--Cf. Phelippeaux, Relation du Quietisme, II, 117, 154.

[116] Laemmer, _op. cit._, p. 427.--Heppe, Geschichte der quietistischen Mystik, p. 445.

[117] Mongitore, L'Atto pubblico di Fede celebrato à 6 Aprile, 1724 (Palermo 1724).

[118] See the extracts from S. François de Sales collected by Fénelon, in his Fifth Letter.--OEuvres, II, 95-98 (Paris, 1838).

[119] Noack, Die christliche Mystic, II, 236 (Königsberg, 1853).

[120] Heppe, _op. cit._, p. 88.

[121] Abomination des Abominations des fausses Devotions de ce Tems divisées, en Trois, la premiere des Illuminez; la seconde des nouveaux Adamites; la troisieme des Spirituels à la mode, p. 88 (Paris, 1632).

[122] Bossuet, who read her autobiography in MS. tells us of this tympanitic condition and the splitting of her garments (De Quietismo, _ap._ Laemmer, _op. cit._, p. 423). In the printed life, this special feature is omitted, but the passage has every appearance of curtailment (II, 33, cf. 234; III, 9).

[123] Bossuet's side in this controversy is elaborately set forth in Phelippeaux's posthumous "Relation de l'Origine, du Progrès et de la Condemnation du Quiétisme," 2 vols., 1732 (_s. l._). Also in Bossuet's "Relation sur le Quiétisme" and subsequent controversial writings, Paris, 1698. Madame Guyon's statements are contained in "La Vie de Madame J. M. B. de la Mothe Guion, écrite por Elle-même," 3 vols. Cologne, 1720. She is defended in the "Lettres de M. xxx (Abbé de la Blatterie) à un Ami au sujet de la Relation du Quiétisme," 1733 (_s. l._). Fénelon's writings on the subject are in his _OEuvres_, T. II, Paris, 1838.

Comprehensive accounts may be found in Matter, "Le Mysticisme en France au temps de Fénelon," Paris, 1865 and Heppe, "Geschichte der quietistischen Mystik in der katholischen Kirche," Berlin, 1865.

[124] Compendio de la asombrosa Vida del gran Siervo de Dios, Fr. Juan Joseph de la Cruz, pp. 276 sqq. (Madrid, 1790).

[125] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 1, n. 4, fol. 164.

[126] Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib. V, fol. 103; Lib. III de copias, fol. 703, 704.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 12, n. 4, fol. 124.

[127] MSS. of Archivo municipal de Sevilla, Seccion especial, Siglo XVIII, Letra A, Tomo IV, n. 48-49.--These are relations of the auto, one of which I have printed in "Chapters from the Religious History of Spain."

[128] Relacion hist. de la Judería de Sevilla, pp. 99-103.

[129] Archivo municipal de Sevilla, _loc. cit._, n. 52.

[130] Matute y Luquin, p. 211.

[131] Possadas, Triumphos de la Castidad contra la Luxuria diabolica de Molinos, Córdova, 1698.

This is a second edition; a third appeared in Madrid, in 1775.

[132] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 2, n. 15; Leg. 12, n. 2, fol. 126.

[133] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. XI.

[134] Matute y Luquin, pp. 216-23.

[135] Index of Vidal Marin, 1707, II, 195.

[136] Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib. V, fol. 141, 144, 146, 150.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq. Legajos 418, 419 (números antiguos).--See Appendix for the abjuration, which summarizes the errors.

[137] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 876, fol. 153.--Llorente (Hist. crít. Cap. XLII, n. 15) places this case under Carlos III.

[138] Llorente, Hist. crít., cap. XL, art. ii, n. 1-14.

[139] There is an allusion to this edict in the _Relacion de la Causa contra Don Pedro Fernández Ybarraran_ (MSS. of David Fergusson Esq.).

[140] Proceso contra Fray Eusebio de Villaroja (MSS. of David Fergusson Esq.).

[141] Lib. XIII de Cartas, fol. 192 (MSS. of Am. Philosophical Society).

[142] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[143] Ibidem, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[144] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890, fol. 82.

[145] Ibidem, Lib. 890.--Matute y Luquin, p. 296.

[146] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 114, n. 18.

[147] Bibl. nationale de France, fonds espagnol 354, fol. 248-69.--Llorente, Hist. crít., cap. XVI, art. iv.--Miscelanea de Zapata (Mem. hist. español, XI, 70).--Cipriano de Valera, Dos Tratados, p. 480 (Reformistas antiguos españoles).--Ribadeneira, Vit. Ign. Loyolæ, Lib. V, cap. 10.--Luigi de Granata, Vita di Giovanni d'Avila, p. 143 (Romæ, 1746).--Matute y Luquin, p. 18.--Simancæ de Cath. Institt. Tit. XXI, n. 24.

A French translation of the sentence and confession has been printed by M. Campan, in the appendix to the _Mémoires de Francisco de Enzinas_.

[148] Godoy Alcántara, Historia de los falsos Cronicones, p. 2.--Cf. V. de la Fuente, Hist. ecles., III, 255.

[149] Relatione del Miracolo delle Stimmate, venute nuovamente ad una Monacha dell' Ordine di S. Domenico, in Portogallo, nella Città di Lisbona.--Bologna, 1584.--Printed also in Rome and in Verona.

[150] Cipriano de Valera, Enjambre de falsos Milagros, pp. 564, sqq. Usoz y Rio, in his notes to this reprint, in his _Reformistas antiguos_, says that Valera's versions are faithfully made from "Les grands Miracles et les Tressainctes Plaies advenuz à la R. Mère Prieure du Monasteire de l'Anonciade." A Paris par Jean Bressant, 1586.

[151] Cipriano de Valera, pp. 575-80.--Páramo, pp. 233-4, 302-4.

In 1650, Padre Diego Tello, S. J., in an opinion given to the Granada tribunal alludes to the political objects of Sor María's impostures, as though it was a well-known fact.--MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 17.

[152] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 939, fol. 700.

[153] Ibidem, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 113, n. 6.

[154] Cartas de Jesuitas (Mem. hist. español, XIII, 49, 51).

[155] Bibl. nacional, MSS., D, 111, fol. 127.

[156] MSS. of Bodleian Library, Arch. S., 130.--Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. XXI, § 7.

[157] Cartas de Jesuitas (_op. cit._, XIII, 42, 51, 457).--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 17.

[158] Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. xxi, § 5.

[159] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[160] Bibl. nacional, MSS., D, 118, fol. 405, n. 66.

[161] Olmo, Relacion, pp. 201-3, 240.

[162] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. XI.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[163] Royal Library of Berlin, Qt. 9548.

[164] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[165] Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 405.--MSS. of Archivo municipal de Sevilla, Seccion especial, Siglo XVIII, Letra A, T. 4, n. 56.--Cartas del Filósofo rancio. II, 495 (Madrid, 1824).

[166] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[167] Llorente, Hist. crít., cap. XLIII, art. iv, n. 1.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 115, n. 25; Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

By edict of June 23, 1805, all writings in which credit of any kind was given to the favors which the beata pretended to have received from heaven were absolutely prohibited.--Suplemento al Indice expurgatorio, p. 25 (Madrid, 1805).

[168] Llorente, _loc. cit._, n. 2.--Archivo, hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[169] Extracto de la Causa seguida á Sor Patrocinio (Madrid, 1865).

[170] Revista Cristiana, Marzo-Abril, 1891 (Madrid).

Spain is by no means the only seat of these manifestations. In 1848 there was at Niederbronn, near Strassburg, a bride of Christ named Elizabeth Eppinger who, though denied the supreme favor of the stigmata, had trances and visions and the gift of prophecy. She founded the Order of _Filles du Redempteur_, over which she presided as Soeur Alphonse.--Abbé Busson, Lettres sur l'Extatique de Niederbronn (Besançon, 1849-53).

The grace of the stigmata is likewise not uncommon. About 1825 there flourished Katharine Emmerich, the nun of Dülmen, and contemporary with her were three girls in Tyrol, Maria von Mörl, Domenica Lazzari and Crescenzia Nicklutsch, all of whom enjoyed also the customary visions and ecstasies. The learned Joseph Görres was one of the believing pilgrims who put on record his experiences. At the same time Provence boasted of a similar _beata_, Madame Miollis, known as the _stigmatisée du Var_, at Villecroze.--Die Tyrolen ekstasischen Jungfrauen (Regensburg, 1843).--Nicolas, L'extatique et les stigmatisées du Tyrol (Paris, 1844).--Boré, Les stigmatisées du Tyrol, 2^{e}. Ed. (Paris, 1846).

The more recent case of Louise Lateau, in Belgium, is well known. All this, however, is trivial in comparison with the development of stigmatisation among the followers of Pierre-Michel Vintras, in France. In 1850 it was reckoned that no less than three hundred were favored with this distinguishing mark of divine approval.--André, Affaire Rose Tamisier, p. 5 (Carpentras, 1851).

[171] S. Th. Aquin. Summæ Suppl. Q. VIII, art. 4.--Astesani Summæ, Lib. V, Tit. xiii, Q. 2.--Summa Sylvestrina s. v. CONFESSOR, I, §§ 10-11.

[172] Guidonis de Monte Rocherii Manip. Curator. P. II, Tract, iii, cap. 9.

[173] S. Antonini Summæ, P. III, Tit. xiv, cap. 19, § 8.

[174] S. Th. Aquin. in IV Sentt., Dist. XIX, Q. 1, art. 3.--Joh. Friburgens. Summæ Confessor., Lib. III, Tit. xxxiv, Q. 65.

[175] Burriel, Vidas de los Arzobispos de Toledo (Bibl. nacional, MSS. Ff, 194, fol. 9).

[176] Concil. Valentin, ann. 1565, Tit. ii, cap. 17 (Aguirre, V, 417).--C. Mediolanensis I, ann. 1565, cap. 6 (Harduin. X, 653).--C. Provin. Mediolanens. IV, ann. 1576 (Acta Eccles. Mediolanens. I, 146).--Rituale Roman., Tit. iii, cap. 1.

[177] MSS. of David Fergusson, Esq.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Sala 39, Leg. 4, fol. 34, 55, 81.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 9, n. 2, fol. 236, 237.--Bibl. nacional, MSS., PV, fol. C, 17, n. 38.

[178] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 16, n. 6, fol. 9.

[179] Gratiani Decret. Caus. xxx, q. i, can. 8, 9, 10.--Constitt. R. Poore, cap. 9 (Harduin. VII, 91).

[180] Salcedo, Practica criminalis canonica, p. 276 (Compluti, 1587).

For an instructive sketch of Ghiberti by Miss M. A. Tucker, see English Hist. Review, Jan.-July, 1903.

[181] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 233, n. 100.

[182] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 231, n. 71.

[183] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 939, fol. 374.

[184] Pauli PP. IV Bull. _Cum sicut nuper_, 16 Apr., 1559 (Bullar. Roman. II, 48).

[185] Páramo, p. 880.

[186] Pii PP. IV, Const. 51, _Pastoris æterni_, 1 Apr. 1562. It is perhaps suggestive that in the Luxemburg Bullarium (III, 71) the omission of the word _non_ completely reverses the purport of the brief. It will be found correctly printed in Cherubini's edition.

[187] Páramo, p. 881.

[188] Pauli PP. V, Const. _Cum sicut nuper_, 16 Sept. 1608 (Trimarchi de Confessario abutente etc. Tractat., pp. 7, 10.--Genuæ, 1636).--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 1465. fol. 16.

[189] Trimarchi, pp. 10, 11.

[190] Bullar. Roman. III, 484.--Trimarchi, pp. 14-18.

[191] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Lib. VIII de autos, Leg. 2, fol. 114.

[192] Ant. de Sousa, Opusc. circa Constit. Pauli V, Tract. I, cap. 20.

[193] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 939, fol. 371.--Archivo hist. nacional, _ubi sup._

[194] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 940, fol. 212; Gracia y Justicia, Inq., Leg. 631, fol. 27.

[195] MSS. of Bodleian Library, Arch, S, 130.

[196] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 1, n. 6, fol. 274, 393.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 1465, fol. 16.

The clause concerning solicitation in the Edict of Faith, published at Valencia, Feb. 24, 1630, shows this and also the devices used to elude the technical definition of the offence. "Or, whether any confessor or confessors, clerics or religious of whatever station pre-eminence or condition, in the act of confession or immediately before or after it, or with occasion or appearance of confession, although there is no opportunity and no confession may have followed, but in the confessional or any place where confessions are made, or which is destined for that purpose, when the impression is produced that confession is being made or heard, have solicited or attempted to solicit any one, inducing or provoking them to foul and indecent acts, whether between the penitent and confessor or others, or have held indecent and illicit conversation with them. And we exhort and order all confessors to admonish their penitents, whom they understand to have been solicited, of the obligation to denounce the solicitors to this Holy Office, which has exclusive cognizance of this crime."--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Lib. 7 de Autos, Leg. 2, fol. 114.

[197] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Lib. 7 de Autos, Leg. 2, fol. 114.

[198] "Cuyo conocimiento pertenece al Santo Oficio de la Inquisition, sin embargo del Breve de la Santidad de Gregorio XV expedido en treinta de Agusto de 1622 años, por declaracion suya, para las Inquisiciones de los Reynos de su Magestad, toca privativamente el castigo de este delito al Santo Oficio y no á los obispos ni á sus vicarios, provisores ni ordinarios."--Bibl. nacional, MSS., D, 118, p. 148.

[199] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 28, fol. 246; Lib. 890.

[200] Ibidem, Lib. 939, fol. 107; Lib. 942, fol. 23, 31; Leg. 1465, fol. 16.--It is scarce worth while to refer to the wild story of Gonzáles de Móntes (Inquis. hist. artes detectæ, p. 185) that in Seville this brought in so many denunciations that twenty secretaries and as many inquisitors were unable to take them down within the thirty days allowed and that four prolongations of the time were required.

[201] Bibl. nacional, MSS., D, 118, fol. 216, n. 60.

[202] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 1665, fol. 16; Lib. 939, fol. 107; Lib. 942, fol. 31.

[203] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 2, n. 16, fol. 254.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 83, fol. 25.

The Roman Inquisition tardily followed the example of the Spanish in a decree of 1677.--Berardi de Sollicitatione et Absolutione Complicis, p. 6 (Faventiæ, 1897).

[204] "La experiencia acredita que muchos contestes, singularmente mugeres y en causas de solicitacion, nada declaran, ya por miedo, ya por vergüenza, ya por una falsa caridad, de que tiene el Santo Oficio freqüentes y lastimosas experiencias."--Instrucion que han de guardar los Comisarios, n. 21.

[205] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 227, n. 7.

[206] Ibidem, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 2, n. 15.

[207] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 939, fol. 371.

[208] Bibl. nacional, MSS., B, 159, fol. 161-2. For various speculations on the subject see Rod. a Cunha pro PP. Pauli V Statuto, Q. xix (Benavente, 1611).--Ant. de Sousa Opusc. circa Constit. Pauli V, Tract. ii, cap. 7-10.

[209] Card. Cozza, Dubia selecta circa Solicitationem, Dub. XLII (Lovanii, 1750).

[210] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 365, n. 46.

[211] Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. XX.

[212] MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen, 218^{b}, p. 264.

[213] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 1465, fol. 16.--MSS. of Bibl. nacional de Lima, Protocolo 223, Exp^{te} 5270.

[214] Rod. a Cunha, Q. XIV, XV.--Ant. de Sousa, Tit. I, cap. 19.--Matteucci Cautela Confessarii, Lib. I, cap. 5, n. 3 (Venetiis, 1710).--Cozza, Dub. XVII.--Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. XX.

[215] Ant. de Sousa, Tract. I, cap. XV.

[216] There were many probabilist authorities who held that the fact that such acts as kissing, pressing the hands, handling the breasts, etc., were committed in the confessional did not change them from venial to mortal sins. See Del Bene de Officio S. Inquis. P. II, Dub. 237, Sect. 3, n. 3 (Lugduni, 1666). Cf. Cozza, Dub. III, n. 18.

In 1743 a lively controversy arose between the rigorists and the Jesuits over the _Tatti mammillari_ caused by a proposition of Father Benzi S. J. that stroking the cheeks of nuns and handling their breasts were venial, when unaccompanied with depraved intentions.--Concina, Explicazione di quattro Paradossi, cap. 1 § 1 (Lucca, 1746).

[217] Cozza, Dub. III, IV, V.--Fran. Bordoni Sacrum Tribunal Judicum, cap. XXIII, n. 53-61 (Romæ, 1648); Ejusd. Manuale Consultorum, Sect, XXV, n. 91 (Romæ, 1693).

[218] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 365, n. 46, fol. 26.

[219] Rod. a Cunha, Q. XVII.--Ant. de Sousa, Tract. I, cap. xiv.--Jo. Sánchez, Disputationes Selectæ, Disp. XI, n. 43, 44 (Ludguni, 1636).

[220] Rod. a Cunha, Q. XIV.--Ant. de Sousa, Tract. I, cap. xi.--Cozza, Dub. XXXVII.--Trimarchi, p. 160.--Bibl. nacional, MSS., B, fol. 160.

[221] Trimarchi, p. 145.--Cozza, Dub. XXXVIII.

[222] Páramo, p. 886.

[223] A Cunha, Q. IX, XI.--De Sousa, Tract. I, cap. vi, vii, xvii.--Alberghini Manuale Qualificatorum, cap. XXXI, § 1, n. 10, 11, 17.--Trimarchi, pp. 193, 199, 2O1, 212.--Cozza, Dub. IX, X, XI.--Bodoni Manuale, Sect. XXV, n. 169--Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. XX, §§ 5, 10.

[224] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 376.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Registro de Solicitantes, A, 7, fol. 2 (Lib. 1002, fol. 2).

[225] The more important of these decisions were--

3 There is no _parvitas materiæ_ in solicitation.

8 When the solicitation is mutual, the confessor is to be denounced.

9 A confessor yielding to solicitation through fear is to be denounced.

10 Solicitation in other sacraments does not fall within the papal bulls.

11 Solicitation to other than carnal sins during confession does not require denunciation.

12 When a confessor praises the beauty of a penitent, if the praise is serious and without evil intention, he is not liable to denunciation; if otherwise, he is.

13 If a confessor sitting in a confessional solicits a woman standing before him without pretext of confession he is probably not liable to denunciation.

14 A confessor who makes during confession a present to the penitent, without evil intention is not liable to denunciation; otherwise he is.--Berardi de Sollicitatione, p. 5.

[226] Bullar. Roman. T. VI, Append. p. 1.

[227] Bullar. Benedicti PP. XIV, T. I, p. 23-4.

[228] Bullar. Roman. _ubi sup._

[229] Bullar. Benedicti PP. XIV, _loc. cit._

[230] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1; Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 365, n. 46.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890.

[231] Joh. Sánchez Disputt. Select., Disp. xi, n. 3, 4.--Juan Sánchez was one of the laxer moral theologians of the seventeenth century, some of whose propositions incurred papal censure, but this escaped. Hurter characterizes him as "in morum doctrina versatissimus."--Nomenclator Theol. Cathol. I, 414.

[232] Ant. de Sousa, Tract. II, cap. XX.--Berardi de Sollicitatione, p. 129.--Il Consulente Ecclesiastico, Vol. IV, p. 19 (1899).--S. Alph. de Ligorio Theol. Moral. Lib. VII, n. 519. Podestà, however, tells us that in his time, in the diocese of Naples, it was reserved to the bishop.--Examen ecclesiasticum, T. II, n. 601 (Venetiis, 1728).

[233] Proceso contra el Dr. Pedro Mendizabal (MS. _penes me_).

[234] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 228, n. 18.

[235] Ibidem, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 365, n. 46, fol. 32.

[236] Berardi, _op. cit._, pp. 36-7.

[237] Archivo de Simancas, Inq. de Logroño, Procesos de fe, Leg. 1.

[238] Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. XXI, § 6.

[239] Ibidem, cap. XX, § 3.--De Sousa, Aphorism. Lib. I, cap. xxxiv, n. 40.--Alberghini, Man. Qualificator. cap. xxxi, § 1, n. 19.

[240] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 1006, fol. 25.

[241] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 227, n. 4.

[242] Ibidem, Leg. 1.

[243] Ibidem, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 4, n. 2, fol. 79.

[244] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1; Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 66.

[245] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 942, fol. 23; Leg. 1465, fol. 16.

[246] Ibidem, Lib. 939, fol. 107; Lib. 942, fol. 38; Leg. 1465, fol. 16.

[247] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 2, n. 16, fol. 264.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 942, fol. 52.

[248] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 1465, fol. 16.

[249] Ibidem, Lib. 890.

[250] Ibidem, Lib. 939, fol. 107; Lib. 941, fol. 2; Leg. 1465, fol. 16.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 2, n. 16, fol. 254.

[251] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 939, fol. 107; Lib. 942, fol. 45; Leg. 1465, fol. 16.

[252] Páramo, p. 875.

[253] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 1465, fol. 16.

[254] Ibidem, Lib. 939, fol. 342.--De Sousa, Opusc. circa Constit. Pauli V, Tract. II, cap. 13, 21; Ejusd. Aphor. Inquis. Lib. 1, cap. xxxiv, n. 64, 65.--Alberghini, Man. Qualif. cap. xxxi, § 2, n. 3, 4.--Bibl. nacional MSS., V, 377, cap. xx, 9.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 61; Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 498.--MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen, 218^{b}, p. 423.

[255] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 876, fol. 208.

[256] Bodoni Man. Consultorum, pp. 224, 232, 235.--Cf. Trimarchum pp. 288-92.

[257] MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen, 218^{b}, pp. 386-7.

[258] Cozza, _op. cit._, Dub. XIV. This is still the rule. See Concil. Plenar. Americæ Latinæ, ann. 1899, Append, CXXXII, T. II, p. 761 (Romæ, 1900).

[259] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 299.

[260] Ibidem, Leg. 228, n. 24.

[261] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 1473 (Cartilla de Comisarios, §§ ix, x).--Ibidem, Lib. 890, fol. 156.

[262] Ibidem, Lib. 83, fol. 25.

[263] MSS. of Bibl. nacional, de Lima, Protocolo 233, Exp^{te} 5270.

[264] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 1465, fol. 16.

[265] Páramo, p. 879.

[266] A Cunha, _op. cit._, Q. XXIII.--De Sousa, _op. cit._, Tract. II, cap. 12.

[267] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 1.

[268] Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. xx.--In modern practice, under the regulations issued by the Roman Inquisitors, in 1867, a first and a second denunciation only cause the accused to be watched and a third one is necessary to justify action.--Berardi, p 126.

[269] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 365.

[270] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 1002, fol. 2-4.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 66; Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 233, n. 108, fol. 90, 97, 140, 181.

[271] MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen 218^{b}, p. 264.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 9, n. 2, fol. 38.

[272] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 1002.

[273] Ibidem, Leg. 1465, fol. 16.

[274] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 1465, fol. 16.--MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen, 218^{b}, p. 265.

[275] Archivo de Alcalá, Hacienda, Leg. 544^{3} (Lib. 4).

[276] A Cunha, Q. XXIV.--De Sousa, Tract. II, cap. 16, 18, 21.

[277] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 6, 22, 23, 29.

There was more wholesome severity in Rome. In 1626 the Congregation of the Inquisition reserved to itself the designation of the penalty (Collect. Decret. Sac. Congr. S. Officii, p. 397--MS. _penes me_). Some ten years later Trimarchus (_op. cit._, pp. 302, 304) after enumerating the punishments decreed by Gregory, adds that in practice, if the culprit has only once solicited an ordinary woman, deprivation of confessing suffices; if two, repeatedly, add suspension of priestly functions and, for a regular, especially if there has been scandal, perpetual reclusion in a convent or, for a secular, perpetual service in a hospital. If the penitent solicited is a nun or the wife of a magnate, or there are many women and much popular scandal, degradation or the galleys.

Although Gregory included relaxation, Benedict XIV (De Synodo Dioecesana, Lib. IX, cap. vi, n. 7) says that in no case, however aggravated, can it be found that relaxation had been inflicted, and this is repeated by Fray Manuel de Nájera in his _Enchiridion canonico-morale de Confess._ p. 161 (Mexico, 1764).

[278] Bibl. national, MSS., V, 377, cap. xx.

[279] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 290, fol. 80.

[280] Ibidem, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 229, n. 32.

[281] Ibidem, Leg. 1.

[282] Proceso contra Fray Estevan Ramoneda (MSS. of Am. Phil. Society).

[283] Quia ex sola publica effusione seminis aut sanguinis humani ecclesia polluitur.--Clericati de Virtute Pænitentice Decisiones, p. 214 (Vinetiis, 1706).

[284] MSS. of Trinity College, Dublin, Class II, Vol. IV, pp. 63, 294.--Berardi, _op. cit._, p. 129.--Cf. Benedicti PP. XIV de Synodo Dioecesana, Lib. VI, cap. xi, n. &.

[285] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[286] Ibidem, T. XI.

[287] Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. XX, § 8.

[288] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 876, fol. 32.

[289] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 231, n. 70.

[290] MSS. of David Fergusson Esq.

[291] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 365, n. 45, fol. 4-12.

[292] MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen, 218^{b}, p. 387.

[293] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 4, n. 2, fol. 79.

[294] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 1006.

[295] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 227, n. 10; Leg. 228, n. 28.

[296] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890.

[297] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Visitas de Barcelona, Leg. 15, fol. 5.

[298] Llorente, Hist. crít., cap. XXVIII, art. 1, n. 17.

[299] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[300] The Dominican Maestro Alvarado, in his heated defence of the Inquisition, in 1811, calls attention to the fact that, in its later period, its penitents were largely ecclesiastics, because firstly their theology exposed them to uttering compromising propositions; secondly, "porque solos los clérigos y frailes son los que confiesan y todos saben muy bien lo peligroso de este materia y los muchos que en él han naufragado."--Cartas del Filosofo Rancio, I, 316 (Madrid, 1824).

[301] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[302] These statistics are compiled from various registers, covering respectively portions of the period. There are some minor breaks, which would increase the aggregate somewhat, but not materially. See Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 233, n. 108; Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 66.--Archivo de Simancas, Libros 1002, 1003, 1004.

There is perhaps some interest in recording the respective responsibilities of the various classes and orders of the clergy for these delinquents, as follows:

Secular priests, canons etc 981 Franciscans, Conventual and Barefooted 552 Observantines 506 Capuchins 183 Recollects 56 Carmelites 355 Dominicans 288 Augustinians 156 Trinitarians 144 Mercenarians 131 Jesuits 92 Minims 69 Benedictines 35 Geronimites 30 San Pedro de Alcántara 29 Clérigos Menores 20 Congr. of San Filippo Neri 20 Bernardines (Cistercians) 20 Escuelas Pias 16 Basilians 16 S. Francisco de Asis 5 N. Señora de la Vitoria 5 Order of Santiago 4 Order of Calatrava 3 Theatins 3 Servites 3 Misioneros 2 Agonizantes 2 Hermits of St. Paul 2 San Juan 2 Premonstratensians 2 Ex-Jesuits 2 Carthusians 1 St. Ursula 1 San Diego 1 Not specified 38

The comparatively small number of Jesuits, who devoted themselves so greatly to the confessional, is partly explicable by the expulsion of the Society in 1767.

[303] Puigblanch, La Inquisicion sin Mascara, pp. 422-5 (Cádiz, 1811).

[304] Instruct. S. Inquis. Roman. 20 Feb. 1867 (Collect. Concil. Lacens. III, 353).--Berardi, _op. cit._

[305] A priest, who could speak from experience, concisely described, in 1820, the conditions produced by the system "En donde la doctrina infernal de la delacion tenia en una habitual consternacion á las familias y á los individuos que se correspondian con la mutua desconfianza que inspiraba el continuo recelo de encontrar en amigo, en el padre, en el hijo, en la esposa, un verdugo que armado con el puñal del fanatismo religioso contribuyese á los asesinatos naturales que solo Dios conosce y a los civiles que no son tan desconocidos."--P Antonio Bernabeu, España venturosa, p. xvi (Madrid, 1820).

[306] Theologians had a storehouse of epithets with which to characterize the various classes of propositions. A few of the more usual, with their significance, are given by Alberghini (Man. Qualificator. cap. xii, n. 1-18) as follows:--

_Heretical_--one which is contrary to Catholic truth.

_Erroneous_--that which does not directly contradict the faith, but some conclusion evidently deducible from the faith.

_Savoring of heresy_--not contradicting the faith by evident consequence, but by very probable and morally certain consequence.

_Ill-sounding_--that which has a double sense, one Catholic and the other heretic, but usually accepted in the latter.

_Rash_--that which is not governed by reason and lacks all authority.

_Scandalous or offensive to pious ears_--that which gives occasion to another to err, such as "heretics are to be tolerated and not to be slain."

_Schismatic or seditious_--tending to disrupt the unity of the Church.

_Impious_--contrary to Catholic piety.

_Insulting_--defamatory of some Christian profession or illustrious person.

_Blasphemous_--insulting to God.

Simancas (Enchirid., Tit. xxiv) gives a similar list. Dandino (De Suspectis de Hæresi, pp. 477-512) a more elaborate exposition. There was no limit, however, to the vituperative vocabulary of the Church. A choice collection of additional ones will be found in the bull _Auctorem fidei_ of Pius VI (1794), condemning the Jansenist Council of Pistoja.

[307] MS. Memoria de diversos Autos, Auto 27, n. 10; Auto 37, n. 5 (See Appendix to Vol. I).

[308] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 112, n. 73.

[309] D. Manuel Serrano y Sanz (Revista de Archivos, Abril, 1902, pp. 260-80). This Alvaro de Montalvan was father-in-law of Francisco de Rojas, author of La Celestina, who was also a Converso.

[310] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Vistas de Barcelona, Leg. 15, fol. 9, 20.

The utterance of Clemenza Paresa seems to have been a popular saying. In 1572 Rodríguez Rúiz was penanced for it in the Canaries.--Ibidem, Canarias, Exp^{tes} de Visitas, Leg. 250, Lib. 3, fol. 8.

[311] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Canarias, Exp^{tes} de Visitas, Lib. 3, fol. 16-17.

[312] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 30.

[313] Rojas de Hæret. P. I, n. 2, 67, 96; P. II, n. 310-13.

[314] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 299, fol. 80.

[315] MSS. of the Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[316] Elucidationes S. Officii, § 36 (Archivo de Alcalá, Hacienda, Leg. 544^{2}, Lib. 4).

[317] C. Trident Sess. XXIV, De Statu Matrimonii, can. 10.--"Si quis dixerit statum conjugalem anteponendum esse statui virginitatis vel coelibatus et non esse melius ac beatius manere in virginitate aut coelibatu quam jungi matrimonio: anathema sit."

[318] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[319] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 299, fol. 80.

[320] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 926, fol. 25.

[321] Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. 2.

[322] S. Antonini Confessionale.

[323] Archivo de Simancas, Hacienda, Leg. 25, fol. 3.

[324] Ibidem, Inq., Sala 40, Lib. 4, fol. 264.

[325] Schäfer, Beiträge, II, 324.

[326] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 787.

[327] Ibidem, Lib. 82, fol. 228; Lib. 939, fol. 108; Lib. 942, fol. 38.--MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen, 218^{b}, p. 168.

[328] Bibl. nacional, MSS., S, 121, fol. 54.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 1157, fol. 155.

[329] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[330] Bibl. nacional, MSS., PV, 3, n. 20.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 99; Leg. 2, n. 10.

[331] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 939, fol. 342; Leg. 552, fol. 1.--MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen, 218^{b}, p. 260.

[332] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 926, fol. 25; Lib. 1002.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.--MS. _penes me._

[333] Hurter, Nomenclator Theologiæ Catholicæ, I, 158.--Nic. Antonii Bibl nova, a.v. _Ludovicus de Leon._--Greg. Mayans y Siscar, Vida del M. Luis de Leon, n. 37.--Ticknor, History of Spanish Literature, II, 87, 89 (Ed 1864).

There is considerable literature on the subject of Fray Luis's troubles with the Inquisition. The records of his first trial, omitting superfluities, occupy 925 pages in Vols. X and XI of the _Coleccion de Documentos inéditos_. His second trial has more recently seen the light, with an introduction by Padre Francisco Blanco García, Madrid, 1896. _Fray Luis de Leon. Eine Biographie aus der Geschichte der spanischen Inquisition u. Kirche_ (Halle, 1866) by Dr. C. A. Wilkens is an eloquent and sympathetic account of his career, while Dr. Fr. Heinrich Reusch's _Luis de Leon u. der spanische Inquisition_ (Bonn, 1873) is a scholarly investigation of the case, in so far as documents accessible at the time would permit. The Lic. Arango y Escandon has contributed the _Proceso del P. M. Luis de Leon_ (Mexico, 1856, revised and enlarged in 1866), in which he justifies both the Inquisition and the sufferer. The latest contribution to the subject, based on additional documents, is by the Dominican Fray Luis G. Alonso Getino, in the _Revista de Archivos_ (1903-4) in justification of the Inquisition. Padre Blanco has also written an _Estúdio biográfico-critico de Fr. Luis de Leon_, which I have not had an opportunity of consulting. The old rivalry between Dominicans and Augustinians seems to be still alive.

[334] Azpilcueta Comment. Cap. _Si quis autem_, n. 44-47.--Coleccion de Documentos, X, 193; XI, 276.

[335] Coleccion, X, 261; XI, 256, 259.

[336] C. Trident. Sess. IV, De Edit. et Usu SS. Libb.

[337] Coleccion, X, 115, 129.

[338] Ibidem, X, 102, sqq.

[339] Coleccion, X, 96-110.

[340] Ibidem, X, 179.

[341] Ibidem, X, 206-8.

[342] Coleccion, X, 249; XI, 255-84.

[343] There is no record of this in the process, but Fray Luis refers to it repeatedly both to the tribunal and to the Suprema, and there is no disclaimer.--Coleccion, XI, 48, 190, 196.

[344] Coleccion, X, 562-7; XI, 7-18, 21-128.

[345] Ibidem, XI, 164-86.

[346] Coleccion, XI, 187-253.

[347] Ibidem, XI, 351-3.

[348] Coleccion, XI, 353-8.--Fray Luis attributed this unexpected mercy to the influence of Inquisitor-general Quiroga, to whom, in 1580, he dedicated his Exposition of the XXVI Psalm, with warm expressions of gratitude.--García, Segundo Proceso, p. 17.

[349] Coleccion, XI, 147.

[350] Coleccion, XI, 50, 52.

[351] Ibidem, XI, 188, 193-4.

[352] Ibidem, XI, 196-8.

[353] Reusch, 113-14.--Arango y Escandon, p. 91.--Padre Alonso Getino (Revista de Archivos, Agosto-Sept., 1903) promises to give us an account of the trial of Martínez who was obliged to abjure _de levi_ (Menéndez y Pelayo, II, 693).

Leon de Castro varied his persecution of Luis de Leon, Grajal and Martínez, by attacking the great Biblia Regia, which Arias Montano, the most learned Spaniard of the age, edited at the instance and with the support of Philip II. After its appearance with the approbation of the Holy See, de Castro, in 1575, in his zeal for the Vulgate, filled Spain, Flanders and Italy with denunciations of it and its editor. Montano, who was in Flanders, hastened to Spain by way of Italy to defend himself, but, finding much agitation on the subject in Rome, tarried there and wrote to Quiroga to protect him--an appeal which he repeated in 1579. He was not prosecuted, but the Inquisition fell foul of his biblical commentaries and placed on the Index a long list of expurgations, besides condemning some of his propositions--fortunately for him long after his death.--Coleccion de Documentos, XLI, 316, 321, 328, 387.--Index of Zapata, 1632, pp. 86-89.

[354] García, Segundo Proceso, pp. 20-23, 29-30.

[355] Ibidem, pp. 20-1, 26-7, 44.

[356] García, pp. 28-35.

[357] Ibidem, pp. 52-4.

[358] Ibidem, p. 53.

[359] The existing records of the trials of Sánchez are printed in Vol. II of the "Coleccion de Documentos inéditos."

The only one of his works which I have had an opportunity of examining is his "Minerva" (Salmanticæ, 1587), which sufficiently illustrates his capacity of enlivening the details of etymology and syntax with his caustic assertion of superior knowledge.

[360] Coleccion, II, 1-37.

[361] Ibidem, II, 40-45.

[362] Coleccion, II, 40-58.

[363] Coleccion, II, 57-88.

[364] Ibidem, II, 89-109.

[365] Coleccion, II, 109-26.

[366] Ibidem, II, 127-8.

[367] Ibidem, II 130-5.

[368] Coleccion, II, 136-65.

[369] Proceso contra Fray Joseph de Sigüenza (MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. IV).

[370] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 1.

[371] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[372] Modo de Proceder, fol. 67 (Bibl. nacional, MSS., D, 122).

[373] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq., Leg. 1.

[374] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 45, fol. 13-33.

[375] MSS. of Am. Philosophical Society.

[376] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[377] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[378] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890; Lib. 435^{2}.

[379] Ibidem, Lib. 890.

[380] Mariana, Hist. de España, Lib. VI, n. 75.--José Amador de los Rios (Revista de España, XVII, 388).

[381] Flores de las Leyes (Memorial hist. español, II, 243).

[382] Partidas, P. VII, Tit. ix, ley 17; Tit. xxiii, leyes 1, 2, 3.

[383] Amador de los Rios, _op. cit._, XVII, 382, 384-5.

[384] Ibidem, XVIII, 14.

[385] Flores, España Sagrada, XLIX, 188, 504.

[386] Astesani de Ast Summa de Casibus Conscientiæ, P. I, Lib. i, Tit. 14.

[387] Raynald. Annal, ann. 1317, n. 52-4; ann. 1318, n. 57; ann. 1320, n. 51; ann. 1327, n. 43.--Bullar. Roman. I, 204.--Ripoll, Bullar. Ord. Prædic. II, 192.

[388] Ordenanzas Reales, VIII, iv, 2.

[389] Ibidem, VIII, i, 9.

[390] Novis. Recop. Lib. XII, Tit. iv, ley 2.

[391] Tratados de Legislacion Muhamedana, pp. 143, 251 (Mem. hist. español, Tom. V).--Bleda, Corónica, p. 1025.

[392] Villanueva, Viage Literario, XX, 190.--Eymerici Director, p. 202 (Ed. Venet. 1607).

[393] Pulgar, Cronica, P. II, cap. iv.

[394] Nueva Recop., Lib. VIII, Tit. iii, ley 7.

[395] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 3, fol. 156, 158, 170, 186; Lib. 927, fol. 446.

The parties in this case were doubtless García de Gorualan and Martin de Sória relaxed in person, and Miguel Sánchez de Romeral in effigy, as _hérejes sortilegos_, June 16, 1511, at Saragossa.--Libro Verde (Revista de España, CVI, 576, 581, 582). Prior to this several women had been burnt as witches, as we shall see hereafter.

[396] Pragmáticas y altres Drets de Cathalunya, Lib. I, Tit. viii, cap. i, § 34; cap. 2.

[397] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 918, fol. 382.

[398] Libro Verde de Aragon (Revista de España, CVI, pp. 575, 582).

[399] Llorente, Hist. crít. cap. XV, Art. 1, n. 21.

[400] Reprovacion de las Supersticiones, P. I, cap. i, n. 14.

This book is the Spanish classic on the subject. Maestro Pedro Ciruelo served as inquisitor in Saragossa for thirty years and was professor at Alcalá. His work appeared in Salamanca, in 1539, where it was reprinted in 1540 and 1556 and again in Barcelona in 1628, with notes by the learned Doctor Pedro Antonio Jofreu, at the instance of Miguel Santos, Bishop of Solsona.

[401] Raynald. Annal., ann. 1258, n. 23.--Potthast, Regesta, n. 17,745, 18,396.--Lib. V in Sexto, Tit. ii, c. 8 § 4.

[402] D'Argentré, Collect. judic. de novis Erroribus, I, II, 154.

[403] Bernardi Basin Tract. de Artibus magicis, Concl. I-X.

[404] Repertor. Inquisit. s. v. _Sapere hæresim_ post v. _Hæresiarcha_--Pegnæ Comment. LXVII in Eymerici Director. P. II.

[405] Ripoll, Bullar. Ord. Prædic., III, 301.--Cf. Alph. de Castro de justa Hæreticor. Punitione, Lib. I, cap. 13.

[406] Simancæ de Cath. Institt., Tit. XXX, n. 20, 21; Tit. LXIII, n. 12.--Cf. Alphons. de Castro, _loc. cit._, cap. 14, 15.

[407] Bibl. pública de Toledo, Sala 5, Estante 11, Tab. 3.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Visitas de Barcelona, Leg. 15, fol. 20.

[408] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 726.

[409] Bibl. nacional, MSS., PV, 3, n. 20.

[410] MSS. of Library of Univ of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.--Catálogo de las causas seguidas ante el tribunal de Toledo, pp. 84, 326 (Madrid, 1903).

Mendo tells us (Epitome Opinionum Moralium, Append. de Matrimonio, n. 4) of similar cases in which the unfortunates were burnt.

[411] Torreblanca, Epitome Delictorum sive de Magia, Lib. II, cap. ix.

The first edition of this work appeared in Seville, in 1618. My copy is of Lyons, 1678.

[412] Th. Sanchez in Præcepta Decalogi Lib. II, cap. xl, n. 13.

[413] Pegnæ Append. in Eymerici Director., p. 142.

[414] Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib. IV, fol. 118, 124, 137; Lib. V, _passim_.--Archivo de Simancas, Gracia y Justicia, Leg. 629.

The clause reads--"necnon de hæresi seu apostasia de fide suspectos, sortilegia manifestam hæresim sapientia, divinationes et incantationes aliaque diabolica maleficia et prestigia committentes, aut magicas et necromanticas artes exercentes, illorumque credentes, sequaces, defensores, fautores et receptatores.... per te vel alium seu alios prout juris fuerit inquirendi, procedendi et exequi seu inquiri, procedi et exequi faciendi."

[415] Torreblanca, Lib. III, cap. ix, Append.; Defensa, cap. ii, p. 536.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 299, fol. 80.

The bull, however, was not received in Valencia until 1616.--Ibidem, Leg. 6, n. 2, fol. 56.

[416] Torreblanca, cap. IX, n. 25-26.

[417] Nueva Recop., Lib. VIII, Tit. iii, ley 8.--Novís. Recop., Lib. XII, Tit. V, ley 2.

[418] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[419] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 37.

[420] Ibidem, Lib. 52, fol. 48.

[421] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 1, n. 3, fol. 14-15.

[422] Reprovacion de las Supersticiones, P. II, Cap. iii.

[423] De Cath. Institt. Tit. XXI, n. 9; Tit. LXIII, n. 7.

[424] Reusch, Die Indices, pp. 217, 225, 227, 236, 239.--The two prohibited books are _Arcandam de nativitatibus seu fatalis dies_ and _Johannes Schonerus de nativitatibus_.

[425] Córtes de Cordova del año de setenta, Peticion 71 (Alcalá, 1575).

[426] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 1157, fol. 17-20.

[427] Index of Quiroga, Rule IX (Madriti, 1583, fol. 4).

[428] Zanctornato, Relatione della Corte di Spagna, pp. 6, 7 (Cosmopoli, 1678).

[429] Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. xiv, § 1.

[430] Ibidem, D, 118, p. 148.

[431] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[432] Ibidem, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.--Cf. Bedæ Opera, Ed. Migne, I, 963-66.

[433] Praxis procedendi, cap. xviii, n. 3 (Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia).--Bibl. nacional, MSS., S, 294, fol. 116.

[434] Proceso contra Isabel de Montoya (MS. _penes me_).

[435] Praxis procedendi, cap. VIII, n. 5 (Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia).

[436] MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen, 218^{b}, p. 382.

[437] Matute y Luquin, pp. 84-105.

[438] Royal Library of Berlin, Qt. 9548.

[439] Reprovacion de las Supersticiones, P. I, cap. ii; P. II, cap. i; P. III, cap. v.

[440] Epitome Delictorum, Lib. III, cap. i, n. 1-6.

[441] Miguel Calvo (Archivo de Alcalá, Hacienda, Leg. 544^{2}, Lib. 4).--Elucidationes Sancti Officii, §§ 40, 43 (Ibidem).

[442] Archivo hist. nacional., Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 2, n. 7, fol. 4, 7;n. 10, fol. 10-13.

[443] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 11, 13.

[444] Ibidem, fol. 26, 28, 29.

[445] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 2.

[446] MSS. of Bibl. nacional de Lima.

[447] MSS. of David Fergusson Esq.

[448] Regimento do Santo Officio da Inquisição pelo Cardeal da Cunha, pp. 118-20, 123-7.

[449] Llorente, Anales, II, 270.

[450] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[451] Proceso contra Rosa Conejos (MS. _penes me_).

[452] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890.

[453] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq., de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[454] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890; Lib. 559.

[455] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[456] Royal Library of Berlin, Qt. 9548.--Matute y Luquin, pp. 278-92.

[457] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[458] Amador de los Rios (Revista de España, XVIII, 338-40). See also Menéndez y Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I, 237.

[459] P. Ricardo Cappa, La Inquisicion española, p. 242 (Madrid, 1888).

Father Cappa only enunciates the belief still taught by the Church. See S. Alph. Liguori, _Theol. Moralis_, Lib. III, Dub. V, and Marc, _Institutiones Morales Alphonsianæ_, I, 396-7 (Romæ, 1893).

[460] The earliest appearance of the Sabbat in inquisitorial records would seem to be in some trials, between 1330 and 1340 in Carcassonne and Toulouse, where it connects itself curiously with remnants of the Dualism of the Cathari.--Hansen, Zauberwahn, Inquisition und Hexenprozess im Mittelalter, p. 315 (München, 1900).

[461] Raynald. Annal., ann. 1437, n. 27; ann. 1457, n. 90; ann. 1459, n. 30.--Ripoll, Bullar. Ord. Prædic. III, 193.--Bullar. Roman. I, 429.--Septimi Decretal, Lib. V, Tit. xii, cap. 1, 3, 6.--Bart. Spinæi de Strigibus, p. 14(Romæ, 1576).

[462] Frag. Capitular. cap. 13 (Baluze, II, 365).--Reginon. de Eccles. Discip. II, 364.--Burchard. Decret. XI, i; XIX, 5.--Ivon. Decret., XI, 30.--Gratian. Decret. II, XXVI, V, 12.

[463] S. Antonini Confessionale.--Angeli de Clavasio Summa Angelica, s. v. _Interrogationes_.--Bart. de Chaimis Interrogatorium, fol. 22 (Venetiis, 1480).

[464] Hansen, Quellen und Untersuchungen, zur Geschichte des Hexenwahns und der Hexenverfolgung im Mittelalter, pp. 105-9 (Bonn, 1901).

[465] Fortalicium Fidei, Lib. V, Consid. X.--Hansen, _op. cit._, pp. 113-17.

[466] Martini de Arles, Tractatus de Superstitionibus, pp. 362-5, 413-15 (Francofurti ad Moenam, 1581).

Hansen (_op. cit._, p. 308) says that Martin of Aries is known only through this tract, of which the first edition is of 1517. Martin cites no authority later than John Nider, who died in 1438, and makes no allusion to the Inquisition, which he could scarce have failed to do had it been in existence when he wrote. His work may probably be assigned to the third quarter of the fifteenth century.

[467] Bernardi Basin, Tract. de Magicis Artibus, Prop. IX.

[468] Repert, Inquisitor, s. v. _Xorguinæ_.

[469] Alonso de Spina, however (_loc. cit._), knows of no gatherings at the Sabbat nearer than Dauphiny and Gascony, and these he learned from paintings of them in the Inquisition at Toulouse, which had burnt many of those concerned.

[470] Libro Verde de Aragon (Revista de España, CVI, 573-6, 581-3).

[471] Llorente, Añales, I, 340; Hist. crít., cap. XXXVII, art. ii, n. 41.

[472] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 72, P. I, fol. 120; P. II, fol. 50.

[473] Arn. Albertini de agnoscendis Assertionibus, Q. XXIV, n. 13 (Romæ, 1572, fol. 114).

[474] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 73, fol. 215.

[475] MSS. of Bodleian Library, Arch Seld. 130.

[476] For the inhuman methods employed to secure confession and conviction, on the flimsiest evidence, see the very instructive essay "The Fate of Dietrich Flade" by Professor George Burr (New York, 1891), reprinted from the Transactions of the American Historical Association.

[477] Mallei Malificar, P. I, Q. xiv; P. II, Q. i, C. 3, 16.--Prieriat. de Strigimagarum Lib. III, cap. 3.

The rule that the heretic or apostate who confessed and recanted was to be admitted to reconciliation was at the bottom of the anxiety of the secular magistrates to maintain their jurisdiction over witchcraft, and the relations between them and the Inquisition were the subject of much debate. Arn. Albertino argues that the Inquisition can make no distinction between witches who have and who have not committed murder; they must all be reconciled, but can again be accused of homicide before a competent judge; yet the inquisitor, to escape irregularity, must not transmit to the secular court the confessions and evidence, nor must he, in the sentences, mention these crimes, as that would be setting the judge on the track.--De agnosc. Assertionibus, Q. XXIV, n. 28, 66, 67, 68, 70, 72, 75.

[478] MSS. of Bodleian Library, Arch Seld. 130.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 78, fol. 216.

[479] Bibl. national, MSS., II, 88.--MSS. of Bodleian Library, Arch Seld. 130.

This document may safely be assumed as the source from which Prudencio de Sandoval, himself Bishop of Pampeluna and historiographer of Charles V, drew his account of the persecution of 1527 (Hist. del Emp. Carlos V, Lib. XVI, § 15) copied by Llorente (Hist. crít., cap. XV, art. 1, n. 6-9).

[480] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 76, fol. 51, 53.

There seems to have been a somewhat earlier persecution of the witches of Biscay by Fray Juan de Zumarraga, a native of Durango. At the suggestion of Charles V, who greatly admired him, he was sent there for that purpose as commissioner of the Inquisition, being specially qualified by his knowledge of the language. After discharging this duty with much ability, Charles, in 1528, sent him to Mexico as its first bishop. He took with him Fray Andrés de Olmos, who had been his assistant in Biscay. In 1548, at the age of 80 he died in the odor of sanctity and his death was miraculously known the same day over all Mexico.--Mendieta, Hist. ecles. Indiana, pp. 629, 636, 644 (Mexico, 1870)

[481] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 939, fol. 108.

[482] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 76, fol. 369.

[483] Ibidem, fol. 388.

[484] Arn. Albertini de agnosc. Assertionibus, Q. XXIV.--Alph. de Castro de justa hæreticor. Punitione, Lib. I, cap. xvi.

[485] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 78, fol. 144.

[486] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Sala 40, Lib. 4, fol. 191-5.

[487] Ibidem, Lib. 78, fol. 215-17, 226, 258.

[488] Reprovacion de las Supersticiones, P. I, cap. ii, n. 6; P. II, cap. i, n. 5-7.

[489] De Cath. Institt., Tit. XXXVII, n. 6-12.

On the other hand Azpilcueta adheres to the theory of illusion and asserts it to be a mortal sin to believe that witches are transported to the Sabbat.--Manuale Confessariorum, cap. XI, n. 38.

Cardinal Toletus asserts the bodily transport of witches and all the horrors of the Sabbat, but adds that sometimes it is imaginary. Demons have power to introduce witches into houses through closed doors, where they slay infants.--Summæ Casuum Conscientiæ, Lib. IV, cap. XV.

[490] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.--This case is not unexampled. In 1686, Sor Teresa Gabriel de Vargas, a Bernardine Recollect, charged herself with the same crime before the Madrid tribunal, but, as she added the denial of the power of God, she was reconciled for the heresy.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 1024, fol. 31.

Even more significant is the case of Sor Rosa de San Joseph Barrios, a Clare of the convent of San Diego, Garachico, Canaries, a woman of 25 who, in July 1773, in sacramental confession to Fray Nicolás Peraza, related how, through desire to gratify her lust, she had given herself to Satan, in a writing which disappeared from her hand, and at his command had renounced God and the Virgin and had treated the consecrated host and a crucifix with the foulest indignities. In reward for this during four years he had served her as an incubus, coming at her call about twice a month. Fray Peraza applied to the tribunal for a commission to absolve her which was granted and, on August 15th, he reported having done so, with fuller details as to her apostasy. The tribunal then decided that he had exceeded his powers; it evidently did not regard the case as hallucination for it required her to be formally reconciled and prescribed a course of life-long spiritual penance, which she gratefully accepted. An incident not readily explicable is that the bishop deprived Fray Peraza of the faculty of hearing confessions.--Birch, Catalogue of MSS. of the Inquisition in the Canary Islands, I, p. 21; II, pp. 922-30.

[491] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 927, fol. 462.

[492] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 79, fol. 226; Inq. de Logroño, Procesos de fe, Leg. 1, n. 8; Sala 40, Lib. 4, fol. 221.

[493] Archivo de Simancas, Patronato Real, Leg. único, fol. 86, 87; Inq., Lib. 83, fol. 7.

[494] Ibidem, Lib. 83, fol. 1.

[495] MSS. of Library of University of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.--Bibl. nacional, MSS., D, 111, fol. 127.--See Appendix.

[496] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Visitas de Barcelona, Leg. 15, fol. 5.

[497] Archivo de Simancas, Inq. de Logroño, Leg. 1, Procesos de fe, n. 8.

[498] Ibidem, Leg. 1, Procesos de fe, n. 8; Lib. 19, fol. 85.

[499] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 19, fol. 85.

[500] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 564, fol. 341, 343.

[501] A narrative, not an official report, of this auto was printed in Logroño in 1611, a copy of which is in the Bibl. nacional, D, 118, p. 271. It was reprinted in Cádiz in 1812 and again in Madrid, in 1820, with notes by Moratin el hijo under the pseudonym of the Bachiller Gines de Posadilla (Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 281). There is another abstract of the auto, compiled from various relations by Pedro of Valencia, in the MSS. of the Bodleian Library, Arch Seld. A, Subt. 10.

Pierre de Lancre of Bordeaux, in his contemporary book on witchcraft, assumes that the outbreak in Navarre was caused by the flight of witches from the Pays de Labour, which he and his colleague had purified with merciless severity. He comments on the difference shown, in the auto of Logroño, between inquisitorial practice in Spain, where the offence was treated as spiritual and those who confessed and professed repentance were admitted to reconciliation, and that of France where it was a crime and those who confessed were burnt by the secular authorities.--Pierre de Lancre, Tableau de l'Inconstance des mauvais Angels et Demons, pp. 391, 561-2 (Paris, 1613).

[502] Archivo de Simancas, Inq. de Logroño, Leg. 1, Procesos de fe, n. 8.

[503] This discourse was not printed but was circulated in MS. Nicholas Antonio had two copies (Bib. nova, II, 244). There is one in the Simancas archives, Lib. 939, fol. 608, and another in the Bodleian Library. Arch Seld. A, Subt. 10.

[504] The most prolific source of evidence against individuals was that obtained by requiring those who confessed to enumerate the persons whom they had seen in the aquelarres. This explains the enormous numbers of the accused during epidemics of the witchcraft craze. The value of such evidence was a disputed question, as it was argued that the demon frequently caused deception by making spectres appear in the guise of absent persons.

[505] Archivo de Simancas, Inq. de Logroño, Leg. 1, Procesos de fe, n. 8.

In the Royal Library of Copenhagen (MS. 218^{b}, p. 379) there is a printed four-page set of instructions to commissioners on receiving confession and testimony as to witchcraft. It is in conformity with the above, but goes into much detail as to the interrogatories to be put, after carefully writing down the confession or deposition--a kind of cross-examination evidently suggestive of complete incredulity. It is without date, but the typography seems to be that of the seventeenth century.

[506] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 30, fol. 1.

[507] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol 1.

[508] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 26, 28.

[509] Epitome Delictorum, Lib. II, cap. xxviii, xxxix, xl; Lib. III, cap. xiii.

[510] Ibidem, Defensa, p. 517; cap. ii, n. 4, 7.

[511] Reprovacion de las Supersticiones, pp. 251-63 (Ed. 1628).

[512] Manuale Qualificatorum, cap. xviii, Sect 3, § 9.

[513] Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. xiii, §§ 1, 2.

[514] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 17.

[515] Elucidationes S. Officii, § 42 (Archivo de Alcalá, Hacienda, Leg. 544^{2}, Lib. 4).

[516] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552.

[517] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.--Royal Library of Berlin, Qt. 9548.

[518] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 390.

[519] Ibidem, Leg. 365, n. 45, fol. 34.

[520] Ibidem, Leg. 100.

It is asserted by some writers that a woman was burnt as a witch at Seville in 1780, but this is an erroneous reference to María de Dolores, relaxed there in 1780 for Molinism (_supra_, p. 89).

[521] Cartas del Filósofo rancio, II, 493.

[522] The sentence is printed by Frère Michaelis, at the end of his _Pneumatologie_ (Paris, 1587).

[523] Ragguaglio su la Sentenza di Morte in Salesburgo, p. 173(Venezia, 1751).

[524] Collect. Decret. S. Congr. S^{ti} Inquisit., p. 333 (MS. _penes me_).--Decret. S. Congr. S. Inquisit. pp. 385-88 (Bibl. del R. Archivio di Stato in Roma, Fondo Camerale, Congr. del S. Officio, Vol. 3).

The inquisitor of Milan took no part in the trials of those accused of causing and spreading the terrible pestilence of 1630, by the use of unguents and powders furnished by the demon. His only act was to return a negative answer to the question whether it was licit to employ diabolic arts to save the city. The reckless prosecutions and savage punishments were wholly the work of the civil magistracy.--Processo originale degli Untori (Milano, 1839).

The pestilence did not extend to Spain, but the panic did, leading to the most extravagant precautions against all foreigners.--MSS. of Bodleian Library, Arch Seld. A, Subt. 11.

[525] Decret. S. Congr. S. Inquis., _ubi sup._

[526] Decret. S. Congr. S. Inquis., _ubi sup._

[527] Gregor. PP. XV, Const. _Omnipotentis Dei_, 20 Mart. 1623 (Bullar. Roman., III, 498).

Urban VIII was equally savage in 1631, in ordering relaxation for any one who should consult diviners or astrologers about the state of the Christian Republic, or the life of the pope or of any of his kindred to the third degree (Bullar. IV, 184).

It was probably under this that the Inquisition, in 1634, relaxed Giacinto Centini and two of his accomplices and condemned four others to the galleys. He was nephew of the Cardinal of Ascoli, and procured from a diviner a forecast that Urban would die in a few years and would be succeeded by his uncle. To hasten accomplishment, figurines of wax were made representing Urban and were melted. Centini, as a noble, was beheaded and his two most guilty accomplices were hanged, before being burnt.--Royal Library of Munich, Cod. Ital. 29, fol. 104-18.

[528] Instructio pro formandis processibus in causis Strygum, cum Carenæ Annotationibus (Carenæ Tract. de Off. SS. Inquisit., Lugduni, 1669, pp. 487 sqq). Carena's comments show how differently these cases were treated in Italy from the practice beyond the Alps.

See also Masini's rule forbidding action on the denunciation of those seen in the Sabbat.--Sacro Arsenale, Decima Parte, n. 141.

[529] Ristretto circa li Delitti più frequenti nel S. Offizio, pp. 57-9 (MS. _penes me_).

[530] Casus Conscientiæ Benedicti XIV, Dec. 1743, Cas. iii (Ferrariæ, 1764, p. 155).--De Servorum Dei Beatificatione, Lib. IV, P. i, cap. 3, n. 3.

[531] S. Alphonsi Liguori Theol. Moralis, Lib. III, n. 26.

[532] Nic. Remigii Demonolatreiæ Libri Tres. Colon. Agrip. 1596.

[533] G. Plitt Henke in Realencyclopädie, VI, 97.

[534] Pierre de Lancre, Tableau de l'inconstance des mauvais Anges, pp. 114, 119 (Paris, 1613).

De Lancre was a learned conseiller of the Parlement of Bordeaux and his colleague on the commission was the President d' Espaignet. It is instructive to observe that while he was drawing up his terrific relation of the manner in which they had intensified the witchcraft craze, until the churches at night would be filled with children brought there by their mothers to prevent their being carried off to the aquellares (p. 193), Inquisitor Salazar, on the other side of the Pyrenees, was extinguishing it by simple rational treatment.

[535] Rogers, Scotland, Social and Domestic, p. 302. (London, 1869).

[536] Commentaries, IV, 60 (Oxford, 1775).

[537] Lettres à un Gentilhomme Russe, Let. I.--"L'Inquisition est un instrument purement royal; it est tout entier en la main du roi, et jamais il ne peut nuire que par la faute des ministres du prince."

[538] "Sie ist kein kirchliches, sondern ein Staats institut, theilweise mit kirchlichen Formen." (Gams, Die Kirchengeschichte von Spanien, Buch XIII, Kap. 1, § 3.) "Das neue Herrscherpaar ... gestaltete die Inquisition zu einem wichtigen Staatsinstitut." (Hergenrother, Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte, II, 765. Freiburg, 1885).

[539] Hefele, Der Cardinal Ximenes, XVIII, p. 265 (Tübingen, 1851).

The most recent apologist, who assures us that the Church never used other than moral force, displays his accuracy by telling us that, in 1521, Leo X excommunicated Torquemada on account of his cruelty, against the protests of Charles V, and also that in England Henry VIII executed 70,000 victims and Queen Elizabeth 43,000.--G. Romain, L'Inquisition, son rôle religieux, politique et social, pp. 10, 11, 2^{e} Edition, Paris, 1900.

[540] Ranke, Die Osmanen und die Spanische Monarchie, pp. 195-8 (Leipzig, 1877).--Maurenbrecher, Geschichte der Katholischen Reformation, I, 45 (Nördlingen, 1880).

[541] Rodrigo, Historia verdadera, I, 264; II, 87; III, 363.--Ortí y Lara, La Inquisicion, p. 2 (Madrid, 1877).--Cappa, S. J., La Inquisicion española, p. 28 (Madrid, 1888).--Pastor, Geschichte der Päpste, II, 584.

[542] Llorente, Añales, II, 209, 229.--Dormer, Añales de Aragon, Lib. I, cap. 27.

[543] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 43, fol. 297.--Críticos Documentos que sirven como de segunda Parte al Proceso de Fr. Froilan Diaz, pp. 7-8 (Madrid, 1788).

[544] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 939, fol. 270.

At the same time there is no doubt that contemporary statesmen, disposed to regard with cynical incredulity the fervor of Philip's fanaticism, were apt to look upon the Inquisition as an artful instrumentality to keep the people in subjection. See the remarks of Giovanni Soranzo in Vol. I, p. 442.

[545] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 1.

[546] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 1; Lib. 2, fol. 4.

[547] Llorente, Hist. crít., cap. XXVII, art. iii.

[548] Danvila y Collado, La Germanía de Valencia, pp. 178, 492.

[549] Llorente, Hist. crít., cap. XXVII, art. iv, n. 5-10.

[550] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. V, p. 279.--Miscelanea de Zapata (Mem. hist. español, XI, 244).

[551] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 19, fol. 48.

[552] Few episodes in Spanish history have been more exhaustively investigated than the career of Antonio Pérez and its consequences. Ample materials for its elucidation exist in the Spanish archives, in the Llorente collections preserved in the Bibliothèque nationale of France, at The Hague and in the British Museum, and these have been industriously utilized by modern writers. The contemporary sources are--

Las Obras y Relaciones de Antonio Pérez, Paris, 1654.

Proceso criminel que se fulminó contra Antonio Pérez, Madrid, 1788.

Argensola, Informacion de los sucesos del Reino de Aragon en los años de 1590 y 1591. Madrid, 1808.

Coleccion de Documentos inéditos, Vols. XII, XV, LVI.

Giambattista Confalonieri, in Spicilegio Vaticano, Vol. I, P. II, pp. 226 sqq.

Tommaso Contarini, in Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. V, p. 401.

Cabrera, Historia de Felipe II, T. II, pp. 448, 540; T. III, pp. 529 sqq (Ed. 1876-77).

Lanuza, Historias eclesiasticas y seculares de Aragon, T. II, Lib. II, III. (Zaragoza, 1622).

The principal modern authorities are--

Llorente, Historia crítica, cap. XXXV, XXXVI.

Mignet, Antonio Pérez et Philippe II, Paris, 1854.

Pidal, Historia de las Alteraciones de Aragon en el Reinado de Felipe II, 3 vols, Madrid, 1862-3.

Muro, Vida de la Princesa de Eboli, Madrid, 1877.

Philippson (Ein Ministerium unter Philipp II, Berlin, 1895) and Major Hume (Españoles é Ingleses, Madrid, 1903) give interesting details as to the earlier events.

[553] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. V, p. 485.

The assertion of the co-operation of the Inquisition and the Royal Council, which were habitually antagonistic, shows how little the envoy knew of the inner working of Spanish administration.

[554] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[555] Vida y Escritos del P. Juan de Mariana, pp. lxix-lxxviii (Historia de España, Valencia, 1783, T. I).--Alegambe, Scriptt. Soc. Jesu, p. 258.--De Backer, V, 518.

The "Tratado y Discurso sobre la Moneda de Vellon" of course was suppressed and became scarce. My copy is in MS., transcribed in 1799.

Mariana did not conceal from himself the danger to be incurred. In his address to the Reader he says--"Bien veo que algunos me tendrian por atrevido, otros por inconsiderado, pues no advierto el riesgo que corro."

[556] Archivo de Simancas, Inq. de Barcelona, Córtes, Leg. 17, fol. 9.--Libro XIII de Cartas, fol. 195 (MSS. of Am. Philos. Society).

[557] Llorente, Hist. crítica, cap. XXXVIII, n. 17, 19.

[558] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 10, n. 2, fol. 153.

[559] Bibl. nacional, MSS., H, 177, fol. 251.

[560] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 56, fol. 605.

[561] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 383.

[562] Bibl. nacional, MSS., Mm, 130.

[563] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[564] Cartas del Filósofo rancio, II, 496.

[565] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 559.

[566] MS. penes me.

[567] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 559.

[568] Relacion histórica de la Judería de Sevilla, p. 49 (Sevilla, 1849).

[569] Córtes de Leon y de Castilla, I, 450.--Nueva Recop., Lib. VI, Tit. xviii, ley 12.

[570] Dormer, Añales de Aragon, Lib. II, cap. xli.

[571] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 79, fol. 75.

[572] Fueros y Observancias del Reyno de Aragon, fol. 215. Cf. fol. 194 (Zaragoza, 1624).

[573] Lib. V in Sexto, Tit. vi, cap. 6.--Digard, Registres de Boniface VIII, n. 2354.--Bullar. Roman. I, 507, 718; II, 496.

[574] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 2, n. 16, fol. 272.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 82, fol. 130; Lib. 939, fol. 115.

[575] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 83, fol. 26.

[576] Argensola, op. cit., p. 199.

[577] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Visitas de Barcelona, Leg. 15, fol. 8.

[578] Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. xxv, xxvi.

[579] Bibl. nationale de France, fonds espagnol, T. 85, fol. 7.

[580] Libro XIII de Cartas (MSS. of Am. Philos. Society).

[581] MSS. of the Royal Library of Copenhagen, 218^{b}, p. 259.--Novís. Recop., Lib. IX, Tit. xii, ley 11.

[582] Urbani PP. VIII Bull. _In eminenti_, 6 Mart. 1641.--Innocent PP X. Bull. _Cum occasione_, 31 Maii, 1653 (Bullar. V, 369, 486).

A precursor of Jansen was Michel de Bay or Baius, a theologian of Louvain, whose seventy-nine propositions were condemned by Pius V and Gregory XIII and were publicly abjured by him before the University, May 24, 1580. His name does not occur in the Spanish Indexes before that of 1632, (p. 761) where he is spoken of as a man of high reputation who abandoned his errors.

[583] Letter of Benedict XIV to Inquisitor-general Prado y Cuesta (Semanário erúdito, XXX, 53).

[584] Indice de 1707, I, 19, 28, 231-2, 478.

[585] Nic. Anton. Biblioth. Vet. Lib. VI, cap. xi, n. 268.

[586] Memorial espagnol presenté á sa Majesté Catholique contre les pretendus Jansenistes du Pays-Bas, p. 45 (s. 1. 1699).

This is a memorial drawn up by Juan de Palazol, S. J., in the name and by order of Tirso González, the Jesuit General. To it I am indebted for the details that follow.

In January 1691 a congregation of the Flemish bishops addressed to the Roman Inquisition an urgent appeal for help in their struggle with the Jansenists, whose missionary and controversial efforts were incessant and successful. It illustrates the elusory character of the theological subtilties involved that the bishops sent, as a specially successful exposure of Jansenist devices, a little book under the name of Cornelis van Cranebergh, but Rome thought differently of it and condemned it by decree of March 19, 1692. Its real author was the Jesuit Jacques de la Fontaine, who was one of the most zealous champions against Jansenism.--Collectio Synodorum Archiep. Mechliniensis, I, 575.--Reusch, Der Index, II, 645.--De Backer, IV, 230.

[587] Le Tellier, Recueil des Bulles et Constitutions etc. p. 125 (Mons, 1697).

[588] These details are not without interest as indicating the causes which led to the establishment of the still existing schismatic see of Utrecht.

[589] Suplemento á el Indice, 1739, p. 36.--Manuel F. Miguélez, Jansenismo y Regalismo en España, pp. 98 sqq. (Valladolid, 1895). Fray Miguélez is an Augustinian, seeking to vindicate St. Augustin and his Order from Jesuit attacks. His work is based on inedited documentary material.

[590] Miguélez, _op. cit._, pp. 90-5.--Semanário erúdito, XXX, 53.

[591] Miguélez, _op. cit._--In connection with Padre Rábago it may be mentioned that, in 1747, when already royal confessor, he was denounced to the Santiago tribunal for solicitation, but escaped trial under the rule requiring two denunciations. Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 233, n. 108, fol. 60.

The Indice Ultimo of 1790 (p. 192) records the removal of Noris's books and prohibits all writings on both sides of the affair.

[592] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. V, p. 484.

[593] Jo. Nic. von Hontheim, De Statu Ecclesiæ et legitima Potestate Romani Pontificis. Bullioni, 1763.

[594] Miguélez, _op. cit._, pp. 274, 364, 366, 380.

[595] Rafael de Vélez, Apología del Altar y del Trono, I, 442 (Madrid, 1825).-Clément, Journal de Correspondances et de Voyages pour la Paix de l'Eglise, II, 31 (Paris, 1802).

Clément, then canon and treasurer of Auxerre, and subsequently Bishop of Versailles, was a self-appointed negotiator in 1768 to prevent the schism, which he thought was impending, and to unite all the courts in opposition to Ultramontanism. His candid self-complacency and belief in his own importance give a certain life to his otherwise formless account of his mission, while his dread lest the Inquisition should obtain knowledge of what he was doing shows how thoroughly it was on the Ultramontane side.

[596] Cartas del Filósofo rancio, II, 32.

[597] Muriel, Historia de Carlos IV (Mem. hist. español, XXXIV, 119).

[598] Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 245.

[599] Clément, II, 102.

[600] Llorente, Hist. crít., cap. xxix, art. iii, n. 1, 2; cap. XLIII, art. iii, n. 1.

[601] Clément, _op. cit._, II, 44, 83-5, 296-7.

[602] Ferrer del Rio, Historia de Carlos III, Lib. II, cap. ii, iv.

The trial of Dr. Benito Navarro, a Jesuit Tertiary, was printed at the time and indicates the participation of the Jesuits in the troubles, with the object of forcing the restoration to power of the Marquis of la Ensenada. Incidentally the evidence shows the enormous influence wielded by the Jesuits through having their creatures in governmental positions, where they could mislead and betray their superiors. To statesmen like Aranda, Campomanes, Roda and Floridablanca, the continued existence of the Jesuits in Spain was a manifest impossibility.

The documents connected with the expulsion are printed by Miraflores in his "Documentos á los qué se hace referencia en los apuntes historico-críticos sobre la Revolucion de España," II, 38-71 (Londres, 1834).

[603] Novís. Recop., Lib. viii, Tit. i-ix.--Carta de Josef Clíment, Obispo de Barcelona, 26 de Junio, 1767.

[604] MSS of Am. Philos. Society.

[605] Art de Vérifier les Dates depuis l'année 1770, III, 358. A subsequent decree of March 11, 1798, permitted the ex-Jesuits to live with their kindred or in convents, provided that this was not in any royal residence (Original _penes me_).

[606] Muriel, Hist. de Carlos IV, _loc. cit._--Cartas del Filósofo rancio, II, 34.--Vélez, Apología, I, 44-6.

Yet the _Acta et Decreta Synodi Dioecesance Pistoriensis anni 1786_, against which the bull _Auctorem fidei_ was directed, were not prohibited until March 18, 1801.--Suplemento al Indice Expurgatorio, p. 1 (Madrid, 1805).

On May 18, 1801, the Commissioners of the Canary tribunal at Orotava report to it that the edict has been duly read and affixed to the doors of the parish churches.--Birch, Catalogue of the MSS. of the Inq. in the Canary Islands, II, 1008.

[607] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 17, n. 3, fol. 16.

[608] Llorente, Hist. crít., cap. XXV, n. 33, 34; cap. XXIX, art. iii, n. 5; cap. XLIII, art. iii, n. 5.

[609] Se vió á todos los jansenistas, impios y hombres desmoralizados ponerse del lado de los invasores.--Vic. de la Fuente, Hist. eclesiastica, III, 463.--Cf. Cartas del Filósofo rancio, _passim_.

[610] Vélez. Apología del Altar y del Trono, I, 391-2.

[611] G. de Castro, Il Monde Segreto, IV, 59 (Milano, 1864).--Précis historique de l'Ordre de la Franc-Maçonnerie, par J. C. B.... (Paris, 1829).--Luigi Parascandalo, La Frammassoneria figlia e erede del Manicheismo, 4 vols, 8vo (Napoli, 1865).--Ch. Van Dusen, S. J., Rome et la Franc-Maçonnerie (1896).--L'Abbé V. Davin, Les Jansénistes politiques et la Franc-Maçonnerie, p. 5 (Paris, s. d.).

[612] Mariano Tirado y Rojas, La Masonería en España, I, 241-3, 252, 255-6 (Madrid, 1893).

[613] [Thory] Acta Latomorum, I, 35 (Paris, 1815).

[614] Bullar. Roman., XV, 184.

[615] Acta Latomorum, I, 43-44.

[616] Compendio della vita di Giuseppe Balsamo, denominato il Conte Cagliostro, che si è estratto dal Processo contra di lui formato in Roma l'anno 1790 (Roma, 1791).

The importance attached to the case is indicated by the formal removal of the seal of secrecy and the semi-official publication of the volume. The edict imposing the death-penalty is quoted on p. 80.

[617] Bullar. Bened. PP. XIV, III, 167 (Romæ, 1761).

[618] Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib. V, fol. 280.

[619] Acta Latomorum, I, 47.

[620] Fray Joseph Torrubia, Centinela contra Francs Massones, Segunda Edicion, Madrid, 1754. From the dates of the approbations it would appear that the first edition was issued in 1751 or 1752.

[621] Feyjoo, Cartas, T. IV, Cart. xvi. This letter must have been written between 1751 and 1754, as it alludes to the _Centinelo_, while the second edition of the latter alludes to the letter. Feyjoo refers to another recent book on the subject by Fray Juan de la Madre de Dios, which I have not seen.

[622] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 879, fol. 301 B; Lib. 1024, fol 10.--Llorente, Hist. crít., cap. XLI, art. ii, n. 10-16.

[623] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 108, n. 1.

The Portuguese Inquisition was as prompt as the Spanish. See "The Sufferings of John Coustos for Free-masonry," London, 1740, and it continued after the reforms of Pombal, as appears from "A Narrative of the Persecution of Hippolyto Joseph da Costa Pereira Furtado de Mendoza ... for the pretended crime of Free-masonry," 2 vols., London, 1811.

[624] Tirado y Rojas, I, 269-73, 354.

[625] Ibidem, I, 274-8, 289-99, 355.

[626] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 1473; Lib. 559.

[627] Acta Latomorum, I, 265.

[628] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890.

[629] Ibidem, Lib. 435^{2}; Lib. 890.

[630] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890.

[631] Ibidem.

[632] Archive hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

In this list is not included the curious case of the Bishop of Havana, Juan José Díaz de la Espada y Landa, accused of Free-Masonry in Cuba by the zealous inquisitor Elosua in 1815. The matter was transferred to Spain and was suspended November 11, 1819 (J. T. Medina, La Inquisicion de Cartagena de las Indias, p. 416). It does not seem to have interfered with the position of the good bishop, who retained his see until his death, Sept. 12, 1832 (Gams, Series Episcopp., p. 152).

[633] Tirado y Rojas, II, 46, 72-3, 81-88.--Miraflores, Apuntes historico-críticos, p. 28.--Modesto Lafuente, Hist. de España, XXIX, 213-15, 333-4.

The "Memoirs of Don Juan van Halen" (London, 1830) which had an extensive circulation in many languages, are of no historical value. He was a real personage however, whose dextrous treachery in deserting the French, in 1814, is described by Toreno (Historia del Llevamiento etc., III, 323). In 1822 he was on the staff of Gen. Mina in Catalonia (Memorias del Gen. Espoz y Mina, III, 7) and, in 1838, was in high command in Valencia (Manifestacion del Gen. Córdova, p. 13).

In 1818 his name occurs as on trial in Toledo (not in Madrid, as he represents) and the charge was impeding the Inquisition, not Masonry and conspiracy--Catálogo de las causas etc., p. 131 (Madrid, 1903).

[634] [Martinez de la Rosa] Examen crítico de las Revoluciones de España, I, 417-18 (Paris, 1837).

[635] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[636] Vélez, Apología del Altar y del Trono, I, 41.

[637] Clément, Journal, II, 89.

[638] Archivo municipal de Sevilla, Seccion especial, Siglo XVIII, Letra A, Tomo 4, n. 55.

[639] In this celebrated case I have relied chiefly on Ferrer del Rio, _Hist. del Reinado de Carlos III_, Lib. IV, cap. i, and on Menéndez y Pelayo, _Heterodoxos_, III, 205 sqq. See also Llorente, _Hist. crít._, cap. XXVI, art. iii, n. 13, 35, and Puigblanch, _La Inquisicion sin Máscara_, p. 295.

Frequent reference was made to Olavide in the debates of the Córtes of Cádiz on the suppression of the Inquisition. Señor Mexia stated that he had visited him at Baeza; that the _Triunfo_ was merely a translation of the Abbé Lamourettes _Délices de la Religion_ (Paris, 1788) somewhat enlarged, with the addition of a politico-economical portion, derived from the _Ami des Hommes_ of the Marquis of Mirabeau,--Discusion del Proyecto sobre la Inquisicion, pp. 254-5. (Cádiz, 1813).

In 1831 De Custine says that there was little remaining of the prosperous colony founded by Olavide (L'Espagne sous Ferdinand VII, II, 98-107), but La Carolina, the principal town, had, in 1877, 6474 inhabitants. The district has historical interest as the scene of the victory of Las Navas de Tolosa, in 1212, and of the surrender of Bailen in 1808.

[640] Llorente, Hist. crít., cap. XXVI, art. iii, n. 42.

[641] Ibidem, n. 10.

[642] Ibidem, cap. XXV, art. i, n. 112.--Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 255.

[643] Llorente, cap. XXV, art. i, n. 89.--Art. de vérifier les Dates depuis l'année 1770, III, 355.--Modesto Lafuente, Hist. Gen. XXII, 127.--Cf. Rodrigo, Hist. verdadera, III, 365.--Discusion del Proyecto, p. 464 (Cadiz, 1813).

[644] Vélez, Apología, I, 40.--Cf. Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 227.

[645] Cartas escritas por el Conde de Cabarrús, pp. 81, 83, 87-9 (Vitoria, 1808).

[646] Cartas del Filósofo rancio, I, 299.

[647] Partidas, P. VII, Tit. xvii, ley 16.--Córtes de Leon y de Castilla, II, 378.

In the middle of the sixteenth century, branding with the letter " q" was still in force in Castile.--Rojas de Haeret., P. 1, n. 544.

[648] Colmeiro, Córtes de Leon y de Castilla, II, 160, 219.--Nueva Recop., Lib. V, Tit. i, leyes 6, 7.--Novis. Recop., Lib. XII, Tit. xxviii, leyes 8, 9.

[649] Memoria de diversos Autos (See Appendix to Vol. I).

[650] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 2, fol. 21.

[651] Carbonell de Gestis Hæret. (Doc. de la C. de Aragon, XXVIII, 154).

[652] Pragmaticas y altres Drets de Cathalunya, Lib. I, Tit. viii, cap. 1, § 4.

[653] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 933; Lib. 918, fol. 381.

[654] Pragmaticas etc. de Cathalunya, Lib. I, Tit. viii, cap. 2.

[655] Archivo de Simancas, Patronato Real, Inq., leg. único, fol. 38.

[656] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 3, fol. 241.

[657] Concil. Hispalens., ann. 1512, cap. xxxvii (Aguirre, V, 374).

[658] In the 1534 edition of his _Repetitionem novam_ (Col. 363) Albertino says that he has treated the question extensively in his "Speculum Inquisitorum"--subsequently embodied in his "Tractatus de agnoscendis Assertionibus" as Q. XXIII (Romæ, 1572).

[659] Bibl. pública de Toledo, Sala v, Est. 11, Tab. 3.

[660] Simancæ de Cath. Instt., Tit. XL, n. 3; Enchirid., Tit. XII, n. 4-6.

[661] Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. XVII.--Elucidationes S. Officii, § 33 (Archivo de Alcalá, Hacienda, Leg. 544^{2}, Lib. 4).

[662] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 361, fol. 7.--MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen, 218^{b}, p. 418.

[663] Peña, Comment. LXXXI in Eymerici Direct., P. II.--Bibl. nacional, _ubi sup._--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 921, fol. 231.

[664] Archivo de Alcalá, Hacienda, Leg. 544^{2}; Lib. 10.

[665] Bibl. nacional, MSS., Mm, X, 157, p. 190.

[666] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 9, n. 3, fol. 313.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 42.

It was the same in Portugal, where the bishops had to yield. The question was carried to Rome and, in 1612, the Archbishop of Lisbon was commanded to hand bigamists over to the Inquisition.--Collect. Decret. S. Congr. S. Inquis., p. 361 (MS. _penes me_).

[667] Decreta S. Congr. S. Officii, pp. 461, 466 (Bibl. del R. Archivio di Stato in Roma, Fondo Camerale, Congr. del. S. Officio, Vol. 3).

[668] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 54, fol. 117.--Ristretto cerca li Delitti più frequenti, pp. 113-141 (MS. _penes me_).

[669] Miguel Calvo (Archivo de Alcalá, Hacienda, Leg. 544,^{2} Lib. 4).--Archivo hist. national, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 299, fol. 80; Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[670] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 787.

[671] Elucidationes S. Officii, § 33 (Archive de Alcalá, Hacienda, Leg. 544^{2}, Lib. 4)--Bibl. national, MSS., V, 377, cap. xvii, § 1.

[672] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. 1.

[673] Proceso contra Jos. Ant Ferro (MSS. of Am. Phil. Society).

[674] Bibliothèque nationale, fonds espagnol, No. 354, fol. 242.

[675] Memorias de los Vireyes del Perú, III, 38.--Archive de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 28, fol. 115.

[676] MS. _penes me_.

[677] Novís. Recop., Lib. XII, Tit. xxviii, ley 10.

[678] Bibl. nacional, MSS., Mm, 93.

[679] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 15, n. 11 fol. 7; n. 10, fol. 92.

[680] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 15, n. 11, fol. 1-6; Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[681] Ibidem, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 15, n. 11, fol. 5.--Archivo de Alcalá, Estado, Leg. 2843.

[682] Alcubilla, Códigos antiguos, II, 1908.

[683] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 16, n. 5, fol. 50; Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1, fol. 286.

[684] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890.

[685] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.--Archivo hist, nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1; Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.--Royal Library of Berlin, Qt. 9548.

[686] Nueva Recop., Lib. VIII, Tit. iv.

[687] Eymerici Director, P. II, Q. XLI.--Repertor. Inquisit. s.v. _Blasphemus_.

[688] Arguello, fol. 14.

[689] Llorente, Añales, I, 278.

[690] C. Hispalens. ann. 1512, cap. xxxviii (Aguirre, V, 374).

[691] Pragmáticas y altres Dreta de Cathalunya, Lib. I, Tit. viii, cap. 1, 2.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 933.

[692] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 918, fol. 382.

[693] Ibidem, Patronato Real, Inq., Leg. único, fol. 37.

[694] Andres de Burgos, Reportorio de todas las Prematicas, fol. xxxix (Medina del Campo, 1551).

[695] Córtes de los Reinos de Leon y de Castilla, IV, 589.

[696] Nueva Recop., Lib. VIII, Tit. iv.

[697] Bibl. pública de Toledo, Sala V, Est. xi, Tab. 3.

[698] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 939, fol. 106; Lib. 81, fol. 27.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 31.

[699] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 299, fol. 80.--Alberghini, Man. Qualificat., cap. xvi.

[700] This was not the case in Italy where, in 1555, the Inquisition assumed jurisdiction over blasphemy. There were occasional conflicts with the secular authorities, especially in the Venetian territories, as when, in 1595, the podestà of Brescia refused to allow a blasphemer to be imprisoned by the inquisitor. The Roman Congregation protested, but the podestà prevailed and punished the offender, probably with greater severity than the Inquisition would have done. There was the same difficulty of distinction between heretical and non-heretical blasphemy. In 1606 the Congregation decided that _puttana de Dio_ was not heretical although outside of Rome it was held to be so.--Decret. S. Cong. S. Officii, p. 29 (MSS. of Bibl. del Reale Archivio di Stato in Roma, Fondo Camerale, Congr. del. S. Officii, Vol. 3).

[701] Cartas de Jesuitas (Mem. hist. español, XV, 191).--Nueva Recop., Lib. I, Tit. i, ley 10.--Autos Acordados, Lib. VIII, Tit. ii, Auto 1.

[702] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 13.

[703] Archivo de Alcalá, Hacienda, Leg. 544^{2}, Lib. 4.

[704] Ibidem.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 299, fol. 80.--Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. 1.

[705] Elucidationes S. Officii, § 37 (Archivo de Alcalá, _ubi sup_).

[706] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 3, 13.

[707] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[708] Reportorium Inquisit. S.V. _Degradatio_, § _an clericus_.

[709] Simancæ de Cath. Instt., Tit. XL, n. 8-13; Ejusd. Enchirid., Tit. XII, n. 1-3.--Arnaldi Albertin. Repetitionem novam, Q. xiii, n. 47 (Ed. 1534, col. 331).

It is perhaps worth noting that the _Repertorium_ of 1494 has no allusion to the subject under the titles _Castitas_, _Clericus_, and _Matrimonium_. At that time it was evidently considered to be outside of the sphere of the Inquisition.

[710] Arnaldi Albertini de agnoscendis Assertionibus, Q. XXIII, n. 41. In Germany, many Catholic priests took wives. By the _Interim_ of Charles V, in 1548, they were allowed to remain undisturbed until the Council of Trent should decide the question.--Interim, cap. XXVI, § 17.

[711] C. Trident. Sess. XXIV, De Sacr. Matrimonii, can. ix. Yet the council recognized the papal power of dispensation.

[712] Catálogo de las causas seguidas ante el tribunal de Toledo, pp. 306, 307.

[713] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[714] MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen, 218^{b}, p. 420.

[715] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 299, fol. 80.--Elucidationes S. Officii, § 34 (Archivo de Alcalá, Hacienda, Leg. 544,^{2} Lib. 4).

[716] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[717] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 11.

[718] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[719] Olmo, Relacion del Auto, p. 204.

[720] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[721] Ibidem, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[722] "Consentaneum visum est de sanctissimis ecclesiæ sacramentis agere, per quæ omnis vera justitia vel incipit, vel coepta augetur, vel amissa reparatur."--C. Trident. Sess. VII, De Sacramentis, Procem.

[723] P. Denifle, Die älteste Tax-rolle der Apost. Pönitentiarie (Archiv f. Litt. u. K.-Geschichte, IV, 224-5).

[724] Locati Opus judiciale Inquisitor., pp. 475, 476 (Romæ, 1570).--Farinacii de Hæresi, Q. CXCIII, § 1, n. 39.

[725] Bullar. Roman. III, 142; IV, 144.

[726] Collect. Decr. S. Congr. S. Officii, p. 50 (MS. _penes me_).

[727] Ristretto circa li Delitti più frequenti nel S. Offizio, p. 104-5 (MS. _penes me_).

[728] Royal Library of Munich, Cod. Ital. 185.--Bibl. del R. Archivio di Stato in Roma, Miscellanea MS., p. 729.

[729] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 939, fol. 107.--Ant. de Sousa. Opusc. circa Constit. Pauli V, p. 57.--Rod. a Cunha pro PP. Pauli V Statuto, p. 65.

[730] Bullar. Roman. II, 415.

[731] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 939, fol. 108; Lib. 942, fol. 39.

[732] Bibl. nacional, MSS., D, 118, fol. 114.

[733] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[734] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 1, 11.

[735] Obregon, Mexico Viejo, II, 353, 383.--Museo Mexicano, T. I, pp. 338-40 (Mexico, 1843).

[736] Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. xix.--Miguel Calvo (Archivo de Alcalá Hacienda, Leg. 544,^{2} Lib. 4).--Elucidationes S. Officii, § 38 (Ibidem).--MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen, 218^{b}, p. 385.

[737] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 1183, fol. 13.

[738] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[739] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890.

[740] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[741] MS. Memoria de diversos Autos (see Appendix to Vol. I).

[742] Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. xvi.

[743] Elucidationes S. Officii, § 47 (Archivo de Alcalá, Hacienda, Leg. 544^{2}, Lib. 4).--MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen, 218^{b}, p. 332.

[744] Archivo de Simancas, Hacienda, Leg. 25, fol. 3.

[745] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.--See above, Vol. III, p. 189. Simancas (De Cath. Instt., Tit. XLVI, n. 92, 93) says that the Inquisition cannot relax for personation, however grave the case may be, which explains the necessity of the special papal brief.

[746] Miscelanea de Zapata (Mem. hist, español, XI, 60). There is here evidently confusion between Almagro and Almaden.

[747] Danvila y Collado, Expulsion de los Moriscos, p. 208.--Bibl. nacional, MSS., PV, 3, n. 20.

[748] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[749] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Visitas de Barcelona, Leg. 15, fol. 20.

[750] Llorente, Hist. crit., cap. XXIV, art. 1, n. 11.--MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[751] Archivo hist. nacional, _loc cit._

[752] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 13.

[753] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. XVII.

[754] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 34, fol. 394.

[755] Procesos contra Francisca Mexia y Francisca de la Serna (MSS. of David Fergusson Esq.).

Fuller details of this instructive case will be found in my "Chapters from the Religious History of Spain," pp. 428-35.

[756] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[757] MSS. of Am. Philos. Society.

[758] Decret. S. Congr. S. Officii, p. 388 (Bibl. del R. Archivio di Stato in Roma, Fondo Camerale, Congr. del S. Officio, Vol. 3).

[759] Prattica per le cause del Sant' Officio, cap. 25 (MS. _penes me_).

[760] Pellicer, Avisos históricos (Semanário erúdito, XXXIII, 116, 124, 149).

[761] Bibl. national, MSS., V, 377, cap. vii, § 1.

[762] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[763] Archivo hist, nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[764] Bibl. nacional, MSS., Bb, 122.

[765] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[766] Ibidem.

[767] Ibidem, Leg. 1, n. 4, fol. 179.--MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen, 218^{b}, p. 167.

[768] Cap. 1, Extra, Lib. III, Tit. xlv.

[769] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 19, fol. 70-76, 108-116.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 6, n. 2, fol. 158 sqq.

[770] Urbani PP. VIII Const. _Coelestis_ (Bullar. Roman. IV, 85, Append, p. 33).

[771] Index of 1640, Regula xvi.--Indice Ultimo, p. xxvi.

[772] Discurso sobre si se le puede hacer fiesta al Premier Padre del Genero Humano Adan y darle culto y veneracion publica como á Santo, sin licencia del Romano Pontifice. Por D. Francisco Miranda y Paz. Madrid, 1636. The book was thought worthy of a refutation, which appeared in 1639 (Nic. Anton. Bibl. nova s. v. Franciscus de Miranda).

[773] Padre Fidel Fita, in Boletin, 1887.--Martínez Moreno Historía del Martirio del Santo Niño de la Guardia (Madrid, 1866).

[774] The best account of these and kindred forgeries is by José Godoy Alcántara, in his _Historia critica de los falsos Cronicones_ (Madrid, 1868). The modern President of the Canons of Sacromonte has given the other side in his _El Sacro Monte de Granada_ (Madrid, 1883).

The influence of the Inquisition at first was adverse to the plomos. See Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 20, fol. 127, 188, 236, 319. A whole volume of the archives (Lib. 44^{1}) is occupied with papers connected with the affair from 1604 to 1636.

[775] Barrantes, Aparato para la Historía de Extremadura, II, 392.

[776] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 435^{2}.

[777] I have considered in some detail the development of this belief, in the "History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages," III, 596 sqq.

[778] Collect. Decretor. S. Congr. S. Officii, s. v. _Conceptio_ (MS. _penes me_).--Collect. Decret. S. Congr. S. Inquisit. (Bibl. del R. Archivio di Stato in Roma, Fondo camerale, Congr. del S. Officio, Vol. 3).

[779] Cartas de Jesuitas (Mem. hist. español, XIII, 450).

[780] Le Tellier, Recueil des Bulles concernans les erreurs etc., p. 296 (Mons [Rouen] 1697).

[781] Bibl. nacional, MSS., Cc, 99, fol. 230.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 11, n. 1, fol. 111-16.

[782] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 10, n. 2, fol. 58, 90; Leg. 11, n. 2, fol. 217.

[783] Ibidem, Leg. 1, n. 4, fol. 114; Leg. 11, n. 3, fol. 62.

[784] Ibidem, Leg. 100.

[785] C. Lateran., ann. 1179, cap. xi (Cap. 4, Extra, Lib. V, Tit. xxxi).--Très ancien Contume de Bretagne, Art. 112, 142.--Statuta criminalia Mediolani, cap. 51 (Bergomi, 1594).--Horne, Myrror of Justice, cap. iv, § 14.

[786] Fuero Real de España, Lib. IV, Tit. ix, leg. 2.--Nueva Recop., Lib. VIII, Tit. xxxi, ley 1.--Ripoll, Bullar. Ord. Prædic., III, 301.--Innocent. PP. IV, Gloss in Cap. _Quod nuper his_, Extra, Lib. III, Tit. xxxiv.

[787] Llorente, Anales, I, 327.

[788] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 933.--"En lo que toca al crimen nefando, si otras cosas no hay con ello que abiertamente sepan heregia, contra las tales personas ya sabeis que por esto no debeis vosotros proceder, ni es de vuestra jurisdiccion."

[789] Escolano, Hist. de Valencia, II, 1449-70.--Boix, Hist. de la Ciudad y Reino de Valencia, I, 347.

[790] Bledæ Defensio Fidei, pp. 423-4. Cf. Páramo, p. 184.

[791] Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib. IV, fol. 6.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 927, fol. 408.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 2, n. 16, fol. 259.

[792] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 78, fol. 145.

[793] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 927, fol. 429.--Llorente, Añales, II, 373.

[794] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 939, fol. 107; Lib. 82, fol. 163.--MSS. of Bibl. nacional de Lima, Protocolo 223, Expediente, 5270.

[795] Bibl. nacional, MSS., Q, 4.

[796] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 2, n. 16, fol. 259.

[797] Argument of Dr. Martin Real (MSS. of Bodleian Library, Arch. Seld. 130).

[798] Collect. Decr. S. Congr. S. Officii, p. 396 (MS. _penes me_).--Decr. S. Congr. S. Inquisit., pp. 503, 539 (Bib. del R. Archivio di Stato in Roma, Fondo camerale, Congr. del S. Officio, Vol. 3).

[799] Corpo Diplomatico Portugues, VI, 379; VII, 211, 235, 439; VIII, 227, 296; IX, 477; XI, 600, 656.

[800] Regimiento do Santo Officio da Inquisição, Liv. III, Tit. XXV, §§ 1, 12.--Royal Library of Berlin, Qt. 9548.

[801] Fueros y Actos de Corte, p. 10 (Zaragoza, 1647).

[802] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 2, n. 16, fol. 270.

[803] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 927, fol. 414.

[804] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 299, fol. 80; Leg. 61.--Elucidationes S. Officii, § 55 (Archivo de Alcalá, Hacienda, Leg. 544^{2}, Lib. 4).--Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. xxiv, § 1.

[805] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 299, fol. 80.--Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. xxiv, § 6.

[806] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 2, n. 16, fol. 259.--Parets, Sucesos de Cataluña (Mem. hist. español, XXIV, 297).

[807] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 6, n. 2, fol. 52; Leg. 8, n. 2, fol. 497.

[808] Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. xxiv, § 2.

The Inquisition was more humane than the Castilian courts. Jan. 27, 1637, two culprits were burnt in Madrid. Oct. 14, 1639, two more were burnt and a third was brought out to share the same fate, when the episcopal vicar claimed him, as he had been decoyed from the asylum of a church. Nine more were in prison at the time. Oct. 10, 1640, a man and a boy were burnt.--Cartas de Jesuitas (Mem. hist, español, XIV, 26; XV, 343).--Pellicer, Avisos históricos (Semanário erúdito, XXXI, 87, 228).

In Mexico there was a special quemadero for such cases, distinct from that of the Inquisition.--Obregon, Mexico viejo, II, 391.

[809] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 61.

[810] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 61.

[811] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Sala 39, Leg. 4, fol. 71.

[812] Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib. IV, fol. 6.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 61; Cartas del Consejo, Leg. 5, n. 1, fol. 5.--Llorente, Hist. crít., cap. XXIV, art. 4, n. 2.--Giambattista Confalonieri (Spicilegio Vaticano, I, 461).

[813] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 82, fol. 91.

[814] Bibl. nacional, MSS., PV, 3, n. 20.

[815] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Visitas de Barcelona, Leg. 15, fol. 5.

[816] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 99.

[817] Ibidem, Leg. 100.

[818] Raynald. Annal., ann. 1258, n. 23.--Potthast, Regesta, n. 17745, 18396.--Cap. 1, Clement., Lib. V, Tit. v.

[819] Repertor. Inquisit. s. v. _Hæreticus_, § _Pertinax_.

Although simony was the universally corroding vice of the Church, and although it was reckoned as a heresy, it was too profitable to the hierarchy ever to be subjected to the Inquisition. In a project of instructions for the Spanish delegates to the Lateran Council in 1512, simoniacal heresy is denounced as the universal destruction of the Church, owing to the openness with which it is practised in Rome and throughout Christendom, and they are told to labor to have it prosecuted as heresy by the Inquisition--(Döllinger, Beiträge zur politischen kirchlichen und Cultur-Geschichte, III, 204).

[820] Fueros de Aragon, fol. 110. For earlier legislation of similar import see fol. 49 (Zaragoza, 1624).

[821] Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib. I, fol. 109. The general council here alluded to was that of Lyons, in 1273. See cap. 1, 2, in Sexto, Lib. V, Tit. v. This refers back to Concil. Lateranens. III, ann. 1179, cap. XXV.

[822] Pragmaticas y altres Drets de Cathalunya, Lib. I, Tit. viii, cap. 1, § 20.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq. de Barcelona, Córtes, Leg. 17, fol. 32.--Páramo, p. 185.

[823] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 933.

[824] Pragmaticas etc. de Cathalunya, Lib. I, Tit. viii, cap. 2, §§ 20, 35.

[825] Argensola, Añales de Aragon, Lib. I, cap. liv.

[826] Llorente, Añales, II, 298.

[827] Fueros de Aragon, fol. 110.

[828] Dormer, Añales de Aragon, Lib. II, cap. xli, p. 384.

[829] Archivo de Simancas, Patronato Real, Inq., Leg. único, fol. 37, 38.

[830] Simancas de Cath. Instt., Tit. LXVI, n. 3.

[831] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 939, fol. 106.

[832] Ibidem, Visitas de Barcelona, Leg. 15, fol. 20.

[833] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.--MSS. of Am. Phil. Society.

[834] Collect. Decret. S. Congr. S. Officii, p. 125 (MS. _penes me_).--Decreta S. Congr. S. Inquisit., pp. 36, 515 (Bibl. del R Archivio di Stato in Romæ, Fondo camerale, Congr. del S. Officio, Vol. 3).

[835] Archivo de Simancas Inq., Lib. 21, fol. 198.

[836] Birch, Catalogue of MSS. of Inq. of Canaries, II, 541, 542, 559, 560.

[837] MSS. of David Fergusson Esq.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 1002.

[838] Catálogo de las causas seguidas ante el Tribunal de Toledo, p. 325.

[839] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[840] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 1.

[841] Ibidem, Lib. 9, fol. 6.

[842] Ibidem, Sala 40, Lib. 4, fol. 164, 266.

[843] Ibidem, Lib. 939, fol. 106.

[844] Ant. Rodríguez Villa, La Corte y Monarquía de España, p. 95.

[845] Cartas de Jesuitas (Mem. hist. español, XIII, 9, 11, 13-17, 19, 24, 27, 67-71, 73, 78-9, 119, 181, 185, 230; XIV, 395; XVII, 218; XVIII, 52, 59, 81, 105-17).--Juan de Palafox, Epist. III ad Innoc. X, n. 126 (Obras, XI, 107).--Theatro Jesuitico, p. 375.--Morale pratique des Jesuites (Cologne, 1684).

[846] Cartas de Jesuitas (_loc. cit._, XIX, 187).

[847] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 38, fol. 12, 216, 260, 319, 320, 321, 326.

[848] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 559.

[849] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[850] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[851] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 939, fol. 64.

[852] Royal Library of Berlin, Qt. 9548.

[853] Semanário erúdito, XI, 274.

[854] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[855] Ibidem.

[856] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Sala 39, Leg. 4, fol. 80.

[857] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 111, n. 49.

[858] Bibl. nacional, MSS., Mm, 130.

[859] Joaquin Lorenzo Villanueva, in "Discusion del Proyecto sobre el Tribunal de la Inquisicion," p. 432 (Cádiz, 1813).

[860] V. de la Fuente, Hist. ecles., III, 381.

[861] Clément, Journal, II, 124.

[862] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[863] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 365, n. 46, fol. 56.

[864] Ibidem, Leg. 4, n. 3, fol 58.

[865] MSS. of Am. Philos. Society.

[866] Llorente, Hist. crít., cap. XXIX, art. iii, n. 2; cap. XLVI.--Muriel, Hist. de Carlos IV (Mem. hist, español, XXXIII, 154).

Llorente tells us that he pursued the task confided to him by Abad and in 1797 produced his "Discursos sobre el órden de procesar del Santo Oficio" which, in 1801, expand him to a smart persecution.--Memoria histórica, p. 11 (Madrid, 1812).

[867] Muriel (_loc. cit._, XXXI, 190).--Lafuente, Hist. gen. de España., XXII, 124.--V. de la Fuente, Hist. ecles., III, 400.

[868] Discusion del Proyecto, p. 473 (Cádiz, 1813).

[869] Somoza de Montsoriu, Las Amarguras de Jovellanos, pp. 47-8 (Gijon, 1889).

[870] Somoza, _op. cit._, pp. 301-5.--Muriel, _op. cit._, XXXII, 117. For the orthodoxy of Jovellanos, see Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 287-90.

[871] Somoza, _op. cit._, pp. 57-60.--Discurso histórico-legal sobre el Origen, Progresos y Utilidad del Santo oficio, p. 101 (Valladolid, 1803).

[872] Somoza, _op. cit._, pp. 77-84, 86-90, 141-2, 312-20.--Cean Bermúdez, Memorias para la Vida de D. Gaspar Melchor de Jove Llanos, p. 81 (Madrid, 1814).

[873] Llorante, Hist. crít., cap, XLII, art. ii, n. 1-18.--Muriel, _op. cit._, xxxiv, 110-19.--Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 172-3.

[874] Respuesta pacífica de un Español á la Carta sediciosa del Frances Grégoire, que se dice Obispo de Blois, pp. 3, 31, 63, 74, 75, 76, 87 (Madrid, 1798).

[875] Discurso historico-legal sobre el Origen etc. del S. Oficio, pp. 126, 185, 187 (Valladolid, 1803).

[876] Cartas de un Presbitero español, pp. 3, 7, 98, 121, 123, 129, 152-4 (Madrid, 1798).

[877] José Clemente Carnicero, La Inquisicion justamente restablecida, I, 8 (Madrid, 1816).--Toreno, Revolucion etc. de España, I, 160.--Llorente, Hist. crít., cap. XLIV, art. i, n. 19.--Rodrigo, Hist. verdadera, III, 486.--Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 417.

[878] See Appendix.--On January 9, 1813, this letter was produced in the Córtes, by Sr. Arguelles, during the discussion on the suppression of the Inquisition.--Discusion del Proyecto, p. 143.

[879] Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 386-7. For a vivid sketch of the adventurous life of Marchena see Antoine de Latour, "Espagne, Traditions, Moeurs el Littérature, p. 51 (Paris, 1869).

[880] Carnicero, _op. cit._, I, 9.--Código de José Nap. Bonaparte, Tit. XIII, § 5 (Madrid, 1845).

[881] Discusion del Proyecto, p. 148.

[882] Toreno, Historia de la Revolucion, III, 106 (Paris, 1838).

[883] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[884] Puigblanch, La Inquisicion sin Mascara, p. 429.

[885] Toreno, _op. cit._, II, 197-202.

[886] Marliani, Histoire de l'Espagne moderne, I, 171.

[887] Even Evaristo San Miguel, one of the _exaltados_ of 1822 who, as secretary of State, was largely responsible for the follies which invited the French intervention of 1823, admits the errors of the Córtes of Cádiz. The Constitution of 1812, he says, was an exotic that took no root in the soil; the mass of the people, plunged in ignorance and misery, knew of it only by hearing from their spiritual guides that it was a tissue of impieties.--De la Guerra Civil de España, p. 88 (Madrid, 1836).

[888] Toreno, II, 208, 211, 223, 249.--Coleccion de los Decretos y Ordenes que han expedido las Córtes Generales, I, 1-3 (Madrid, 1820).

[889] Vélez, Apología del Altar y del Trono, I, 107-10, 113-19, 211-12 (Madrid, 1825).--Coleccion de Decretos, I, 16.

[890] These letters have been repeatedly reprinted. My edition is of Madrid, 1824-5 in five volumes. Under the Restoration, Alvarado was appointed a member of the Suprema, but he can scarce have acted as he died, August 31, 1814.

[891] La Inquisicion sin Máscara, pp. 5-12, 28, 299, 480-3 (Cádiz, 1811).--An English translation by William Walton appeared in London, in 1816, with a valuable Introduction.

[892] Cartas del Filósofo Rancio, I, 86, 87, 96, 98, 262, 265, 268, 297; II, 21, 457, 461.

[893] Marliani, op. cit., I, 175.

[894] Tit. I, cap. i, art. 2, 3; Tit. II, cap. ii, art. 12 (Coleccion de Decretos, II, 98, 100).

[895] Vélez, Apología, II, 116-27.--Marliani, I, 179.--Carnicero, Hist. de la Revolucion, III, 160, 184.--Coleccion de Decretos, II, 166; III, 60.

[896] Vélez, Apología, I, 126-34, 212-13.--Rodrigo, III, 370.--Toreno, III, 106-7.

[897] Apología de la Inquisicion, pp. 16-18 (Cadiz, 1811).--Riesco, in a speech before the Córtes, said that the functions of the Suprema were suspended on the pretext that its members had not been "purified" (Discusion del Proyecto, p. 148). All officials who had in any way been concerned with the French were required to be purified--that is, to give proofs of patriotism. This so-called purification came repeatedly in play in the kaleidoscopic changes of Spanish politics.

[898] Vélez, Apología, I, 214, 384-5, 399-418.

[899] Vélez, Apología, I, 134-52, 217, 219.--Toreno, III, 105-10.

[900] Discusion del Proyecto, pp. 40-1, 398.

[901] Discusion, pp. 38-40.--The law of the Partidas thus revived was P. VII, Tit. xxvi, ley 2, which says that heretics can be accused by any one before a bishop or his vicar, who shall examine them on the articles of faith and sacraments. If error is found he must labor to convert them by reason and persuasion when, if willing to be converted, they are to be reconciled and pardoned. If persistent they are to be handed over to the secular judge for punishment by fire or otherwise. The revival of the law was only as regards the functions of the bishops.

[902] Ibidem, pp. 42-7.

[903] Cartas del Filósofo Rancio, II, 453.--Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 473.--Discusion, pp 215, 229, 397.

[904] Discusion del Proyecto, pp. 59, 325, 495, 564, 630-9, 683, 687.--Coleccion de Decretos, III, 215, 220.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890.

The decree concerning property continued the salaries of all officials. A subsequent decree of September 13th, regulating the national debt, applied the property of the _extinguida inquisicion_ to that incurred in the war with France.--Coleccion, IV, 257.

[905] Carnicero, La Inquisicion justamente restablecida, II, 115.

[906] Vélez, Apología, I, 252-4.

[907] Coleccion de Decretos, III, 26, 30, 66, 137, 211.

[908] Discusion del Proyecto, pp. 683, 689-94.

[909] Toreno, III, 204.

[910] Memoria interesante para la Historia de las Persecuciones de la Iglesia Católica y de sus Ministros en España, Append., pp. 1-16 (Madrid, 1814).

[911] Ibidem, pp. 17-20.

[912] Manifesto istorico del Cardinale Pietro Gravina, pp. 63-68 (Roma, 1824).--E. Nuñez de Taboada, Le dernier soupir de l'Inquisition, pp. 43-9 (Paris, 1814).

[913] Memoria interesante, Append., pp. 23-6.

[914] Toreno, III, 193-203.

[915] Memoria interesante, pp. ix, x, 58; Append., pp. 27-30.--Vélez, Apología, I, 262-87.

[916] Taboada, _op. cit._, pp. 50-71.--Gravina, Manifesto istorico, pp. 68-106.

[917] Vélez, Apología, I, 303.--Gravina, Manifesto istorico, pp. 106-116, 1-41.

[918] Vélez, Apología, I, 260.

[919] It would seem as though some of the tribunals continued to act. There is a case of a Dominican sub-deacon, Fray Tomas García, who denounced himself for saying mass to that of Valencia, which forwarded the sumaria to Cuenca, August 15, 1813.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[920] Toreno, III, 284-305.

[921] Carnicero, Historia de la Revolucion, III, 169-76.

[922] Miraflores, Apuntes para escribir la Historia de España, pp. 11-13 (Londres, 1834).

[923] Miraflores, Documentos á los que se hace referencia en los Apuntes, I, 9-23.

[924] Marliani, I, 195-200.--Toreno, III, 317, 395.--Coleccion de Decretos, I, 43; V, 87.

[925] Conservatives concur with Liberals in denouncing the memory of Fernando. See Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 495 and V. de la Fuente, III, 472.

[926] Toreno, III, 355-9.--Miraflores, Documentos, I, 30.--Constitucion, art. 3, 144-9, 173, 181, 187 (Coleccion de los Decretos, V, 148, 153, 182, 185).

[927] Representacion y Manifiesto que algunos Diputados á las Córtes ordinarias firmaron en los mayores Apuros de su Opresion en Madrid, pp. 12, 17, 59, 60 (Madrid, 1814).

[928] Toreno, III, 359, 361-4.--Koska Vayo, Historia de la Vida y Reinado de Fernando VII, II, 26, 32-5, 377 (Madrid, 1842).--Marliani, I, 206.

[929] Coleccion de las Reales Cédulas etc. de Fernando VII, p. 1 (Valencia, 1814).--Toreno, III, 400.--It would be difficult to find a more slovenly piece of writing than this celebrated and fateful manifesto. Its authorship was attributed to Juan Pérez Villamil, the head of the Regency dismissed by the Córtes in March, 1813.--Toreno, III, 364.

[930] Marliani, I, 208-17.--Koska Vayo, II, 48-52.--Toreno, III, 405.

[931] Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 545.

[932] Hervaz, Ruiz de Padron y su tiempo, pp. 101-5 (Madrid, 1898).--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Libro 890.--His speech was issued in Coruña in 1813, under the title of "Dictamen del Dr. Antonio José Ruiz de Padron sobre la Inquisicion." Other clerical deputies who suffered reclusion in convents were Oliveros, in la Cabrera; Gallego, in the Cartuja de Jerez; Ramos, in that of Valencia; Arispe, in that of Seville; Lopez Cepero, in the Capuchins of Novelda; Antonio Larrazabal, wherever the Archbishop of Guatemala might designate, and Bernabeu, in one not ascertained. Besides these La Canal and Jaime Villanueva were recluded for editing a periodical.--V. de la Fuente, III, 471.

[933] Amador de los Rios, III, 555.--When the royal decree of July 21 was received, August 16th, the cathedral was illuminated and the bells were rung, followed, August 23d and 24th, by great solemnities.--Relacion histórica de la Judería de Sevilla, pp. 46-8.

[934] Rodrigo, III, 480.--Archivo de Sevilla, Seccion VI, 1ª Escribanía del Cabildo, Tomo 49, n. 14.

[935] Coleccion de Cédulas de Fernando VII, p. 85.

[936] Rodrigo, III, 485.--Carnicero, La Inquisicion justamente restablecida, II, 51.

[937] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 559; 890.

[938] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 559.

[939] Ibidem, Lib. 890.

[940] Coleccion de los Decretos, III, 220.

[941] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 559.--See Appendix.

[942] Ibidem, Lib. 559.

[943] Ibidem.

[944] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 17, n. 4, fol. 9, 21, 36, 57, 85, 88, 93.

[945] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 559.

[946] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 559; Lib. 435^{2}.

[947] Relacion de la Judería de Sevilla, pp. 49-51.

[948] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[949] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890.

[950] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890.

[951] Ibidem, Sala 39, Leg. 1473, fol. 29.

[952] Ibidem, Lib. 890.

[953] Ibidem.

[954] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 559.--Rodrigo, III, 489.

[955] Archivo de Simancas, _loc. cit._

[956] Archivo de Simancas, Registro de Genealogías, n. 916, fol 4, 12.--Inq., Lib. 435^{2}; Lib. 559; Leg. 1473.

[957] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 1473.

[958] Ibidem.

[959] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890.

[960] L'Espagne et ses Revolutions, p 148--quoted by Marliani, I, 235. See also Miraflores (Apuntes, pp. 23, 26) who, as an aristocrat, had no affiliation with the Liberals.

[961] Many documents were gathered in the streets and sent to the United States, which have mostly perished through neglect, but some which were secured by Mr. Andrew Thorndike, then a resident of Barcelona, were presented, in 1840, to the American Philosophical Society, through whose courtesy I have been enabled to use them.

Some cases, from a similar source were translated and printed in Boston, in 1828, under the title of "Records of the Spanish Inquisition, translated from the original Manuscripts."

In Majorca the populace was more aggressive and destroyed the palace of the Inquisition.

[962] Koska Vayo, II, 133-54, 170.--Miraflores, Apuntes, pp. 26-37; Documentos, I, 73-81.--Memorias de Francisco Espoz y Mina, II, 255-72.--Martínez de la Rosa, Examen crítico de las Revoluciones de España, I, 14-22.

[963] Urquinaona, La España bajo el Poder arbitrario de la Congregacion Apostólica, p. 14 (Madrid, 1835).--Miraflores, Apuntes, pp. 40-5; Documentos, I, 87-91.--Cappa, La Inquisicion española, p. 239.--Rodrigo, III, 495.

[964] See Appendix.

[965] Archivo de Sevilla, Seccion VII, 1820-3, Tomo XVII, n. 2.--Rodrigo, III, 495.--Coleccion de los Decretos, VI, 33.

[966] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 435^{3}.

[967] España venturosa por la vida de la Constitucion y la muerte de la Inquisicion. Madrid, 1820.

Of course pamphleteers did not allow the opportunity to escape, but I have met with only two of their productions--"Memorial de la Santa Inquisicion á los Señores Ministros de Francia" and "Oracion funebre en las Exequias que se hicieron á la difunta Inquisicion en el Templo de Fanatismo de la Villa de Ignorancia, por un Ministro de la misma." Their only interest lies in their expression of the feelings of the period.

[968] Coleccion de Decretos, VI, 64, 141, 155, 258; VII, 57, 60, 245, 251; IX, 384; X, 16, 17, 31.

[969] H. Brück, Die geheimen Gessellschaften in Spanien, pp. 233-9, 250-60.--V. de la Fuente, III, 477-9.

[970] Coleccion de los Decretos, VI, 43.

[971] Modesto Lafuente, XXVII, 83.

[972] Coleccion de los Decretos, VII, 36.

[973] Koska Vayo, III, 42. In the reaction of 1823, Villanueva escaped to England where, as Menéndez y Pelayo tells us (Heterodoxos, III, 527), under the pressure of misery, he nearly or quite embraced Protestantism. Puigblanch, who was also a refugee, amused himself with writing violent diatribes against his fellows in misfortune and especially against Villanueva, who retorted in kind. He died in Dublin, reconciled to the Church, March 25, 1836, at the age of 80.

[974] Canto, El Coloso constitucional derrocado (Orihuela, 1823).

[975] Koska Vayo, III, 181.

[976] Coleccion de los Decretos, VI, 145; VII, 4, 92, 105.

[977] Miraflores, Apuntes, p. 65.

[978] Koska Vayo, II, 317; III, 121.

[979] Miraflores, Documentos, II, 76, 79.--Koska Vayo, III, 8.

[980] Miraflores, Documentos, I, 214-25; II, 15.

[981] Mina, Memorias, III, 16, 111-13, 159, 169.

[982] Miraflores, Documentos, II, 32-99.

[983] Ibidem, II, 114-72.--Koska Vayo, II, 317; III, 8.--Mina, Memorias, III, 88-9.--Châteaubriand, El Congreso de Verona, Traducela Cayetano Cortés, II, 379-80, 384.

[984] Miraflores, Documentos, II, 172-4, 177-80.

[985] Ibidem, pp. 174-6.

[986] Miraflores, Apuntes, p. 163.

[987] Ibidem, pp. 172-5.

[988] Coleccion de los Decretos, X, 162.

[989] Miraflores, Apuntes, pp. 185, 215; Documentos, II, 284-94--Koska Vayo, III, 72, 101-12.

[990] Miraflores, Documentos, II, 240, 244; Apuntes, pp. 189, 191, 194.--Koska Vayo, III, 74.

[991] Miraflores, Documentos, II, 242.

[992] Miraflores, Documentos, II, 247-70.

[993] Koska Vayo, III, 97-8.--Miraflores, Apuntes, pp. 219-21.

[994] Miraflores, Apuntes, pp. 221-4; Documentos, II, 294-6.--Koska Vayo, III, 442.

[995] Koska Vayo, III, 128.

[996] Ibidem, III, 126-154.--Miraflores, Apuntes, pp. 234-44; Documentos II, 316-38.

[997] Koska Vayo, III, 159-64.

[998] Koska Vayo, III, 175, 184.

[999] El Congreso de Verona, II, 234, 265, 268, 302, 307, 311, 317, 319, 322, 324, 339, 342.--Martínez de la Rosa, I, 372, 392, 394, 408.--Koska Vayo, III, 319.

[1000] Koska Vayo, III, 185.--Miraflores, Apuntes, p. 224; Documentos, II, 296.--Urquinaona, p. 195.

[1001] Javier de Burgos, Añales del Reinado de Dª Isabel II, I, 46 (Madrid, 1850).

A characteristic freak of Fernando was the establishment in Seville of a school of bull-fighting, with Don Pedro Ramiro at its head, on a salary of 12,000 reales. When Burgos became minister of Fomento, under Isabel II, he had the satisfaction of suppressing this.

[1002] Rodrigo, III, 497.--Miraflores, Documentos, II, 299.--Barrantes, Aparato para la Historia de Extremadura, III, 43.

[1003] El Congreso de Verona, II, 283, 302.

[1004] Koska Vayo, III, 206.

[1005] Rodrigo, III, 498.

[1006] Martínez de la Rosa, I, 422.--Koska Vayo, III, 241.

[1007] Koska Vayo, III, 222.

[1008] Modesto Lafuente, XXVIII, 453-63; XXIX, 393-5.--Urquinaona, pp. 141-2.

[1009] Modesto Lafuente, XXVIII, 465-71; XXIX, 7-13.--Koska Vayo, III, 305, 311.

[1010] Urquinaona, p. 143.--Modesto Lafuente, XXVIII, 475.

[1011] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890.

[1012] Archivo hist. nacional, Leg. 463, Hacienda XVI.

[1013] Archivo hist. nacional, Leg. 6462.

[1014] Koska Vayo, III, 207.

[1015] Modesto Lafuente, XXIV, 346.--Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 524.--Vicente de la Fuente, III, 482.

[1016] Modesto Lafuente, _loc. cit._--V. de la Fuente, _loc. cit._

[1017] Pii PP. VIII Const. _Cogitationes nostras_, 5 Oct. 1829 (Bullar. Roman. Contin., IX, 76).

[1018] Partidas, P. II, Tit. xv, ley 2.

[1019] Autos Acordados, Lib. V, Tit. vii, Auto 5.

[1020] Andrés Muriel, Hist. de Carlos IV (Mem. hist. español, XXIX, 14-29).

[1021] Juan Pérez de Guzman (Revista de Archivos, April, 1904, p. 267).--Modesto Lafuente, XXIX, 51.

[1022] Koska Vayo, III, 342, 352, 358-68.--Modesto Lafuente, XXIX. 191.

[1023] Koska Vayo, III, 369-75, 387.--Modesto Lafuente, XXIX, 152.

[1024] Koska Vayo, III, 380.

That the Carlists should regard the opportune resurrection of this long-buried pragmática as a fraud was not unnatural, but the records produced in its favor bear every evidence of genuineness. From them it appears that on May 31, 1789, Carlos IV summoned the Córtes to assemble on September 23d to take the oath of allegiance to his son Fernando and to transact other business. The oath was duly taken on that day; on the 30th a petition in the customary form was addressed to the king for the abrogation of the pragmática of Philip V and the restoration of the ancient law of succession. The session continued with various acts of legislation; on October 7th Carlos obtained an approval of the measure from fourteen archbishops and bishops who had joined in the oath of allegiance; on October 30th he confirmed the pragmática, but ordered absolute secrecy to be maintained with respect to it and to this all concerned took a solemn oath. Still it did not remain wholly unknown and, in December 1809, Doña Carlota, Princess of Brazil, applied to the supreme Junta Central, then ruling the kingdom, to have her possible rights to the succession under it acknowledged. The Junta was sitting in Seville; the archives were in Madrid, then in possession of the French, and inquiries were made of such survivors of the Córtes of 1789 as could be reached, who confirmed the fact of the adoption of the pragmática and of the secrecy enjoined, whereupon the Consejo de España é Indias reported in favor of the Portuguese princess's application. That these records, with their wealth of names and dates and elaborate details could be manufactured is simply incredible.--Testimonio de las Actas de Córtes de 1789 sobre la Sucesion en la Corona de España, y de los Dictámenes dados sobre esta materia; publicado por real decreto de S. M. la Reina N^{ra} S^{ra}. Año de 1833, Madrid, en la Imprenta Real.

[1025] Koska Vayo, III, 393-425.

[1026] Ibidem, p. 437.

[1027] Quoted by Hervaz, Ruiz de Padron, p. 160.

[1028] Archivo de Alcalá, Ministerio de Estado, Leg. 897, n. 30; Leg. 906, n. 87, 88.--(See Appendix.)

It will be remembered that the Duke of Medinaceli was alguazil mayor of the Madrid tribunal, and as such was drawing a yearly stipend of a thousand reales.

[1029] See Appendix. The allusion to the concurrence of the Holy See is a pure assumption, seeing that, for political reasons, Isabel and the Regency were not recognised by the papacy for many years.

[1030] Castillo y Ayensa, Negociaciones con Roma, I, Append, p. 156 (Madrid, 1859).

[1031] Antequera, Historia de la Legislacion española, p. 419 (Madrid, 1884).

[1032] Soler, Un Milagro y una Mentira, p. 5 (Valencia, 1858).

[1033] Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 682-3, 686.--Hermann Dalton, Die evangelische Bewegung in Spanien, pp. 40-5 (Wiesbaden, 1872).

[1034] A. Luque y Vicens, La Inquisicion, su Pro y su Contra, Segunda Edicion, Madrid, 1859.

[1035] Parades, Curso de Derecho político, p. 720 (Madrid, 1883).

[1036] Novísimo Código penal, arts. 236-41 (Valencia, 1872, pp. 126-7).

[1037] Paredes, _op cit._, p. 666.

[1038] See the very interesting collection of papers published by the _Ateneo Cientifico y Literario_ of Madrid under the title _Oligarquia y Caciquismo como la forma actual de Gobierno en España; urgencia y modo de cambiarla_ (Madrid, 1903).

This Caciquism is described as "a despotism a hundred times worse than that of the absolute kings" (p. 33).

[1039] Reconstitucion y Europeizacion de España, pp. 113, 123, 289 (Madrid, 1900).--Ricardo Macías Picavea, El Problema nacional, p. 304 (Madrid, 1899).

Another eloquent exposition of the deplorable condition of public affairs in Spain is Doctor Madrazo's _El Pueblo español ha muerto?_ (Santander, 1903).

[1040] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. V, p. 463.

[1041] Clemencin, Elogio de la Reina Isabel, p. 302 (Madrid, 1821).

[1042] Cabrera, Relaciones, _passim_; Append. pp. 582-3.--Relazioni di Ambasciadori Lucchesi, pp. 29, 31 (Lucca, 1903).

[1043] Cespedes y Meneses, Don Felipe Quarto, Lib. II, cap. i, x.

[1044] A. Rodriguez Villa, La Corte y Monarquía de España, p. 110 (Madrid, 1886).

[1045] Zanctornato, Relazione della Corte de España, pp. 76-82 (Cosmopoli, 1672).

[1046] Relasioni Venete, Serie I, T. V, p. 396.

[1047] The Córtes of 1570 complained of the sale of _hidalguias_, which were bought by the richer taxpayers, whose burden was thus thrown on the poor and miserable. To this Philip II replied that his necessities compelled him to it, but that more consideration would be shown in future.--Córtes de Cordova del año de setenta, fol. 5 (Alcalá, 1575).

By the censuses of 1768 and 1787 the exempt classes were--

1768. 1787. Hidalgos 722,794 480,589 Clergy 183,965 151,973 ------- ------- 906,759 632,562

Floridablanca felicitated himself on the reduction thus shown in the exemptions, resulting from greater strictness in admitting claims, while the population had increased from 9,309,804 to 10,409,879.--Censo español en el año de 1787.

[1048] Dávila, Vida de Felipe III, p. 216.

[1049] Libro de las Cincas Excelencias del Español que despueblan á España, fol. 163, 170 (Pamplona, 1629).

[1050] Representacion al Rey D. Felipe V dirigida al mas seguro aumento del Real Erario. Hecha por D. Miguel de Zavala y Auñon, pp. 7-35, 74-97 (Madrid, 1732).

It should be observed that in none of the descriptions of the burdens imposed on the peasantry is any allusion made to what perhaps was the most grievous of all, both in amount and method of collection--the tithe by which the enormous church establishment was supported. This was wholly beyond control by the secular power and was therefore left out of consideration.

In 1820, Dr. Sebastian de Miñano, in his _Cartas del Pobrecito Holgazan_, gives a graphic picture of the ecclesiastical burdens of the peasant--the first fruits, the tithes and the obligatory "almsgiving" to all the neighboring convents.--Ochoa, Epistolario español, II, 616.

[1051] Jovellanos, Informe en el Expediente de Ley Agraria (Obras, VII, 165-8).

The trouble still exists. In 1898 the Chamber of Agriculture of Upper Aragon states that notwithstanding large subventions to railroads and highways the greater part of the population is as isolated as ever, and it urges the expenditure of 400 or 500 millions of pesetas to convert 250,000 kilométres of mule-track into cheap wagon roads.--Reconstitucion de España, pp. 24, 89.

[1052] Córtes de Leon y de Castilla, II, 344.--Jovellanos, Informe, pp. 48-80.

The exorbitant privileges of the Mesta were largely curtailed by the Córtes of Cádiz, but were promptly restored by Fernando VII, in a decree of October 2, 1514 (Coleccion de Cédulas etc., p. 170).

[1053] Zavala y Auñon, pp. 104-30.--Jovellanos, p. 44.

[1054] Relazioni Lucchese, p. 29.--For the multifarious laws respecting the coinage see _Autos Acordados_, Lib. V, Tit. xxi.

[1055] Discorsos apolóxicos (Coll. de Doc. inéd., LXXI, 220).

[1056] I owe this passage to Professor James Harvey Robinson's "Readings in European History," II, 25.

[1057] Colmeiro, Córtes de los antiguos Reinos, II, 223.

[1058] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. III, p. 256, 287; V, 18; VI, 360.

[1059] Relazioni Lucchese, pp. 58, 70.

[1060] Discurso político (Semanario erúdito, II, 143).

A modern writer attributes to the infusion of Saracen blood this characteristic--"este carácter indolente y apático, que nos impede llegar á tiempo en nuestras empresas, ó que no nos consiente llevarlas á termino bien cumplido."--Madrazo, El pueblo español ha muerto? p. 29 (Santander, 1903).

[1061] Francisco Santos, El No Importe de España, pp. 149, 203 (Madrid, 1668).

[1062] Dávila, Vida de Felipe III, p. 216.

[1063] Pedro Fernández Navarrete, Discursos políticos, fol. 66 (Barcelona, 1621).

See also his later _Conservacion de Monarquias_, Discurso XLVI (Madrid, 1626) where he states that there were thirty-two universities and more than four thousand grammar-schools where Latin was taught.

[1064] Semanário erúdito, XXVI, 108.--Jovellanos, Informe, p. 154.

[1065] Relazioni Lucchese, p. 89.

[1066] Semanário erúdito, VII, 167, 169.

[1067] Juan de Valera, Disertaciones y Judicios literários, p. 201 (Madrid, 1878).--Reconstitucion de España, p. 29.

[1068] See the very instructive sketch by D. Antonio Rodríguez Villa, "Patiño y Campillo," Madrid, 1882.

[1069] Vida política y ministerial del Conde de Floridablanca. This, I believe, has never been printed. My copy is in MS.

[1070] Córtes de los antiguos Reinos, I, 605; II, 55, 66, 134, 140, 143.

[1071] Córtes de los antiguos Reinos, 1, 2, 24, 42, 43, 51, 244, 246, 289, 291, 360-1, 470.--Fuero viejo, Lib. v, Tit. ii, ley 1; Lib. I, Tit. i, ley 3.

[1072] Córtes etc. III, 339-40.

[1073] Ibidem, 516-18.--Autos acordados, Lib. V, Tit. x, Auto 1.

[1074] Colmeiro, Córtes, II, 88, 98, 121, 147, 163, 168, 180, 192, 199, 207.--Córtes de Madrid del año de Setenta y tres, Peticion 57 (Alcalá. 1575).

[1075] Bleda, Coronica de los Moros, pp. 864, 1025.

[1076] Salazar, Crónica del Gran Cardenal de España, Lib. I, cap. 68 (Madrid, 1625).

[1077] Dávila, Vida de Felipe III, p. 216.

[1078] Cespedes y Meneses, Don Felipe Quarto, Lib, II, cap. 10.

[1079] Cartas de Jesuitas (Mem. hist. español, XIII, 86).

[1080] Autos Acordados, Lib. IV, Tit. i, Auto 4.

[1081] Llorente, Coleccion diplomática, p. 44.

[1082] Autos Acordados, Lib. V, Tit. x, Auto 3.

[1083] C. Trident. Sess. XXI, De Reform. cap. 2; Sess. XXIII, De Reform. cap. 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14; Sess. XXV, De Reg. et Mon. cap. 3.

[1084] Innocent. PP. XIII, Constit. _Apostolici ministerii_, 13 Maii, 1723. Confirmed by Benedict XIII, September 23, 1724 (Bullar. Roman. XIII, 60).

[1085] Semanário erúdito, X, 149-58.

[1086] Ibidem, VII, 172, 182-4; VIII, 231-33.

[1087] Novís. Recop., Lib. 1, Tit. v, leyes 14, 15, 17, 18. Under Carlos III the numbers of the clergy were:

1768. 1787. Parish priests 15,639 16,689 Beneficed clergy, vicars etc. 51,408 42,707 Regular clergy, males 55,453 47,515 Do. Do. females 27,665 24,559 Servants, sacristans, acolytes, etc. 25,248 16,376 Treasurers of religious houses 8,552 4,127 -------- -------- 183,965 151,973

The falling off in 1787 is probably due to greater rigor in scrutinizing claims to exemption.

[1088] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. V, p. 19.

[1089] Ricordi sulla Spagna nell'anno 1853 (Ibidem, III, 469).

[1090] Conservacion de Monarquías, Discurso XLV.

[1091] Bibl. nacional, MSS., D, 118, fol. 146, n 49.

[1092] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. V, p. 450.

[1093] Ibidem, T. VI, p. 378.--Zanetornato, p. 88.

The _subsidio_ was a grant from Paul IV to arm sixty galleys, a purpose which was speedily forgotten. The _excusado_ was a grant from Paul V empowering the king to claim in each parish the tithe of the largest tithe-payer, but it led to difficulties in collecting and was commuted.

[1094] Archivo de Simancas, Inquisicion de Granada, Expedientes varios, Leg. 2.

[1095] Jovellanos, Informe, p. 88.

[1096] Marina, Teoria de las Córtes, P. I, cap. xiii, n. 24 (Madrid, 1820).

The burden of the tithe was the same in France under the _ancien régime_. As a recent writer remarks "Les dimes étaient une des plus lourdes, peutêtre même celle qui pesait sur les campagnes de la façon la plus générale et la plus fâcheuse ... on ne devrait pas oublier que le droit en lui-même était, le plus souvent, bien moins odieux, moins funeste, que les abus auxquels il donnait lieu ou servait de prétexte."--Edme Champion, La Séparation de l'Eglise et de l'Etat en 1794 (Paris, 1903).

The tithes and first fruits were by no means the only ecclesiastical exaction which impoverished the husbandman. An anonymous _Presbítero secular_ who, in 1828, vigorously defended the temporalities of the Church, candidly admits the oppressiveness of some of its revenues. Among those enumerated was one known as _Luctuosa_--the right to the best head of cattle on the death of the peasant. The lay lords had mostly commuted this for a small money payment, but the clergy farmed it out and the farmers exacted it with the utmost rigor, not only on the death of the head of a family but on that of every member, so that the survivors, in the hour of bereavement, were often stripped of the means of cultivating their holdings. In 1787 the people of the see of Lugo, after a long struggle, obtained from Carlos III a decree restricting it to the death of the head of the family and commuting it to a money payment of sixty reales when four head of cattle were owned and lesser sums for a smaller number.--Historia y Origen de las Rentas de la Iglesia de España, pp. 90-7 (Madrid, 1828).

This exaction was by no means confined to Spain. See Burn's Law Dictionary s. v. Heriot and Du Cange s. vv. _Hereotum_, _Luctuosa_.

[1097] Breve Memoria (Döllinger, Beiträge zur polit. kirchl. u. Cultur-Geschichte, III, 203).

[1098] C. Hispalens. ann. 1512, cap. 13, 17, 23, 26, 27 (Aguirre, T. V).--Barrantes, Aparato para la Hist. de Extremadura, I, 469.

[1099] De justa Hæreticorum punitione, Lib. III, cap. 5.

[1100] Comentarios, fol. 167, 260.

[1101] Archivo de Simancas, Patronato Real, Inq., Leg. único, fol. 76.

[1102] Synod. Oriolan., ann. 1600, cap. xxviii (Aguirre, VI, 457).

[1103] Alphonsus a Castro adversus Hæreses, Lib. I, cap. xii.

[1104] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. V, p. 79.

[1105] Col. de Doc. inéd., V, 83, 85.

[1106] Bleda, Corónica de los Moros, p. 910.--See Bonifacii PP. VIII. Bull. _Unam Sanctam_ (Extrav. Commun., Lib. I, Tit. VIII, cap. 1). Also the _De Regimine Principum_, Lib. III, cap. x, xiii, xix, which passes under the name of Aquinas.

[1107] Picatoste, La Grandeza y Decadencia de España, III, 192 (Madrid, 1887).

[1108] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. II, p. 208.

[1109] Dávila, Hist. de Felipe III, Lib. II, cap. lvii.

[1110] Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib. V, fol. 93, 95, 97.

[1111] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. I, pp. 341-2; II, 61, 213; III, 222-3.

[1112] Sandoval, Vida del Emp. Carlos V, II, 740, 777, 792 (Barcelona, 1625).

[1113] Gachard, Correspondance de Philippe II, Tom. II, 27, 44, 58; III, 588.

[1114] Pallavicini, Hist. Conc. Trident., Lib. XIV, cap. xi, n. 2.

See also the letter of St. Pius V, April 26, 1569, to the Duke of Anjou (Henry III) congratulating him on his victory over the Huguenots at Jarnac, and urging him to show himself inexorable to those who should plead for mercy towards heretics and rebels.--Pii Quinti Epistolar. Lib. V, p. 168 (Antverpiæ, 1640).

[1115] Testamento y Codicilo del Rey Don Felipe II, p. 14 (Madrid, 1882).

[1116] Relazioni Lucchese, p. 16.

[1117] In his instructions to Colonel Lockhart, his envoy to France after the negotiation of the treaty of 1656, Cromwell tells him to explain to Cardinal Mazarin "what my principles are which led me to a closure with France rather than with Spaine ... viz. that the one gives libertie of conscience to the professors of the Protestant religion and the other persecuteing it with losse of life and estate."--Prof. C. H. Firth, in English Historical Review, October, 1906, p. 744.

[1118] Coleccion de Tratados de Paz; Phelipe IV, P. VII, p. 685.

[1119] MSS. of Bodleian Library, Arch Seld., 130.

[1120] A. de Castro adv. Hæreses, Lib. I, cap. xiii.

[1121] Comentarios, fol. 209.

Spain was not exceptional in this. In 1700, a pastoral of Archbishop Precipiano of Mechlin describes with equal energy this profanation of saints' days.--Collectio Synodorum Archiep. Mechliniensis, II, 434 (Mechliniæ, 1829).

[1122] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. V, p. 18.--In 1565, Giovanni Soranzo makes the same statement and both remark on the facility with which Spanish troops passed over to the infidel--Ibid, p. 82.

[1123] Aspilcueta de Oratione, cap. v, n. 25-35.

It was not until 1772 that Carlos III prohibited, in the churches of Madrid, the dances and _gigantones_ and _tarascas_, or great pasteboard figures of giants and serpents, in the processions, as causing disorder and interfering with devotion; and in 1780 this was extended over the whole kingdom.--Novís. Recop., Lib. I, Tit. i, ley 12.

[1124] Santos, El no Importe, pp. 107-31.--For a similar description by Juan de Zabaleta see his "El dia de fiesta," Obras, p. 166 (Madrid, 1728). The _El no Importe_ was reprinted in 1787.

These profanities were not confined to Spain and were condemned by the Council of Tours in 1583 and by Archbishop Precipiano of Mechlin, in 1700.--Concil. Turonens., ann. 1583, Tit. xv (Harduin X, 1424).--(Collect. Synod. Mechlin., II, 436).

[1125] Bibliothèque nationale de France, fonds Dupuy, no. 589, fol. 30.

[1126] Relacion del Auto de fe de 1733. Discurso isagogico, § 2 (Lima, 1733).

[1127] P. Ricardo Cappa, S. J., La Inquisicion española, Madrid, 1888.

[1128] Don A. Rodríguez Villa has printed the essential portions of this memorial in the _Boletin_ for July--September 1906, pp. 87-103. It is anonymous and without date, though he tells us that a note on the MS., in a contemporary hand, attributes it to P. Hernando de Salazar or to D. Diego Serrano de Silva, of the Suprema. It is unquestionably by a member of the Suprema, for no one else would have such knowledge of the internal affairs of the Inquisition or discourse of them so freely, even to the sovereign. Allusion to the successes of the Dutch in Brazil assign it to the time, between 1620 and 1630, when there was so much discussion as to the Portuguese New Christians (see Vol. III, p. 275), to which this paper was doubtless a contribution.

[1129] Oligarquía y Caciquismo, pp. 22, 679 (Madrid, 1903).

[1130] Doctor Madrazo, while deploring the antinational policy of the ecclesiastical establishment, bears emphatic testimony to the individual virtues of the clergy, regular and secular and their efforts to realize, each in his own sphere, the ideal of Christianity. He attributes their influence on Spanish policy to the power possessed by the papacy of precipitating through them at any moment a Carlist revolt.--El Pueblo español ha muerto? pp. 140-6 (Santander, 1903).

In a very thoughtful paper, Professor Rafael Altamira and his colleagues of the University of Oviedo allude to the theocratic reaction which opposes all progress in the direction of toleration and culture and which threatens a civil war that would be the end of Spain.--Oligarquía y Caciquismo, p. 192.

[1131] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. VI, p. 371; T. V, p. 288.--Spicilegio Vaticano, I, 461.--Relazioni Lucchese, p. 21.

[1132] Ortí y Lara, La Inquisicion, p. xiv.--Macias Picavea, El Problema, p. 229.

[1133] This is largely the case in the detail often given of the practices of sorcery. For these there might be some excuse offered, but there is none when wholly superfluous descriptions are included of vice too nauseous to bear transcription.

[1134] Corella, Praxis Confeseionis, P. II, Perorat. n. 3.--Picatoste, III, 113-23, 158, 162.--Villa, La Corte y Monarquía, p. xvi.

[1135] Chapters from the Religious History of Spain, p. 102.

[1136] Döllinger u. Reusch, Moral-Streitigkeiten, I, 319.

[1137] For this social anarchy see Picatoste, III, 86-9.

[1138] Roda, Dictamen á una Consulta (MS. _penes me_).

[1139] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 69, fol. 2, 8.

[1140] Corpo Diplomatico Portugues, III, 247.

[1141] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. II, p. 40; T. III, p. 252; T. V, pp. 22, 83, 144, 288, 392, 485; T. VI, pp. 367, 412.

[1142] Erasmi Epistolæ, Auctarium, p. 114 (Londoni, 1642).

[1143] Mariana, Hist. de España, Lib. XXIV, cap. xvii.

[1144] Archivo de Simancas, Inq. de Barcelona, Córtes, Leg. 17, fol. 74.

[1145] Historia verdadera, III, 509.

[1146] Die Kirchengeschichte von Spanien, Bd. III, Abt II, p. 74.--Cf. Hefele, Der Cardinal Ximenes, pp. 327 sqq.

Father Gams exposes his ignorance when he tells us that he excludes the burnings for other crimes than heresy, as if there were such, except the rare cases of unnatural crime in Aragon. He even implies that the Inquisition burnt for usury and smuggling.

[1147] Hist. crít., T. IX, pp. 209, 211, 213, 214 (Madrid, 1822).

The total of Llorente's extravagant guesses, from the foundation of the Inquisition to 1808, is:

Burnt in person 31,912 Burnt in effigy 17,659 Heavily penanced 291,450 ------- 341,021

Hist. crít, IX, 233.

This is slightly modified by Gallois in his abridgement of Llorente's work (Histoire abregée de la Inquisition d'Espagne, 6^{e} Ed., p. 351-2, Paris, 1828). He gives the figures:

Burnt alive 34,658 Burnt in effigy 18,049 Condemned to galleys or prison 288,214 ------- 340,921

It will be observed that Gallois unscrupulously classifies all personal relaxations as burnings alive and all penances as galleys or prison.

[1148] Hist. de los Judíos de España, III, 492-3.

[1149] Procedimientos de la Inquisicion, I, 116-17 (Madrid, 1886).

[1150] Pulgar, Cronica, P. II, cap. lxxvii.

[1151] L. Marinæi Siculi de Reb. Hispan., Lib. XIX.--Illescas, Hist. Pontifical, P. II, Lib. VI, c. xix.--Mariana, Hist. de España, Lib. XXIV, cap. xvii.--Páramo, p. 139.--Garibay, Comp. Hist., Lib. XVIII, cap. xvii.

[1152] Hist. de los Reyes Católicos, cap. xliv.

[1153] Zuñiga, Annales de Sevilla, año 1524, n. 3--Varflora, Compendio de Sevilla, P. II, cap. 1.

[1154] Bernáldez, _ubi sup._

[1155] Lalaing, Voyage de Philippe le Beau (Gachard, Voyages des Souverains, I, 203).

[1156] Zurita, Añales, Lib. XX, cap. xlix. The fact that so careful an historian as Zurita, who sought everywhere for documentary evidence, had no official statistics to cite shows that none such existed in the Suprema relating to the early years of the Inquisition.

[1157] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. II, p. 40.

[1158] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 262.--It is possible that these figures may be only of residents of Ciudad Real. Páramo (p. 170) states the numbers for the tribunal, during its two years of existence, at 52 relaxations in person, 220 in effigy and 183 reconciliations. The record just cited gives for Ciudad Real, from 1484 to 1531, 113 relaxed in person, 129 in effigy, 16 reconciled, 11 penanced, 19 absolved, 3 discharged on bail and 8 of which the sentence is not stated--all, apparently, residents of the town.

[1159] Relacion de la Inquisicion Toledana (Boletin, XI, 292 sqq).

The Córdova tribunal also burned 90 residents of Chillon, who had been duped by the prophetess of Herrera (Ibidem, p. 308).

[1160] Hist. crit., IX, 210.

[1161] See Appendix of Vol. I. It must be borne in mind that, in the early years, small autos were held elsewhere than in the centres. Thus, in the _Libro Verde_ there are allusions to them in Barbastro, Huesca, Monzon, Lérida and Tamarit (Revista de España, CVI, 250-1, 263-4, 266). The aggregate for these, however, would make little difference in the totals.

[1162] Libro Verde (Revista de España, CVI, 570-83). The relaxations by years were:

1483--1 1495--9 1512--4 1542--1 1485--4 1496--1 1520--1 1543--1 1486--26 1497--18 1521--2 1546--2 1487--25 1498--2 1522--1 1549--1 1488--13 1499--13 1524--1 1561--4 1489--2 1500--5 1526--1 1563--1 1490--1 1502--2 1528--2 1565--1 1491--10 1505--1 1534--1 1566--1 1492--15 1506--5 1535--1 1567--2 1493--11 1510--1 1537--1 1574--2 1494--1 1511--5 1539--1

The number in 1486-7-8 is attributable to the assassination of San Pedro Arbués.

[1163] Carbonell de Gestis Hæret. (Col. de Doc. de la C. de Aragon, XXVII, XXVIII).

[1164] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 98, 300.

[1165] Cronicon de Valladolid (Col. de Doc. inéd., XIII, 176-9, 187).

[1166] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 595.

[1167] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[1168] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[1169] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 1020.

[1170] Royal Library of Berlin, Qt. 9548.

To illustrate the discrepancy between the facts as stated above and the reckless computations of Llorente, which have been so largely accepted, it may not be amiss to compare the facts with the corresponding figures resulting from his system of calculation, for the tribunals and periods named:

Records. Llorente. Toledo, 1483-1501. Relaxed in person 297 666 Relaxed in effigy 600 433 Imprisoned, about 200} Reconciled under edicts 5200} 6,200 Do. 1575-1610. Relaxed in person 11 252 Relaxed in effigy 15 120 Penanced 904 1,396 Do. 1648-1794. Relaxed in person 8 297 Relaxed in effigy 63 129 Penanced 1094 1,188 up to 1746. Saragossa, 1485-1502. Relaxed in person 124 584 Relaxed in effigy 32 392 Penanced 458 7,004 Barcelona, 1488-98. Relaxed in person 23 432 Relaxed in effigy 430 316 Imprisoned 116} Reconciled under edicts 304} 5,122 Valencia, 1485-1592. Relaxed in person 643 1,538 Relaxed in effigy 479 869 Tried 3104 16,677 penanced. Valladolid, 1485-92. Relaxed in person 50 424 Relaxed in effigy 6 312 Penanced ? 3,884 Majorca, 1488-1691. Relaxed in person 139 1,778 Relaxed in effigy 482 978 Penanced 975 17,861 All tribunals, 1721-27. Relaxed in person 77 238 Relaxed in effigy 74 119 Penanced 811 1,428

It will thus be seen how entirely fallacious was the guess-work on which Llorente based his system.

An even more conclusive comparison is furnished by the little tribunal of the Canaries. After 1524, Llorente includes it among the tribunals by which he multiplies the number of yearly victims assigned to each. He thus makes it responsible, from first to last, for 1118 relaxations in person and 574 in effigy. Millares (Historia de la Inquisicion en las Islas Canaries, III, 164-8) has printed the official list of the _quemados_ during the whole career of the tribunal, and they amount in all to eleven burnt in person and a hundred and seven in effigy. The number of the latter is accounted for by the fact that, to render its autos interesting, it was often in the habit of prosecuting _in absentia_ Moorish and negro slaves who escaped to Africa after baptism and who thus were constructively relapsed.

Dr. Schäfer (Beiträge, I, 157), after an exhaustive examination of the accessible records, has collected references to 2100 persons tried for Protestantism during the second half of the sixteenth century. Protestants were punished with special severity, but in these cases the total of relaxations in person was about 220 and in effigy about 120, and all these, as we have seen, were largely foreigners.

[1171] Bernáldez, Hist. de los Reyes Católicos, cap. xliv.

[1172] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 979, fol. 40.

[1173] Garau, La Fee triunfante, pp. 86, 91.

It should not be forgotten that it was only in 1790 that in England the burning of women for high and petty treason was commuted to drawing and hanging by 30 Geo. III, cap. 48 (Statutes at Large, XVI, 57).

[1174] Juan de Valera, Del Influjo de la Inquisicion (Disertaciones, p. 108).--Menéndez y Pelayo, II, 707.--Ortí y Lara, La Inquisicion, p. 270.--P. Ricardo Cappa, La Inquisicion española, p. 146.

[1175] Estudio del Maestre Nebrija, pp. 53-7, 97 (Madrid, 1879).

[1176] Historía de España, Prólogo.

[1177] Las Cinco Excelencias del Español, fol. 49, 52 (Pamplona, 1629).

[1178] See tracts by Laurean Pérez of Salamanca and Gerónimo López of Saragossa in Bodleian Library, A, Subt. 16.

[1179] Revista crítica de Historia y Literatura, T. VI, p. 6.

[1180] Ochoa, Epistolario español, II, 182.

[1181] Elógio de la Reina Católica Doña Isabel, p. 51 (Madrid, 1821.)

[1182] Del Influjo de la Inquisicion (Disertaciones, pp. 108, 121).

[1183] Strype's Memorials, II, 214-15.--Burnet's Reformation, Vol. II, Collections, n. 33.--XXIX Car. II, c. 9 (Statutes at Large, II, 390).

[1184] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 942, fol. 53.--MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen, 218^{b}, p. 200.--See Appendix.

* * * * *

Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:

Arcihvo de Simancas=> Archivo de Simancas {pg 25 n.}

The technicalties=> The technicalities {pg 115}

It if were religious=> If it were religious {pg 178}

Archvio de Simancas=> Archivo de Simancas {pg 304}

for a neice=> for a niece {pg 312}

pronouncd=> pronounced {pg 367}

After the battle of Liepzig=> After the battle of Leipzig {pg 419}

inquisitorial acivity=> inquisitorial activity {pg 501}

commerical era=> commericial era {pg 505}

Bernières-Louvigni, his Quietism, iv, 63=> Bernières-Louvigny, his Quietism, iv, 63 {pg 554 index}

conflicts of jurisdicition, i, 514=> conflicts of jurisdiction, i, 514 {pg 555 index}

Climent, Bp., of Barcelona, iv, 293=> Clíment, Bp., of Barcelona, iv, 293 {pg 561 index}

Días, Blanquina, case of, ii, 122=> Díaz, Blanquina, case of, ii, 122 {pg 567 index}

condemns the _Mistíca Ciudad_, iv, 40=> condemns the _Mística Ciudad_, iv, 40 {pg 579 index}