CHAPTER VIII.

THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE STEAM-ENGINE.

ITS APPLICATION; ITS TEACHINGS RESPECTING THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE ENGINE AND ITS IMPROVEMENT 457

Origin of all Energy, 457; the Progress of Energy through Boiler and Engine, 458; Conditions of Heat-Development in the Boiler, 458; the Steam in the Engine, 458; the Expansion of Steam, 459; Conditions of Heat-Utilization, 460; Loss of Power in the Engine, 462; Conditions affecting the Design of the Steam-Engine, 466; the Problem stated, 466; Economy as affected by Pressure and Temperature, 467; Changes which have already occurred, 468; Direction of Changes now in Progress, 470; Summary of Facts, 471; Characteristics of a Good Steam-Engine, 473; Principles of Steam-Boiler Construction, 476.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FRONTISPIECE: The Grecian Idea of the Steam-Engine.

FIG. PAGE 1. Opening Temple-Doors by Steam, B. C. 200 6 2. Steam Fountain, B. C. 200 7 3. Hero's Engine, B. C. 200 8 4. Porta's Apparatus, A. D. 1601 14 5. De Caus's Apparatus, A. D. 1605 15 6. Branca's Steam-Engine, A. D. 1629 17 7. Worcester's Steam-Fountain, A. D. 1650 21 8. Worcester's Engine, A. D. 1665 22 9. Wall of Raglan Castle 22 10. Huyghens's Engine, 1680 26 11. Savery's Model, 1698 34 12. Savery's Engine, 1698 35 13. Savery's Engine, A. D. 1702 37 14. Papin's Two-Way Cock 42 15. Engine Built by Desaguliers in 1718 43 16. Papin's Digester, 1680 48 17. Papin's Engine 50 18. Papin's Engine and Water-Wheel, A. D. 1707 53 19. Newcomen's Engine, A. D. 1705 59 20. Beighton's Valve-Gear, A. D. 1718 63 21. Smeaton's Newcomen Engine 65 22. Boiler of Newcomen Engine, 1763 67 23. Smeaton's Portable-Engine Boiler, 1765 73 24. The Newcomen Model 84 25. Watt's Experiment 89 26. Watt's Engine, 1774 98 27. Watt's Engine, 1781 104 28. Expansion of Steam 108 29. The Governor 115 30. Mercury Steam-Gauge and Glass Water-Gauge 117 31. Boulton & Watt's Double-Acting Engine, 1784 119 32. Valve-Gear of the Albion Mills Engine 121 33. Watt's Half-Trunk Engine, 1784 122 34. The Watt Hammer, 1784 123 35. James Watt's Workshop 129 36. Murdoch's Oscillating Engine, 1785 134 37. Hornblower's Compound Engine, 1781 136 38. Bull's Pumping-Engine, 1798 139 39. Cartwright's Engine, 1798 141 40. The First Railroad-Car, 1825 144 41. Leupold's Engine, 1720 148 42. Newton's Steam-Carriage, 1680 149 43. Read's Steam-Carriage, 1790 150 44. Cugnot's Steam-Carriage, 1770 151 45. Murdoch's Model, 1784 153 46. Evans's Non-Condensing Engine, 1800 156 47. Evans's "Oruktor Amphibolis," 1804 157 48. Gurney's Steam-Carriage 163 49. Hancock's "Autopsy", 1833 168 50. Trevithick's Locomotive, 1804 175 51. Stephenson's Locomotive of 1815. Section 187 52. Stephenson's No. 1 Engine, 1825 191 53. Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railroad, 1815 192 54. The "Novelty," 1829 197 55. The "Rocket," 1829 198 56. The Atmospheric Railroad 202 57. Stephenson's Locomotive, 1833 203 58. The Stephenson Valve-Gear, 1833 206 59. The "Atlantic," 1832 210 60. The "Best Friend," 1830 211 61. The "West Point," 1831 212 62. The "South Carolina," 1831 213 63. The "Stevens" Rail and Enlarged Section 215 64. "Old Ironsides," 1832 216 65. The "E. L. Miller," 1834 217 66. Hulls's Steamboat, 1736 226 67. Fitch's Model, 1785 236 68. Fitch & Voight's Boiler, 1787 238 69. Fitch's First Boat, 1787 238 70. John Fitch, 1788 239 71. John Fitch, 1796 240 72. Miller, Taylor & Symmington, 1788 242 73. Read's Boiler in Section, 1788 245 74. Read's Multi-Tubular Boiler, 1788 245 75. The "Charlotte Dundas," 1801 247 76. The "Comet," 1812 248 77. Fulton's Experiments 253 78. Fulton's Table of Resistances 254 79. Barlow's Water-Tube Boiler, 1793 256 80. The "Clermont," 1807 258 81. Engine of the "Clermont," 1808 258 82. Launch of the "Fulton the First," 1804 262 83. Section of Steam-Boiler, 1804 264 84. Engine, Boiler, and Screw-Propellers used by Stevens, 1804 265 85. Stevens's Screw Steamer, 1804 265 86. John Stevens's Twin-Screw Steamer, 1805 269 87. The Feathering Paddle-Wheel 272 88. The "North America" and "Albany," 1827-'30 274 89. Stevens's Return Tubular Boiler, 1832 275 90. Stevens's Valve-Motion 276 91. The "Atlantic," 1851 290 92. The Side-Lever Engine, 1849 291 93. Vertical Stationary Steam-Engine 308 94. Vertical Stationary Steam-Engine. Section 309 95. Horizontal Stationary Steam-Engine 312 96. Horizontal Stationary Steam-Engine 313 97. Corliss Engine 319 98. Corliss Engine Valve-Motion 320 99. Greene Engine 321 100. Thurston's Greene-Engine Valve-Gear 322 101. Cornish Pumping-Engine, 1880 329 102. Steam-Pump 331 103. The Worthington Pumping-Engine, 1876. Section 333 104. The Worthington Pumping-Engine 334 105. Double-Cylinder Pumping-Engine, 1878 335 106. The Lawrence Water-Works Engine 336 107. The Leavitt Pumping-Engine 337 108. Babcock & Wilcox's Vertical Boiler 341 109. Stationary "Locomotive" Boiler 342 110. Galloway Tube 343 111. Harrison's Sectional Boiler 345 112. Babcock and Wilcox's Sectional Boiler 346 113. Root Sectional Boiler 347 114. Semi-Portable Engine, 1878 348 115. Semi-Portable Engine, 1878 349 116. The Portable Steam-Engine, 1878 354 117. The Thrashers' Road-Engine, 1878 355 118. Fisher's Steam-Carriage 356 119. Road and Farm Locomotive 357 120. The Latta Steam Fire-Engine 361 121. The Amoskeag Engine. Section 363 122. The Silsby Rotary Steam Fire-Engine 364 123. Rotary Steam-Engine 365 124. Rotary Pump 366 125. Tank Engine, New York Elevated Railroad 369 126. Forney's Tank-Locomotive 370 127. British Express Engine 371 128. The Baldwin Locomotive. Section 372 129. The American Type of Express Engine, 1878 374 130. Beam Engine 380 131. Oscillating Steam-Engine and Feathering Paddle-Wheel 381 132. The Two "Rhode Islands," 1836-1876 383 133. A Mississippi Steamboat 384 134. Steam-Launch, New York Steam-Power Company 386 135. Launch-Engine 387 136. Horizontal, Direct-acting Naval Screw Engine 389 137. Compound Marine Engine. Side Elevation 390 138. Compound Marine Engine. Front Elevation and Section 391 139. Screw-Propeller 400 140. Tug-Boat Screw 401 141. Hirsch Screw 401 142. Marine Fire-Tubular Boiler. Section 403 143. Marine High-Pressure Boiler. Section 404 144. The Modern Steamship 407 145. Modern Iron-Clads 410 146. The "Great Eastern" 415 147. The "Great Eastern" at Sea 416

PORTRAITS.

NO. PAGE 1. Edward Somerset, the Second Marquis of Worcester 20 2. Thomas Savery 31 3. Denys Papin 46 4. James Watt 80 5. Matthew Boulton 94 6. Oliver Evans 154 7. Richard Trevithick 174 8. Colonel John Stevens 178 9. George Stephenson 183 10. Robert Fulton 251 11. Robert L. Stevens 270 12. John Elder 393 13. Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford 434 14. James Prescott Joule 439 15. Prof. W. J. M. Rankine 443

["A Machine, receiving at distant times and from many hands new combinations and improvements, and becoming at last of signal benefit to mankind, may be compared to a rivulet swelled in its course by tributary streams, until it rolls along a majestic river, enriching, in its progress, provinces and kingdoms.

"In retracing the current, too, from where it mingles with the ocean, the pretensions of even ample subsidiary streams are merged in our admiration of the master-flood, glorying, as it were, in its expansion. But as we continue to ascend, those waters which, nearer the sea, would have been disregarded as unimportant, begin to rival in magnitude and share our attention with the parent stream; until, at length, on our approaching the fountains of the river, it appears trickling from the rock, or oozing from among the flowers of the valley.

"So, also, in developing the rise of a machine, a coarse instrument or a toy may be recognized as the germ of that production of mechanical genius, whose power and usefulness have stimulated our curiosity to mark its changes and to trace its origin. The same feelings of reverential gratitude which attached holiness to the spot whence mighty rivers sprang, also clothed with divinity, and raised altars in honor of, inventors of the saw, the plough, the potter's wheel, and the loom."--STUART.]

THE GROWTH OF THE STEAM-ENGINE.