Chapter 4

The founding of the Royal Institution, p. 29--Count Rumford, p. 30--His plans for founding the Royal Institution, p. 32--Change in the spirit of the enterprise after Rumford's death, p. 33--Attitude of the earlier workers towards the question of heat as a form of motion, p. 34--Experiments upon gases by Davy and Faraday, p. 35--Faraday's experiments with low temperatures, p. 39--Other experiments to produce lower temperature, p. 39--Professor De-war begins low-temperature research, p. 39--His liquefaction of hydrogen, p. 43--Hampson's method of producing low temperatures, p. 44--Dewar's invention of the vacuum vessel, p. 53--Its use in retaining liquefied gases, p. 54--Changes in physical properties of substances at excessively low temperatures, p. 56--Magnetic phenomena at low temperatures, p. 56--Changes in the color of substances at low temperatures, p. 57--Substances made luminous by low temperatures, p. 58--Effect of low temperatures upon the strength of materials, p. 59--Decrease of chemical activity at low temperatures, p. 60--Olzewski's experiments with burning substances in liquid oxygen, p. 61--Approach to the absolute zero made by liquefying hydrogen, p. 69--Probable form of all matter at the absolute zero, p. 70--Uncertain factors that enter into this determination, p. 71.