Chapter 21

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE.

[Sidenote: 1793-1815--The genius of the great Bonaparte]

Nothing in the history of the world is quite as wonderful as the history of the first Napoleon. No other man ever rose from so little to so much, ever played a greater part in the eyes of the civilized world, was more monstrous in his triumphs or more tragic in his fall. Everything connected with his strange career was distorted, exaggerated, seemingly out of all proportion to the familiarities, the conventionalities, and even the possibilities of existence. As the ancient Greeks, in their sculpture, for the delineation of their gods permitted themselves the use of the heroic size and made their immortals and their demi-gods more than common tall, and more than common comely, so might the modern historian seem privileged in the use of a superlative style in dealing with a life so phenomenal, so unbounded by the average horizon, so ungoverned by the ordinary laws. And yet no more is needed than the cold statement of the stages in that great story, of the steps which conducted to the summit of the pyramid only to be descended on the other side. Such a statement is itself the sermon on an earthly glory that was almost unearthly in the vastness of its aims and of its gains, and on a humiliation that restored humanity to reason and reaffirmed the inexorable lesson. As the mere names of battles on the commemorative arch appeal to the memories, the ambitions, and the passions of a military race with a monumental emphasis that is not to be rivalled by the painter or writer, so a few simple words serve to contrast with a simplicity that is in itself a pomp the crowns and the catastrophes of that amazing visitation. "Corsica," "St. Helena," "Brumaire," "Moscow," "Toulon," {332} "Waterloo." The chronicle of the great conqueror is written in little in the names of two islands, two battles, and two towns.

[Sidenote: 1803-15--England's fear of Napoleon]

To Frenchmen, even to the Frenchmen who are most opposed to him, Napoleon must always be an object for gratitude and for admiration. The most passionate champion of the Bourbon lilies and the doctrine of the divine right of kings cannot refuse to recognize that Napoleon Bonaparte gave to France a greater military glory than she had ever known or ever dreamed of before. The most devout disciple of the principles of '89, the fieriest apostle of the Revolution that went down into the dust before the cunning of Barras and the cannon of the Corsican adventurer, is obliged to admit the splendid services that Napoleon Bonaparte rendered to his adopted country. The one antagonist confesses that the Napoleonic eagles flew with the length of flight and the strength of wing of the Roman eagles. The other antagonist sees with approval the Code Napoléon and the Order of the Legion of Honor, the Simplon Road and the Canal of St. Quentin, the encouragement given to arts, to letters, and to commerce, the reorganization of finance and the reconstitution of the army. But to the average Englishman of that time, and for long afterwards, Napoleon was first and last and always the implacable enemy of Great Britain. From the day of Toulon to the day of Waterloo, Bonaparte was the Big Bogey of England; always either fighting against her openly or plotting against her secretly, always guided by one purpose, always haunted by one hope--the conquest of a country that had learned to look upon herself as unconquerable. Pitt, who hated war, was destined to play the uncongenial part of a War Minister, with one short interval, for the rest of his life, and to devote his genius and his energy to a life-and-death struggle with the soldier of fortune who was yesterday the hero of Italy, to-day First Consul, to-morrow to be Emperor of the French. The story of Pitt's life, for the rest of Pitt's life, is the story of a struggle against Napoleon, a struggle maintained under difficulties and disadvantages that might well have {333} broken a strong man's heart, and that seemed to end in disaster when the strong man's heart was broken.

It looked for long enough as if nothing could withstand the military genius or sate the ambition of Napoleon. On his sword sat laurel victory, and smooth success was strewn before his feet. He overran Egypt, and dreamed of rivalling the Eastern conquests of Alexander. The Kingdoms of Europe crumpled up before him. On land he seemed to be little less than invincible. England was only safe from him because England held the supremacy of the sea. When the war with France began England was blessed with an effective navy, and England's fleet was England's fortune in the days when the conqueror of a continent was the nightmare of an island. A monstrous regiment of caricaturists were painting themselves into fame by fantastic and ferocious presentations of the man who was so fiercely hated because he was so greatly dreaded. Some of these caricatures are pitifully ignoble, some in their kind are masterpieces; all are animated by a great fury that is partly the outcome of a great fear. For years that fear was always present; for years it was always well within the bounds of possibility that the fear might be realized in a great national catastrophe. In every coast town of England men volunteered and drilled and manned defences, and scanned with anxious eyes the horizon for the sails that were to fulfil a menace more terrible than the menace of the Armada. England's military fame had dwindled on the battle-fields of Europe; England's strength at home was as nothing compared to the strength that France could employ against her if once France could obtain a landing on her shores. Napoleon had declared scornfully that the country with the few millions of men must give way to the country with many millions of men. All that he needed to reduce England, as he had reduced so many other of the kingdoms of the earth, was to place his armed majority where it could act with overwhelming force against an armed minority. Only one thing lay between him and his purpose, but that one thing was the navy of England. Napoleon knew that if he had but {334} command of the Channel for a very few hours the landing of which he had dreamed, and for which he had schemed so long, would be a reality, and a march on London as easy as a march on Vienna. But he never got those few hours' command of the sea. Perhaps no greater monument of human vanity exists than the medal which Napoleon, madly prophesying, caused to be struck in commemoration of the conquest of England. Perhaps no pages of all the pages of history are more splendid than those which record the triumphs and the glories of the English fleet in the mortal struggle with France. When the great war began it was well for England that her navy was in effective condition; it was perhaps better still that the traditions of her navy were rich with heroic deeds, examples splendid to emulate, hard to surpass, but which, however, the sailors of King George the Third were destined to surpass.

[Sidenote: 1797--Mutinies in the British Navy]

Yet the conditions of life under which the English sailor lived were scarcely of a kind to foster the serene, austere virtues of patriotism and heroism. The English sailor was often snared into the active service of his country sorely against his will by means of the odious instrument for recruiting known as the press-gang. His existence on board the mighty and beautiful men-of-war was a life that at its best was a life of the severest hardship, and that at its worst was hard indeed to endure. He and his fellows were herded together under conditions of indescribable filth, squalor, and discomfort, often foolishly ill-fed, often cruelly ill-treated, often the victims of intolerable tyranny from brutal superiors. It is sometimes little short of marvellous that the sailors on whose faith the safety of England depended should have proved so faithful, so cheerful, so desperately brave. There was, indeed, a moment when the faith of some of them failed, and when the safety of England was in greater jeopardy than it had been in since the crescent of the Armada was reported off Plymouth or the Dutch ships lay in the Medway. While the war with France was still in its gloomy dawn the unwisdom of treating British sailors worse than beasts of burden came near to wrecking the kingdom. In 1797 the crews {335} of very many of the King's ships were exasperated by ill-treatments and injustices of many kinds, exasperated most of all by the fatal folly of long arrears of pay--a folly which in France, but eight years earlier, had been one of the most powerful factors in aiding the spread of the Revolution. There came a point when the sense of injury seemed too hard to bear, and England was startled by the news of a mutiny at Spithead. But the mutiny, if alarming, was kept within moderate bounds and under control by the mutineers; it was temperately met and temperately dealt with by Lord Howe, and it soon came to an end. It was immediately followed by a far more alarming mutiny which broke out among the ships at the Nore. This mutiny, headed by a seaman named Parker, who proved himself a bold and daring spirit, swelled swiftly to serious proportions. Londoners saw the mouth of their river blockaded by the war-ships of England, saw their capital city fortified against the menaces of the men they relied upon as their saviors. Admiral Duncan, busily engaged in keeping a Dutch fleet cooped up in the river Texel, suddenly beheld almost the whole of his squadron desert him and sail away to join Parker and his fellow-mutineers at the Nore. It was one of the gravest crises in English history, one of the greatest perils that England had to face during the whole of the French war. But the danger was weathered, the peril overcome. The Government faced the dangers of mutiny as firmly as they had faced the dangers of the war. Whatever the provocation, mutiny at such a moment was a national crime. It flickered out as tamely as it blazed up fiercely. Parker and some of his fellow-conspirators were hanged, strong men dying unhappily, and once again England had only her foreign foes to reckon with. Over away by the Texel stout-hearted Duncan, with only his flagship and two frigates to represent the sea power of England, met the difficulty with a shiftiness worthy of Ulysses. Through all his long hours of loneliness he kept on gallantly signalling away to an imaginary fleet, and the Dutchmen in the Texel little dreamed that they were held in check by a deserted admiral {336} upon a desolate sea. When at last they emerged, Duncan's danger was over; his faithless vessels had returned to their faith, and the crushing victory of Camperdown consoled one of the bravest of the brave for an agony unrivalled in the story of the sea.

[Sidenote: 1758-1805--Nelson]

The British admirals are the heroes of the dying eighteenth century. "Admirals all, they said their say, the echoes are rising still"--in the words of Henry Newbolt's gallant song. "Admirals all, they went their way to the haven under the hill." Dundonald was called, and finely called, the last of the sea-kings; but they were all true kinsmen of the Vikings, the admirals who were famous figures in Dundonald's fiery youth and famous memories in Dundonald's noble age. And as the admirals were, so were the captains, so were the men. Fearney sticking the surrendered swords in a sheaf under his arm; Walton calmly informing his superior that "we have taken or destroyed all the Spanish ships on this coast: number as per margin," are typical figures in a tradition of a courage so superlative that Admiral Sir Robert Calder, who fought very gallantly and took two ships, was tried by court-martial and severely reprimanded for not having destroyed the French fleet. The age of George the Third would be memorable, if it were memorable for nothing else, for the deeds and the glories of the great sea fights and the great sea fighters who saved England from invasion, knocking the tall ships of France to pieces, taking monstrous odds with alacrity, eager to engage in all weathers and under all conditions, cheerfully converting what seemed an impossible task into not merely a feasible but an easy piece of business. There are some sea battles of that time, fought out in storm and darkness, which read in the tamest statement with the pomp and beauty of the most majestic music. The names of the great admirals must always be dear to English ears, must always sound sweet on English lips. St. Vincent, Collingwood, Howe, Duncan, the noble list proceeds, each name illuminated with its only splendid story of desperate enterprise and deathless honor, till the proudest name of all is reached, {337} and praise itself seems to falter and fall off before the lonely grandeur of Nelson. Never was a little life filled with greater achievements; never was a little body more compact of the virtues that make great captains and brave men. The life that began in the September of 1758 and that ended in the October of 1805 holds in the compass of its forty-seven years the epitome of what England meant for Englishmen in the days of its greatest peril and its greatest glory. Magnificent, magniloquent, turbulent, it is starred with glowing phrases as thickly as with glowing deeds. "Fear! I never saw fear: what is it?" "A peerage, or Westminster Abbey;" the immortal signal; the famous saying off Copenhagen: "It is warm work; this day will be the last to many of us, but I would not be elsewhere for thousands;" the pathos of the dying lover: "Let my dear Lady Hamilton have my hair;" and the pride of the dying hero: "Thank God, I have done my duty"--all these things are the splendid ornaments of a splendid career; they gleam on his story as his stars and orders gleamed upon his breast when the "Victory" renewed her name. With the battle of Trafalgar and the destruction of the allied French and Spanish fleets Napoleon's dream of England's conquest came to an end. The result was bought at a great price, the price of Nelson's life. But Nelson had done his work, and done it well. He saved his country; he had deserved well of his countrymen; he summed in himself all the qualities that made the English sailor the idol of his people and the terror of his foes.

While Nelson still lived and conquered, there came a check to the troubled supremacy of Pitt. In 1801--when the memories of the battle of the Nile and the defence of Acre were still fresh in men's thoughts, and Napoleon had been for a year First Consul--Pitt, baffled by circumstances, surrendered to mediocrity and Addington was Prime Minister in his place. For three disastrous years Addington was permitted to prove his incompetency, till in 1804 Pitt, as the only possible man, came back to power to face a Napoleon more menacing than ever, a Napoleon now, in that same year, crowned and triumphant as {338} Emperor of the French. England was Mistress of the Seas, but Napoleon was Master of Europe. Pitt's health was fading swiftly; he watched with despair the progress of his enemy. Ulm came, and Austerlitz, and Austerlitz struck Pitt at the heart.

The closing hours of Pitt's career were as troubled and as gloomy as its dawn had been radiant and serene. It may have cost him little to be reconciled with the pompous mediocrity of Addington, and thereby to placate the King. His nature could afford to be magnanimous to the ungrateful incompetency that was able only in betrayal. It need not have given a pang to that proud and lonely spirit to welcome into the Cabinet the Earl of Buckinghamshire, who had wedded the one fair woman whose heart Pitt had won and lost. But the anguish of his soul was wrung into expression by the fall of Dundas. He had loved Dundas, who was now Lord Melville, long and well. Lord Melville's conduct as Treasurer to the Navy provoked from the Opposition a series of condemnatory resolutions. In spite of all that Pitt could do, the resolutions were supported by many of his followers, by many of his friends, by one friend conspicuous among all, by Wilberforce. The division was neck and neck, 216 to 216; the Speaker, "white as a sheet," gave the casting vote against Dundas which stabbed Pitt to the core. Whether it were or no, as Wilberforce maintained, a "false principle of honor" which led the great minister to support Melville, Pitt felt the blow as he had felt nothing before and was to feel but one thing again. Pitt pulled his little cocked hat over his forehead to hide his tears. One brutal adversary, Sir Thomas Mostyn, raised the wild yell of triumph that denotes to huntsmen the death of the fox. Another savage, Colonel Wardle, urged his friends to come and see "how Billy looked after it." But the young Tory gentlemen rallied around their hero. They made a circle of locked arms, and with looks and words that meant swords they kept the aggressors off. In their midst Pitt moved unconsciously out of the House--a broken-hearted man.

[Sidenote: 1806--Death of Pitt]

The heart of Pitt was allowed to feel one pulse of pride {339} and pleasure before it ceased to beat. Pitt shared in the triumph of Trafalgar; he made his best and noblest appearance in public; made his last most splendid speech: "Europe is not to be saved by any single man," he said to those who saluted him at the Guildhall as the savior of Europe. "England has saved herself by her exertions, and will, I trust, save Europe by her example." A few weeks later, in the December of 1805, Pitt was at Bath, when a courier brought him the news of the battle of Austerlitz. The news practically killed him. He had long been ailing grievously. Sir Walter Farquhar's account of Pitt's health, lately made public by Lord Rosebery, proves that the body which cased that great spirit was indeed a ruined body. Grief and anxiety had stamped lines of care and sorrow upon his face, which gave it what Wilberforce afterwards called "the Austerlitz look." The phrase is famous and admirable, if not exactly accurate as used by Wilberforce, for Lord Stanhope shows that Wilberforce never saw Pitt after the battle of Austerlitz was fought. With the Austerlitz look on his face, Pitt travelled to London, to the villa now known as Bowling Green House at Putney. With the Austerlitz look on his face he surrendered himself to the care of his niece, Lady Hester Stanhope, who afterwards lived eccentric and died lonely in the East, a kind of desert queen. With the Austerlitz look on his face he bade that niece roll up the map of Europe: "It will not be wanted these ten years." With the Austerlitz look on his face he died on January 23, 1806.

England, that had lost in three months Nelson and Pitt, was to lose a third great man in only eight months more. Pitt's body lay in Westminster; Pitt's Ministry was dissipated into air; Pitt's great opponent was called to the office for the last time, and for a very short time. Fox, as we are told by his biographer, Lord Russell, never felt personal enmity to Pitt. He said, with generous truth, that he never gave a vote with more satisfaction than his vote in support of the motion to pay Pitt's debts and to settle pensions on his nieces. He could not and did not indorse the proposal to confer honor on the memory of Mr. Pitt {340} as an "excellent statesman." He was ready to take office in the Ministry of All the Talents that Lord Grenville gathered together. He became Foreign Secretary and Leader of the House of Commons.

Fox, in office as out of office, had three great questions closely at heart: the treatment of Catholics, peace with France, and the Slave Trade. But Fox in office was obliged to face and recognize the difficulties, the solution of these questions. He admitted, reluctantly, the inadvisability of pressing the Catholic claims at a time when such pressure would prove destructive alike to the claims and to the Ministry that maintained them. He admitted, reluctantly, that the prospect of peace with France was very far from hopeful. He still dreamed of a speedy abolition of the Slave Trade, and to this end he attended Parliament too persistently in defiance of the warnings of his failing health. He was tapped for dropsy; his condition grew worse; in the evening of September 13, 1806, he died. He was the greatest liberal of his age; the greatest friend of liberty. The Irish poet bade the Irish banshee wail for him on whose burning tongue, truth, peace, and freedom hung.

Fox was not long dead when the Ministry of All the Talents found itself in direct collision with its royal master. It had ventured to suggest that it should be permitted to Catholics and to Dissenters to serve the King and the country in the Army and Navy. This small concession was too vast for the bigotry of George. He would have none of it, and the obsequious Ministry consented to abandon the measure. This was not enough for George. He wanted to extract from the Ministry a formal promise in writing that it would never submit to the sovereign any measure that involved, or was in any way connected with, concessions to the Catholics. The Ministry was not obsequious to that ignoble degree. It refused to bind itself by any such degrading pledge; and, in consequence, it was turned out of office, and the Duke of Portland and Mr. Perceval reigned in its stead. The Ministry of All the Talents had lived neither a long nor a useful life.

{341}

Spencer Perceval was an able lawyer, a dexterous debater, a skilful Parliamentarian. He was privately an excellent man, with an excellence that the irony of Sydney Smith has made immortal. He was not quite the man to sit in the Siege Perilous that had been occupied in turn by Pitt and Fox. He held his office under difficult conditions. In 1810 the King, whose ailing mind was unhinged by the death of his daughter Amelia, lost his reason irreparably. Perceval had to fight the question of the Regency with a brilliant Opposition and a bitterly hostile Prince of Wales. He succeeded, in the January of 1811, in carrying his Regency Bill on the lines of the measure proposed in 1788. In May, 1811, he was shot dead, in the Lobby of the House of Commons, by a madman named John Bellingham, who had some crazy grievance against the Government.

The years from the January of 1811 to the January of 1820 are technically the last nine years of the reign of George the Third; they are practically the first nine years of the reign of George the Fourth. The nine years of the Regency were momentous years in the history of England. The mighty figure of Napoleon, whose shadow, creeping over the map of Europe, had darkened and shortened the life of Pitt, was still an abiding menace to England when the Prince of Wales became Regent. But England, that had lost so much in her struggle with the Corsican conqueror, who had now no Nelson to oppose to him on the high seas, and no Pitt to oppose to him in the council chamber, found herself armed against his triumphs in the person of a great soldier.

[Sidenote: 1769-1852--Arthur Wellesley]

In the same year that saw the birth of Napoleon, and on a date as little certain as that of the conqueror of Europe, a child was born to Garret Wellesley, first Earl of Mornington, in Dublin. The child was a son, the third that Anne Hill, Lord Dungannon's eldest daughter, had borne to her music-loving husband; the child was christened Arthur. Dates as various as May 1, May 6, and April 29, 1769, are given by different authorities in that very year, and the place of birth is as unsettled as the date, Dangan Castle in Meath, and Mornington House, Merrion Street, {342} Dublin, being the alternatives offered. Very little is known about the childhood and early youth of Arthur Wellesley. His mother seems to have considered him stupid, and to have disliked him for his stupidity. He went from school to school--first at Chelsea, then at Eton, then at Brussels--without showing any special gifts, except a taste for music, inherited no doubt from the father, whose musical tastes had earned him the affection of George the Third. An unamiable mother decided that he was "food for powder and nothing more;" and when he was sixteen years old he was sent to the French Academy at Angers, where he was able to learn all the engineering that he wanted, at the very same time that the young Napoleon Bonaparte was being trained for a soldier in the military college at Brienne. Of the little that can be known of the first seventeen years of Arthur Wellesley's life the clearest facts are that his childhood was not happy, that he was believed by many to be a dull and backward boy, and that he himself thought that if circumstances had not made him a soldier he would probably have become distinguished in public life as a financier.

[Sidenote--1786-97--Wellesley's military training]

Circumstance made him a soldier. Through the patronage of his eldest brother, who became Earl of Mornington on his father's death, in 1781, the young Arthur Wellesley entered the Army as an ensign in the Seventy-third Foot. The same influence that had got him into the army aided him to rise in it. When he was little more than of age he was captain of the Eighteenth Light Dragoons, aide-de-camp to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and member of the Irish Parliament for his brother's borough of Trim. In the Irish Parliament he supported Pitt's measure to enfranchise Roman Catholics. It was characteristic of the young man that, when once a career had been chosen for him, he devoted himself to it with a cold, persistent zeal that accomplished as much for him as the most passionate enthusiasm would have done for another. He set before himself the principle that having undertaken a profession he had better try to understand it, and understand it he did with a determined thoroughness {343} that was rare indeed, if not unknown, among the young officers of his day. We are told that soon after he got his first commission he had one of the privates of the Seventy-third weighed, first in his ordinary military clothes, and then in heavy marching order, in order to ascertain what was expected of a soldier on service. This kind of thoroughness, at once comprehensive and minute, distinguished the conduct of his whole career. One of the maxims that regulated his life was always to do the day's business in the day. Long years later he and a friend were driving together along a coaching road, and amusing themselves by guessing what kind of country lay behind each hill they approached. When the friend commented upon the surprising accuracy of his companion's guesses the man who had been Arthur Wellesley answered: "Why, all my life I have been trying to guess what lay on the other side of the hill;" a stimulating piece of wisdom, to which he himself supplied the no less stimulating comment: "All the business of war, and, indeed, all the business of life, is to endeavor to find out what you don't know from what you do." The youth who took soldiering in this iron spirit must have been more than a puzzle to many of his contemporaries, whose simple military creed it was that when an officer was not actually fighting he might best employ his time in drinking and gambling. Young Wellesley fell in love with Catherine Pakenham, Lord Longford's daughter, and she with him; but the means of neither permitted marriage then, and they did not marry until long years later. When the war with France was forced upon a reluctant minister, Wellesley went to the Continent under Lord Moira and saw some fighting. But his serious career began when he was sent to India with the Thirty-third Regiment in 1797.

It was in India that the young soldier was to learn those lessons in the art of war which were afterwards to prove so priceless to England, and to gain a fame which might well have seemed great enough to satisfy any ambition less exacting than his. But he had the generous greed of the great soldier, the restless, high-reaching spirit, to which {344} the success of yesterday is as nothing save as an experience that may serve for the success of to-morrow. No better field than India could have been found for a young and ambitious soldier who had devoted himself to his career almost by chance, but who was resolved to approve his choice by giving to the career of arms a zeal, a stubborn pertinacity, a very passion of patience, rare, indeed, at the time, and who was resolved to regard nothing as too great to attempt, or too trivial to notice, in the execution of his duty.

After a career of military honor and experience in India, Arthur Wellesley began his struggle with Napoleon on the battle-fields of the Spanish Peninsula, and ended it upon the battle-field of Waterloo. His was the hand that gave the final blow to the falling, failing Emperor. The career of so much glory and of so much gloom, of Corsican lieutenantship and Empire, of Brumaire and Bourbon Restoration, of Egyptian pyramids and Russian snows, of Tilsit and of Elba, and of the Hundred Days, ended in the Island of St. Helena. There exists among the documents that are preserved from Napoleon's youth a geographical list made out in his own boyish hand of names and places, with explanatory comments. The name of St. Helena is on the list, and the only words written opposite to it are "Little Island." The Preacher on Vanities never had a better text for a sermon. The "little island" that had then seemed so unimportant became in the end more momentous than the Eastern Empire of his dreams. The man who had made and unmade kingdoms, who had flung down the crowns of Europe for soldiers of fortune to scramble for as boys unto a muss, was now the unhonored captive of ungenerous opponents, the unhonored victim of the petty tyrannies of Sir Hudson Lowe.

[Sidenote: 1812-15--The War of 1812]

As the most disastrous event of the reign of George the Third prior to the Regency was a war with America, so the most disastrous event of the Regency was a war with America. Napoleon's fantastic decrees of commercial blockade levelled against England, and known as the Continental system, had embroiled the young republic and England, and differences inflamed by the unwisdom of {345} Perceval were not to be healed by the belated wisdom of Castlereagh. Two keen causes of quarrel were afforded by England's persistent assertion of the right to stop and search American vessels on the high seas for British subjects and England's no less persistent refusal to recognize that naturalization as an American citizen in any way affected the allegiance of a British subject to the British crown. Wise statesmanship might have averted war, but wise statesmanship was wanting. The death of Spencer Perceval caused the elevation to the premiership of a man as incapable as his predecessor of dealing skilfully with the American difficulty. Robert Banks Jenkinson, who had been Lord Hawkesbury and who was now Lord Liverpool, was a curiously narrow-minded, hidebound politician who had never recovered from the shock of the French Revolution, and who was chiefly conspicuous for his dogged opposition to every species of reform. He was five years old when the fight at Concord began the struggle that ended with American Independence, but the great event which overshadowed his childhood had no apparent effect upon his later judgment. This belated survival of the tradition of Hillsborough thought and said that America ought to look to England "as the guardian power to which she was indebted not only for her comforts, not only for her rank in the scale of civilization, but for her very existence." Folly such as this could only end in disaster. America, believing herself to be deeply wronged, declared war on Great Britain in the June of 1812. The war lasted more than two years with varying fortunes. Once again the scarlet coats of English soldiers were familiar, if detested, objects to many of the men who had made the Republic, and over bloody battle-fields fluttered that English flag which most of those who now opposed it had only seen as a trophy of their fathers' victories. Both sides fought under heavy disadvantages. If England was weakened by her struggle with Napoleon, America was hampered by internal dissensions, by a disorganized army and by a navy so small that it might almost have been regarded as not in existence. Yet it was this very navy which did most for {346} America in the struggle, and dealt England the most staggering blows inflicted upon her supremacy of the sea. The most shameful episode of the whole unhappy campaign was when the English General Ross captured Washington, and, in obedience to infamous orders from home, burned the Capitol and other public buildings. No more disgraceful act stains the history of the time. It proved as impossible for England to defend as for America to forget. The war ended at last, after the commerce of both countries had been gravely injured, in a grotesque treaty of peace, signed at Ghent, in which the principal cause of the war, the impressment of American sailors by English ships, was not even alluded to. But as the impressment was abandoned by England, the war had not been waged wholly in vain.

In the year that followed upon the Battle of Waterloo, Sheridan died. He had outlived by ten years his great contemporaries Pitt and Fox, by nearly twenty years his greatest contemporary Burke, and by more than thirty years his great contemporary Johnson. The pompous funeral that carried his remains to Westminster Abbey was the funeral not merely of a man but of an age. He was almost the last of the great heroic figures that made the eighteenth century famous. He had long outlived all the friends, heroes, rivals of his glorious prime: he could talk to the children of the dawning century of Johnson, and Goldsmith, and Sir Joshua Reynolds; of Burke, and Pitt, and Fox; of poets and painters, players, and politicians, who seemed to his listeners to belong to a departed Age of Gold. Two years later, in the November of 1818, England, and indeed the whole civilized world, received a sudden and painful shock by the death, under conditions peculiarly harrowing, of Sir Samuel Romilly, the great lawyer, social reformer, and philanthropist. Romilly had been deeply attached to his wife, and on her death in October of that year, it would seem that he must have lost his reason, for, in the following month, he committed suicide. Romilly was a man of the highest principles, and the most austere conscience, and although the loss of his much-loved wife must have made the world but a mere {347} ruin to him, it is not believed that, if his mind had not suddenly given away, he would have done himself to death with his own hand. To Napoleon, then fretting in exile in St. Helena, the deed appeared to be one curiously characteristic of the English people. "The English character is superior to ours. Conceive Romilly, one of the leaders of a great party, committing suicide at fifty because he had lost his wife. They are in everything more practical than we are; they emigrate, they marry, they kill themselves with less indecision than we display in going to the opera." Napoleon was wrong in his estimate of Romilly's age. Romilly was sixty-one when he died. He was one of the greatest legal and social reformers of his age. His father was a Huguenot watchmaker who had settled in London, and the young Samuel Romilly had only an imperfect education to begin with. By intense study he became possessed of wide and varied culture. He studied for the bar, became distinguished in Chancery practice, made his way in public life, sat in the House of Commons for several years, and finally represented Westminster. During successive visits to France he had made the acquaintance of Diderot and D'Alembert, and became the friend of Mirabeau. He won a noble fame by his persistent endeavors to mitigate the cruelties of the criminal laws, to introduce the principles of a free country into political prosecutions, to abolish the odious spy system, and to put an end to slavery at home and abroad. His name will be remembered forever in the history of political and social reform.

The Houses of Death and of Birth were busy for the royal family in the closing scenes of the King's tragedy. There had been very little happiness for George the Third in his long reign and his longer life. His childhood had been darkened by the shadow of a family feud that seemed traditional in his line. His marriage, indeed, fortunate if unromantic, the sequel of more than one unfortunate romance, gave him a companion whose tastes were as simple, and whose purposes were as upright as his own. But his private domesticity was not destined to be less troubled than his public fortunes. The grim tradition asserted {348} itself again for him whose childhood and manhood had been only too devoted to the influence of his mother. Few of his children were a cause of joy to him; some were a source of very poignant sorrow. He might have known content in a private station under conditions better fitted to strengthen his virtues and to lessen the force of his defects. If Farmer George had really been but Farmer George, his existence might tranquilly have followed the courses of the seasons through a prosperous manhood to a peaceable old age. But the curse of kingship was upon him very heavily, and his later years are very pitiful in their loneliness and their pain. Of the course of events about him he, in the awful visitation of his infirmities, had long been unconscious. Blind and deaf and mad, he seems to have been haunted by the ghastly fancy that he was already dead. "I must have a suit of black," he is reported to have said, "in memory of George the Third, for whom I know there is a general mourning." George the Third was dead in life, and about him those he loved were dying fast. On November 6, 1817, the Princess Charlotte died, the only child of the Prince Regent. She was very popular, was in the direct succession to the throne; she hoped to be queen, and many shared her hope. The prisoner of St. Helena believed that in her lay his best chance of liberation. She married Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg on May 2, 1816, and died after giving birth to a still-born child in the following year. She was not quite twenty-two years old. The news of her death greatly affected the old queen, her grandmother. Her health, that had long been weak, grew weaker, and she died on November 17, 1818. She had lived her simple, honest, narrow, upright life for seventy-four years. On May 24, 1819, a daughter was born to the Duchess of Kent, the wife of Edward, Duke of Kent, the fourth son of George the Third. On January 23, 1820, the Duke of Kent died. Six days later the King ceased to exist. He was in the eighty-second year of his age and the sixtieth year of his reign. The most devoted loyalist could not have wished for the unhappy King another hour of life. "Vex not his ghost O! Let {349} him pass; he hates him that would upon the rack of this rough world stretch him out longer."

[Sidenote: 1760-1820--Progress under George the Third]

The reign that had ended was certainly the longest and perhaps the most remarkable then known to English history. The King's granddaughter, the Princess Victoria, born so short a time before his death, was destined to a reign at once longer and more remarkable than the reign of George the Third. The England of 1820 was not nearly so far removed from the England of 1760 as the England of the last year of the nineteenth century was removed from 1837. But the changes that took place in England in the sixty years of the reign of the third George were changes of vast moment and vast importance. If England's political fortunes fell and rose in startling contrast, the progress of civilization was steady and significant. The social England of 1820 was widely different from the social England of 1760. The advance of population, the growth of great towns, the increase of means of intercourse between one part of the country and another by highways and waterways, the engineering triumphs that bridged rivers and cut canals, the marvels of industrial invention that facilitated labor, the patient pains of science on the edge of great discoveries, the slowly increasing spirit of toleration, pity, and humanity, the gradual spread of education, the widening realms of knowledge, the increasing appreciation of the decencies and amenities of life--all these things make the reign of George the Third the hopeful preface to the reign of greater length, greater glory, greater promise and greater fulfilment that was to dawn when two more sovereigns of the House of Hanover had ceased to reign over England. If George the Third had been a wiser man his reign would have been happier for the country he ruled; but the country at least was happy in this, that he was, as kings went, and according to his lights, a good man.

END OF THE THIRD VOLUME.

{350}

INDEX.

Abernethy, Dr., death, iv. 282. Act for better securing the Dependency of Ireland, i. 177. Act of Settlement, i. 4. Act of Union passed, iii. 327, 330. Acts of Trade, iii. 82, 84, 86, 105. Adams, John: Conduct towards Colonel Preston, iii. 152. Opposes dominion of England, iii. 85. Adams, Samuel, protests against Stamp Act, iii. 90. Addington, Henry, Viscount Sidmouth, Prime Minister, iii. 337. Addison, Joseph: M. P. for Malmesbury, i. 52. Secretary of State; circular letter to English Ministers, ii. 109. Sketch of, i. 37, 180. Address (1715), i. 102. Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, wife of William IV., iv. 97. Supposed attitude towards Reform, iv. 172. Agrarian crime, iv. 84, 106. Agriculture in Scotland (1714), i. 87, 89. Agriculture in 1721, i. 229. Aislabie, John: Chancellor of Exchequer, i. 188, 190. Committed to Tower, i. 199. Impeaches Lord Strafford, i. 109, 110. Treasurer of Navy, i. 105. Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of, ii. 260, 280. Akerman, Keeper of Newgate, attitude towards mob, iii. 203. Albany, Countess of, wife of Charles Stuart, ii. 233. Alberoni, Giulio: Policy, i. 159. Sketch of, i. 158. Ale-tax in Scotland, i. 249. Ali Vardi Khan, death of, ii. 265. Allan, killed in riot (1768), iii. 120. Allen, Ethan, iii. 179. Almanza, battle of, ii. 35. Althorp, Lord (_see_ Spencer, John Charles, Earl). Amelia, daughter of George III., death of, iii. 341. Amelia, Princess (_see_ Emily, Princess). American Colonies: Discontent in, iii. 147 _seqq._ Grievances, iii. 82. Proclaim their Independence, iii. 183. Report on, i. 310. Sketch of history, iii. 74. Systems of governing, i. 310. American Republic acknowledged, iii. 184. Influence on France, iii. 290, 292. American War of Independence, iii. 173 _seqq._ American War, Second, iii. 344. Amherst, Jeffrey, Baron: Commander-in-Chief, iii. 207. Commands troops in Canada, ii. 287. Amhurst, Nicholas (Caleb d'Anvers), edits _Craftsman_, i. 261. Anaverdi Khan, Nabob of Carnatic, ii. 201. André, Major, death as spy, iii. 184. Anglesey, Marquis of, Viceroy of Ireland, attitude towards Catholic Emancipation, iv. 73, 74. Anne, Princess of Orange, ii. 38. Illness, ii. 71, 76. Marriage, ii. 42. Anne, Queen: Character, i. 1, 13. Death, i. 47. Declining health, i. 1. Scheme to reduce expenses, i. 281. "Annual Register": Description of mob in London, iii. 205. Founded by Edmund Burke, iii. 99. Anti-Irish riots, ii. 45. "Anti-Jacobin," iv. 33. Arbuthnot, John: History of John Bull, i. 97. Sketch of, ii. 20. Arcot, Siege of, ii. 263. Arden, Richard Pepper, iii. 236. Argyll, John Campbell, Duke of, i. 42. Commander-in-Chief for Scotland, i. 98, 123. Sketch of, i. 44. Speech on Convention, ii. 166. Aristotle on administration, ii. 246. Arnold, Benedict, iii. 179. Treason, iii. 184. Ashe, Bishop of Clogher, ii. 293. Ashley, Lord (_see_ Shaftesbury, Earl of). Association of United Irishmen, iii. 309, 313, 319. Atterbury, Francis, Bishop of Rochester, i. 48. Arrested and committed to Tower, i. 212. Banished, i. 222. Evidence against, i. 219, 220, 222. On condition of church, ii. 129. Opposes Septennial Act, i. 146. Sketch of, i. 214. _Auditor_, iii. 15, 55. Augusta, Princess of Saxe-Gotha, wife of Frederick, Prince of Wales, ii. 46, 47; iii. 6, 7. Birth of first child, ii. 104-107. Regency Bill and, iii. 73. Augustus, Elector of Saxony, ii. 23. Augustus II. of Poland, ii. 23. Aurungzebe, Empire on death of, ii. 257. Austerlitz, Battle of, iii. 338, 339. Austria in 1716, i. 154.

Bailly, Mayor of Paris, iii. 298. Ballot system, iv. 131. Balmerino, Lord, trial, ii. 228. Bank of England: Attacked by rioters, iii. 207. Charter renewed, iv. 232. Imitates South Sea Company, i. 189. Barber, John: Letter to Swift, i. 48. On Arbuthnot, ii. 20. Barnard, Sir John: Abandons seceders, ii. 174. On Convention, ii. 162. On grievances against Spaniards, ii. 154, 157. On Walpole's Excise scheme, i. 315. Barré, Colonel, iii. 131, 133, 136. Barry, Richard, Lord Barrymore, iii. 244. Supports Young Pretender, ii. 221. Barry, Sir Charles, designs new Houses of Parliament, iv. 270, 272. Bartholomew Fair, i. 73. Barwell, Richard, iii. 260. Supports Hastings, iii. 260, 261, 264. Bastile captured, iii. 294. Bath in 1714, i. 79. Bathurst, Lord, demands prosecution of rioters, iii. 201. Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of: On Lord John Russell, iv. 126. Philippics against Sir Robert Peel, i. 287. Beaux and requisites, i. 76. Bedford, Duke of: Opposes Pitt, iii. 26. Patron of Rigby, iii. 37. Presents petition against Convention, ii. 164. Bellingham, John, shot Spencer Perceval, iii. 341. Benares annexed, iii. 258. Benares, Chait Singh, Rajah of, iii. 269. Bentham, Jeremy, theories of, iv. 281. Béranger, "King of Yvetot," iv. 119. Berkeley, George Bishop: Character, ii. 296. Lives in Rhode Island, ii. 295. Scheme of Settlement in Bermuda, ii. 294. Sketch of, ii. 292. Berkeley, Lord, of Stratton, describes duel between Colonel Chudleigh and Charles Aldworth, i. 58. Bermuda, Scheme for Settlement in, ii. 294. Bernard, Francis, Governor of Massachusetts, iii. 106, 148. Dissolves Massachusetts Legislature, iii. 150. Recalled, iii. 151. Berwick, James FitzJames, Duke of: Sketch of, ii. 34. Takes Kehl, ii. 24. Bill for Catholic Relief, iii. 190, 191. Bill for Princess Anne's dowry, ii. 43. Bill for strengthening Protestant interest, i. 171, 172. Bill of Rights, i. 3. Bill to adjust affairs of South Sea Company, i. 203, 205. Bill to suspend Habeas Corpus Act, i. 213. Birmingham, iv. 99. Bismarck, Prince, Peace policy, ii. 147. Black Hole of Calcutta, ii. 266, 267; iii. 249. Blackstone, Speech on Middlesex Election Petition, iii. 131. Bland-Burges Papers, ii. 217. Bland-Burges, Sir James, defends Warren Hastings, iii. 277, 278. Bloomfield, patronized by Duke of Grafton, iii. 35. Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount, i. 22, 115. Advises secession from Commons, ii. 172. Alliance with Pulteney, i. 260; ii. 17. At St. Germains, i. 116. Attitude towards restoration of Stuarts, i. 39, 48, 107. Character, i. 116; ii. 18, 279. Correspondence with James Stuart, ii. 18. Dismissed by James, i. 131. Dreams of Coalition Ministry, ii. 194. Flight, i. 103. Impeached of high treason, i. 108, 110. Inspires _Craftsman_, i. 290. Leaves England for France, ii. 17, 18. Letter to Swift, i. 47. Name erased from roll of peers, i. 114. On Duke of Berwick, ii. 34. On Duke of Shrewsbury, i. 42. On Wyndham's death, ii. 179. Petition to Lords, i. 258. Removed from Secretaryship of State, i. 101. Returns to England, i. 222, 258. Scheme of Opposition, i. 287. Sketch of, i. 26; later life, i. 133; ii. 278, 279. Style as speaker and writer, i. 27. Walpole's portrait of, ii. 15, 16. Bombay, dower of Catherine of Braganza, iii. 248. Boston: Evacuated, iii. 182. Hostile to British, iii. 151. Invested, iii. 175, 181. Life in 1765, iii. 77. Massacre, iii. 151. Protests against Stamp Act, iii. 90. Tea thrown into harbor, ii. 43; iii. 160. Boston, Lord, in hands of mob, iii. 197. Boston Port Bill, iii. 163; copies circulated, iii. 165. Boswell, James: Johnson and, iii. 44. On Alexander Wedderburn, iii. 158. Bourbon family: Aims of, ii. 28. Compacts, ii. 26. Bourne, Vincent, at Westminster School, iii. 53. Braddock, General, defeat and death, ii. 286; iii. 79, 180. Bradley on reform of Calendar, ii. 275. Breed Hill battle, iii. 176. Bremen ceded to Hanover, i. 160, 161. Brewster, Sir David: British Association and, iv. 262. On Newton, i. 273. Bright, John, doctrine of non-intervention, iv. 62. Bristol: Growth of, i. 78. Reform riot at, iv. 171. British Admirals of Eighteenth Century, iii. 336. British Association founded, iv. 262. British garrison proposed for America, iii. 84, 86. British sailor (1797), iii. 334. _Briton_, iii. 51, 55. "Broad-bottomed Ministry," ii. 245, 246. Bromley, William, motion on Septennial Act, ii. 10, 12. "Brothers" Club, i. 74. Brougham, Henry, Lord Brougham and Vaux: Advice to Queen Caroline, iv. 5. Attitude towards electoral reform, iv. 52. Attitude towards Poor Relief, iv. 223. Attitude towards West Indian Slavery, iv. 192, 193. British Association and, iv. 262. Character, iv. 251. Defends Queen Caroline, iv. 6, 8. Evidence in Cobbett's prosecution, iv. 156. Leader of Opposition, iv. 103. Lord Chancellor, iv. 124. Motion on Reform, iv. 104, 110, 111. Motions against Slavery, iv. 194, 195. Negotiates with King on creation of new peers, iv. 180. On Parliamentary Reform, iv. 85. Oratory, iv. 104, 174. "Penny Cyclopaedia" and, iv. 262. Persuades William IV. to dissolve Parliament, iv. 151. Power as Reformer, iv. 122, 125. Retires from Ministerial life, iv. 251. Scheme for national education, iv. 22. Speech on Catholic Emancipation, iv. 74. Brunswick family, i. 5. Buchanan, messenger of Young Pretender, ii. 205. Buckingham, Earl of, iii. 338. Buckingham House, i. 66. Buckingham Palace, iv. 93. Bunbury, Sir Thomas Charles, marries Lady Sarah Lennox, iii. 10. Burdett, Sir Francis, resolution on Catholic Emancipation, iv. 73. Burgoyne at Boston, iii. 175, 182. Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga, iii. 183. Burke, Edmund: Alliance with Fox and North, iii. 226. Attitude on American Independence, iii. 87. Attitude towards French Revolution, iii. 285. Career, iii. 96 _seqq._ Character, iii. 227. Crusade against French Revolution, iii. 296, 298. Denunciation of French Revolution, i. 96. "Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful," iii. 98. Friend of Goldsmith, iii. 168. Impeaches Warren Hastings, iii. 281, 285. Indian policy, iii. 273. Influence on generation, iii. 96, 100. Maiden speech, iii. 100. Marriage, iii. 98. On Ballot system, iv. 131. Boston exploit, iii. 161. Chesterfield's rule in Ireland, ii. 251. Ministry and Wilkes's riots, iii. 121, 122. Townshend, iii. 111. Walpole's opposition to war party, ii. 181. War with Spain, ii. 184. Warren Hastings, iii. 258, 259. Wilkes's reception in London, iii. 116; in Middlesex, iii. 117. Opinion of George IV., iv. 90. Oratory, iii. 100. Passion for justice, iii. 272. Paymaster-General, iii. 224, 228. Praises of Pitt, iii. 223. Private Secretary to Lord Rockingham, iii. 99. Reproves Charles James Fox, iii. 141. Speech against American war, iii. 188. Speech on Middlesex Election Petition, iii. 132. Vindication of Natural Society, iii. 98. Burke, William, iii. 99. Burnet, Bishop, on: Condition of Church, ii. 129. Duke of Marlborough, i. 23. High and Low Church, i. 17. Queen Anne, i. 2. Burney, Miss, in Burke's arraignment of Hastings, iii. 286. Burns, Robert, on William IV. and Mrs. Jordan, iv. 97. Bury Street, price of lodgings in, in 1714, i. 70. Bute, Lord: Bribery under, iii. 28, 30. Cabals against Pitt, iii. 26. Character, iii. 7, 28. Foreign policy, iii. 28, 29. House besieged, iii. 117. Influence over Princess of Wales and her son, iii. 8. Prime Minister, iii. 28. Proposes cider tax, iii. 30, 32. Resigns office, iii. 32. Secretary of State, iii. 8. Sketch of, iii. 7. Unpopular, iii. 28, 32. Buxton, Fowell, West Indian slavery and, iv. 190, 191, 194, 195. Byng, Admiral: Fails to relieve Minorca, ii. 297. Tried and shot, ii. 298. Byrne, Miles: Career, iii. 321. Memoirs, iii. 321. Byron, Lord: Assists Greeks, iv. 48. Death at Missolonghi, iv. 50. On George IV., iii. 242. On Grattan, iii. 307. Scorn of O'Connell's loyalty, iv. 23, 27. Verses on Castlereagh's death, iv. 37.

Cabot, John and Sebastian, discover Canada, ii. 283. Calder, Admiral Sir Robert, iii. 336. Calendar, reform of, ii. 275. Campbell, John, Baron, on Lord Harcourt, i. 51. Campeachy logwood question, i. 294, 295; ii. 160. Camperdown, battle of, iii. 318, 336. Canada: French and English colonies in, ii. 283, 284. Sketch of history, ii. 283 _seqq._ "Canter of Coltbrigg," ii. 213-215. Canterbury, Archbishop of, attends Queen Caroline, ii. 121. Canning, George: Accepts Governor-Generalship of India, iv. 35. Attitude towards Free Trade and Parliamentary reform, iv. 52, 62. Character, iv. 60, 65. Death, iv. 61. Duel with Lord Castlereagh, iv. 34. Foreign Secretary, iv. 38. Funeral in Westminster Abbey, iv. 62. Monroe doctrine and, iv. 44. Opponents in House of Lords, iv. 59. Oratory, iv. 33, 34, 64. Policy, iv. 34, 38, 41, 42, 43, 52, 55. Summary of, iv. 62. Prime Minister, iv. 55, 58. Resigns office, iv. 7, 31, 34. Sketch of career, iv. 31 _seqq._, 62. Supports Queen Caroline, iv. 5, 7. Sympathy with Greece, iv. 49, 52. Canning, Stratford, iv. 32. "Canningites," iv. 65, 72. Carew, Sir George, builds Chichester House, Dublin, i. 80. Caricature in political controversy, i. 52. Caricatures during Hastings's trial, iii. 288. Caricatures of Napoleon Bonaparte, iii. 333. Carnwath, Earl of, a prisoner, i. 137, 138. Caroline, Amelia Elizabeth, Princess of Brunswick, wife of George IV., iii. 244. Character, iv. 11. Demands to be crowned, iv. 8, 10. Divorce bill, iv. 6; abandoned, iv. 8. Illness and death, iv. 10, 11. Italian witnesses against, iv. 7. Returns to England on accession of George IV., iv. 5, 6. Caroline, Princess, ii. 38, 71, 79, 105. Attends on Queen, ii. 118, 124. Dislikes Walpole, ii. 126. Caroline, Wilhelmina Dorothea, wife of George II., i. 303. Action towards Porteous, ii. 62, 66. Acts as Regent, ii. 49. Alarmed for King's safety, ii. 71, 72. Character, i. 276; ii. 77. Death-bed, ii. 114 _seqq._ Family, ii. 38. Godmother to her granddaughter, ii. 108. Hates Prince of Wales, ii. 40, 50, 71, 76, 118. Lampoons on, ii. 102. Carteret, John, Earl of Granville: Attacks Ministry and Convention, ii. 165. Character, ii. 240, 241; iii. 38. Death, iii. 38. Denounces Convention, ii. 163. Enmity to Walpole, ii. 159, 160, 185. Foreign Policy, ii. 177, 240, 241. Hatred of Pulteney, ii. 192. Knowledge of German, i. 235. Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, i. 239; iii. 38. Motion on Petition against Convention, ii. 164. Moves motion for removal of Walpole, ii. 185. Proclamation against "Drapier's Letters," i. 247. Proposes address on Prince of Wales's allowance, ii. 89. Resigns, ii. 244. Secretary of State, ii. 191. Sketch of career, i. 233. Speech on Salt Tax, i. 314. Cartier, Jacques, ascends St. Lawrence, ii. 283. Castlereagh, Viscount (Marquis of Londonderry): Character, iv. 36. Death, iv. 36. Duel with Canning, iv. 34. Policy, iv. 34, 39, 41. Catalans and Peace of Utrecht, i. 94. "Catholic" and "Protestant" Ministers, iv. 54. Catholic Association formed, iv. 21. Catholic disabilities, iii. 307. Catholic emancipation question, iv. 52, 67 _seqq._ Catholic Relief Bill passed, iv. 78. Catholics, feeling against, i. 143. Catholics, penalty against, i. 216. Cato Street Conspiracy, iv. 2, 15. Censorship for stage and press discussed, ii. 96 _seqq._ Chadwick, Sir Edwin, on Poor Law Commission, iv. 225, 227. Chait Singh, Rajah of Benares, and Warren Hastings, ii. 269. Chambord, Count de, i. 40. Charing Cross in 1714, i. 68. Charles II. of Spain: Character, i. 61. Will of, ii. 27. Charles VI., Emperor, ii. 23. Death, ii. 182. Denounces Walpole, ii. 25. Pragmatic sanction, i. 228. Charles X. deposed, iv. 98. Charles XII. of Sweden: Action in Poland, ii. 23. Sketch of, i. 160, 162. Charles River, English fleet in, iii. 173, 182. Charleston in 1765, iii. 77. Charleston, tea landed at, iii. 161. Charlotte, Princess: Death, iii. 348. Marries Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, iii. 348. Charlotte Sophia of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, wife of George III., iii. 10. Character and personal appearance, iii. 12, 14. Death, iii. 348. Chartists demand vote by ballot, iv. 131. Chaworth, Mary, Mrs. Musters, iv. 170. Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of: Administration in Ireland, ii. 249. Advice to Prince of Wales, ii. 78. Attitude on Penal Laws, ii. 249. Character, ii. 6. Conduct to Johnson, iii. 44. Enmity to Walpole, ii. 159, 160, 185. Irish policy, ii. 7. Moves address on Accession of George II., ii. 7. On Bolingbroke, i. 117. Bute's nationality, iii. 30. Carteret, i. 235. Lord Cowper, i. 98. Recalled from Ireland, ii. 252. Retires from public life, ii. 274. Secretary of State, ii. 252. Sketch of, ii. 4 _seqq._ Speech on Convention, ii. 164. Speech on Playhouse Bill, ii. 100. Speech on Reform of Calendar, ii. 275. Viceroy of Ireland, ii. 246, 247. Chichester, Sir Arthur, i. 80. China trade and East India Company, iv. 231. Chippenham election petition, ii. 189, 190. Chiswick, Mr., sends Warren Hastings to Calcutta, iii. 247. Cholmondeley, Earl of, moves address on Convention, ii. 164. Chudleigh, Colonel, quarrels with Charles Aldworth, i. 58. Chunar fortress, iii. 270. Chunda Sahib: Besieges Trichinopoly, ii. 262. Captured and put to death, ii. 264. Invades Carnatic, ii. 261. Church of England, condition in 1738, ii. 129, 132. Churchill, Charles: Character, iii. 52. Death, iii. 69. Denunciation of Hogarth, iii. 63. Flight, iii. 59. "Rosciad," iii. 54. Satires, iv. 69. Wilkes and, iii. 55. Cider tax proposed, iii. 30. Claimants to throne (1714), i. 3 _seqq._ Clare Election (1828), iv. 70, 78. Clarence, Duke of (_see_ William IV.). Clarendon, Lord, bears tidings of Queen Anne's death to George, i. 56. Clarke, Adam, death, iv. 284. Clarke, George, killed in riot, iii. 129. Clarkson, Thomas, West Indian Slavery and, iv. 195, 200. Clavering, General Francis, iii. 260, 261. Death, iii. 264. Clement, Pope, interview with Charles Stuart, ii. 202. Clerk, Lord Justice, i. 130. Clerkenwell Prison broken open, iii. 203. Cleveland, Duchess of, i. 23. Clifton, engagement at, ii. 223. Clinton at Boston, iii. 175. Clive, Richard, ii. 254. Clive, Robert, ii. 253. Advances against Suraj ud Dowlah, ii. 268. Captures Arcot, ii. 262. Character, ii. 255. Discerns Warren Hastings's talent, iii. 250, 252. Escapes from Madras, ii. 260. Forges Admiral Watson's signature, ii. 270. Governor of Fort St. David, ii. 265. Marries, ii. 264. Negotiates with Suraj ud Dowlah, ii. 269. Protests against Indian Administration, iii. 251. Returns to England, ii. 264, 273. Returns to India, iii. 253. Sketch of career, ii. 256 _seqq._ Clonmel, State trials at, iv. 179. Clubs in 1714, i. 73. Coalition Ministry (1783), iii. 225, 229 Fall of, iii. 235, 237. Cobbett, William: Death, iv. 282. Prosecution, iv. 154. Sketch of career, iv. 155. Cobden, R., doctrine of non-intervention, iv. 62. Cochrane, Thomas, Earl of Dundonald, assists Greeks, iv. 48. "Cocoa Tree" coffee-house, i. 76. Code Napoléon, iii. 332. Codrington, Sir Edward, commands at Navarino, iv. 50, 96. Coffee-houses, i. 75, 76. Coke's description of Raleigh, iii. 286. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, death, iv. 283. Colonial Administration System (1765), iii. 80. Committee of Secrecy, i. 104, 168. Compton, Sir Spencer, Lord Wilmington, ii. 107, 189. Character, i. 275. Death, ii. 240. Prime Minister, ii. 191. Speaker of House of Commons, i. 212. Concord, battle and retreat from, iii. 174. Congress of Verona and Vienna (_see_ Verona and Vienna Congress). Congreve, William, sketch of, i. 299. Coningsby, Lord, i. 105. Impeaches Oxford, i. 108. Convention between England and Spain (1739), ii. 161, 168. Petition against, ii. 163. Conway, Circular letter to governors of colonies, iii. 105. Cooke, George, Tory candidate for Middlesex, iii. 117. Death, iii. 124. Coote, Major Eyre, ii. 272. Cope, Sir John, Scottish Commander-in-Chief, ii. 210. Defeated at Preston Pans, ii. 214, 215. Copley, Sir John (_see_ Lyndhurst, Baron). Cork Hill, Dublin, i. 82. Cork in 1714, i. 83. Cornwallis, Charles, Marquis: Commands royal troops in Ireland, iii. 323. Surrenders at Yorktown, iii. 184. Corporation Act repealed, iv. 52, 67. Corstorphine, Dragoons at, ii. 212. Cottenham, Lord Chancellor, iv. 252. Court Street Conspiracy, iii. 160. Covent Garden in 1714, i. 68. Cowper, Spencer, i. 105. Cowper, William, Earl, Lord Chancellor: Condemns South Sea Bill, i. 190. Evidence against, i. 219. Opposes taxing Catholics, i. 216. Sketch of, i. 98. Coxe, Archdeacon, on: Division on Prince of Wales's allowance, ii. 88. Duke of Newcastle, ii. 33. Crabbe, George: Account of taking of Newgate, iii. 203. Death, iv. 282. _Craftsman_: Objects of, i. 290, 291. On Walpole's excise scheme, i. 318. Picture of Walpole, ii. 14. "Sedition and defamation displayed," i. 306. Series of pamphlets, i. 286. Started, i. 260. Craggs, Father and Son, i. 197. Crawford, Earl of, on Princess Anne's dowry, ii. 44. Croix, Petit de la, Persian Tales, iii. 254. Croker, John Wilson, ii. 107. Obstructs Reform Bill, iv. 163. Cromarty, Lord, trial, ii. 228. Cromwell, Elizabeth, death, ii. 3. Cruden, Alexander, dislike to Wilkes, iii. 135. Culloden, Battle of, ii. 224. Prisoners, ii. 232. Cumberland, Ernest Augustus, Duke of: Orange Association and, iv. 276, 278. Supports Irish Church, iv. 219. Unpopularity, iv. 102. Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of (Butcher), ii. 38. Army at Stafford, ii. 217. Character, ii. 223. Commands English troops at Lauffeld, ii. 239. Conduct after Culloden, ii. 226. Invites Pitt to return to office, iii. 73, 93. Queen Caroline's advice to, ii. 118. Curran, John Philpot: Appeal on behalf of Wolfe Tone, iii. 326. Description of Ireland, iv. 27. Curran, Sarah, and Robert Emmet, iii. 329.

"Daily Advertiser," iii. 128. _Daily Post_, iii. 128. Dalton, Sir Charles, Gentleman Usher of Black Rod, i. 278. Dashwood, Francis, Lord Le Despencer, iii. 33, 65. Chancellor of Exchequer, iii. 48. Founds brotherhood of Medmenham, iii. 46. Davy, Sir Humphry, iv. 93. Dawson, James, supports Young Pretender, ii. 221, 229. Dawson Street, Dublin, i. 81. Daylesford Manor, Worcestershire, iii. 245, 247. D'Espremesnil, Duval, Governor of Madras, ii. 261. De Launay decapitated, iii. 294. De Quincey, iii. 44. Deccan, Nizam of, sends diamond to George III., iii. 281. Declaration of Rights, Philadelphia, iii. 173. Declaratory Act, iii. 104, 105. Defoe, Daniel, "Robinson Crusoe," ii. 1. Demerara, "Insurrection" of slaves, iv. 193. Denman, Thomas, Lord Chief Justice: Defends Queen Caroline, iv. 6, 7, 8. Denmark, King of: Character, i. 3. Treaty with George I., i. 161. Treaty with George II., ii. 176. Derby, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, Earl of: Letter to Peel declining office, iv. 238. Political principles, iv. 217. Secretary to Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, iv. 127. Speech on Emancipation of Slaves, iv. 196. Speech on Irish State Church, iv. 217, 246. Derby, Reform riot at, iv. 170. Derwentwater, Earl of, i. 137. Executed, i. 142. Dettingen, battle of, ii. 182. Devonshire, Duke of, Premier of Coalition Ministry, ii. 298. D'Iberville on Whigs, i. 18. Dickens, Charles, iv. 286. Dinner hour, changes in, iii. 18. Dinwiddie, Governor of Virginia, ii. 285. Disarmament of clans, ii. 208, 232. Disarming Act (1716), result of, ii. 209. Disraeli (_see_ Beaconsfield, Lord). Divorce Bill (1820), iv. 6. Abandoned, iv. 8. Don Carlos: Compact to protect (1733), ii. 26. Heir to Parma and Placentia, ii. 28. Dorset, Duke of, English ambassador to France, iii. 295. Drake, Governor, in Fulta Island, iii. 249. Draper, Sir William, replies to letters of Junius, iii. 129. Drapier's letters, i. 240, 242. Drummond, Lord James, supports Young Pretender, ii. 221. Dublin coffee-houses, i. 82. Dublin in 1714, i. 80. Dubois, Abbé, Sketch of, i. 155. Duddington, Lieutenant, Commands "Gaspee," iii. 152. Dumouriez and Duke of Wellington, i. 129. Duncan, Admiral (Lord Camperdown): Deserted by squadron, iii. 335. Victory of Camperdown, iii. 318, 336. Duncannon, Lord, Commissioner of Woods and Forests, iv. 127. Dundas, Henry, Viscount Melville: Catholic Relief Bill for Scotland, iii. 195. Fall of, iii. 338. Sketch of, iii. 232. Dundonald, Admiral, last of sea-kings, iii. 336. Dunleary (_see_ Kingstown). Dunoyer, dancing-master and spy, ii. 106. Dupleix, Governor of S. India, ii. 261. Dreams of French empire in India, ii. 258. Founds Chandernagor, ii. 258. Indian policy, iii. 249. Recalled to France, ii. 262. Refuses to ratify Convention and pillages Madras, ii. 259. Duplicity universal, i. 30. Durham, Earl of, iv. 291. Efforts for Parliamentary reform, iv. 22. Lord Privy Seal, iv. 127. Manners, iv. 121. Sketch of, iv. 127. Suggestions on Reform Bill, iv. 129. Dutch (Batavian) expedition to Ireland, iii. 317. Dymoke, King's champion, iii. 13.

East India Companies, ii. 254, 260. East India Company: Charter renewed, iv. 230, 232. Clamors for revenge, iii. 163. Forces tea on America, iii. 161. Policy, iii. 248 _seqq._ Semi-regal authority, iii. 230. Edgeworth, Talbot, i. 82. Edinburgh: Bill, ii. 66, 68. City guard, ii. 60. Condition in 1745, ii. 210. In 1714, i. 84. Life in, i. 85. Edinburgh Castle: Jacobite plan to capture, i. 129. Reduction abandoned by Young Pretender, ii. 216. Edwards, spy in Cato Street conspiracy, iv. 17, 19. Effingham, Lord, Earl Marshal, iii. 13. Egremont, Lord, iii. 59, 63. House besieged, iii. 117. Wilkes before, iii. 60. Elcho, Lord, ii. 227. Eldon, Earl of, Lord Chancellor, iv. 3. Attitude on Catholic Emancipation, iv. 69. Attitude towards death penalty for stealing, iv. 21. Resigns office, iv. 57. Toryism, iv. 3. Elizabeth, Electress Palatine of the Rhine, i. 5. Elizabeth of Parma, wife of Philip V., ii. 28. Ellis, relations with Nawab Mir Kasim, iii. 251. Emerson prophesies rise of Orientalism in England, iii. 254. Emily, Princess: At her father's death-bed, ii. 304. Attends on Queen, ii. 117, 122, 123. Dislikes Walpole, ii. 126. Emmet, Robert, iii. 313, 314; iv. 206. Projects for Independence of Ireland, iii. 327. Emmet, Thomas Addis, iii. 313, 314. England: American Colonies and Advantages of union between, iii. 80. Declares war against Spain, ii. 178. Politics of Continent, and, i. 154, 225. Protests against War of Independence, iii. 183, 184. Recuperates, iii. 187. Spain and, trade disputes, ii. 150. English Copper Company and South Sea Company, i. 193. English Protestant Association, iii. 192, 195. Meeting in St. George's Fields, iii. 169. English substituted for Latin in indictments, etc., i. 302. Entinck, John, Editor of _Monitor_, iii. 51. Eon, Chevalier d', present to Wilkes, iii. 134. Erskine, Thomas, Lord: Defends Lord George Gordon, iii. 210. On Coronation oath, iv. 54. Eugene, Prince, of Savoy, ii. 24, 35. Excise Bill (1733), i. 317. Abandoned, i. 320. Excise Reform, i. 311. Exeter in 1714, i. 79.

Factories Act (1833), iv. 202, 204. Factory labor and State, iv. 201, 202. Fairman, Colonel, Orange lodges and, iv. 278. Falkirk, Hawley defeated at, ii. 223. "Family compacts," ii. 26; iii. 27. Famines in Scotland, i. 89. "Fancy Franchises," iv. 183. Fane, British Envoy at Florence, ii. 202. Fashions in 1760, iii. 16. Ferguson, on Edinburgh City Guard, ii. 60. Fielding, Henry: On mob in London, iii. 123. Satires on Pretender, ii. 219. Fielding, Sir John, house sacked, iii. 203. Finch, Lord, presents Bolingbroke's petition to Lords, i. 258. Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, iii. 309, 314; iv. 206. Death, iii. 323. Marriage, iii. 220. Sketch of career, iii. 312. Withdraws from Dublin Parliament, iii. 319. Fitzgerald, Vesey, defeated by O'Connell, iv. 74. Fitzherbert, Mrs.: Death, iv. 289. George IV. and, iii. 242; iv. 88. Fitzwilliam, Earl, Viceroy of Ireland, iii. 308. Flaxman, John, iv. 93. Fleet ditch, i. 72. Fleet marriages, ii. 279. Fleming, Sir Michael, and Lord George Gordon, iii. 199. Fletcher, Andrew, in Edinburgh in 1745, ii. 211. Fleury, Cardinal, Prime Minister of France, i. 264, 291. Florida and Carolina, dispute as to boundaries, ii. 160. Fontenoy, Battle of, ii. 210. Foote, on Alexander Wedderburn, iii. 158. Forbes, Duncan, in Edinburgh in 1745, ii. 62. Foreign aid for America, iii. 183. Forster, Thomas: Escapes, i. 142. In Newgate, i. 137. Fort Duquesne built, ii. 286. Fort Duquesne taken, iii. 180. Fort St. David, Olive at, ii. 260, 263. Fort Ticonderoga taken, iii. 79. "Forty-five," Account of Rebellion, ii. 203 _seqq._ Forty-shilling freeholders, iv. 179. Fowke, charged with conspiracy, iii. 261. Fox, Charles James, i. 28. Acquainted with Paris, iii. 293. Antagonism to Pitt, iii. 225. As Leader of Opposition, i. 287. Attitude on Regency, iii. 243. Attitude towards French Revolution, iii. 296, 299. Attitude towards Pitt, iii. 339. Character, iii. 227. Coalition with North, iii. 225. Contracted with Pitt, iii. 212 Death, iii. 340; iv. 61. Early life, iii. 142. Foreign Secretary and Leader of Commons, iii. 340. Friend to Ireland, iii. 319; iv. 23. India Bill, iii. 230 _seqq._ On Henry Grattan, iii. 307. Parliamentary career, iii. 141, 143. Praises of Pitt, iii. 223. Prince of Wales's conduct to, iii. 243. Resigns office, iii. 225. Scholarship, iii. 143. Secretary of State, iii. 224. Speech on Middlesex Election Petition, iii. 132. Fox, Henry (_see_ Holland, Lord). Fox's Martyrs, iii. 237. France: Acknowledges independence of America, iii. 183. Condition before Revolution, iii. 291. Declares war (1793), iii. 303. In 1716, i. 154, 155. Spain and, Alliance between, ii. 25, 26, 182. Spanish policy, iv. 42. Francis, Philip: Character, iii. 260. Duel with Hastings, iii. 267. Hostile to Hastings, iii. 280. Probable author of "Letters of Junius," iii. 39. Franklin, Benjamin: At Bar of House, iii. 103, 156. Gala suit, iii. 156, 184. Letters of Hutchinson and Oliver and, iii. 153, 155. On Whitefield's eloquence, ii. 139. On Wilkes's candidature for Parliament, iii. 116, 132. Signs Peace in Paris, iii. 184. Sketch of, iii. 102. Frazer, Under Secretary of State, iii. 235. Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales, ii. 38. Attempts to see his mother, ii. 118. Banished from King's palaces, ii. 108. Bids for popularity, ii. 71. Carries off his wife to London, ii. 106. Character, ii. 71, 72, 74, 77. Claims independent allowance, ii. 77. Conduct on declaration of war, ii. 178. Death, ii. 276. Epitaphs, ii. 276. Income, ii. 87. Marries Princess Augusta, ii. 47. Patriots and, ii. 50, 108, 110. Relations with George II., ii. 39, 50, 76, 91, 104. Sketch of, ii. 39. Votes against address on Convention, ii. 169. Frederick II. of Prussia (the Great), ii. 280. Account of abandonment of Excise Bill, i. 320. Description of George I., i. 270. Occupies Silesia, ii. 182. Frederick William, King of Prussia, and George II., ii. 45. Free Trade, movement towards, iv. 93. Free Trade, Walpole and, i. 317. Freedom of City, origin of, iv. 256. French aims in America, ii. 285. French expeditions to Ireland, iii. 315, 323, 325. French in Canada, ii. 283. French Revolution, iii. 284, 293 _seqq._ Condition of France before, iii. 291. England and, iii. 302, 306. French Revolution of 1830, iv. 98. Fuseli, Henry, iv. 93.

Gage, General: Arrives in Massachusetts, iii. 165. Raid upon stores in Concord, iii. 174. Galland, version of "Arabian Nights," iii. 254. Game Laws, severity of, iv. 84. Garrick, David, and Samuel Johnson, iii. 42. Gascoigne, General, amendment to Reform Bill, iv. 150. "Gaspee," iii. 152. Gates, General Horatio, iii. 179. Traitor, iii. 184. Gay, John; "Beggar's Opera," i. 302; ii. 95. Lampoons, ii. 102. "Polly," ii. 95. Secretary to Lord Clarendon, i. 38. Sketch of, ii. 3. _Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser_, iii. 128. George I. (George Louis, Elector of Hanover): Attitude towards Prince of Wales, i. 153, 256, 274. Character, i. 6, 8, 58, 91, 269. Conduct during 1715, i. 136. Coronation, i. 101. Death, i. 266. Descent, i. 6. Directions about Czar, i. 163. Distrusts Marlborough, i. 54. Entry into London, i. 58. Extent of Empire, i. 89. Journey to England, i. 56. Letter to King of Spain on Gibraltar, i. 296. New Lords Justices, i. 54. Principles of government, i. 91. Proclaimed King, i. 47, 49. Project for kidnapping Prince of Wales, ii. 109, 110. Stories of later years, i. 266. Treatment of Oxford and Bolingbroke, i. 101. Visits Hanover, i. 152, 236, 265. Will, i. 269. George II.: At Dettingen, ii. 182. Character, i. 274; ii. 46, 48, 76, 117, 123, 304. Consults Walpole, ii. 195. Death, ii. 303. Godfather to his grand-daughter, ii. 108. Guardian of the Realm and Lieutenant, i. 153. His family, ii. 38. In danger through storms, ii. 69. Income, ii. 89. Letter to Queen, ii. 76. On Handel, ii. 52. Opens Parliament (1728), i. 282. Negotiates with Carteret and Pulteney, ii. 244. Party when Prince of Wales, i. 257. Proposes allowance to Prince of Wales, ii. 81, 86. Proposes duel with Frederick William of Prussia, ii. 46. Relations with George I., i. 153, 256, 274; ii. 109. Relations with Prince of Wales, ii. 40, 50, 76, 104 _seqq._, 118. Royal speech (1727), i. 278. Speech from throne (1735), ii. 22. Sympathy with his mother, i. 153. Unpopular, ii. 69. Visits Hanover, ii. 47, 49, 210. George III.: Accession, iii. 2. Attitude towards Catholic Emancipation, iv. 53. Attitude towards French Revolution, iii. 301. Attitude towards Wilkes, iii. 17, 119, 132. Birth, ii. 278. Character, iii. 4, 241; iv. 91. Coronation, iii. 12. Courage during Gordon riots, iii. 206. Death, iii. 348. Dislikes Fox and North, iii. 225. Dislikes Pitt, iii. 3, 26. Dismisses Fox and North, iii. 235. Grenville and, iii. 71, 72, 93. Ideal of governing, iii. 23, 25, 80. Illnesses, iii. 72, 243, 341. Improvements during reign, iii. 349. Letter to Temple on India Bills, iii. 234. Ministry of all the talents and, iii. 340. Personal appearance, iii. 3. Policy towards American colonies, iii. 78, 79, 153, 164. Private life, iii. 19. Speech from throne (1760), iii. 22. George IV. (Augustus Frederick): Accession and illness, iv. 1. Attitude towards Canning, iv. 31, 37, 46, 48, 55, 65. Attitude towards Catholic Emancipation, iv. 54, 55, 76. Attitude towards Lord Grey, iv. 76. Character, iii. 241; iv. 24, 28, 30, 89 _seqq._ Coronation, iv. 9. Death, iv. 87. Endeavors to obtain divorce, iv. 3, 4, 6, 8. Friend of Fox and Sheridan, iii. 242; iv. 23. Illness, iv. 86. In opposition, iii. 242. Interview with Wellington, Lyndhurst, and Peel, iv. 77. Letters to Lord Liverpool, iv. 27, 37. Marries Princess Caroline of Brunswick, iii. 244. Mrs. Fitzherbert and, iii. 242; iv. 88. Regent, iii. 341. Visits Hanover, iv. 28. Visits Ireland, iv. 23 _seqq._ Visits Scotland, iv. 29. Georgia, John Wesley visits, ii. 127, 134. Georgian drama, ii. 94. Georgian literature, iii. 171. Gheriah, Pirate stronghold, ii. 265. Gibbon on Gordon riots, iii. 196. Gibraltar: Besieged (1727), i. 228. Debate on restitution of, i. 296. Gin riots, ii. 56. Gladsmuir (_see_ Preston Pans, battle of). Gladstone, John, entertains George Canning, iv. 35. Gladstone, William Ewart, iv. 35. Junior Lord of Treasury, iv. 239. On "Drapier's Letters," i. 245. Speech on Irish Church revenues, iv. 247. Glasgow in 1714, i. 86. Gloucester, Duke of, death, i. 3. Glynn, Serjeant, M. P. for Middlesex, iii. 124. Goderich, Viscount: Colonial and War Secretary, iv. 58. Prime Minister, iv. 65. "Prosperity Robinson," iv. 65. Resigns office, iv. 67. Sketch of, iv. 65. Godolphin, Countess of, i. 210. Godolphin, Earl of, Lord Privy Seal, ii. 107. Goethe, referred to, iii. 144, 145. "Sorrows of Werther," iii. 167. Goldsmith, Oliver: Plays, iii. 170. Sketch of career and writings, iii. 167, 171. Gordon, Colonel, threatens rioters, iii. 199. Gordon, Elizabeth, Duchess of, improves Scotch agriculture, i. 88. Gordon, Lord George: Acquitted, iii. 210. Arrested, iii. 209. Death in Newgate, iii. 210. Denounces Burke, iii. 199. Presents petition to Commons, iii. 198. Sketch of, iii. 192. Gordon riots, iii. 196 _seqq._ Gordon, Sir John, ii. 223. Government by party, i. 284. Graeme, Colonel, mission, iii. 11. Grafton, Duke of (I.), killed in Cork, i. 83. Grafton, Duke of (II.), Bill to suspend Habeas Corpus Act, i. 213. Grafton (Augustus Henry Fitzroy), Duke of (III.): Junius's indictment of, iii. 129. Resigns place in Rockingham ministry, iii. 108. Sketch of, iii. 35. Graham, Sir James: First Lord of Admiralty, iv. 127. Refuses office in Peel's ministry, iv. 238. Resigns office, iv. 218. Speech on Irish Church revenues, iv. 246. Granard, Lord, tells King James of conspiracy, i. 24. Grant, Sir Archibald, interest in road-making, i. 88. Granville, Earl of (_see_ Carteret, John). Grattan, Henry: Buried in Westminster Abbey, iv. 23. Leader of Irish, iii. 307. Withdraws from Dublin Parliament, iii. 319. Gray, "Elegy in a Country Church-yard," ii. 289. Great Seal stolen, iii. 237. "Grecian" coffee-house, i. 76. Greece: struggle for independence, iv. 40, 48. Green, J. B., on "Family Compact," ii. 31. Greene, Nathaniel, iii. 176, 179. Gregory XIII. reforms calendar, ii. 275. Grenville, George, iii. 26, 57. Colonial policy, iii. 84, 87. Prime minister, iii. 72. Proposes tax to maintain garrison in America, iii. 87. Regency Bill and, iii. 72. Sketch of, iii. 31. Speech on Middlesex election petition, iii. 131. Stamp Act, iii. 87, 90. Grenville, James, iii. 26. Grenville, William Wyndham, Lord, Ministry of all the talents, iii. 340. Greville, Charles, on: Duel between Wellington and Winchilsea, iv. 83. Edmund Burke, iii. 96. George IV.'s illness, iv. 86. James and John Stuart Mill, iv. 281. Meeting Macaulay, iv. 185. Princess Victoria, iv. 290, 291. William IV., iv. 114, 115. William IV. and Whig ministers, iv. 175. Grey, Charles, Earl: Appeal to archbishops and bishops on Reform Bill, iv. 171. Appeals to country, iv. 152. Attacks Canning, iv. 59. Attitude towards electoral reform, iv. 52, 59. Attitude towards Irish State Church, iv. 218, 220. Catholic Emancipation and, iv. 76. Character, iv. 120. Introduces third Reform Bill, iv. 173. Irish grievances and, iv. 207. Leader of Opposition, iv. 103. Motion on speech from throne, iv. 104. Prime Minister, iv. 122. Resigns office, iv. 233. Scheme for creating new peers, iv. 176, 180. Speech on reform, iv. 108. Speech on Reform Bill (second), iv. 168. Grey, Earl: Committed to Tower, i. 214. Condemns South Sea Bill, i. 190. Grey, Sir George, Under-Secretary of Colonies, iv. 252. Grosvenor, Sir Richard, names squares and streets, i. 68. Grote, George: On Irish State Church system, iv. 210. Motion for ballot in municipal elections, iv. 259. Sketch of, iv. 215. Speech on Ward's motion on Irish Church, iv. 216, 217. Guelf, history of family, i. 5. Guildhall banquet rumors, iv. 112.

Haddington, Lord, introduces sowing grass seeds, i. 88. Haidar: Grudge against English, iii. 265. Sketch of career, iii. 265. Halhed, friend of Sheridan, iii. 217, 218. Halifax, Lord, iii. 59. Wilkes before, iii. 60. Halkett, Sir P. K., warns General Braddock, ii. 286. Hall, Robert, death, iv. 284. Hamilton, James, Duke of, killed in duel, i. 122. Hamilton, Lady Archibald, accompanies Prince and Princess of Wales to London, ii. 107. Hamilton (Single-speech), Secretary to Halifax, iii. 99. Hampden, John, and ship money, i. 247. Hampden, Richard, i. 105. Hampton Court Palace, Royal Family in, ii. 105, 106. Handel: Reception of "Messiah," ii. 51. Royal Family and, ii. 51. Hanger, George, iii. 244. Hanover: Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's account of, i. 152. Separation from English Crown proposed, ii. 105. Sketch of House of, i. 5. Thackeray's description of, i. 55. Treaty of, i. 295. Hanoverian dynasty, position of, iv. 94. Harcourt, Simon, Lord Chancellor: Motion on Oxford's impeachment, i. 169. Sketch of career, i. 49. Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, Lord Chancellor, ii. 9, 192. Heads deputation to Prince of Wales, ii. 81. On declaration of war, ii. 177. Opposes Pitt, iii. 26. Passes Marriage Act, ii. 279. Harley, Robert (_see_ Oxford, Earl of). Harley, Thomas, arrest ordered, i. 106. Harrington, Lord, Secretary of State, i. 304. Harrison, Audrey, marries third Marquis Townshend, iii. 110. Harrowby, Lord, and Cato Street conspiracy, iv. 18. Harvard College, places in lists, iii. 77. Hastings, Howard, assists his nephew, iii. 246. Hastings, Lady Elizabeth, Essays by Congreve and Steele on, i. 301. Hastings, Pynaston, iii. 245. Hastings, Warren: Acquitted, iii. 285. Advice on quarrel of Nawab and Ellis, iii. 252. At Bar of House, iii. 276, 289. Attempts literature, iii. 253. Benares expedition, iii. 269. Buys Dalesford, iii. 276. Charges against, iii. 258. Company's representative at Murshidabad, iii. 250. Defence at Bar of House, iii. 276. Duel with Francis, iii. 267. Enemies, iii. 260, 264, 265. Evidence before House of Commons' Committee, iii. 253. Friendship for Sir James Bland-Burges, iii. 278. Governor-General, iii. 260; his Council, iii. 260 _seqq._ Governor of Bengal, iii. 257. Impeached, iii. 281. Indian policy, iii. 273. Life at Daylesford, iii. 288. Marriage, iii. 250, 256. Oriental diplomacy, iii. 249. Oriental studies, iii. 254. Presents Deccan diamond to king, iii. 281. Reforms needed and carried out, iii. 257, 258. Relations with Impey, iii. 267, 268. Resignation accepted, iii. 264. Returns to England, iii. 253. Returns to India, iii. 255. Scheme for Supreme Court and Council, iii. 267. Sketch of career, iii. 245 _seqq._ State of India on his arrival, iii. 249. Trial, iii. 281 _seqq._ Work accomplished, iii. 258. Hatzfeldt, Count, mobbed, iii. 118. Hawley, defeated at Falkirk, ii. 223. Hazlitt on Steele and Addison, i. 300, 301. Heath, --, iii. 179. Heber, Bishop, death, iv. 92. Heights of Abraham, ii. 288, 289. Hell-Fire Club, iii. 47. Hemans, Felicia, death, iv. 284. Henry IV. becomes a Catholic, i. 13. Henry, Patrick, speech against Stamp Act, iii. 90. Hepburn, James, of Keith, ii. 214. Herbert, Colonel (Lord Carnarvon), Treatment of Lord George Gordon, iii. 202. Herbert, Sidney, as debater, iv. 239. Herrenhausen, i. 55. Herschel, Sir John, on Newton, i. 273. Hertford, Lord, preparations against insurgents, iii. 205. Hervey, James, author of "Meditations," ii. 128. Hervey, John, Lord, Baron Hervy of Ickworth: Appeal on Convention, ii. 163. Attends dying Queen, ii. 118, 123. Compares Chesterfield with Scarborough and Carteret, ii. 5. Interviews with Walpole on Queen's death, ii. 120, 125. Lampoons, ii. 102. Memoirs of Reign of George II., i. 306, 308. On Duke of Argyll, i. 44. On Frederick, Prince of Wales, ii. 39, 105. On George II.'s danger, ii. 69. On George II.'s illness, ii. 303. On Handel and Royal Family, ii. 51. On Hardwicke and Talbot, ii. 10. On letters between George I. and Prince of Wales, ii. 109. On Princess Caroline, ii. 38. On Princess Emily, ii. 38. On Sir William Wyndham, i. 288. On Walpole being indispensable, ii. 91. Sedition and Defamation displayed, i. 306. Sketch of, i. 306. Supports Walpole's policy, ii. 160, 168. Takes news of Prince of Wales's claim to Queen, ii. 78, 79. Hessian mercenaries, i. 291, 292. For America, iii. 183. In Ireland, iii. 322. Highlands, modern prosperity of, ii. 233. Highlands, pacification after Culloden, ii. 227. Hill, Frank H., quoted on: Fame and George Canning, iv. 59. Peel and art of government, iv. 57. Hill, Rowland, death, iv. 284. Hill, Sir George, recognizes Wolfe Tone, iii. 325. Hillsborough, Lord, Secretary of State, iii. 147. Colonial policy, iii. 147, 148, 150, 152. Hoadley, Dr., Bishop of Winchester, opposed to Test Act, ii. 110, 111. Hoche, General: Commands expedition to Ireland, iii. 315. Death, iii. 318. Hogarth, William: Caricature of Churchill, iii. 63. Caricature of Wilkes, iii. 61. Death, iii. 68. "March to Finchley," ii. 231. Pictures of London, i. 64, 65. "Polling Day," ii. 188. Portrait of Lord Lovat, ii. 230. Sketch of career, ii. 230. Hogg, James, death, iv. 282. Holland, Henry Fox, Lord: As Administrator and Debater, ii. 274. Asked to support Prince of Wales's claim, ii. 78. Character, iii. 33, 141. Forms Opposition to Pitt, iii. 26. Macaulay and C. Greville dine with, iv. 185. Paymaster, ii. 298. Protests against words "On the true faith of a Christian," iv. 69. Secretary at War, ii. 296. Holroyd, Colonel, threatens Lord George Gordon, iii. 199. Holwell, on Black Hole of Calcutta, ii. 267. Holy Alliance and Congress of Verona, iv. 39, 42, 45. Horne-Tooke, John, Rector of Brentford: Candidate for Westminster, iii. 139. Quarrels with Wilkes, iii. 136. Supports Wilkes, iii. 117. Horneck, Mary, "Jessamy Bride," iii. 169. Houghton, Walpole at, i. 196. House of Commons: Chairman of Committee, iv. 160. Commencement of Party organization, i. 256. Committee on Convention, ii. 171. Debates on: Allowance for Prince of Wales, ii. 82, 88. American Colonies, iii. 162. Middlesex Election, iii. 131. Restitution of Gibraltar, i. 297. Supply to George II., i. 280. Election Petitions, ii. 189. Gordon presents petition to, iii. 198. Growth of, i. 32. In Committee, iv. 160. Inadequate accommodation, iv. 270, 271. Ladies' Gallery, iv. 272. Numbers in 1714, i. 51. Obstruction in, iv. 159, 160 _seqq._ Petition of merchants against Spaniards, ii. 153. Petitions against Spaniards, i. 294. Secession from, ii. 172, 174. Subsidies for foreign mercenaries, i. 293. House of Lords: Agitation against, iv. 167. Debates on: Bill for Princess Anne's dowry, ii. 43. Convention, ii. 164, 168. Prince of Wales's allowance, ii. 89. India Bills rejected, iii. 235. Numbers in 1714, i. 51. Protest against Address on Prince of Wales's allowance, ii. 90. Reform and, iv. 169, 173, 176. Scene during Gordon Riot, iii. 197, 201. Walpole and, ii. 159. Houses of Parliament (old), i. 64. Destroyed by fire, iv. 267. Houses of Parliament, design for new, iv. 269, 270. Howe, Admiral Richard, Viscount, Mutiny at Spithead and, iii. 335. Howe, William, Viscount, iii. 182. Commands at Breed Hill, iii. 176. Humbert, General, commands expedition to Ireland, iii. 323. Hume, David, on Whitefield's eloquence, ii. 139. Hume, Joseph, Committee on Orangeism, iv. 387. Hungerford speaks for Bolingbroke, i. 108. Hunt, Leigh, on: George IV., iii. 242. William Congreve, i. 301. Hunt, Orator, defeats Stanley at Preston, iv. 131. Huskisson, William: Attitude on Catholic Emancipation, iv. 68. Colonial and War Secretary, iv. 65, 67. Death, iv. 103. Resigns office, iv. 72. Sketch of career, iv. 52. Treasurer of Navy and President of Board of Trade, iv. 58. Hutchinson, Governor-General of Massachusetts: House in Boston ransacked, iii. 91. Letters to Whately, iii. 153. Hyde Park, camp in, i. 121.

Ibraham Pasha, military capacity, iv. 49. Imhoff, Baroness von, and Warren Hastings, iii. 255. Impey, Elijah, Chief Justice, iii. 261, 268. Impressment for Navy abolished, iv. 263, 267. India Bills: Fox's, iii. 230 _seqq._ Pitt's, iii. 237, 238. Indian Empire, ii. 257. Condition in 1707, ii. 257. Three Presidencies, ii. 253. Inglis, Sir Robert Harry, speech on Reform Bill, iv. 144. Insurrection of 1715, i. 118 _seqq._ Conditions of success, i. 118. Intrigues in Cabinet, i. 251. Ireland: Agitation in 1724, i. 240. Condition in 1797, iii. 318. Grievances, iii. 306. In 1714, i. 80. New copper coinage, i. 240. Irish and English Parliaments, i. 179. Irish Brigade at Fontenoy and Lauffeld, ii. 239. Irish clergy, ii. 130. Irish House of Lords, i. 178. Irish Parliament, i. 80; iii. 307. Abolished, iv. 206. Irish, Penal Laws against, ii. 248. Irish Rebellion of '98, iii. 313, 314 _seqq._; iv. 206. Irish State Church question, tithes, iv. 207 _seqq._ Debate on, iv. 212. (_See also_ Tithe question, Ireland.) Irish vote, iv. 244. Irving, Washington, essay on Robert Emmet, iii. 329. Isla, Earl of, i. 250. Italy in 1716, i. 154.

Jacobite demonstration in England, i. 121, 135. Jacobitism and Tory cause, iii. 24. Jamaica: Act to mitigate punishment of slaves, iv. 193. Jekyll, Sir Joseph, Gin Act, ii. 56. Jenkins, Captain, story of his ear, ii. 158. Johnson, Samuel: English dictionary, ii. 299. Epitaph on Goldsmith, iii. 171. Friend of Goldsmith, iii. 169. Interview with Wilkes, iii. 138. On acquittal of Lord George Gordon, iii. 210. On Alexander Wedderburn, iii. 158. On authorship of _Letters of Junius_, iii. 131. On state of Irish, ii. 248. On taking of Newgate, iii. 203. Opinion of Thomas Sheridan, iii. 217. Receives pension, iii. 55. Regard for Warren Hastings, iii. 255. Sketch of, iii. 39 _seqq._ Visits Paris, iii. 293. Jones, Inigo, lays out Covent Garden, i. 68. Jones, Paul, commands "Le Bonhomme Richard," iii. 183. Jones, Sir William, Persian grammar, iii. 254. Jonson, Ben, Comedies, i. 299. Jordan, Mrs., and William IV., iv. 97. Julius Caesar regulates calendar, ii. 275. _Junius's Letters in Public Advertiser_, iii. 128.

Kazim Bazar Settlement, iii. 249. Keats, John, death, iv. 92. Kean, Edmund, death, iv. 285. Kelly supports Young Pretender, ii. 205. Kemble, John, death, iv. 92. Kendal, Mlle. Schulemberg, Duchess of, i. 7, 241, 266. Bribed by Bolingbroke, i. 267. Death, i. 266. Kenmure, Viscount, i. 137. Executed, i. 142. Kennett, Lord Mayor of London, iii. 201. Kent, Edward, Duke of, death, iii. 348. Kent, Duchess of, and William IV., iv. 117. Kenyon defends Lord George Gordon, iii. 210. Ker, Lord Mark, reception of Cope, ii. 215. Kilmansegge, Mme. (Countess of Darlington), i. 7. Kilmarnock, Lord, trial of, ii. 228, 229. Kilwarden, Lord Chief Justice: Action respecting Wolfe Tone, iii. 326. Murdered, iii. 328. King's Evil, iii. 39. King's friends, iii. 108. Kingstown, origin of name, iv. 25. Kinnison, David, iii. 161. "Kit-Kat" Club, i. 74. Kneller: portrait of Queen Anne, i. 2. Knighton, Sir William, sketch of, iv. 47. Königsmark, Aurora, mother of Maurice de Saxe, i. 8. Königsmark, Charles John, i. 7. Murders Lord Thynne, i. 8. Königsmark, Philip Christof, assassinated, i. 7. Kosciusko in America, iii. 183.

La Bourdonnais: Besieges and takes Madras, ii. 259. Founds colonies of Ile de France and Bourbon, ii. 258. Sent to France under arrest, ii. 259. La Vendée, Royalist revolt in, iii. 303. La Vrillière, Mme., i. 237. Lade, Sir John, iii. 244. Lafayette: Demands revival of States-General, iii. 293. In America, iii. 183. Lamb, Charles: Death, iv. 284. On "Robinson Crusoe," ii. 2. Lambton, J. G. (_see_ Durham, Earl of). Lampooners, ii. 102. Landor, Walter Savage: Epigram on the Four Georges, iii. 242. On George I. and George II., i. 273. Langdale, distilleries fired by mob, iii. 207. Lauderdale, Lord, attitude towards French Revolution, iii. 301. Lauffeld, battle of, ii. 239. Law, defends Warren Hastings, iii. 285. Law, John, forms Mississippi Company, i. 184. Law, William, "Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life," ii. 133. Lawrence, Major, commands in S. India (1751), ii. 264. Lawrence, Sir Thomas, iv. 93. Layer, Christopher: Arrested, i. 219. Hanged, i. 221. Lecky, William E. H., on: Catholics and Protestants, iv. 55. Shrewsbury as Lord High Treasurer, i. 46. Lee, Richard Henry, on George Washington, iii. 189. Lee, General Charles, iii. 179. Traitor, iii. 184. Leeds, iv. 99. Leeds, Duke of, protests against Act for Dependency of Ireland, i. 178. Leibnitz on Electress Sophia, i. 4. Lennox, Lady Sarah, sketch of, iii. 9. Leopold, King of the Belgians, iv. 117, 290. Lepell, Mary, Lady Hervey, i. 307, 308. Lessing, "Laocoon," iii. 98. Referred to, iii. 145. Leszczynski, Stanislaus, King of Poland, sketch of, ii. 23. _Letters of Junius_ in _Public Advertiser_, iii. 128. Authorship, iii. 130. Lewis, Sir George Cornewall, i. 290. Lexington, battle at, ii. 43; iii. 174. Liberal political principles, rise of, iv. 94. Lightfoot, Hannah, iii. 8. Limerick invested by William III., i. 83. Limerick, Treaty of, i. 83. Linley, Elizabeth (Mrs. Richard B. Sheridan), iii. 218. Liverpool: As commercial port, iv. 99. In 1714, i. 79. Memorials of Canning, iv. 34. Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened, iv. 103. Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, Earl of: Attitude towards Catholic Emancipation, iv. 34. Attitude towards popular liberty, iv. 3. Character, iii. 345. Death, iv. 62. Illness, iv. 55, 58. Prime Minister, iv. 3. Recommends Canning as Foreign Secretary, iv. 37. Lloyd, Dr., at Westminster School, iii. 54. Logwood Trade on Campeachy Bay, i. 294, 295. London: In panic, iii. 204. In 1714, i. 63. In 1760, iii. 15. Penny Post, i. 78. Poverty in, ii. 89. State during '45, ii. 218. London University Charter, iv. 261. Londonderry, Marquis of (_see_ Castlereagh, Viscount). Lord High Treasurer, office of, i. 46. Lord Mayor of London committed to Tower, iii. 135. Lord Mayor of London presents addresses to King, iii. 133. Lord Treasurership in Commission, i. 97. "Lords of Trade," iii. 80. Louis XIV. and Stuart cause, i. 117. Louis XV. places Stanislaus Leszczynski on throne of Poland, ii. 23. Louis XVI.: Character, iii. 295. Executed, iii. 300, 303. Louis Napoleon, Emperor, demeanor, i. 127. Louis Napoleon, Prince, i. 10. Louis Philippe, King of the French, iv. 98, 105. Louisiana, ii. 283. Lovat, Simon Fraser, Lord, sketch of, ii. 229. Lowe, Sir Hudson, and Napoleon Bonaparte, iii. 344. Lowland Agriculture, i. 87. Loyalty in 1714, i. 59. Luttrell, Colonel: Opposes Wilkes, iii. 126. Petition against, iii. 132. Lyall, Sir Alfred, on Hastings's application for annuity for his wife, iii. 289. Lyndhurst, John Singleton Copley, Baron, iv. 58, 65. Amendment on Reform Bill (third), iv. 174. Interview with King on Catholic emancipation, iv. 77. Lord Chancellor, iv. 239. Opposes Municipal Bill, iv. 259. Oratory, iv. 174. Lyons rises against Paris, iii. 303. Lyttelton in politics and literature, ii. 274.

Maberly, house sacked, iii. 201. Macartney, General, returns to England, i. 122. Macartney, Lord, governor of Madras, iii. 266. Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Lord: On Arbuthnot, ii. 21. On Irish tithe question, iv. 210. On Warren Hastings, iii. 258. Sketch of, iv. 184. Macaulay, Zachary, West Indian Slavery and, iv. 190. Macclesfield, Thomas Parker, Earl of: Impeached, i. 262. On reform of calendar, ii. 275. M'Cullock, Lieutenant, suggests scaling Heights of Abraham, ii. 288. Macdonald, Aeneas, evidence on '45, ii. 205, 227. Macdonald of Barrisdale, ii. 227. Macdonald of Sleat refuses to support Young Pretender, ii. 205. Macdonald, Sir John, supports Young Pretender, ii. 205, Macdonalds' conduct at Culloden, ii. 225. Mackintosh, Brigadier, escapes from Newgate, i. 142. Mackintosh, Sir James: Bill to abolish death penalty for minor offences, iv. 20. Death, iv. 281. Denounces trial of Rev. John Smith, iv. 194. M'Laurin improves fortifications of Edinburgh, ii. 211. Maclean, Donald, tried for murdering Allan, iii. 120. Macleod of Macleod refuses to support Young Pretender, ii. 205. M'Quirk, Edward, tried for murder of George Clarke, iii. 129. Madras: Besieged by Le Bourdonnais, ii. 259. Restored to England, ii. 260. Madras expedition, iii. 250. Mahon, Lord, iii. 186. Mahratta States and Nizam of Deccan, iii. 265, 266. Malleson, Colonel, on Suraj ud Dowlah, ii. 267. Malthus, Thomas Robert, iv. 281. Manchester, iv. 99. In 1714, i. 79. Mangan, Clarence, "Dark Rosaleen," iv. 205. Manley, Isaac, Postmaster-General, Dublin, i. 82. Mansfield, Murray, Lord, ii. 274. Attorney-General, ii. 296. Demeanor during Gordon riot, iii. 197. House sacked, iii. 203. Mar, John Erskine, Earl of, i. 39. Leader of insurrection, 1715, i. 123. Letter to Bolingbroke, i. 120. Sketch of, i. 123. March Club, i. 74. Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary, British troops support, ii. 182. Marie Antoinette executed, iii. 300. Markham arrests Rajah of Benares, iii. 269. Marlborough House, i. 69. Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of, i. 2, 54. Advice on rebellion of 1715, i. 128. Advice to Bolingbroke, i. 104. Character, i. 22, 24, 210. Charges against, i. 94. Closing days, i. 208. Funeral, i. 211. Member of Privy Council, i. 100. Return to England, i. 16, 52. Marlborough, Sarah, Duchess of, i. 208. Advice to Duke, i. 100. Character, i. 25. Marriage Act, ii. 279. Marseilles rises against Paris, iii. 303. Martin challenges Wilkes, iii. 66. Martineau, H.: Attitude towards Poor Relief, iv. 224. On admission of ladies to hear debates in House, iv. 272. On movement against monopoly of East India Company, iv. 232. On Queen Caroline, iv. 10. Masham, created peer, i. 174. Masham, Mrs., i. 2. Letter to Swift, i. 36. Result of influence with Queen, i. 94. Massachusetts: Memorial from, ii. 42. Mutiny Act and, iii. 150. Petition for recall of Hutchinson and Oliver, iii. 155. Protests against Stamp Act, iii. 90. Punishment of, iii. 164. Mathews, Charles, Sen., "At Home" performance, iv. 285. Maximilian, Emperor, iv. 45. Mayfair, i. 72. Mechanics' Institutes, iv. 93. Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Duchy of, iii. 11. Medmenham-on-Thames, iii. 46. Meer Jaffier conspires against Suraj ud Dowlah, ii. 269, 270, 271, 272. Melbourne, William Lamb, Viscount: Attitude towards reforms, iv. 254. Character, iv. 234. Home Secretary, iv. 126. Irish Members and, iv. 253. Prime Minister, iv. 233, 250. Meredith, George, "Ironic procession," iii. 2. Methodism (_see_ Wesleyan Movement). Methuen, Sir Paul, Treasurer of Household, i. 279. Opposes Bolingbroke's pardon, i. 259. Mexican Empire, iv. 45. Middlesex election (1768), iii. 117. Debate on petition, iii. 131. Mill, James, historian of British India, iv. 281. Mill, John Stuart: Doctrine of non-intervention, iv. 62. On Irish cottier tenant, iv. 222. Mills, Mrs., friend of Lady Nithisdale, i. 139. Ministry of All the Talents, iii. 340. Ministry of 1714, i. 97. Ministry of 1742, ii. 192. Minorca, i. 296, 298. Captured by French, ii. 297. Mir Jaffier, iii. 250, 253. Intrigues, iii. 250. Mir Kasim, Nawab, and Ellis, iii. 251. Mirzapha Jung claims Deccan Vice-royalty, ii. 261. Death, ii. 262. Mississippi scheme, i. 184 _seqq._ Mitchel, John, on Chesterfield's rule in Ireland, ii. 250. Mob law in London, iii. 122. Mob orators, Sir Robert Inglis on, iv. 145. Mohun, Lord, i. 74. Killed in duel, i. 122. Moira, Lady Elizabeth, letter on French expedition to Ireland, iii. 315. Molesworth: on renewal of East India Company's Charter, iv. 230, 232. Monarchy under Hanoverians, ii. 74. _Monitor_ edited by John Entinck, iii. 51, 52, 55. Monopolies, petitions for, i. 191. Monroe doctrine, iv. 44. Monson, Colonel, iii. 260, 261. Death, iii. 264. Montagu, Edward Wortley, i. 105. Ambassador to Constantinople, i. 148. Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley: Letters, i. 148, 149, 152, 157. Sketch of, i. 148, 149, 150. Montcalm, Louis, Marquis de: Killed at Quebec, ii. 290. Monument, ii. 290. Montesquieu, on Duke of Berwick, ii. 34. Montgomery, --, iii. 179. Moore, Thomas: Lines on Robert Emmet, iii. 329. On George IV., iii. 242. Quoted, iv. 23. Moravian sect, ii. 134. More, Hannah: Death, iv. 282. On Lord George Gordon, iii. 193. Morgan, Mrs., friend of Lady Nithisdale, i. 139. Morris, Charles, iii. 244. Mostyn, Sir Thomas, iii. 338. "Mug houses," i. 75. Municipal Corporation Bill for Ireland, iv. 258. Municipal Corporations Commission and Bill, iv. 257, 258. Municipal system, reorganization of, iv. 254 _seqq._ Munster, Earl of, iv. 114. Murari Rao offers to assist English, ii. 263. Murchison, Sir Roderick, and British Association, iv. 262. Murger, Henri, "bohemianiam," iii. 310. Murphy, Father John: And _Auditor_, iii. 51. Conduct in '98, iii. 320. Murray, James (Earl of Dunbar), Secretary to James Stuart, ii. 18. Murray, John, of Broughton, ii. 227. Murray, tutor to Charles Edward, Young Pretender, ii. 202. Murray (_see_ Mansfield, Lord). Musters, Mr., house set fire to, iv. 170. Mutiny Act and New York, iii. 149.

Nairn, Lord, a prisoner, i. 137, 138. Nand Kumar (Nuncomar), iii. 258, 259. Accusations against Hastings, iii. 261. Charged with conspiracy, iii. 261. Charged with forgery, iii. 261. Tried and hanged, iii. 262. Napier, Hon. George, marries Lady Sarah Bunbury, iii. 10. Napier, Sir Charles, iii. 10; iv. 179. Napier, Sir William, iii. 10. Napoleon I. (Bonaparte): Close of career, iv. 12. On Romilly's suicide, iii. 347. On Thames Embankment, iv. 14. On Wellington seizing English crown, iv. 277. Scheme for invasion of Ireland and, iii. 312, 314. Sketch of career, iii. 331 _seqq._, 344. Wins Toulon, iii. 304. Napoleon III. (Charles Louis), Policy, iv. 45. National Assembly, declaration of war and, iii. 302, 303. National Crisis (1832), iv. 178. National Debt (1714), i. 93. Pitt's plan for redemption of, iii. 239. National distress in 1830, iv. 100, 105. Navarino, battle of, iv. 50, 67, 96. Navy, press-gang system abolished, iv. 263, 266. Nelson, Horatio, Viscount, iii. 337. Receives freedom of London, iii. 139. Nepean, Under-Secretary of State, iii. 235. New England Colonies, iii. 75. New York: Congress of 1765, iii. 91. In 1765, iii. 77. Mutiny Act and, iii. 149. Newbottle, Lord, and Lady Sarah Lennox, iii. 9, 10. Newcastle, Duke of: Appeal to Lords on declaration of war, ii. 177. Bribery under, iii. 25. Family influence, ii. 243. Jealous of Pulteney, ii. 192. Leader of Administration, ii. 210, 296. On Bill for Princess Anne's dowry, ii. 44. On "Briton," iii. 23. On "Family Compact," ii. 33. Resigns office, ii. 298. Sacrifices Byng, ii. 298. Secretary for Foreign Affairs, ii. 160. Secretary of State, ii. 192. Traitor to Walpole, ii. 160, 189. Warns Rockingham against Burke, iii. 100. Newfoundland, French fishing-stations on, iii. 78. Newgate taken by rioters, iii. 203. Newton, Sir Isaac: Death, i. 272. Opinion on Irish coins, i. 241. Neyoe, Irish priest: Arrested, i. 219. Drowned, i. 221. Nile, battle of the, iii. 337. Nithisdale, Countess of: Effects Earl's escape, i. 140. Petition to King, i. 139. Nithisdale, William Maxwell, Earl of: Condemnation and escape, i. 138. Nizam-Al-Mulk, Viceroy of Deccan, death of, ii. 261. Nizam of Deccan and Mahratta States, iii. 265, 266. Nollekens, Joseph, iv. 93. Nootka Sound, English settlement at, iii. 302. Norbury, Baron, tries Robert Emmet, iii. 329. Nore, mutiny at, iii. 335. Norfolk, Duke of: Committed to Tower, i. 214. Discharged, i. 215. Norris, James, sketch of, iv. 288. _North Briton_, iii. 51, 52, 155. Churchill writes on, iii. 55. No. 45 on King's Speech, iii. 57, 60. Ordered to be burned, iii. 67. Warrant for arrest of authors, printers, and publishers, iii. 58. North, Frederick, Lord: Attitude during Wedderburn's attack on Franklin, iii. 156. Bill to close Port of Boston, iii. 163. Chancellor of Exchequer, iii. 113. Coalition with Fox, iii. 225. Colonial policy, iii. 152. Fall of Ministry, iii. 223. Finances and, iii. 239. Makes peace with America, iii. 184. Moves repeal of American duties except tea tax, iii. 151. Regulates Act of 1773, iii. 260. North, Lord: Committed to Tower, i. 214. Discharged, i. 215. Condemns South Sea Bill, i. 190. Northcote, James, on Queen Charlotte, iii. 12. Northumberland, Duchess of: Governess to Princess Victoria, iv. 291. Northumberland, Duke of, forced to toast Wilkes, iii. 118. Norton, Fletcher, speech on Middlesex election petition, iii. 131. Norwich in 1714, i. 79. Nottingham Castle burned, iv. 170. Nunjeraj, Vizier of Rajah of Mysore, iii. 265.

Oates, Titus, on term "Tory," i. 17. O'Brien, Smith, iv. 179. O'Connell, Daniel: Demands municipal reform for Ireland, iv. 258. Elected for Clare, iv. 71, 78. In favor of ballot, iv. 131. Loyalty, iv. 23, 27. On Universal Suffrage, iv. 85. Oratory, iv. 70. Seconds amendment on Emancipation of Slaves, iv. 197. Sketch of, iv. 53, 69. Speech on Irish Church Revenues, iv. 248, 249. Speeches on Reform Bill, iv. 148, 172. O'Connor, Arthur, iii. 313, 314. Withdraws from Dublin Parliament, iii. 319. October Club, i. 74. Oglethorpe, General, invites John Wesley to Georgia, ii. 134. Ohio, English and French on, ii. 285. Oliver, Alderman, committed to Tower, iii. 135. Oliver, Andrew, collector of stamp taxes at Boston, iii. 91. Oliver, Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts: Letters to Whately, iii. 153. O'Meara, Dr. Barry E., conversations with Napoleon, iv. 13. Omichund: Death, ii. 273. Plots against English and Suraj ud Dowlah, ii. 269, 270. Onslow, Arthur, Speaker of House of Commons: On Sir William Wyndham, i. 288. Opposes Bolingbroke's pardon, i. 259. Re-elected Speaker, ii. 22, 186. Sketch of, i. 282. Onslow, Sir Richard, i. 105. Orange Associations, iv. 274 _seqq._ Orange, Prince of, marries Princess Anne, ii. 41. Order of Bath revived, i. 252. Orleans, Louis Philippe, Duke of (Egalité), iii. 293. Orleans, Philippe, Duke of (Regent), i. 117. Death, i. 238. Overtures to George I., i. 156, 181. Sketch of, i. 155. Ormond, Duke of: Flight, i. 111. Heads Spanish Jacobite expedition, i. 162. Impeached, i. 109, 110. In Paris, i. 119, 120. Name razed from roll of Peers, i. 114. Warden of Cinque Ports, i. 39. Orrery, Earl of: Committed to Tower, i. 214. Discharged, i. 215. Otis, James, denounces Writs of Assistance, iii. 84. Oude subjected, iii. 258. Oude, Vizier of, and Begums, iii. 271. Oxford in '45, ii. 220. Oxford, Robert Harley, Earl of, i. 26, 29. Acquitted, i. 111, 170. Attitude towards Restoration of Stuarts, i. 107. Character, i. 113. Committed to Tower, i. 112. Establishes South Sea Company, i. 187. Impeached of high treason, i. 109, 110, 112, 168. Petition to House of Lords, i. 168. Reception by George I., i. 101. Sketch of, i. 30. Ozinda's chocolate-house, i. 76.

Paine, Thomas, iii. 312. Pakenham, Hon. Catherine, Duchess of Wellington, iii. 334. Palmerston, Viscount: Foreign Secretary, iv. 126, 252. Member for Tiverton, iv. 254. Member of Liverpool Administration, iv. 3. On the "Inevitable Man," iv. 55. Resigns office, iv. 72. Secretary at War, iv. 58. Pamela, wife of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, iii. 313. Paradis defeats Nabob of Carnatic at St. Thome, ii. 261. Parker heads mutiny at Nore, iii. 335. Parliament: Annual, i. 146. Dissolved (1831), iv. 143. Election of 1734, ii. 19. Election of 1830, iv. 105. Irish and English, i. 179. Language of sycophancy, ii. 85. Motions for removal of Walpole, ii. 185. Of 1722, i. 206, 213. Prorogued (1727), Royal Speech, i. 278. Septennial Act, i. 146. Short, ii. 11. Speech from Throne (1739), ii. 162; (1741), ii. 186; (1765), iii. 88. Triennial Acts, i. 145. (_See also_ House of Lords and House of Commons.) Parliamentary Opposition, system of, i. 285 _seqq._ Parma, Duke of, i. 158. Parnell, Sir Henry: Motion on Civil Service Estimates, iv. 110. Paymaster-General, iv. 252. Parr, Dr., opinion of Sheridan, iii. 217. Patents, petitions for, i. 190. "Patriots," i. 288, 296, 298. Frederick, Prince of Wales, and, ii. 50, 108, 110. In Opposition and power, ii. 242. Oppose borrowing from Sinking Fund, i. 309. Raise war cry, ii. 149, 157. Return to Commons, ii. 178. Secede from Commons, ii. 172. Struggle against Walpole, ii. 11. Patten, Rev. Robert, as King's evidence, i. 137. Peel, Sir Robert: At opening of Liverpool and Manchester railway, iv. 103. Attitude towards Catholic Emancipation, iv. 57, 68, 74, 75. Attitude towards Reform, iv. 152, 163. Declines to form Ministry, iv. 177. Free Trade and, iv. 52. Home Secretary, iv. 71, 103. Interview with King on Catholic emancipation, iv. 77. Measure on Irish Tithe System, iv. 245; Speech on, iv. 249. On claims of "Princess" Olivia, iv. 287. Prime Minister and Chancellor of Exchequer, iv. 238. Resigns office, iv. 113, 250. Speech on municipal reform, iv. 259, 260. Speech on Reform Bill, iv. 146. Summoned to form Ministry, iv. 235. Tamworth Address, iv. 240. Peerage Bill, object of, i. 174. Peers, creation of new, iv. 180. Pelham, Henry: Death, ii. 296. Letter to Duke of Cumberland, ii. 239. Paymaster, ii. 192. Prime Minister, ii. 244, 245. Pelham Ministry: Resign, ii. 244. Return to power, ii. 245. Penn, William, death, i. 179. Penny Post, London, i. 78. Pepys quoted on Duchess of Cleveland, i. 23. Perceval, Spencer: Chancellor of Exchequer, iii. 341. Death, iii. 341. Regency Bill, iii. 341. Percy, Lord, commands reinforcements from Boston, iii. 174. Perry, presents petition of merchants against Spaniards, ii. 153. Perth, Duke of, ii. 223. Appeal to Macdonalds, ii. 225. Death, ii. 232. Perth, Jacobites retreat from, i. 128. Pestolozzi, Johann H., iv. 93. Peter the Great, character, i. 162. Peterborough, Lord, anecdote of, ii. 167. Philadelphia: Congress draws up Declaration of Rights, iii. 173. Evacuated, iii. 183. In hands of British, iii. 183. In 1765, iii. 77. Tea-ship at, iii. 161. Philip V. of Spain, ii. 28. Renounces French throne, i. 157. Phipps, Sir Constantine, removed from office of Chancellor, i. 98. Pitt diamond, ii. 54. Pitt Ministry (1766), members of, iii. 108. Pitt, Thomas, i. 105. M. P. for Okehampton, ii. 54. Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham: Accepts pension and barony for his wife, iii. 27. Advice to Prince of Wales, ii. 78. As War Minister, ii. 299; iii. 2, 27, 29. Character, iii. 186. Coalition against, iii. 26. Death, iii. 186. Denunciation of Walpole and Carteret, ii. 245. Illness, iii. 73, 108, 109. In House of Peers, iii. 109. Maiden speech, ii. 52, 55. On action of Boston people, iii. 161, 163. Paymaster-General, ii. 296. Protests against war with America, iii. 185. Quarrels with Temple, iii. 108. Refuses office, iii. 73, 93. Resigns office, iii. 27. Sketch of, ii. 54. Speech on Convention, ii. 171. Takes news of accession to George III., iii. 2. Takes office, ii. 274; iii. 108. Wilkes and, iii. 57. Pitt, William (the younger), iii. 211. Antagonism to Fox, iii. 225. Attacks Fox's India Bill, iii. 232. Attitude on Regency, iii. 243. Attitude towards Catholic Emancipation, iii. 308; iv. 53. Challenge to Ministry on Eastern possessions, iii. 230. Chancellor of Exchequer, iii. 225. Closing hours, iii. 338. Coalition against, iii. 26, 225. Contrasted with Fox, iii. 212. Death, iii. 339. Declines Vice-Treasurership of Ireland, iii. 224. Difficulties of Administration, iii. 240. Financial measures, iii. 239. First Lord of Treasury and Chancellor of Exchequer, iii. 236. Foreign policy, iii. 302. French policy, iii. 301. India Bill, iii. 237, 238. Irish policy, iii. 319, 327. Makes name in Commons, iii. 223. Plan of Parliamentary reform, iii. 229, 240. Refuses to appeal for payment of Prince of Wales's debts, iii. 242. Resigns office, iii. 337. Sketch of, iii. 214. Speech on Benares vote, iii. 277, 279. Speech on Trafalgar, iii. 339. Struggle with Napoleon Bonaparte, iii. 332, 337. Supports Dundas, iii. 338. Plassey (Palasi), Battle of, ii. 271, 272. Playhouse Bill, ii. 96, 99. Plunket, Lord, Lord Chancellor for Ireland, iv. 127. Pocket boroughs, iv. 99, 147. Poland, condition of, iv. 40. Poland, election of king, ii. 23. Political freedom in 1716, i. 144. Political life in 1742, ii. 239. Political parties in 1728, i. 287, 288. Pomeroy, General, iii. 176, 179. Pontiac conspiracy, iii. 79. Population of Great Britain (1714), i. 63. Poor Laws, iv. 221 _seqq._ Commission, iv. 225. Bill, iv. 228, 229. Pope, Alexander: "Dunciad," i. 301. Epitaph on James Craggs, i. 198. Epitaph on Sir Isaac Newton, i. 272. Lampoons, ii. 102, 103. Loses money in South Sea stock, i. 22. On Argyll, Duke of, i. 44. On Bacon, i. 22. On Bolingbroke, i. 29. On Oxford, i. 29, 31. Place in literature, ii. 197. Sketch of, ii. 197. Popham, Major, defeats Rajah's troops, iii. 270. "Porcupine Papers," iv. 155. Porteous, Captain John: Death, ii. 64. Sentence on, ii. 62. Sketch of, ii. 58. Porteous riots, ii. 58 _seqq._ Portland, William Cavendish Bentinck, Duke of: Prime Minister, iii. 340. Supports Wilkes, iii. 116. Portsmouth, press-gang in, iv. 265. Portugal: free institutions, iv. 43. Potter, Thomas, iii. 48, 65. Vice-Treasurer for Ireland, iii. 49. Praed, Winthrop Mackworth, iv. 239. Pratt, Justice, Lord Camden, iii. 109. Discharges Wilkes, iii. 60, 67. Predestination, Wesley and Whitefield dispute on, ii. 139. Prescott, hero of Breed Hill, iii. 179. Preston: "Fancy franchises," iv. 183. Jacobites defeated at, i. 128. Preston, Colonel, commands British troops at Boston, iii. 151. Preston, General, in Edinburgh Castle, ii. 215. Preston Pans, Battle of, ii. 214, 215. Prideaux, --, in Canada, ii. 287. Primacy of Ireland and George IV., iv. 27. Prior, Matthew, i. 38. Arrested, i. 106. M. P. for East Grinstead, i. 52. Prisoners in 1715, i. 136. Privy Council, July 30, 1714, i. 40, 45, 46. Proctor, Sir W. Beauchamp, Whig candidate for Middlesex, iii. 117. "Protestant" and "Catholic" Ministers, iv. 54. Prussia, position at end of Seven Years' War, iii. 29. _Public Advertiser, Letters of Junius_ in, iii. 128. Pulteney, William (Earl of Bath), i. 105. Accepts Peerage, ii. 192. Advice to Prince of Wales, ii. 78. Alliance with Bolingbroke, i. 260; ii. 17. Attacks Convention and Ministers, ii. 156, 172. Declines office, ii. 191. Duel with Hervey, i. 306. Founder of Parliamentary Opposition, i. 225, 284, 288; ii. 195. Leader of discontented Whigs, i. 287. Letters to Pope, i. 305. Letter to Swift, i. 306. Motion on papers concerning war, ii. 187. On Arbuthnot, ii. 20. On grievances against Spain, ii. 154, 156. On Walpole's excise scheme, i. 315. Opposes Playhouse Bill, ii. 99. Proposes allowance for Prince of Wales, ii. 82. Sketch of, i. 98, 253, 286. Speech on salt tax, i. 313. Speech on Secession, ii. 178. Tribune of Commons, ii. 192, 194. Puritanism in Boston, iii. 76. Purkitt, Henry, iii. 161. Putnam, Israel, iii. 176, 179.

Quadruple Alliance, i. 161. Principle of, i. 295. Quebec: Attacked by Wolfe, ii. 287. Described, ii. 287, 291. Founded, ii. 283. Queen Anne's Bounty, i. 280. Queen Anne's houses, i. 69. Queensberry, Duke of, iii. 244.

Radcliffe, Charles, escapes from Newgate, i. 142. Radical party, i. 20. Rise of, iv. 218. Rae, Fraser, on elections of Lord Mayor, iii. 137. "Rainbow" Coffee-house, i. 75. Rainsforth, house sacked, iii. 201. Rajah Dulab Ram, ii. 272. Rajah Sahib: Besieges Arcot, ii. 263. Defeated, ii. 263. Ramnagar stronghold, iii. 270. Rathbone, William, and movement against monopoly of East India Company, iv. 231. Ray, Miss, murdered by Hickman, iii. 50. "Rebecca and Her Daughters," ii. 56. Rebellion of 1745, ii. 203 _seqq._ Reform Bill (First): Committee, iv. 127. Debate on, iv. 144, 149. Introduced in Commons, iv. 134, 137. General Gascoigne's amendment, iv. 150. Principles of, iv. 143. Redistribution, iv. 142. Scheme for, iv. 129, 132. Second Reading, iv. 149. Reform Bill (Second), iv. 154. Introduced into House of Lords, iv. 168. Rejected, iv. 169. Second Reading, iv. 154, 159. Third Reading, iv. 166. Obstructed, iv. 161, 163. Reform Bill (Third), iv. 172. Defect in, iv. 182. Passed, iv. 181. Political Parties and, iv. 218. Reform Bills for Ireland and Scotland, iv. 181. Reform Meetings, iv. 177. Reform Parliament (First), iv. 172, 204, 241. Reform Riots, iv. 170. Regency Bill, iii. 72. Regency Question (1830), iv. 101, 104, 107. Religious equality and Parliament, iv. 67, 99. Restoration dramatists, character of, ii. 93. Revere, Paul, iii. 174. Reynolds, Sir Joshua: Friend of Goldsmith, iii. 169. Portrait of Wilkes, iii. 68. Richelieu, Duc de, captures Minorca, ii. 297. Richmond, Duke of: On "Our Army," iii. 183. Speech on Annual Parliaments, iii. 197. Richter, Jean Paul, on: Eloquence, ii. 135. Laurence Sterne, ii. 302. Rigby, Richard, sketch of, iii. 36. Riot in St. George's Fields, iii. 120, 124. Rioters killed, wounded, and executed, iii. 209. Ripon, Earl of (_see_ Goderich, Viscount). Ripperda, Duke of, i. 264. Rob Roy at Sheriffmuir, i. 126. Robertson, Dr., threatened, iii. 195. Robertson, George, and Porteous riots, ii. 58. Robinson, Dr. John, Bishop of London, i. 109. Robinson, Frederick (_see_ Goderich, Viscount). Robinson, Sir Thomas, ii. 297. Rockingham, Charles Watson Wentworth, Marquis of: Character, iii. 94. Dismissed from office, iii. 108. Prime Minister, iii. 94. Repeals Stamp Act, iii. 104. Second Ministry, iii. 223. Rohilla War, iii. 258. Roman Catholics (_see_ Catholics). Romilly, Sir Samuel: Death and character, iii. 346. Philanthropic reforms, iv. 21. Rosebery, Lord, on Pitt's position, iii. 240. Ross, General: Captures Washington, iii. 346. Speaks for Bolingbroke, i. 108. Rousseau, on "Robinson Crusoe," ii. 1. Rowe, Nicholas, i. 38. Roxburgh, Duke of, attitude towards Walpole, i. 250. Royal Society of Literature founded, iv. 93. Royal Standard set up at Glenfinnan, ii. 206, 210. Russell, Lord John: As reformer, iv. 104, 126, 127. As speaker, iv. 133. Beaten in S. Devonshire, iv. 253. Carries repeal of Test and Corporation Acts, iv. 52, 67. "English Government and Constitution," iv. 128, 129. Home Secretary, iv. 252. Interview with Napoleon in Elba, iv. 277. Leader of Opposition, iv. 103. Municipal Bill, iv. 257, 260. On Parliamentary Reform, iv. 85. Reforms Parliamentary representation, iv. 22. Resolution on Irish Church revenues, iv. 246, 250. Second Reform Bill, iv. 154. Sketch of proposed Reform Bill, iv. 128, 132. Speech on Greek cause, iv. 48. Speech on Reform Bill, iv. 137 _seqq._ Statement on Reform Act, iv. 182. Rupert, Prince, sketch of, i. 6. Russia in 1716, i. 154. Russia: policy towards Greece and Turkey, iv. 49.

Sacheverell, Dr., impeached, i. 34. St. James's, i. 65. St. James's coffee-house, i. 75. _St. James's Chronicle_, iii. 124. St. James's Square, i. 67. St. James's Street, i. 66. St. John, Henry, Viscount (_see_ Bolingbroke). St. Helena, Island of, iii. 344. St. Margaret's Lane, London, i. 64. St. Patrick's Well, Dublin, i. 81. St. Simon on Mississippi scheme, i. 185. St. Thome, Nabob of Carnatic defeated at, ii. 261. Sala, George Augustus, picture of London in '45, ii. 219. Salt tax, i. 313. Sandwich, Earl of, iii. 48, 49. Denounces Wilkes, and "Essay on Woman," iii. 65. First Lord of Admiralty, iii. 48. "Jemmy Twitcher," iii. 68. Mobbed, iii. 202. Sandys, Samuel, Chancellor of Exchequer, ii. 192. Motions against Walpole, ii. 185, 186. Saratoga, Burgoyne surrenders at, iii. 183. Sarsfield defends Limerick, i. 83. "Saturday" Club, i. 74. Savile, Sir George: Bill for Catholic Relief, iii. 190, 191. House sacked, iii. 201. Sketch of, iii. 190. Saxe, Maurice de: Commands at Fontenoy and Lauffeld, ii. 239. Parentage, i. 8. Sayer, James, caricature of Fox, iii. 233. Scarborough, Lord: Character, ii. 5. On Declaration of War, ii. 178. Schaub, Sir Luke, Ambassador at Paris, i. 237. Recalled, i. 239. Schleswig-Holstein, seized by King of Denmark, i. 161. Schomberg, Duke of, opinion of Marlborough, i. 24. Scotch Judges at Bar of House of Lords, ii. 66, 67. Scotland: Condition in 1745, ii. 208. Fanaticism in, iii. 194. Riots in, i. 249. Scott, Captain, commands Scots Royal, ii. 206. Scott, Dr., iii. 203. Scott, Major, defends Hastings, iii. 274, 276, 282. Scott, Sir Walter: Interview with George IV., iv. 29. Later years and death, iv. 187. Sketch of John, Duke of Argyll, i. 44. Scottish Highlands and Lowlands, i. 87. Scratton, represents Company at Murshidabad, iii. 250. "Scriblerus" Club, i. 73. Secession from House of Commons, ii. 172, 175. Secretary of State, two departments, ii. 192. Seeley, Professor, on "Family Compact," ii. 31, 33. Selwyn, George, attachment to Fox, iii. 214. Senior, Nassau: Attitude towards Poor Relief, iv. 223. On Poor Law Committee, iv. 225. Septennial Act, i. 146, 147. Debate on repealing, ii. 10. Serres, Olivia Wilmot, sketch of, iv. 286. Servants in 1714, i. 77. Seven Men of Moidart, ii. 205. Seven Years' War, ii. 297; iii. 29. Close of, iii. 79. Sévigné, Mme. de, ii. 35. Seville, Treaty of, i. 297. Trade disputes and, ii. 150. Shackleton, Richard, schoolmaster of Edmund Burke, iii. 97. Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of: Factory labor and, iv. 200 _seqq._ Sketch of, iv. 203. Shah Alum, enterprise against Meer Jaffier, ii. 273. Sheffield, iv. 99. Shelburne, William Petty, Earl of: Opposes calling out military, iii. 198. Passed over by Pitt, iii. 236. Secretary of State, iii. 109. Sketch of, iii. 223, 224. Shelley, Percy Bysshe, death, iv. 92. Sherbrooke, Robert Lowe, Lord, i. 290. Sheridan, Charles, iii. 218. Sheridan, Mrs., opinion of her boys, iii. 217. Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, iii. 211. Attitude towards French Revolution, iii. 296. Begum speech, iii. 280. Duel with Matthews, iii. 219. Funeral in Westminster Abbey, iii. 346. M. P. for Stamford, iii. 221. Marriage, iii. 220, 222. "School for Scandal," "Critic," iii. 221. Sketch of, iii. 216. Speeches during Hastings's trial, iii. 280, 286. "The Rivals," iii. 221. Under-Secretary of State, iii. 224. Sheridan (Dr.), Thomas, friend of Swift, iii. 216. Sheridan (Sir), Thomas: Death, ii. 232. Tutor to Charles Stuart, ii. 205. Sheriffmuir, battle of, i. 125. Shippen: Amendment on Supply (1727), i. 280. Leader of Jacobites, i. 287. Opposes Septennial Bill, i. 146. Sketch of, i. 289. Shrewsbury, Charles Talbot, Duke of, i. 41. Death, i. 179. Lord High Treasurer, i. 45. Resigns offices, i. 97. Sketch of career, i. 41. Shrewsbury, Duke of, killed by Duke of Buckingham, i. 41. Shrewsbury in 1714, i. 79. Siddons, Mrs., death, iv. 285. Sidmouth, Viscount, Home Secretary: Challenged by Thistlewood, iv. 16. Signs in streets, i. 70. Sinking Fund, borrowing from, i. 309. Slaughter's coffee-house, i. 75. Slave Trade, Fox and, iii. 340. Slavery, iv. 189 _seqq._ Crusade against, iv. 93. (_See also_ West Indies, slavery in.) Smith, Rev. John, sentenced to death, iv. 194. Smith, Sydney, on: Collection of tithes in Ireland, iv. 208, 210, 211. Spencer Perceval, iii. 341. "Smock races," i. 72. Smollett and _Briton_, iii. 51. Smuggling in American colonies, iii. 83. Sobieski, Clementine, wife of James Stuart, ii. 199. Retires to convent, ii. 200. Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge founded, iv. 93. Somers, John, Lord, i. 47, 54. Accomplishes Union of England and Scotland, i. 84. Approves Septennial Bill, i. 147. Member of New Council, i. 101. Sketch of career, i. 147. Somerset, Charles Seymour, Duke of: sketch of, i. 42. Somerset, Charlotte, Duchess of, i. 42. Somerset, Elizabeth, Duchess of, i. 43. Somerville, Dr. Thomas, _History of Reign of Queen Anne_, i. 13. Somerville, Lord, house molested, ii. 217. Sophia Dorothea, wife of George I., i. 6, 153. Banished to Castle of Ahlden, i. 7. Death, i. 267. Will, i. 269. Sophia, Electress of Hanover, i. 4, 5. South Sea Bill, i. 189, 190. South Sea Company, i. 187, 193; ii. 150. Petitions for relief, i. 194. Principle of, i. 194. Reconstituted, ii. 167. South Sea House, i. 186. South Sea victims, i. 194, 204. Spain: Claims Right of Search, ii. 151, 163, 245. Complaints against, i. 294. Demands constitutional government, iv. 40, 43. England and, trade disputes, ii. 150. In 1716, i. 154, 155. Portugal and, dispute between, ii. 35. Treaty of Utrecht and, i. 227. War declared against, ii. 178. Spean's Bridge, brush at, ii. 206. Spencer, John Charles, Earl, iv. 234. As Speaker, iv. 133. Chancellor of Exchequer, iv. 125. Declaration on Reform Bill, iv. 164. Motion on speech from Throne, iv. 104. On Government measure for Irish Tithe Question, iv. 211. On slavery in Colonies, iv. 195. Sketch of, iv. 125. Spies in Ireland in '98, iii. 314. Spithead, mutiny at, iii. 335. Stage Censorship, ii. 96 _seqq._ Stair, John Dalrymple, Earl of: Character, i. 120, 225. Commands British troops, ii. 182. Recalled from French Court, i. 225. Stamp Act, iii. 87, 88. Repealed, iii. 103. Stanhope, Charles, and South Sea Company, i. 197, 200. Stanhope, Colonel (_see_ Harrington, Lord). Stanhope, James, Earl, iii. 339. Attitude towards French Revolution, iii. 302. Death, i. 173. First Lord of Treasury and Chancellor of Exchequer, i. 165. Impeaches Duke of Ormond, i. 109. Mission to Vienna, i. 152. On funds and Queen Anne's health, i. 2. On Irish clergy, ii. 130. On Oxford, Earl of, i. 31. Recognized religious equality, i. 173. Second Secretary of State, i. 97, 99. Sketch of, i. 100. Stanhope, Lady Hester, iii. 339. Stanley, Lord (_see_ Derby, Earl of). States-General convoked, iii. 293. Steele, Sir Richard: Career, i. 38. Compared with Addison, i. 300. Death, i. 299. M. P. for Stockbridge, i. 52. On Somers, i. 147. On Whig and Tory, i. 17. Petition in favor of rebels, i. 137, 138. Tribute to Atterbury, i. 214. Stephen, Sir James, "Story of Nuncomar," iii. 263. Sterne, Laurence, "Tristram Shandy," ii. 299, 301. Sterne, Roger, ii. 299. Death, ii. 300. Stevenson, Dr., keeps guard at Netherbow Gate, ii. 212. Stewart, Dugald, iv. 93. Stoke Pogis church-yard, ii. 289. Stow, "Survey of London" quoted on penny post, i. 78. Strafford, Lord, charges against, i. 109. Stratford de Redcliffe, Viscount, iv. 32. Streets of London in 1714, i. 70. Strickland, Francis, supports Young Pretender, ii. 205. Stuart, Cardinal Henry, death, ii. 234. Stuart, Charles Edward, Young Pretender: Advantages on his side, ii. 208, 209, 218, 221. Adventures after Culloden, ii. 226. At siege of Gaeta, ii. 29, 201, 203. Birth, ii. 199. Education, ii. 201, 202. Enters Holyrood, ii. 214. Humanity during campaign, ii. 215, 217. In London, iii. 14. Later career, ii. 233, 234. March into England, ii. 217. Marches on Edinburgh, ii. 210, 213. Proclamation, ii. 206. Rebellion of 1745, ii. 204 _seqq._ Retreats, ii. 223. Wishes to advance on London, ii. 222. Stuart influence on literature, ii. 234. Stuart, James Francis Edward (Old Pretender), i. 4. Character, i. 126. Dismisses Bolingbroke, i. 131. Embarks for Scotland, i. 120. Life of exile, ii. 199, 201. On South Sea scheme, i. 200. Proclaimed in Dundee, i. 123. Rebellion in favor of, i. 118. Returns to France, i. 128. Rumors of, i. 264. Sketch of, i. 9 _seqq._ Stuart standard set up at Braemer, i. 121, 123. Sugar Act of 1733, iii. 83. Sullivan, iii. 179. Sully, advice to Henry IV., i. 13. Sumner, Dr., Head-master of Harrow, iii. 217. Sunderland, Charles, Earl of, i. 54. Accusations against Townshend and Walpole, i. 164. Death, i. 206. Motion implicating him in South Sea scheme, i. 199. Plot against Walpole, i. 207. Speech in favor of South Sea Bill, i. 191. Viceroy of Ireland, i. 97. Suraj ud Dowlah: Black Hole of Calcutta, ii. 266. Captured and killed, ii. 273. Character, ii. 266. Death, iii. 250. Declares war against English, iii. 249. Swetenham, Captain, ii. 207. Swift, Jonathan, Dean of St. Patrick's: Attitude towards Irish, i. 243. Character, ii. 237. Death, ii. 236. Defends Treaty of Utrecht, i. 96. Dialogue between Whig and Tory, i. 219. "Drapier's Letters," i. 240, 242, 247. "Gulliver's Travels," i. 302. Lampoons, ii. 102. Letter to Lord Peterborough, i. 36. Letter to Sheridan on Walpole, i. 306. On Arbuthnot, ii. 21. On Bolingbroke, i. 26, 28. On Condition of Church, ii. 129. On Marlborough, i. 24. On Oxford, Earl of, i. 31, 168. On Queen Anne's health, i. 1, 36. On Somerset, Duke of, i. 43. On William Congreve, i. 299. Patron of Berkeley, ii. 293. Poems on South Sea mania, i. 202. Reception of Carteret, i. 235. Sketch of, i. 35. Stella and, ii. 236. Swinburne, "A Jacobite's Exile," ii. 235.

Talbot, Charles, Lord Chancellor, ii. 9, 81. Talleyrand: Dines with William IV., iv. 117. On Alexander Hamilton, ii. 248; iv. 281. Tea tax introduced by Townshend, iii. 113. Telford, Thomas, death, iv. 282. Temple, John, iii. 155. Temple, Richard Grenville, Earl, iii. 26. Action on India Bill, iii. 234. Persuades Pitt to refuse office, iii. 73, 93. Removed from Lord-Lieutenancy, iii. 64. Resigns office, iii. 236. Shows King's speech to Wilkes, iii. 57. Supports Wilkes, iii. 116. Ten-pound franchise, iv. 130. Tenterden, Chief Justice, decision in Cobbett prosecution, iv. 157. Test Act: Debate on proposed repeal, ii. 176. Repeal proposed, ii. 110. Repealed, iv. 52, 67. Thackeray, W. M., iv. 286. Description of Hanover, i. 55. On George IV., iii. 242. On interview of George IV. and Sir Walter Scott, iv. 29. On interview of George IV. with Wellington, Lyndhurst, and Peel, iv. 78. On Laurence Sterne, ii. 302. On Swift's character, ii. 237, 238. Thames frozen (1716), i. 154. Thames Tunnel, iv. 93. Thistlewood, plots to assassinate Ministers, iv. 15. Thomas, --, iii. 179. Thornhill, Sir James, i. 68. Thurlow, Lord, iii. 228. Thynne, Thomas, Lord, i. 8. Tippu, English make treaty with, iii. 266. Tithe question, Ireland, iv. 207 _seqq._, 216, 220. Government proposal on, iv. 211, 245. Tobacco, excise duty on, i. 316. Tolbooth fired, ii. 64. Tone, Matthew, fights under Humbert, iii. 324. Tone, Theobald Wolfe, iv. 206. Death, iii. 327. Letter to his wife, iii. 324. Marriage, iii. 311. Project for colony in South Sea island, iii. 310. Scheme for French invasion of Ireland, iii. 311. Sketch of, iii. 309 _seqq._ Tonson, Jacob, Secretary to Kit-Kat Club, i. 74. Torcy, Marquis de, Secretary of State, France, i. 110. Tories: Attitude towards restoration of Stuarts, i. 16, 19. Doctrines, i. 17 _seqq._ Jacobitism and, iii. 24. Old school of, iv. 241. Origin of name, i. 17. Peace of Utrecht and, i. 92. Toulon: Retaken by French, iii. 304. Welcomes English fleet, iii. 303. Townshend, Alderman, opposes Wilkes, iii. 136. Townshend, Audrey, Marchioness of, iii. 110. Townshend, Charles ("Weathercock"), i. 99. Chancellor of Exchequer, iii. 109. Character, iii. 110. Death, iii. 113. Introduces tea tax for America, iii. 113. Townshend, Charles, Viscount: Accompanies King to Hanover, i. 237. Dismissed, i. 164. President of Council, i. 182. Resigns office, i. 304. Secretary of State, i. 97, 278. Sketch of, i. 99. Trading Guilds, origin of, iv. 255. Trafalgar, battle of, iii. 337. Traill, H. D., on Laurence Sterne, ii. 302. Treaties (_see_ under various titles). Trichinopoly: Besieged, ii. 262. Relieved, ii. 264. Triennial Parliament Acts, i. 145. Triple Alliance, i. 161, 163. Tucker, Dean, on mutinous colonies, iii. 163. Tullibardine: Dies in Tower, ii. 232. Supports Young Pretender, ii. 205, 206. Turkey in 1716, i. 154.

Ulm, capitulation of, iii. 338. Union, Scotland's attitude towards, i. 83. University College Charter, iv. 261. University of London, Charter, iv. 261. Upper Ossory, John, Earl of, iii. 36. Utrecht, Treaty of, i. 95, 157, 227, 263. Campeachy logwood question and, i. 295. Tories and, i. 92. Trade disputes and, ii. 150. Will of Charles II. and, ii. 27.

Valley Forge, iii. 183. Vanhomrigh, Esther (Vanessa), i. 36. Alters her will, ii. 294. Vansittart, Governor of East India Company, iii. 251. Advice on quarrel of Nawab and Ellis, iii. 252. Vendôme, Duc de, i. 100. Character, i. 158. Verazani forms settlement in Canada, ii. 283. Verden ceded to Hanover, i. 161. Verona Congress and Holy Alliance, iv. 39, 42, 45. Victoria, Princess Alexandrina: Birth, iii. 348. Heir-presumptive, iv. 101. William IV, and, iv. 117, 118. Vienna, Congress of, iv. 38. Vienna, Treaty of, i. 295; ii. 30. Virginia protests against Stamp Act, iii. 90. Voltaire, epigram on Byng, ii. 298. Von Steuben in America, iii. 183. Vote by ballot proposed, iv. 131.

Wade, General, clans surrender arms to, ii. 209. Wales, Prince of (_see_ Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales, and George IV.). Walkenshaw, Miss, ii. 233. Walmoden, Mme., ii. 48, 76, 304. Walpole, Baron, i. 224. Walpole, Horace, Earl of Orford: Account of his father (1742), ii. 189. Acquainted with Paris, iii. 293. Contrasts Townshend with Burke, iii. 112. Description of George I., i. 58. Description of Lord Hillsborough, iii. 148. Description of Mme. Kilmansegge, i. 7. Eulogy of Queen Charlotte, iii. 12. Maiden speech in defence of his father, ii. 195. On Bute's Administration, iii. 28. On Carteret, i. 235. On Chesterfield's speeches, ii. 5. On Coronation of George III., iii. 12. On dinner hour, iii. 18. On James Stuart, i. 11. On Lord George Gordon, iii. 193. On Whitefield's eloquence, ii. 139. On Wilkes's career, iii. 137. Walpole, Horatio, Lord: Ambassador to Paris, i. 237, 238, 291. Moves Address on Convention, ii. 171. Recalled from Paris, i. 304. Walpole, Sir Robert, Earl of Orford: Accepts war policy, ii. 180. Administration, i. 224 _seqq._, 305. Address to George II., i. 280. Advice to Princesses, ii. 126. At Houghton, i. 196; ii. 195. At Queen Caroline's death-bed, ii. 119. Attacks Peerage Bill, i. 176. Attempts to get influence of James Stuart, ii. 186. Attitude towards financial reform, ii. 36. Bill to adjust affairs of South Sea Company, i. 203, 205. Chairman of Committee of Secrecy, i. 105, 106, 168. Character, i. 165; ii. 8, 18, 196. Charges against, ii. 187, 195. Conduct on Prince of Wales's allowance, ii. 80. Correspondence with Townshend, i. 252. Corruption under, i. 231; ii. 13, 19, 90, 195; iii. 25. Created Earl of Orford, ii. 190. Death, ii. 196. First great finance minister, i. 229. Fiscal policy, i. 230, 309, 311 _seqq._ Foreign policy, i. 229, 236, 292, 305; ii. 24, 31, 149. Hails George II. King, i. 275. Health in 1742, ii. 188. Made K. B., i. 252. Made K. G., i. 252. Masterly inactivity, ii. 24, 31, 36. Moves Address (1715), i. 103. On Frederick, Prince of Wales, ii. 71. On Queen's illness, ii. 115. On Royal family, ii. 74. On South Sea Company, i. 188, 196. Paymaster-General, i. 97, 181. Pleads against war with Spain, ii. 155, 159. Quarrel with Townshend, i. 304. Relations with stage, ii. 95. Resigns office, i. 164; ii. 190. Restored to office, i. 278. Secretary of State for Scotland, i. 250. Settles dispute between Spain and Portugal, ii. 35. Sketch of career, i. 32; ii. 196. Speech on Bolingbroke, ii. 15. Speech on Prince of Wales's allowance, ii. 86. Speech on secession from Commons, ii. 174. War declared against Spain, ii. 178. Results of, ii. 183. War of Independence, ii. 43. War of Polish Succession, ii. 23 _seqq._ War of the Succession, purpose of, i. 92. War passion, ii. 148. War with Spain, iii. 29. Ward, Artemus, iii. 179. Ward, Henry, resolution on Irish State Church, iv. 212, 213, 214. Ward, Ned, ballad on Marlborough's return to England, i. 53. Ward, Plumer, author of "Tremaine," iv. 213. Ward, Sir John, petition on South Sea Company, i. 203. Wardle, Colonel, iii. 338. Warren, General, iii. 176. Washington, George: Character, iii. 188. Commands Continental army, iii. 181. Disapproves of Boston exploit, iii. 161, 163. Fires first shot against enemy, ii. 285. First President of American Republic, iii. 189. Sketch of career, iii. 180. Watson, Admiral, commands fleet against Suraj ud Dowlah, ii. 269. "Waverers," iv. 173. Webster, "Duchess of Malfi" quoted, iv. 11. Wedderburn, Alexander, Solicitor-General, iii. 149. Denounces Franklin, iii. 156, 157. On using military against mob, iii. 207. Sketch of, iii. 158. Speech on Middlesex election petition, iii. 131. "Weekly Political Register," Cobbett's article in, iv. 156, 157. Wellesley, Arthur (_see_ Wellington, Duke of). Wellesley, Garret, Earl of Mornington, iii. 341. Wellesley, Richard C., Marquis of: Resigns Vice-royalty of Ireland, iv. 73. Sketch of career, iv. 72. Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of: Accompanies George IV. to Waterloo, iv. 28. At opening of Liverpool and Manchester railway, iv. 103. Attitude towards Catholic Emancipation, iv. 54, 56, 75, 106. Attitude towards Municipal Bill, iv. 260. Attitude towards Parliamentary reform, iv. 52. Attitude towards Queen Caroline, iv. 7. Character, iv. 120. Declines to form ministry, iv. 177. Duel with Lord Winchilsea, iv. 81. Interview with King on Catholic emancipation, iv. 77. Prime Minister, iv. 67, 100. Represents England at Congress of Verona, iv. 41, 42. Resigns office, iv. 113. Secretary for Foreign Affairs, iv. 238. Sketch of, iii. 341 _seqq._ Speech against Reform Bill, iv. 169. Speech on Parliamentary reform, iv. 108. Supports Poor Law Bill, iv. 229. Unpopular, iv. 153. Welsh Copper and Lead Company, and South Sea Company, i. 193. Wentworth, Lady, describes house in Golden Square, i. 70. Wesley, Charles, ii. 128, 137, 145. Accompanies John to Georgia, ii. 134. On Revivalist meetings, ii. 139. Wesley, John: Breaks away from Moravians, ii. 140. Breaks from discipline of Church of England, ii. 142. Character, ii. 134, 135, 137, 142. Dispute with Whitefield, ii. 139. Marriage, ii. 137. Organization, ii. 140. Sketch of, ii. 127 _seqq._ Visits Georgia, ii. 127. Wesleyan Movement, account of, ii. 127 _seqq._ In United States, ii. 144. Revivalist meetings, ii. 138. West Indian Planters, grant to, iv. 198, 200. West Indies, slavery in, iv. 190 _seqq._ Abolished, iv. 199, 200. Westminster Hall, iv. 268. Booths in, i. 64. Explosion in, ii. 45. Wetherell, Sir Charles, obstructs Reform Bill, iv. 163. Rescued from rioters, iv. 197. Weymouth, Lord, letter to magistrate in case of riot, iii. 120, 124. Wharncliffe, Lord, amendment to Reform Bill, iv. 169. Wharton, Duke of: Character, i. 264. Condemns South Sea Bill, i. 191, 198. Whately, --, private secretary to George Grenville, iii. 153. Whately, William, iii. 155. Wheler, appointed Governor-General, iii. 264. Whigs: Ascendency, iii. 24. Attitude towards Hanoverian Succession, i. 16. Doctrines, i. 17 _seqq._ Foreign policy (1716), i. 157. Nobles and Reform Bill, iv. 178. Origin of name, i. 17. Whitbread, efforts to inquire into troubles in Ireland, iii. 319. Whitefield, George, ii. 128, 137, 145. Disputes with Wesley, ii. 139. Oratory, ii. 139. White's chocolate-house, i. 76. Widdrington, Lord, a prisoner, i. 137, 138. Wilberforce, William: Later years, iv. 280. Supports Queen Caroline, iv. 6. Votes against Dundas, iii. 338. West-Indian Slavery and, iv. 191, 193, 194. Wilkes, John: Arrested, iii. 59. At King's Bench, iii. 119. Attack on, iii. 64, 66. Brings actions against Lord Halifax and Wood, iii. 63. Candidate for Parliament, iii. 116, 117, 126, 137. Catholic Relief for Scotland and, iii. 195. Churchill and, iii. 55. Committed to Tower, iii. 60. Death, iii. 139. Duel with Martin, iii. 66. Elected Alderman for Farringdon Without, iii. 134. Elected Lord Mayor, iii. 137. Elected Sheriff, iii. 136. Expelled from House, iii. 130. Interview with Johnson, iii. 138. Later life, iii. 137. Liberated from prison, iii. 135. Literary executor to Churchill, iii. 69. M. P. for Aylesbury, iii. 49, 51. _North Briton_ and, iii. 52, 55, 57. On rioters, iii. 209. Outlawed, iii. 68. Released by Judge Pratt, iii. 60, 63. Sketch of, iii. 48 _seqq._ Summoned before Commons, iii. 135. William III., opinion of Duke of Marlborough, i. 24. William IV.: Accession, iv. 96. Assents to Bill for Abolition of Slavery, iv. 199. Attitude towards Duke of Wellington, iv. 115. Attitude towards Irish State Church, iv. 219. Attitude towards Ministry (1831), iv. 151. Attitude towards Reform, iv. 172, 173, 175, 179, 181. Character, iv. 98, 114, 115, 120, 293. Conduct as admiral, iv. 115. Conduct to Mrs. Fitzherbert, iv. 88. Death, iv. 293. Dismisses Whig Government and sends for Sir Robert Peel, iv. 235. Illness, iv. 289. Lord High Admiral, iv. 60, 96. Marries Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, iv. 97. Mrs. Jordan and, iv. 97. Opens Parliament (1831), iv. 154. Orangeism and, iv. 279. Popular, iv. 153, 154. Prayers for, iv. 292. Raises his children to Peerage, iv. 114. Sanctions Reform Bill, iv. 132. Speech from Throne (1830), iv. 100, 103, 108. Speech from Throne (1831), iv. 172. Speeches at state dinners, iv. 116, 117. Unconventionalities, iv. 118. Unpopular, iv. 179. Williamson, Dr. Hugh, iii. 154. Will's coffee-house, i. 75. Wilmington, Lord (_see_ Compton, Sir Spencer). Wilmot, Olivia, sketch of, iv. 286. Wilmot, Robert, on grievances against Spaniards, ii. 154. Wilson, Alexander, Lord Provost of Edinburgh, Bill against, ii. 66, 68. Wilson's execution and Porteous riots, ii. 60, 61. Winchilsea, Earl of: Duel with Duke of Wellington, iv. 81. On Princess Anne's Dowry, ii. 44, 45. Letter on Duke of Wellington and Catholic Emancipation, iv. 80. Window tax, iii. 239. Wine-drinking in Georgian era, iii. 20. Wintoun, Earl of, a prisoner, i. 137. Escapes, i. 142. Witherington, Matilda, wife of Wolfe Tone, iii. 311, 329. Wolfe, James: At Culloden, ii. 227, 282. Character, ii. 282. Death, ii. 290. Monument, ii. 290. Wood, Alderman, supports Queen Caroline, iv. 5. Wood, William, patent for copper coins, i. 164, 241, 244. Withdrawn, i. 248. Wooster, --, iii. 179. Wray, Sir Cecil, opponent of Fox at Westminster, iii. 238. Writs of Assistance, iii. 84, 86. Wyndham, Sir William: Announces secession from Commons, ii. 173. Death, ii. 179. Leader of Tories, i. 287. On grievances against Spaniards, ii. 156. On Salt Tax, i. 313. Sketch of, i. 288; ii. 179. Speech on repeal of Septennial Act, ii. 12. Wynn, Sir Walter Williams, supports Young Pretender, ii. 221. Wynn, Watkin Williams, argument against long Parliaments, ii. 12.

Yale College, places in lists, iii. 77. York, Frederick Augustus, Duke of: Death, iv. 60. Public career, iv. 60. York in 1714, i. 79. Yorktown, Cornwallis surrenders at, iii. 184. Young, Arthur, travels in France, iii. 293.

Zinzendorf, Count von, founds Moravian sect, ii. 134. Zoological Gardens opened, iv. 93.