CHAPTER XXI

CONCLUSION

The end of the ancient civilization—Boëthius, about 480-524 A. D.—Later literature no longer Roman—Practical character of Roman literature—The first period—The Augustan period—The period of the empire—Our debt to the Romans.

[Sidenote: The end of the old civilization.] Long before the end of the fifth century the power of Rome was broken, and the centre of what had been the Roman empire was at Constantinople. The western provinces were in the hands of barbarians, Angles and Saxons ruled in Britain, Franks in northern Gaul, Visigoths in southern Gaul and Spain, and Vandals in Africa. Italy itself had been repeatedly overrun by hardy warriors from the north, and Rome had twice been sacked, by the Goths under Alaric in 410 and by the Vandals under Genseric in 455 A. D. With the establishment by Theodoric, in 493 A. D., of the Gothic kingdom with its seat at Ravenna, the last vestige of the Roman empire of the West passed away. Henceforth western Europe is the scene of strife and disorder, through which men were to struggle onward to the new order of modern life. In the empire of the East much of the old civilization survived, and throughout the Middle Ages the ancient culture still shed some rays of light from Constantinople to the darkened west; but in western Europe there was little culture, and learning was for the most part shut up in the walls of monasteries.

[Sidenote: Boëthius.] The last writer who seems to belong to the old civilization is Boëthius. Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severinus Boëthius was a Roman of noble birth and exalted station. He was born about 480 A. D., and after his father’s death was adopted by the patrician Symmachus, whose daughter he afterwards married. In 500 A. D. he delivered in the senate a speech in honor of Theodoric, who made frequent use of his learning and literary skill. He held important offices at Rome, received the title of patrician and in 510 A. D. became consul without a colleague. In 522 A. D. his two sons were made consuls, and the joyful father delivered an oration in praise of the Gothic king to whose favor they owed their elevation. But that favor was destined soon to pass from Boëthius. The emperor of the East, Justin, tried to stir up the Catholic Italians to revolt against the Arian Theodoric. Boëthius was suspected, arrested, and put to death with tortures in 524 A. D. The servile senate decreed his death without even the formality of a trial.

[Sidenote: The Consolation of Philosophy.] Boëthius was a prolific writer. He translated from the Greek various philosophical and mathematical treatises, to some of which he added commentaries, and the importance of the Aristotelian logic during the Middle Ages is in great measure due to him; he also wrote a bucolic poem, which is lost, and several treatises on points of Christian doctrine; but the work by which he is now best known, and to which he owes his reputation as the last Roman author, is the treatise _On the Consolation of Philosophy_ (_De Consolatione Philosophiæ)_, which he wrote in prison while waiting for his condemnation. This work consists of five books, and has the literary form of a _satura_—that is, the prose is interrupted and varied by the insertion of passages in verse. These metrical passages, although their rhythms and diction are excellent, do not show the same depth of thought as the prose portions. This is explained by the fact that the prose portions of the treatise are derived in great measure from the _Protrepticus_ of Aristotle, while the verses are more entirely the work of Boëthius himself. It is not likely that Boëthius employed the _Protrepticus_ directly, but he probably had before him some work in which Aristotle’s teachings had been modified by the eclecticism of the later Platonists. Everywhere noble sentiments are expressed, but without the slightest indication of Christianity, or of any specific religion. The names of the pagan deities are used, but Boëthius believes in them no more than did Milton or the numerous writers of the eighteenth century in whose works their names occur. The attitude of Boëthius is throughout that of a cultivated and intellectual man who seeks for consolation when in trouble not in faith, but in reason. In the beginning of the work he laments his hard fate, when Philosophy appears before him in the form of a woman, and a dialogue ensues, in which the unimportance of what is ordinarily termed good or bad fortune, the nature of Providence, the divine order of the world, chance, free will, and similar subjects, are discussed. The style is the artificial, ornate style of the time, held in check by the logical sequence of the argument. Boëthius was a Christian, but in his adversity he turned to philosophy for consolation, and his philosophy is no more Christian than is that of Cicero. Yet his teachings, though not belonging to any one religion, are essentially religious. It is not wonderful that the _Consolation_ was much read in the Middle Ages, and has continued to find many readers in later times.

[Sidenote: Later literature no longer Roman.] There were still, in the sixth century, men who, like Boëthius, could find, amid the disorders of the times, the leisure and the taste for study; and the only kind of study possible was that of the ancient literature. But Boëthius is the last in whom the ancient thoughts and feelings appear clad in literary form. Throughout the Middle Ages some of the classical writers, especially Virgil, were read and copied in monasteries, and those laymen who received a clerkly education learned Latin as the only language (except the more distant and difficult Greek) in which a literature existed; but Latin was then, as now, a language of the past, even though it was still used for literary purposes, and the ancient civilization was far less understood than now. Writings in Latin after Boëthius belong not to Roman literature, but to the literature of the church and to that of the various nations of Europe.

[Sidenote: The first period of Roman literature.] The date of the beginning of Roman literature can be fixed almost to a year, for there was no Roman literature before Livius Andronicus. At that time Latin imitations of Greek works were introduced to add to the attractions of public entertainments and to make the young acquainted with the history of the past. As the republic grew in power, literature, still in imitation of the Greek, but expressing more and more completely the Roman character, developed in all directions, but especially in prose. The orators cultivated perfection in speech that they might move the judges, the senate, or the people; historians hoped that the records of the past would have a practical effect upon the deeds of the future, or they aimed, like Cæsar in his _Commentaries_, to further their own immediate ends; and Cicero adapted Greek philosophy to Roman readers in order that the republic might have wise and good citizens. The practical purpose of the lyric poetry of Catullus and his contemporary poets is less evident, though even lyric verse may serve political ends, and yet there seems to have been in the careful imitation of learned Alexandrian works a deliberate educational purpose. Certainly in all branches of literature except lyric poetry throughout the republican period a practical purpose, and usually a political purpose, is almost invariably to be found. Literature as developed by the Greeks seemed to the Romans to possess practical utility, and the great works of the republican period were created by practical men to aid in the attainment of their ends.

[Sidenote: The Augustan period.] In the Augustan period the practical purpose of literature is even more evident than in the earlier years. In the transition from the republic to the monarchy it was desirable that the minds of men should not be too much occupied with politics, and literature was naturally encouraged by Augustus as an outlet for intellectual energy which might otherwise have turned to political matters. It was also desirable that the Julian family be connected as closely as possible with the beginnings of Rome, and how could that be done better than by such a poem as the _Æneid_? The immediate practical purpose of Virgil’s _Georgics_ is evident. The poems of Horace, too, are in part openly intended to increase the popular prestige of the imperial house, and the mere fact that the poet was known to be the friend of the emperor would add as much to the glory of the one as of the other. The greatness of poetry in this period is due directly to the encouragement of Augustus, and his encouragement had a practical purpose. That prose, especially oratory, declined at this time is due to the fact that the orator was no longer the great power in the state.

[Sidenote: The imperial period.] Under the empire the influence of literature upon politics disappeared. Oratory no longer led to the highest power, poetry must, under some emperors at least, be careful not to overstep prescribed limits, and history could not safely record all facts with their causes and results. Even philosophical speculation was not safe if it led to practical conclusions adverse to the government. It was precisely those branches of literature which might be used for political purposes that the imperial government could hardly fail to discourage directly or indirectly, and those were the branches in which the practical Romans naturally excelled. There were, to be sure, emperors who encouraged literature, but their encouragement, leading to flattery and artificial eloquence, was little likely to raise the quality, even though it increased the quantity, of literary production. With its practical importance Roman literature loses its vigor. Aside from Tacitus and Juvenal, hardly a single powerful and vigorous author appears in the imperial period until, with the growth of Christianity, literature again acquires practical importance. That literature maintained for so many years a relatively high degree of excellence is due to the constant influence of Greece, which counteracted to some extent the forces that tended to destroy all literary life. Thus Roman literature lingered on until after the breaking up of the Roman empire.

Only a small part of the great bulk of Roman literature is preserved to us, but that part includes the greatest works of the best period. Those are worthy subjects of study for their beauty of form, their clearness of thought, their power, their vigor, and their ethical qualities. The productions of the imperial period are inferior in quality to those of the republican and the Augustan times, though their quantity is proportionate to the duration of the empire; but these works also are proper subjects of study, for they also express the character of the Romans.

[Sidenote: Our debt to the Romans.] Three ancient peoples have impressed themselves strongly upon the nations of Europe and America—the Hebrews, the Greeks, and the Romans. To the first we owe the foundations of our religion, to the second the beginnings of all arts and sciences, to the Romans we are indebted for the adaptation of the arts and sciences, of philosophy, and even of religion to civilized life. The names of our months are Roman, and our calendar is, with slight necessary changes, that established by Julius Cæsar. The laws of continental Europe and, though to a less degree, of England and the United States, are based upon Roman law as finally established under Justinian. The so-called Gothic architecture, which arose in France in the Middle Ages and which is still the prevailing style of our churches, can be traced back step by step to Roman buildings, and though Roman architecture was dependent upon that of Greece, it was through Rome that western Europe learned to use the column, the arch, and the vault. The beautiful architecture of the Renaissance is a conscious imitation of that of Rome. The Romans, too, in the early centuries of the Christian church, did their full share to systematize Christian belief, to reconcile it with philosophy, and to establish a reasonable form of church government. The results of their labors are inherited directly by the Roman Catholic church, and indirectly or partially by Protestants. There is hardly a side of modern life which is not more or less affected by ancient Rome; while the dignity, the sturdy manhood, the stoical disregard of fortune, the patriotism, and the vigorous earnestness expressed in Roman literature have a powerful influence in developing what is best in modern manhood. Roman literature will continue to be an important object of study as long as men still feel their obligations to the past, or are capable of learning from the example and precepts of other ages.

APPENDIX I

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[This is not intended to be an exhaustive bibliography, but is merely an attempt to refer the student to some of the best and most available sources of information. Books in foreign languages, and editions with notes in foreign languages, are mentioned only in exceptional cases and for special reasons. Further bibliographical information is to be found in the larger histories of Roman literature, in Engelmann’s _Bibliotheca Scriptorum Classicorum_, the monthly lists in the _Classical Review_, and the _Guide to the Choice of Classical Books_, by J. B. Mayor, London, 1879, D. Nutt; with its New Supplement, 1896.]

GENERAL WORKS

+C. T. Cruttwell.+ History of Roman Literature, London, 1877, Griffin.

+J. W. Mackail.+ Latin Literature, London, 1895, Murray; New York, Scribner’s.

+G. A. Simcox.+ History of Latin Literature, London and New York, 1883, Longmans, 2 vols.

+G. Middleton+ and +T. R. Mills+. Handbook to Latin Authors, London and New York, 1896, Macmillan.

+W. Y. Sellar.+ The Roman Poets of the Republic, Oxford, 2d ed. 1889; Poets of the Augustan Age (Virgil), Oxford, 1891; Horace and the Elegiac Poets, Oxford, 1892.

+R. Y. Tyrrell.+ Latin Poetry, Boston, 1895, Houghton & Mifflin.

+G. F. Aly.+ Geschichte der römischen Litteratur, Berlin, 1894, R. Gaertner.

+G. Bernhardy.+ Grundriss der römischen Litteratur, 5th ed. Halle, 1872.

+W. S. Teuffel.+ Geschichte der römischen Litteratur, 5th ed. revised by L. Schwabe, Leipzig, 1890, Teubner; translated by G. C. W. Warr, 2 vols., London, 1891, Bell. [Especially good for bibliography.]

+M. Schanz.+ Römische Litteraturgeschichte, Munich, 2d ed. 1898-1901, Beck. 3 vols. (to Constantine); vol. iv (to Justinian) in preparation.

+O. Ribbeck.+ Geschichte der römischen Dichtung. 3 vols. Stuttgart, 1887-’92.

+C. Lamarre.+ Histoire de la Littérature latine depuis la Fondation de Rome jusqu’à la Fin du Gouvernement Républicain; Paris, 1901, Delagrave. 4 vols. [Vol. iv contains selections from Latin literature in the original and in French translation. The literature of the imperial period is to be treated in subsequent volumes.]

+G. Michaut.+ Le Génie latin. Paris, 1900, Fontemoing. [Interesting and suggestive.]

A useful series of books called “Ancient Classics for English Readers” contains Cæsar, by _Anthony Trollope_; Catullus, Tibullus, and Propertius, by _James Davies_; Cicero, by _W. L. Collins_; Horace, by _Theodore Martin_; Juvenal, by _E. Walford_; Livy, by _W. L. Collins_; Lucretius, by _Mallock_; Ovid, by _A. Church_; Plautus and Terence, by _W. L. Collins_; Pliny, by _A. Church_ and _W. J. Brodribb_; Tacitus, by _W. B. Donne_; and Virgil, by _W. L. Collins_. These are not translations, but essays illustrated by extracts. Published in America by the J. B. Lippincott Co.

COLLECTIONS

[This list contains the titles of collections referred to below. Many other collections exist, the titles of which are to be found in larger bibliographies.]

+Poetae Latini Minores+, ed. _Baehrens_. 5 vols. Leipzig, 1879-’83, Teubner series.

+Fragmenta Poetarum Romanorum+, ed. _Baehrens_, Leipzig, 1886, Teubner series.

+Corpus Poetarum Latinorum+, ed. _J. P. Postgate_; parts i, ii, (vol. i), and iii. London, 1893-1900, Bell.

+Patrologia Latina+, ed. _Migne_, Paris. [221 vols. containing the works of ecclesiastical writers of Latin from the Apostolic times to those of Pope Innocent III.]

+Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum.+ [A series of ecclesiastical writings, published by the Imperial Academy at Vienna, begun in 1866 and not yet completed.]

+Scaenicae Romanorum Poesis Fragmenta+, ed. _O. Ribbeck_. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1897-’98, Teubner series. [Vol. i, Tragicorum Romanorum Fragmenta; vol. ii, Comicorum Romanorum Fragmenta.]

+Grammatici Latini+, ed. _H. Keil_, Leipzig, 1857-’80, Teubner, 7 vols.

+Historicorum Romanorum Relliquiae+, ed. _H. Peter_, vol. i, Leipzig, 1870, Teubner.

+Historicorum Romanorum Fragmenta+, ed. _H. Peter_, Leipzig, 1883, Teubner series.

+Scriptores Historiae Augustae+, ed. _H. Peter_, Leipzig. 2 vols. Teubner series.

+Anthologia Latina+, ed. _F. Bücheler_ and _A. Riese_, Leipzig, 1870-’97. 2 vols. Teubner series.

+XII Panegyrici Latini+, ed. _Baehrens_. Leipzig, 1874, Teubner series.

+Oratorum Romanorum Fragmenta+, ed. _Meyer_. Paris, 1837.

EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS

ACCIUS. Text in _Fragm. Poet. Rom._, vol. i, and _Scaen. Rom. Poes. Fragm._, vol. i.

ÆTNA. Text in _Corp. Poet. Lat._, part iii, and _Poet. Lat. Min._, vol. ii. Text with notes and translation by _Robinson Ellis_, Oxford, 1901.

AMBROSIUS (St. Ambrose). Text, _Patrologia Latina_, vols. xiv-xvii.

AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS. Text. _Gardthausen_, Leipzig. 3 vols. Teubner series.

AMPELIUS. Text. _Wölfflin_ in Halm’s _Florus_, Leipzig, 1854, Teubner series.

ANDRONICUS. See LIVIUS.

APHTHONIUS. Text in _Grammat. Lat._, vol. vi.

APULEIUS. Text with Latin notes. _Hildebrand_, Leipzig, 1842. 2 vols.

Translation. _Sir George Head_, London, 1851; _anonymous_, in Bohn’s Library.

ARNOBIUS. Text. _Reifferscheid_, vol. iv of _Corp. Script. Eccl. Lat._ Also in _Patrol. Lat._, vol. v.

ATTA. Text in _Scaen. Rom. Poesis Fragm._, vol. ii.

ATTICUS. Text in _Hist. Rom. Fr._

AUGUSTINUS (St. Augustine). Text. _Patrol. Lat._, vols. xxxii-xlvii; De Civitate Dei, _Dombart_, Leipzig, 1877, 2 vols., Teubner series; Confessiones, _Raumer_, Gütersloh, 1876, Bertelsmann.

AUGUSTUS. Monumentum Ancyranum, _Mommsen_, 2d ed. Berlin, 1883, Weidmann; _W. Fairley_ (with English translation), Philadelphia, 1898, the University of Philadelphia.

Fragments, _Weichart_, Grimma, 1845.

AURELIUS (Marcus Aurelius). See FRONTO.

AUSONIUS. Text. _Peiper_, Leipzig, 1886, Teubner series.

AVIANUS. Text. _Poet. Lat. Min._ vol. v; critical text and notes. _R. Ellis_, Oxford, 1887.

AVIENUS. Crit. text. _Holder_, Innsbruck, 1887, Wagner.

BOËTHIUS. Text. _Peiper_, Leipzig, 1871, Teubner series.

Translation. H. E. James, London, 1897, Elliot Stock; _Fox_, in Bohn’s Library.

CÆSAR. Text. _Kübler_, Leipzig, 1893-1897, Teubner series. 3 vols.

Translation. _W. A. McDevitte_, Bohn’s Library. Text and notes. The Gallic War, Allen & Greenough, Boston, Ginn & Co.; The Civil War, _Perrin_, New York, University Publishing Co. Many other school editions exist.

CALPURNIUS. Text. _Poet. Lat. Min._, vol. iii; with NEMESIANUS, Text and Latin notes, _Schenkl_, Leipzig and Prague, 1885.

CAPELLA. See MARTIANUS.

CATO. De Agricultura. Text and Latin notes, _Keil_, Leipzig, 1884-’94, Teubner. [Two vols. with VARRO, Res Rusticae.]

Other works. Text and Latin notes. _Jordan_, Leipzig, 1860, Teubner.

CATONIS DISTICHA. _Poet. Lat. Min._, vol. iii.

CATULLUS. Text. _Mueller_, Leipzig, 1885, Teubner series. [With TIBULLUS, PROPERTIUS, the fragments of LAEVIUS, CALVUS, CINNA, and others, and the PRIAPEA]; crit. text with appendices, _R. Ellis_, 2d ed., Oxford, 1878.

Annotated edition. _Merrill_, Boston, 1893, Ginn & Co.

Commentary. _R. Ellis_, 2d ed., Oxford, 1889.

Translation (verse). _Theodore Martin_, Edinburgh and London, 1875, Blackwood.

CELSUS. Text. _Daremberg_, Leipzig, 1859, Teubner series.

Translation. _J. Grieve_, London, 1756.

CENSORINUS. Text. _Hultsch_, Leipzig, 1867, Teubner series; crit. text, _J. Cholodniak_, St. Petersburg, 1889.

CHARISIUS. Text in _Gram. Lat._, vol. i.

CICERO. Text. _Baiter_ and _Kayser_, Leipzig, 1860-’69, B. Tauchnitz, 11 vols.; _Müller_, _Klotz_, and others, Leipzig, Teubner series, 10 vols. [Editions of separate works and selections are numerous.]

Correspondence, arranged according to its chronological order, with commentary and introductory essays. _R. Y. Tyrrell_ and _L. C. Purser_, Dublin and London, 1855-1901. 7 vols [vol. i in 2d ed.]

Translation. Orations, _C. D. Yonge_, 4 vols.; On Oratory and Orators, with Letters to Quintus and Brutus, _J. S. Watson_; On the Nature of the Gods, Divination, Fate, Laws, a Republic, and Consulship, _C. D. Yonge_ and _F. Barham_; Academics, De Finibus, and Tusculan Questions, _C. D. Yonge_; Offices, or Moral Duties, Cato Major, an Essay on Old Age, Lælius, an Essay on Friendship, Scipio’s Dream, Paradoxes, Letter to Quintus on Magistrates, _C. R. Edmonds_; Letters, _E. Shuckburgh_, 4 vols. Bohn’s Library.

Life. _W. Forsyth_, London, 1863, Murray; New York, Scribner’s.

CINCIUS ALIMENTUS. Text in _Hist. Rom. Rell._

CIRIS. Text in _Poet. Lat. Min._, vol. ii.

CLAUDIAN. Text. _Koch_, Leipzig, 1893, Teubner series.

Translation. _Hawkins_, London, 1817, 2 vols.

COLUMELLA. Text in _Scriptores Rei Rusticae_, ed. _Schneider_, Leipzig, 1794-’97; De Arboribus, text, _Lundström_, Upsala, 1897.

Translation. _Anonymous_, London, 1745.

COMMODIANUS. Text. _Ludwig_, Leipzig, 1877-’78, 2 vols. Teubner series.

CONSOLATIO AD LIVIAM. Text in _Poet. Lat. Min._, vol. i.

CORNIFICIUS (See Cicero ad Herennium). Text. _Marx_, Leipzig, 1894, Teubner.

CULEX. Text in _Poet. Lat. Min._, vol. ii.

CURTIUS RUFUS, Text. _Vogel_, Leipzig, 1881, Teubner series.

Translation. _John Digby_, 3d ed. corr. by _Young_, London, 1747.

CYPRIAN. Text. _Hartel_, Vienna, 1868-’71, 4 vols. in _Corp. Script. Eccl. Lat._

DARES. Text. _Meister_, Leipzig, 1873, Teubner series.

DICTYS. Text. _Meister_, Leipzig, 1872, Teubner series.

DIOMEDES. Text in _Gram. Lat._

DIOSCORIDES. Text in _Gram. Lat._

DIRÆ. Text in _Poet. Lat. Min._, Vol. ii.

DONATUS. Text in _Gram. Lat._ and in the introductions to early editions of Terence.

ENNIUS. Text in _Fragm. Poet. Rom._ and _Corp. Poet. Lat._, vol. i.

EUTROPIUS. Text. _Rühl_, Leipzig, 1887, Teubner series.

Translation. See JUSTIN.

FENESTELLA. Text in _Hist. Rom. Fragm._

FESTUS (RUFIUS). Text. _Wagner_, Prague, 1886.

FESTUS (SEXTUS POMPEIUS). Text. _Thewrewk_, Budapest, 1889.

FIRMICUS MATERNUS. Text, _Halm_, Vienna, 1867, in _Corp. Script. Eccl. Lat._, vol. ii; _Baehrens_, Leipzig, 1886, Teubner series.

FLORUS. Text. _Halm_, Leipzig, 1854, Teubner series.

FRONTINUS. Strategemata. Text. _Gundermann_, Leipzig, 1888, Teubner series.

Translation. _R. Scott_, London, 1811.

De Aquis Urbis Romæ. Text. _Bücheler_, Leipzig, 1858, Teubner.

Text with translation and discussion. _C. Herschel_, Boston, 1899, Dana, Estes & Co.

FRONTO. Text. _Naber_, Leipzig, 1867, Teubner.

GAIUS. Text with translation and notes. _Poste_, 3d ed., Oxford, 1890.

GELLIUS. Text. _Hertz_, Leipzig, 1887, Teubner series, 2 vols.

Crit. Text. _Hertz_, Leipzig, 1894, Teubner, 2 vols.

Translation. _Beloe_, London, 1795, 3 vols.

GERMANICUS. Text in _Poet. Lat. Min._, vol. i.

GRATIUS. Text in _Poet. Lat. Min._, vol. i; _Corp. Poet. Lat._, part iii.

HIERONYMUS. See JEROME.

HILARIUS (St. Hilary). Text. _Patrol Lat._, vols. ix and x.

HIRTIUS. Text in complete editions of Cæsar.

HORACE. Text in _Corp. Poet. Lat._, vol. i; _Kellar_ and _Häussner_, 2d ed. Prague, 1892. Annotated editions are numerous.

Translation (verse). _Theodore Martin_, Edinburgh and London, 1881, Blackwood, 2 vols. Odes and Epodes, _Lord Lytton_, Edinburgh and London, 1869, New York, 1870.

HYGINUS. Text. _M. Schmidt_, Jena, 1872.

HYGINUS GROMATICUS. Text. _Domaszewski_, Leipzig, 1887.

JEROME. Text. _Patrol. Lat._, vols. xxii-xxx. De Viris Illustribus, _Herding_, Leipzig, 1879, Teubner series.

JULIUS. See CÆSAR.

JULIUS CÆSAR STRABO. Text in _Orat. Rom. Fragm._

JULIUS VICTOR. Text in Orelli’s _Cicero_, vol. v, p. 195, and in Halm’s _Rhetores Minores_, p. 371.

JUSTIN. Text. _Jeep_, Leipzig, 1859, Teubner series; _Hallberg_, Paris, 1875.

Translation. _Watson_, London, 1853, Bohn’s Library, [with CORNELIUS NEPOS and EUTROPIUS].

JUVENAL. Text. _Bücheler_, Berlin, 2d ed. 1886, Weidmann [with PERSIUS and SULPICIA].

Annotated edition. _Pearson & Strong_, Oxford, 1892.

Translation. (Prose) _Leeper_, London, 1891, 2d ed. Macmillan [see also LUCILIUS]; (verse) _Dryden_, in Dryden’s works.

LACTANTIUS. Text. _Patrol Lat._, vols. vi and vii. [Some of his works have appeared in _Corp. Script. Eccl. Lat._ The Poem on the Phœnix is in _Poet. Lat. Min._, vol. ii.]

LAMPRIDIUS. Text in _Scriptores Historiae Augustae_.

LIVIUS ANDRONICUS. Text in _Fragm. Poet. Rom._ and _Scaen. Rom. Poesis Fragm._, vols. i and ii.

LIVY. Text. _Weissenborn_, Leipzig, 1878, Teubner series, 6 vols.

Crit. Text. _Madvig_ and _Ussing_, Copenhagen, 4th ed. 1886 and later. 4 vols.

Translation. _Spillan_, _Edmunds_, and _McDevitte_, London, Bohn’s Library. 4 vols.

LUCAN. Text in _Corp. Poet. Lat._, part iii; _Hosius_, Leipzig, 1892. Teubner series.

Translation (verse). _N. Rowe_, London, 1807. 3 vols.

LUCILIUS. Text in _Fragm. Poet. Rom._

Translation. _Evans_, London, Bohn’s Library. [JUVENAL, PERSIUS, SULPICIA, and LUCILIUS.]

LUCRETIUS. Text. _Munro_, London, Bell; also in Harper’s Classical Texts.

Crit. Text. _Lachmann_, Berlin, 1866. 2 vols.

Text and notes. _Munro_, London, 4th ed. 1891-’93, Bell. 3 vols., the third of which is a prose translation.

MACROBIUS. Text. _Eyssenhardt_, Leipzig, 1868, 2d ed. Teubner series.

MÆCENAS. Text in _Fragm. Poet. Rom._

MANILIUS. Text in _Corp. Poet. Lat._, part iii.

Translation. _Creech_, London, 1700. [Appended to LUCRETIUS.]

MANLIUS. See VOPISCUS.

MARCELLINUS. See AMMIANUS.

MARIUS VICTORINUS. Text in _Gram. Lat._, vol. vi, Orelli’s _Cicero_, vol. v, Halm’s _Rhetores Minores_, and _Patrol. Lat._, vol. viii.

MARTIAL. Text. _Gilbert_, Leipzig, 1886, Teubner series.

Translation (prose). Edited by _H. G. Bohn_, London, 1897. [Contains also metrical translations from various sources.]

MARTIANUS CAPELLA. Text. _Eyssenhardt_, Leipzig, 1866, Teubner series.

MELA. Text. _Frick_, Leipzig, 1880, Teubner series.

MINUCIUS FELIX. Text. _Baehrens_, Leipzig, 1886, Teubner series.

MORETUM. Text in _Poet. Lat. Min._, vol. ii.

NÆVIUS. Text in _Fragm. Poet. Rom._, _Scaen. Rom. Poesis Fragm._, vols. i and ii.

NAMATIANUS. See RUTILIUS.

NEMESIANUS. Text in _Poet. Lat. Min._, vol. iii.

NEPOS. Text. _Halm-Fleckeisen_, Leipzig, 10th ed. 1889, Teubner series.

Translation. See JUSTIN.

NIGIDIUS FIGULUS. Text of fragments with Latin notes. _Stroboda_, Vienna, 1889.

NONIUS MARCELLUS. Crit. text with comment. _Müller_, Leipzig, 1888, Teubner. 2 vols. _Onions_, Oxford, 1895.

OCTAVIUS. See AUGUSTUS.

OROSIUS. _Zangemeister_, _Corp. Script. Eccl. Lat._, vol. v, and Leipzig, 1889, Teubner series.

OVID. Text in _Corp. Poet. Lat._, vol. i; _Merkel-Ewald_, Leipzig, 3d ed. begun 1888, Teubner series.

Annotated editions of separate works and of selections are numerous.

Translation (prose). Bohn’s Library. Metrical translations by Dryden and others are contained in Chalmers’ _English Poets_.

PACUVIUS. Text in _Scaen. Rom. Poesis Fragm._, vol. i.

PALLADIUS. Text in _Scriptores Rei Rusticae_, ed. _Schneider_, Jena, 1794-’97.

PERSIUS. Text in _Corp. Poet. Lat._, vol. i; _Bücheler_. See JUVENAL; with translation and commentary, _Conington_ and _Nettleship_, Oxford, 1893.

Translation (prose). See LUCILIUS and JUVENAL; (verse) _Dryden_, in his complete works and Chalmers’ _English Poets_.

PERVIGILIUM VENERIS. Text in _Poet. Lat. Min._, vol. iv.

PETRONIUS. Text. _Bücheler_, Berlin, 3d ed. 1895, _Weidmann_. [With the satires of VARRO and SENECA.]

Translation. (Trimalchio’s Dinner). _H. T. Peck_, New York, 1898, Harper’s.

PHÆDRUS. Text in _Corp. Poet. Lat._, part iii; _Riese_, Leipzig, 1885, B. Tauchnitz.

Translation. _Smart_, London, 1831. [Also appended to Riley’s version of Terence and Phædrus in Bohn’s Library.]

PLAUTUS. Text. _Goetz_ and _Schoell_, Leipzig, 1892-’95, Teubner series, 7 parts.

Critical edition. _Ritschl_ (2d ed. by _Goetz_, _Loewe_, and _Schoell_), Leipzig, 1878-’93, Teubner, 20 parts.

Many annotated editions of separate plays exist.

Translation (prose). _Riley_, London, Bohn’s Library; (verse) _Thornton_ and _Warner_, London, 1767-’72.

PLINY THE ELDER. Text, _Jan_ and _Mayhoff_, Leipzig, 2d ed. Teubner series. 6 vols.

Translation. With Notes, _Bostock_ and _Riley_, London, Bell. 6 vols.

PLINY THE YOUNGER. Text. _Keil_, Leipzig, 1873, Teubner series.

Translation. _Melmoth_, revised by _Bosanquet_, London, 1877, Bell; _Lewis_, London, 1879, Trübner.

PLOTIUS. See SACERDOS.

POMPEIUS TROGUS. See JUSTIN.

POMPONIUS. See MELA.

POMPONIUS (LUCIUS). Text in _Fragm. Poet. Rom._

PRIAPEA. Text in _Poet. Lat. Min._, vol. i, cf. vol. ii.

PRISCIAN. Text in _Gram. Lat._, vols. ii and iii.

PROBUS (VALERIUS). Text in _Gram. Lat._, vol. iv.

PROPERTIUS. Text in _Corp. Poet. Lat._, vol. i; _Mueller_, Leipzig, 1880, Teubner series. See CATULLUS.

Ed. Crit. _Postgate_, London, 1880, Bell.

Translation (prose). _Gantillon_, with metrical versions of select elegies by _Nott_ and _Elton_, London, Bohn’s Library.

PRUDENTIUS. Text. _Patrol. Lat._, vols. lix and lx.

PUBLILIUS SYRUS. Text. _Bickford-Smith_, Cambridge, 1885; _O. Friedrich_, Berlin, 1880, Grieben [with notes].

QUINTILIAN. Text. Institutiones Oratoriae, _Meister_, Leipzig, 1886-’87, Freytag.

Declamationes. _Ritter_, Leipzig, 1884, Teubner series.

Translation. Institutes of Oratory, _J. S. Watson_, London, Bohn’s Library. 2 vols.

REPOSIANUS. Text in _Poet. Lat. Min._, vol. iv.

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUS. Text in _Poet. Lat. Min._, vol. v.

SACERDOS. Text in _Gram. Lat._, vol. vi.

SALLUST. Text. _Eussner_, Leipzig, 1888, Teubner series. [School editions of the Catiline and the Jugurtha are numerous.]

Translation. _Pollard_, London, 1882, Macmillan.

SAMMONICUS SERENUS. Text in _Poet. Lat. Min._, vol. iii.

SEDULIUS. Text in _Patrol. Lat._, vol. ix, and _Corp. Script. Eccl. Lat._, vol. x.

SENECA (the father). Text. _Müller_, Leipzig, 1888, Freytag; _Kiessling_, Leipzig, 1872, Teubner series.

SENECA (the son). Text. Philosophical works. _Haase_, Leipzig, 1852 sqq., Teubner series.

Tragedies, _Leo_, Berlin, 1879, Weidmann, 2 vols.

Translation. On Benefits, Minor Essays, and On Clemency. _A. Stewart_, London, Bohn’s Library. 2 vols. Two Tragedies (Medea and Daughters of Troy), _E. I. Harris_, Boston, 1899, Houghton & Mifflin.

SERVIUS. Text with Latin notes. _Thilo_ and _Hagen_, 1878-1902, Teubner. 4 vols.

SIDONIUS APOLLINARIS. Text in _Patrol. Lat._, vol. lviii; _Lüjohann_, Berlin, 1887 (_Monum. German. Hist. Auct. Antiquiss._, vol. viii).

SILIUS ITALICUS. Text. _Bauer_, Leipzig, 1890-’92, Teubner series. 2 vols.

Translation (verse). _Tytler_, Calcutta, 1828. 2 vols.

SISENNA. Text in _Hist. Rom. Rell._

SOLINUS. Crit. Text. _Mommsen_, Berlin, 2d ed. 1895, Weidmann.

STATIUS. Text. _Kohlmann_, Leipzig, 1879-’84, Teubner series. 2 vols.

Translation (verse). Thebaid. _Lewis_, in Chalmers’ _English Poets_, vol. xx; _Coleridge_, in his collected poems; Achilleis, _Sir Robert Howard_, in his poems.

SUEIUS. Text in _Fragm. Poet. Rom._

SUETONIUS. Text. _Roth_, Leipzig, 1875, Teubner series.

Translation. _Thomson_, revised by Forester, in Bohn’s Library.

SULPICIA. See JUVENAL.

SYMMACHUS. Text. _Seeck_, Berlin, 1883 (_Monum. Germ. Hist. Auct. Antiquiss._, vol. vi, 1).

TACITUS. Text. _Nipperdey_, Berlin, 1871-’76, Weidmann. 4 vols.

[Annotated editions of separate works are many.]

Translation. _Church_ and _Brodribb_, London, 1868-’77, Macmillan. 3 vols.

TERENCE. Text. _Dziatzko_, Leipzig, 1884, B. Tauchnitz.

Ed. Crit. _Umpfenbach_, Leipzig, 1871, Teubner.

Annotated ed. _Wagner_, London, 1869, Bell. [Annotated editions of separate plays are numerous.]

Translation (verse). _Colman_, London, 1810; (prose) _Riley_, in Bohn’s Library [with PHÆDRUS].

TERENTIANUS MAURUS. Text in _Gram. Lat._, vol. vi.

TERTULLIAN. Text. _Patrol. Lat._, vols. i and ii; _Reifferscheid_ and _Wissowa_, _Corp. Script. Eccl. Lat._, vol. xx [only vol. i of Tertullian].

TIBULLUS. Text in _Corp. Poet. Lat._, vol. i; see also CATULLUS.

Translation. _Cranstoun_, Edinburgh and London, 1872, Blackwood. [English verse with notes.]

TROGUS. See JUSTIN.

VARIUS. Text in _Fragm. Poet. Rom._

VARRO ATACINUS. Text in _Fragm. Poet. Rom._

VARRO (MARCUS). Text. De Lingua Latina, _Müller_, Leipzig, 1833; _Spengel_, Berlin, 1885. De Re Rustica, _Keil_, Leipzig, 1889, Teubner series [commentary, 1891]. Fragments of Varro’s Menippean Satires are contained in _Bücheler’s_ PETRONIUS, of the lost grammatical works in _Wilmanns_, De Varronis Libris Grammaticis, Berlin, 1864, Weidmann, of the Antiquitates in _Merckel’s_ edition of OVID’S Fasti, Berlin, 1841, and poetical fragments in _Fragm. Poet. Rom._

VEGETIUS RENATUS. Text. Epitoma Rei Militaris, _Lang_, Leipzig, 2d ed. 1885, Teubner series.

Mulomedicina. In Schneider’s _Scriptores Rei Rusticae_, Jena, 1794-’97.

VELLEIUS PATERCULUS. Text. _Halm_, Leipzig, 1876, Teubner series.

Translation. _J. S. Watson_, Bohn’s and Harper’s Libraries. [SALLUST, FLORUS, and VELLEIUS PATERCULUS, with notes.]

VIRGIL. Text. _Ribbeck_, Leipzig, 2d ed., Teubner series.

Crit. Text. _Ribbeck_, Leipzig, 2d ed., Teubner. 4 vols.

Annotated editions. _Conington_ and _Nettleship_, London, 1865-’71, Bell, 3 vols.; _Greenough_, Boston, 1895, Ginn & Co. [School editions of parts of Virgil’s works are numerous.]

Translation (verse). _Dryden_, in his complete works.

Æneid. _Conington_, London, 1870, Longmans; _J. D. Long_, Boston, 1879, Lockwood, Brooks & Co.

Eclogues. _C. S. Calverley_, in his collected works, London, 1901, Bell.

Georgics. _H. W. Preston_, Boston, 1881, Osgood & Co.

VITRUVIUS. Crit. Text. _Rose_, Leipzig, 1899, Teubner series. Translation. _Gwilt_, London, new ed. 1860, Weale.

VOLCACIUS SEDIGITUS. Text in _Fragm. Poet. Rom._

VOPISCUS. Text in _Script. Hist. Aug._

APPENDIX II

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

[When two dates are given they designate the birth and death of the author or authors named in the same line. The dates given opposite the names of emperors, which are printed in italics, refer, however, to their reigns, not to their lives. When one date is given it designates a time when the activity of the author or authors was probably at its height. Interrogation points denote uncertainty.]

B. C. 280. │ Appius Claudius Cæcus (orator). Before 270-about 204. │ Livius Andronicus. About 269-199. │ Gnæus Nævius. About 254-184. │ Titus Maccius Plautus. 239-169. │ Quintus Ennius. 234-149. │ Marcus Porcius Cato. About 230. │ Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator │ (orator). 220-about 130. │ Marcus Pacuvius. 216. │ Quintus Fabius Pictor. 211. │ Fabulæ Atellanæ introduced. 210. │ Lucius Cincius Alimentus. 206. │ Quintus Cæcilius Metellus (orator). Before 200-about 165. │ Statius Cæcilius (comic poet). 198. │ Sextus Ælius (jurist). (?)-196. │ Marcus Cornelius Cethegus (orator). About 192-152. │ Cato’s son (jurist). 191. │ Scipio Nasica (jurist). About 190-159. │ Publius Terentius Afer (Terence). 185-129. │ Scipio Africanus the younger. 183. │ Quintus Fabius Labeo (jurist). (?)-183. │ Publius Licinius Crassus (orator), │ Scipio Africanus the elder. About 180. │ Lucius Acilius (jurist). 180 (?)-126. │ Gaius Lucilius. (?)-174. │ Publius Ælius (jurist). 170-at least 100. │ Lucius Accius. 163-133. │ Tiberius Gracchus (orator). About 158-about 75. │ Publius Rutilius Rufus. 154-121. │ Gaius Gracchus (orator). About 154-after 100. │ Lucius Ælius Præconinus Stilo. About 152-87. │ Quintus Lutatius Catulus. │ About 150. │ Lucius Afranius, Titinius (comic poets), │ Publius Cornelius Scipio, Aulus │ Postumius Albinus, Gaius Acilius. 143-87. │ Marcus Antonius (orator). About 140. │ Lucius Cassius Hemina, Gaius Lælius. 140-91. │ Lucius Licinius Crassus (orator). 136. │ Lucius Furius Philus (orator and jurist). 133. │ Publius Mucius Scævola, Lucius Calpurnius │ Piso Frugi. 131. │ Publius Licinius Crassus Mucianus (jurist). About 130. │ Gaius Titius. 122. │ Gaius Fannius (orator and historian). 119-67. │ Lucius Cornelius Sisenna. 116-27. │ Marcus Terentius Varro. 114-50. │ Hortensius (orator). 109-32. │ Titus Pomponius Atticus. 106-43. │ Marcus Tullius Cicero. 105-43. │ Decimus Laberius. (?)-103. │ Turpilius (comic poet). 102 (?)-44. │ Gaius Julius Cæsar. 102-43. │ Quintus Cicero. Latter part of the │ Gnæus Matius, Lævius Melissus, Hostius, second century. │ Aulus Furius, Cœlius Antipater, Quintus │ Valerius Soranus. Before 100-after 30. │ Cornelius Nepos. About 99-55 (?). │ Titus Lucretius Carus. (?)-at least 91. │ Sempronius Asellio (historian). 95. │ Quintus Mucius Scævola (jurist). About 90. │ Lucius Pomponius, Novius (writers of │ _Fabulæ Atellanæ_), Volcacius Sedigitus. (?)-87 │ Gaius Julius Cæsar Strabo (tragedian). 87-47. │ Gaius Licinius Calvus. 86-35. │ Gaius Sallustius Crispus. Early in the first │ century. │ Valerius Antias, Quintus Cornificius. First half of the first │ Sueius, Gaius Helvius Cinna, Publius century. │ Valerius Cato, Gaius Memmius, Ticidas, │ Aurelius Opilius, Antonius Gnipho, │ Marcus Pompilius Andronicus, Santra, │ Servius Sulpicius Rufus. About 84-about 54. │ Gaius Valerius Catullus. (?)-at least 82. │ Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius (historian). 82-after 37. │ Varro Atacinus. 78 (?)-42. │ Marcus Junius Brutus. (?)-77 │ Titus Quinctius Atta. 70-27. │ Cornelius Gallus. 70 (?)-8. │ Gaius Mæcenas. 70-19. │ Publius Vergilius Maro (Virgil). About 70-after 16. │ Vitruvius Pollio. 67-5 A. D. │ Gaius Asinius Pollio. 65-8. │ Quintus Horatius Flaccus (Horace). About 64-about 17 A. D. │ Gaius Julius Hyginus. 64-8 A. D. Marcus │ Valerius Messalla. 63-14 A. D. │ Gaius Octavius (Cæsar Octavianus Augustus). 63-12 A. D. │ Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. 59-17 A. D. │ Titus Livius (Livy). About 55-about 40 A. D. │ Seneca (the father). About 54-about 19. │ Albius Tibullus. About 54-about 4. │ Domitius Marsus. 52-19 A. D. │ Decimus Fenestella. About 50. │ Publilius Syrus (writer of mimes). About 50-about 15. │ Sextus Propertius. (?)-47. │ Marcus Calidius. 47-about 30 A. D. │ Decimus Valerius Maximus. (?)-45. │ Nigidius Figulus. (?)-after 44. │ Gaius Oppius. (?)-43. │ Aulus Hirtius. (?)-after 43. │ Marcus Tullius Tiro. 43-(?). │ Lygdamus. 43-17 A. D. │ Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid). 40-33 A. D. │ Asinius Gallus. About 20. │ Pompeius Trogus. 15-19 A. D. │ Claudius Cæsar Germanicus. 14-59 A. D. │ Domitius Afer. 12. │ Gaius Valgius Rufus. Second half of the │ Sulpicia, Albinovanus Pedo, Ponticus, first century. │ Macer, Grattius, Rabirius, Cornelius │ Severus, Gaius Melissus, the _Priapea_, │ the _Consolatio ad Liviam_, Titus Labienus, │ Marcus Porcius Latro, Gaius Albucius │ Silus, Quintus Haterius, Lucius │ Junius Gallio, Arellius Fuscus, Lucius │ Cestius Pius, Marcus Antistius Labeo, │ Gaius Ateius Capito. First half of the first │ Manilius, the _Ætna_, Aufidius Bassus, century. │ Quintus Remmius Palæmon, Cæpio, Antonius │ Castor, Julius Atticus, Lucius │ Gracchinus, Marcus Apicius, Lucius │ Annæus Cornutus, the Sextii, Gaius │ Musonius Rufus. About 1. │ Verrius Flaccus. About 1-65. │ Lucius Annæus Seneca (the son). About 3-88. │ Asconius Pedianus. 14-37. │ _Tiberius._ About 15-80. │ The father of Statius. 16-59. │ Agrippina. 23-79. │ Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the elder). (?)-25. │ Cremutius Cordus. 25-101. │ Silius Italicus. (?)-27. │ Votienus Montanus. 30. │ Velleius Paterculus. │ (?)-31. │ Publius Vitellius. (?)-32. │ Cassius Severus. (?)-34 │ Mamercus Scaurus. 34-62. │ Aulus Persius Flaccus (Persius). About 35-about 100. │ Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (Quintilian). About 35. │ Aulus Cornelius Celsus. 37-41. │ _Caligula._ 39-65. │ Marcus Annæus Lucanus (Lucan). About 40. │ Phædrus, Columella, Pomponius Mela. About 40-about 95. │ Publius Papinius Statius. About 40-about 104. │ Marcus Valerius Martialis (Martial). 41-54. │ _Claudius._ About 45. │ Gaius Cassius Longinus, Proculus. About 50. │ Pomponius Secundus, Quintus Curtius │ Rufus, Suetonius Paulinus. 54-68. │ _Nero._ About 55-about 118. │ Cornelius Tacitus. 55 (?)-about 135. │ Decimus Junius Juvenalis (Juvenal). 56 │ Marcus Valerius Probus. About 60. │ Titus Calpurnius Siculus. 61 or 62-112 or 113. │ Gaius Plinius Cæcilius Secundus (Pliny │ the younger). (?)-66 │ Petronius Arbiter. (?)-67 │ Gnæus Domitius Corbulo. 69-79. │ _Vespasian._ About 70. │ Saleius Bassus, Curiatius Maternus, │ Sextus Julius Frontinus. About 70 or 75 to about │ Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus. 150. │ 79-81. │ _Titus._ 81-96. │ _Domitian._ (?)-about 90. │ Gaius Valerius Flaccus. 96-98. │ _Nerva._ Time of Nerva and │ Hyginus, Balbus, Siculus Flaccus, Trajan. │ several grammarians, etc. 98-117. │ _Trajan._ About 100-175. │ Marcus Cornelius Fronto. About 110-180. │ Gaius. 117-138. │ _Hadrian._ Time of Hadrian. │ Lucius Annæus (?) Florus, Marcus Junianus │ Justinus (Justin), Salvius Julianus, │ Quintus Terentius Scaurus. About 125-(?). │ Aulus Gellius. About 125-about 200. │ Apuleius. 138-161. │ _Antoninus Pius._ Time of Antoninus. │ Granius Licinianus, Lucius Ampelius, Sextus │ Pomponius. Time of Antoninus and │ Quintus Cervidius Scævola. M. Aurelius. │ About 160. │ Marcus Minucius Felix. About 160-about 230. │ Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus │ (Tertullian). 161-180. │ _Marcus Aurelius._ About 165-230. │ Marius Maximus. 180-192. │ _Commodus._ (?)-212. │ Æmilius Papinianus. Before 200. │ Terentianus Maurus, Juba. 193-211. │ _Septimius Severus._ Second or third century.│ The _Pervigilium Veneris_. About 200. │ Helenius Acro, Pomponius Porphyrio, │ Quintus Sammonicus Serenus. Early in the third │ Hosidius Geta, Gaius Julius Romanus, century. │ Julius Paulus. Third century. │ The _Disticha Catonis_, Cornelius Labeo, │ Quintus Gargilius Martialis, Aquila Romanus, │ Gaius Julius Solinus. About 200-258. │ St. Cyprian (Thascius Cæcilius Cyprianus). 222-235. │ _Alexander Severus._ (?)-228. │ Domitius Ulpianus. 238. │ _Gordian I._ 238. │ Censorinus. 249. │ Commodianus. About 250. │ Ælius Julius Cordus. 260-268. │ _Gallienus._ 270-275. │ _Aurelian._ 275. │ _Tacitus._ 283. │ Marcus Aurelius Olympius Nemesianus. 284-305. │ _Diocletian._ Time of Diocletian. │ Ælius Spartianus, Julius Capitolinus, │ Vulcacius Gallicanus, Trebellius Pollio. About 290. │ Arnobius. 297. │ Eumenius (panegyrist). Latter part of the │ Vespa, Marius Plotius Sacerdos. third century. │ End of the third │ Ælius Festus Aphthonius. century. │ About 300. │ Lactantius Firmianus, Reposianus, │ Gregorianus. Early part of the │ Ælius Lampridius, Flavius Vopiscus, Nonius, fourth century. │ Macrobius, Optatianus, Juvencus. Fourth century. │ Itineraries, Peutinger Tablet. About 310-about 395. │ Ausonius. About 315-367. │ St. Hilary. 321. │ Nazarius (panegyrist). About 330. │ Hermogenianus. 330-400. │ Ammianus Marcellinus. 331-420. │ St. Jerome. About 340-397. │ St. Ambrose. About 345-405. │ Symmachus. 348 to about 410. │ Prudentius. About 350. │ Marius Victorinus, Ælius Donatus, │ Charisius, Diomedes, Palladius. 354 (?). │ Firmicus Maternus. 354. │ The _Notitia_. 354-430. │ St. Augustine. About 360. │ Julius Obsequens. 360. │ Aurelius Victor. 362. │ Mamertinus (panegyrist). 365. │ Eutropius. Second half of fourth │ Dictys Cretensis (L. Septimius). century. │ Latter part of the │ Servius. fourth century. │ 369. │ Rufius Festus. 370. │ (Rufius Festus) Avienus. About 370. │ The _Querolus_. 389. │ Drepanius (panegyrist). About 400. │ Claudian (Claudius Claudianus), │ Martianus Capella, Vegetius, Avianus. Early in the fifth │ Sulpicius Serenus. century. │ Fifth century. │ Dares. 416. │ Namatianus. 417. │ Orosius. 438. │ _Codex Theodosianus._ About 450. │ Sedulius. End of the fifth │ Dracontius. century. │ About 500. │ Priscian. 529. │ _Code_ of Justinian. 533. │ _Pandects_ and _Institutes_.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Even if this work and some treatises on grammar should be ascribed to a later Ennius, which is not proved, the works of the great poet were sufficiently various.

[2] Ancient customs and men cause the Roman republic to prosper.

[3] Whom no one with the sword could overcome nor by bribing.

[4] This line occurs in a context which is worth translating. “I do not ask gold for myself, and do not you offer me a ransom: not waging the war like hucksters, but like soldiers, with the sword, not with gold, let us strive for our lives. Let us try by our valor whether our mistress Fortune wishes you or me to rule.”

[5] Aulus Gellius, xii, 4.

[6] Quoted by Cicero, _De Deor. Nat._ II, 35, 89.

[7] _Rudens_, 160-173.

[8] _Persa_, 204-224.

[9] _Phormio_, 784 ff. Translated by M. H. Morgan.

[10] Quoted by Pliny, _N. H._ xxix, 7, 14.

[11] _De Re Rustica_, i.

[12] A brief description of some of the feet and metres most frequently used by Roman poets may be useful. These were, with the exception of the Saturnian verse (see p. 7), borrowed, with certain modifications, from the Greek. The most usual feet are the iambus (◡—), the trochee (—◡), the spondee (——), the dactyl (—◡◡), the anapæst (◡◡—), and the choriambus (—◡◡—). The dactylic hexameter consists of six feet, each of which is either a dactyl or a spondee, though the sixth is always a spondee and the fifth almost always a dactyl. An illustration of this is the line from Lucilius,

_Maior erat natu; non omnia possumus omnes_,

the rhythm of which is retained in this translation:

He was the elder by birth; not all of us all things can compass.

The iambic _senarius_ consists of six iambics, as

_Hominem inter vivos quaéritamus mórtuom._

(Plautus, _Menæchmi_, 240.)

Among the living we do seek a man who’s dead.

This is a common metre in the dialogue parts of dramas. It is one foot longer than the line in English blank verse. The trochaic _septenarius_, also a common metre in the drama, consists of seven trochees and an additional long syllable. The English line,

Do not lift him from the bracken; leave him lying where he fell

gives an idea of the rhythm.

The elegiac distich consists of an hexameter followed by a so-called pentameter, that is, a line made up of six dactyls or spondees, with the omission of the last half of the third and of the sixth feet. This is illustrated and described by Coleridge in the lines,

In the hexameter rises the fountain’s silvery column. In the pentameter aye falling in melody back.

In the iambic and trochaic metres other feet are often substituted for the iambus and the trochee, but without change of rhythm.

Some of the other metres will be explained or illustrated as they occur.

[13] iv, Frg. 8, Müller.

[14] v, Frg. 33, Müller.

[15] vi, Frg. 16, Müller.

[16] libr. incert., Frg. 1, Müller.

[17] Lucius Ælius Præconinus Stilo, of Lanuvium, Stoic philosopher, philologist and rhetorician, was the first to give regular lessons in Latin literature and eloquence and to apply the historical method to the study of the Latin language. He was born not far from 154 B. C., and lived well into the first century B. C. His contemporary, Quintus Valerius Soranus (from Sora), also wrote on Latin literature, the study of which was, in his case, joined with that of Roman antiquities. Volcacius Sedigitus, of whose personality nothing is known, wrote a didactic poem on the history of Latin literature about 90 B. C. Besides these, numerous works on grammar, philology, antiquities, agriculture, and other subjects were written by various authors, whose names are in many cases lost, but whose works served as quarries from which Varro and other writers derived their treasures of learning.

Many prominent Romans played some part in the progress of literature. So Publius Rutilius Rufus (born about 158 B. C., consul in 105, died about 75) studied the Stoic philosophy, published speeches, juristic writings, and an autobiography in Latin, and wrote a history in Greek, while Quintus Lutatius Catulus (born about 152 B. C., consul in 102, died in 87) published orations and epigrams. Among the letters written and published in this period none were more admired than those of Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi.

[18] Jerome, in Eusebius’ Chronicle, year 1922 of Abraham, i. e., 95 B. C.

[19] _Vita Vergilii_, 2.

[20] _Ad Quintum Fratrem_, II, xi, 4.

[21] Book i, 921-947.

[22] iii, 830 f.

[23] Book ii, 172.

[24] ii, 14 ff.

[25] v, 18.

[26] Book i, 271-294.

[27] ii, 323-332 and ii, 40-43.

[28] i, 716-725.

[29] ii, 573-579.

[30] ii, 29-33.

[31] i, 1-9, translation by Goldwin Smith.

[32] Book ii, 1-13, translated by C. S. Calverley.

[33] _c._ cxiii, l. 2.

[34] _cc._ xi and xxix.

[35] Translated by Theodore Martin.

[36] _c._ v.

[37] c. iii. Translated by Goldwin Smith in _Bay-Leaves_.

[38] _c._ xxxi, Translated by C. S. Calverley.

[39] _De Oratore_, i, 15, 64.

[40] _Ibid._, i, 8, 34.

[41] _Pro Ligario_, 1.

[42] _Pro Lege Manilia_, 5, 11.

[43] _Pro Archia Poeta_, 7, 16.

[44] _In Verrem_, ii, v, 52.

[45] _De Divinatione_, ii, 1.

[46] _Ep. ad Atticum_, iii, 5, Shuckburgh’s translation.

[47] _Ep. ad Familiares_, ix, 1, Shuckburgh’s translation.

[48] _Ep. ad Atticum_, ix, 18.

[49] Hirtius, _De Bello Gallico_, viii, 1.

[50] _Catiline_, 1.

[51] _Ibid._, 31.

[52] _Ecl._ i, 1-10. The selections from the _Eclogues_ are given in the translation by C. S. Calverley.

[53] _Ibid._, 42-45.

[54] _Ecl._ iv, 1-17.

[55] _Ecl._ v, 1-18.

[56] _Georgics_, i, 461-483.

[57] _Georgics_, ii, 136 ff.

[58] _Ibid._, ii, 458-460.

[59] _Ibid._, iii, 9-18.

[60] _Ibid._, iv, 149 ff.

[61] _Æneid_, i, 142-156. The selections from the _Æneid_ are given in Conington’s translation.

[62] _Æneid_, iv, 607-629.

[63] _Ibid._, vi, 868-686.

[64] _Æneid_, ix, 446-449.

[65] _Epist._ II, ii, 51.

[66] _Sat._ I. v.

[67] _Sat._ I, iv, 103-120, freely translated by Conington.

[68] _Sat._ I, x, 40-49, freely translated by Conington.

[69] _Epode_ ii, 1-4.

[70] _Epist._ I, xix, 23.

[71] _Od._ I, xxxviii, translated by Sir Theodore Martin.

[72] _Od._ I, ix, Calverley’s version.

[73] I, iii, 1-9, 53-56, translated by James Grainger.

[74] I, xii. Elton’s translation.

[75] _Ex Ponto_, IV, xvi.

[76] Book i, 499-507. The same subject is continued through line 530.

[77] Book v, 540-615.

[78] _Tristia_, IV, x, 69.

[79] _Tristia_, II, 107 ff.

[80] Ovid, _Amores_ II, xviii, 27 ff.

[81] Lines 177 ff.

[82] _Tristia_, I, vii, 13 ff.

[83] _Argonautica_, III, 750 ff. Virgil, _Æneid_, IV, 522 ff., imitates Apollonius more closely.

[84] Especially _Tristia_, IV, x.

[85] _Ibid._, I, iii, 1-4.

[86] _Ibid._, I, vi, III, iii, IV, iii, V, ii, 1-44, xi, xiv, _Ex Ponto_, I, iv, III, i.

[87] _Tristia_, III, vii.

[88] xxxvii, 39 ff.

[89] xxi, 10.

[90] This is the generally accepted date, but it is possible that Vitruvius may have lived somewhat later.

[91] Hercules Furens, Troades (or Hecuba), Phœnissæ (or Thebaïs, two disconnected scenes from Theban myths), Medea, Phædra (or Hippolytus), Œdipus, Agamemnon, Thyestes, and Hercules Œtæus. The _Fabula Prætexta_ entitled Octavia is not by Seneca.

[92] Lines 893-944. Translated by Ella Isabel Harris.

[93] This Lucilius has been supposed, though without sufficient reason, to be the author of the _Ætna_ (see p. 141).

[94] _Pharsalia_, ix, 256-283.

[95]

_Verum hæc ipse equidem spatiis exclusus iniquis Prætereo atque aliis post me memoranda relinquo._

Virgil, _Georgics_, iv, 147 f.

[96] _Thebais_, xi, 580-585.

[97] Pliny, _Ep._ III, xxi.

[98] I, xiii. These selections are translated by Goldwin Smith in _Bay Leaves_.

[99] III, xxxv.

[100] III, xli.

[101] IV, viii.

[102] _Inst. Orat._, vi, 3, 5.

[103] _Ibid._, vi, 3, 5.

[104] _Ibid._, vii, 7, 2

[105] The _prænomen_ is uncertain. The best manuscript (Mediceus I) gives it as Publius, later manuscripts and Sidonius Apollinaris as Gaius.

[106] _Agricola_, 2.

[107] _Annals_, i, 58.

[108] _Ann._, ii, 77.

[109] _Ann._, iii, 6.

[110] _Ann._, iii, 27.

[111] _Hist._, ii, 95.

[112] _Hist._, iv, 74.

[113] _Agric._, 9.

[114] _Sat._ i, 30.

[115] _Sat._ i, 79.

[116] _Sat._ i, 85 f.

[117] _Sat._ iii, 41 ff.

[118] _Sat._ x, 356.

[119] _Sat._ vi, 165.

[120] _Sat._ x, 81.

[121] _Sat._ vi, 223.

[122] _Sat._ vi, 347.

[123] _Sat._ viii, 84.

[124] _Sat._ xiv, 47.

[125] _Ep._, II, xvii.

[126] _Ibid._, V, vi.

[127] _Ibid._, VI, xvi, xx.

[128] _Ibid._, VII, xxxiii.

[129] _Ep._, VII, xx.

[130]

To-morrow he shall love who ne’er has loved, and he who has loved to-morrow shall love.

[131]

It is new spring; spring already harmonious; in spring Jove was born. In the spring loves join together; in the spring the birds wed.

[132]

She (the swallow) is singing, we are silent. When will my spring come? When shall I become like the swallow and cease to be silent? I have lost the Muse by keeping silent, and Apollo cares not for me.

[133] The poem is the last of the _Instructiones_. The title reads: _Nomen Gasei_ and the initial letters of the lines read from the last to the first from the words: _Commodianus mendicus Christi_. From this it is inferred that Commodian was _Gasæus_, i. e., from Gaza.

[134] The chief Latin writer on philosophy was Firmicus Maternus, whose eight books, _Matheseos_ (_Of Learning_), published about 354 A. D., are occupied with Neoplatonic astrology. He is to be distinguished from his Christian contemporary and namesake, who wrote of the _Error of the Pagan Religions_. Gaius Marius Victorinus, who also lived about the middle of the century, was an African by birth, but taught rhetoric at Rome. He was the author of philosophical works, chiefly translations and adaptations from the Greek, but is best known by his extant work on metres in four books, and by some other extant grammatical treatises. In his later life he became a Christian, and wrote commentaries on St. Paul’s epistles, besides some controversial tracts.

[135] These grammatical works have little literary value of their own, and owe their importance to the fact that they contain information which is not elsewhere preserved. The same is true of several handbooks of various kinds compiled in the fourth century. Such are the _Itineraries_, giving the distances and routes between the towns along the Roman roads, the _Notitia_, describing the regions of the city of Rome, and a historical handbook of Rome for the year 354 A. D. preserved most fully in a manuscript in Vienna. A few maps of this period also exist, the most famous of which is the _Peutinger Tablet_ (_Tabula Peutingeriana_), now in Vienna. A handbook of _Agriculture_ (_De Re Rustica_) by Palladius, and the _Epitome of Military Science_ (_Epitoma Rei Militaris_) by Flavius Vegetius Renatus, who also wrote an extant treatise on _Veterinary Medicine_ (_Mulomedicina_), may properly be mentioned here, and these works possess also some slight literary interest.

[136] In 369 A. D. Festus wrote a handbook similar to that of Eutropius, but of less merit. The list of prodigies that took place from 249 to 12 B. C., compiled by Julius Obsequens from an abridgment of Livy, probably belongs to about the same time. Since a large part of Livy’s history is lost, such works as these are of some value.

[137] _De Bello Gildonico_, i, 21-25.

[138] _De Reditu Suo_, i, 55-66. Translated by A. J. Church.

INDEX

[This index contains the names of all Latin authors mentioned in this book, and in addition the names of some historical personages. Reference is also made to a number of special topics. When several references are given, the chief reference to any author stands first. The titles of works are in Italics.]

Accius (Lucius), 12; 13; 32; 43; 53; 236.

Acilius (Gaius), 33; (Lucius), 37.

Acro (Helvius), grammarian, 234.

Ælius Aristides, Greek sophist, 240.

Ælius Julius Cordus, 255.

Ælius (P.), jurist, 37; (Sextus), jurist, 37.

Æsop, 172; 276.

Æsopus, actor, 66.

_Ætna_, ascribed to Virgil, 141; 181; 188.

Afranius, comic poet, 29; 43.

African school of literature, 248; 257.

Agrippa (M. Vipsanius), 99.

Agrippina, 191; 177; 178.

Albinovanus Pedo, 137.

Albucius Silus (C.), 165.

Alcæus, 114; 121.

Alexander Severus, emperor, 229.

Alexandrian literature, 48; 57; 58; 60; 62; 64; 121; 129; 136; 274; 281.

Ambrose (St.), 266 f.; 258; 268.

Ammianus Marcellinus, 263 f.

Ampelius (L.), 232.

Anacreon, 114; 121.

Anastasius, emperor, 261.

Anaxagoras, Greek philosopher, 51.

Andronicus (L. Livius), 5; 6; 12; 14; 17; 18; 32; 33; 115; 273; 281.

Andronicus (M. Pompilius). See Pompilius.

Antimachus, 199.

Antiochus, Academic philosopher, 66.

Antonines, 227; 235.

Antoninus Pius, emperor, 227; 232; 233; 235.

Antonius Castor, 176.

Antonius (M.), orator, 45; 66; 70.

Antonius (M.), triumvir, 68; 71; 82; 93; 99; 131.

Aphthonius (Ælius Festus), 256.

Apollodorus, Greek comic poet, 25; 26; Greek rhetorician, 135.

Apollonius of Rhodes, 63; 107; 152; 196.

Appius Claudius Cæcus, 5.

Apuleius, 237-240; 241; 243; 246; 248.

Aquila Romanus, 256.

Aquilius, comic poet, 23.

Aratus, Greek poet on astronomy, 70; 173; 270.

Archias, poet, 66; 70; 75.

Archilochus, Greek poet, 119; 120.

Arellius Fuscus, 143; 165.

Aristotle, 279; 280.

Arnobius, 250.

Arria, wife of Pætus, 184; 203.

Arulenus Rusticus, Stoic, 213.

Asconius Pedianus (Q.), 192.

Asellio (Sempronius), 39; 43.

Atellan plays, 30.

Atilius, comic poet, 23.

Atta, 29; 138.

Attalus, Stoic, 177.

Atticus (Julius), 176.

Atticus (T. Pomponius), 94 f.; 79; 80; 91; 92.

Augustine (St.), 268 f.; 78; 248; 252; 258.

Augustus, 98; 14; 97; 99; 100; 101; 102; 103; 104; 105; 106; 107; 111; 116; 125; 126; 127; 129; 131; 135; 138; 142; 144; 147; 148; 149; 153; 154; 155; 157; 163; 165; 168; 169; 170; 171; 172; 173; 174; 176; 177; 183; 216; 231; 261; 282.

Aurelian, emperor, 229.

Aurelius Victor, 261.

Ausonius, 270-272; 258; 273.

Avianus, 276.

Avienus, 270.

Bacchylides, Greek poet, 121.

Balbus, writer on geometry, 225.

Bassus (Aufidius), historian, 176; 205.

Bassus, poet, 138; 143.

Bassus (Cæsius), poet, 184.

Bassus (Saleius), poet, 201.

Boëthius, 278-280; 258; 281.

Brutus (M. Junius), 95; 116; 176; 186.

Burrus (Afranius), 178.

Cæcilius (Q. —— Metellus), 36.

Cæcilius (Statius), 23; 18.

Cæsar (C. Julius), 83-87; 47; 56; 57; 67; 68; 71; 73; 81; 82; 88; 89; 93; 95; 96; 97; 99; 105; 111; 116; 128; 153; 157; 160; 163; 165; 168; 174; 186; 215; 281; 283.

Cæsars, Twelve, _lives_ by Suetonius, 230.

Calidius (M.), 95.

Caligula, 170; 166; 172; 173; 176; 177; 216.

Callimachus, Alexandrian poet, 59; 135; 136; 149.

Calpurnius Piso Frugi (L.), 37; 39.

Calpurnius Siculus (T.), 187 f.; 254.

Calvus (Gaius Licinius), 62; 95.

Cantica, 16.

Capella (Martianus), 260.

Capito (C. Ateius), 167; 192.

Capitolinus (Julius), 255.

Caracalla, emperor, 233; 247.

Carlyle, compared with Tacitus, 217.

Carneades, Academic philosopher, 49.

Cassius Longinus (C.), jurist, 192.

Cassius Severus, 165.

Castor (Antonius), 176.

Catiline, 47; 67; 89; 90.

Cato (M. Porcius), 34-36; 8; 45; 90; 92; 192; 207; 236; his son, 37.

Cato (P. Valerius), 63 f.

Cato (Uticensis), 186.

_Catonis disticha_, 254 f.

Catullus, 56-62; 46; 48; 91; 96; 120; 121; 122; 128; 129; 141; 145; 168; 202; 281.

Catulus (Q. Lutatius), 44.

Celsus (A. Cornelius), 175; 173.

Censorinus, 256.

Cestius Pius (L.), 165.

Cethegus (M. Cornelius), 36.

Charisius, grammarian, 261; 176.

Christian literature, 227; 243; 244-252; 258; 265-269; 270; 272 f.; 276.

Cicero (M. Tullius), 65-82; 12; 30; 36; 45; 46; 47; 48; 64; 83; 85; 86; 89; 91; 92; 95; 96; 138; 156; 159; 160; 164; 166; 168; 170; 171; 183; 192; 209; 210; 212; 213; 215; 219; 224; 230; 237; 240; 246; 248; 252; 257; 260; 267; 269; 270; 280; 281.

Cicero (Q.), 95 f.; 64; 79.

Cincius Alimentus, 33.

Cinna (C. Helvius), 62; 167.

_Ciris_, ascribed to Virgil, 141.

Claudian, 273-275; 258; 276.

Claudius, emperor, 171; 173; 178; 179; 183; 191; 216.

Clitomachus, philosopher, 66.

_Code_ of Justinian, 264.

Cœlius Antipater, 43.

Columella, 191 f.

Comedy, 17-31; 6; 7; 8; 14; 15; 16; 32; its plots and characters, 19.

Commodianus, Christian poet, 249 f.

Commodus, emperor, 228, 233.

Constantine, emperor, 251; 257; 258; 264; 270; 271.

Constantinople, 226; 261; 278.

Constantius, emperor, 261; 266.

_Copa_, ascribed to Virgil, 191.

Corbulo (Gnæus Domitius), 191.

Cordus. See Ælius Julius.

Corinna, addressed in Ovid’s poems, 145.

Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, 44; 92.

Cornelius Nepos. See Nepos.

Cornificius, 45; 64; 95.

Cornutus (L. Annæus), 177; 184; 185.

Costumes, theatrical, 15.

Crassus (L.), 66; 70; 72.

Crassus (P. Licinius), 36.

Cremutius Cordus, historian, 176.

Critolaus, Peripatetic philosopher, 49.

_Culex_, ascribed to Virgil, 140; 141.

Curtius Rufus (Q.), 191.

Cynthia, beloved of Propertius, 135; 136; 145.

Cyprian (St.), 248 f.

Dante, 111; 112; 113.

Dares, 265.

Decius, emperor, persecuted Christians, 249.

Delia, beloved of Tibullus, 132; 134; 145.

Demetrius, teacher of oratory, 66.

Democritus, Greek philosopher, 51; 52; 55.

Demosthenes, 71; 77; 159; 209.

Dictys, 265.

Didius Julianus, emperor, 228.

_Digests_, 264.

Dio Cassius, 255.

Dio Chrysostom, 234; 240.

Diocletian, emperor, 250; 251; 252; 255; 256; 264.

Diodotus, Stoic philosopher, 66.

Diogenes, Stoic philosopher, 49.

Diomedes, grammarian, 261; 241.

Dionysius, Greek writer, 270.

Diphilus, Greek comic poet, 17; 26.

_Diræ_, poem ascribed to Virgil, 63 f.; 141.

_Disticha Catonis_, 254 f.

Diverbia, 16.

Domitian, emperor, 195; 198; 199; 201; 207; 211; 212; 213; 214; 216; 219; 225.

Domitius Afer, orator, 176.

Domitius Marsus, 137.

Domitius Ulpianus, 255.

Donatus, 260; 48; 267.

Dracontius, late poet, 276.

Drepanius, panegyrist, 257.

Elegy, 128-137.

Elocutio novella, 240; 241.

Emerson (R. W.), 183.

Empedocles, Greek philosopher, 51; 52; 53.

Emperors, their influence upon literature, 170 f.; 194 f.; 227-229.

Ennius (Quintus), 8-10; 11; 12; 18; 33; 40; 48; 53; 107; 236.

Ephorus, Greek historian, 37.

Epictetus, ethical preacher, 177.

Epicurean doctrines, 49-55; 78; 182.

Epicurus, 49; 50; 51; 52; 54; 55.

Eumenius, panegyrist, 257.

Euphorion, 131.

Euripides, 107; 121; 179; 180.

Eusebius, 48; 262; 268.

Eutropius, 262.

Fabianus (Papirius), 177.

Fabius (Q. —— Labeo), 37.

Fabius Pictor, 33; 37; 158.

Fabius Maximus Cunctator, 36.

Fabulæ Atellanæ, 30.

Fabulæ palliatæ, 18; 29.

Fabulæ prætextæ, 7; 9; 12; 13; 179; 184; 188.

Fabulæ togatæ, 18; 29; 138.

Fabulæ trabeatæ, 138.

Fannius (G.), 39; 43.

Fenestella, historian, 164.

Fescennine verses, 29.

Firmicus Maternus, 260.

Festus, wrote a handbook of history, 262.

Festus (Pompeius), 166; 167; 234.

Flavius, grammarian, 251.

Florus, 231.

Frontinus (Sextus Julius), 206.

Fronto, 235 f.; 228; 237; 238; 240; 241; 243; 246.

Fundanus, 118.

Furius. See Philus.

Furius Antias, 43.

Furius Bibaculus, 64; 63.

Gaius, jurist, 233.

Galba, emperor, 194; 206; 215; 216.

Galerius, 252.

Gallic oratory, 256 f.; 264 f.

Gallicanus (Vulcacius), 255.

Gallienus, emperor, 229.

Gallio (L. Junius), 165.

Gallus (Cornelius), 131; 100; 101; 107; 129.

Gallus (C. Asinius), 103; 171; 176.

Gargilius Martialis (Q.), 256.

Gellius (Aulus), 236 f.; 7; 259; 260.

Germanicus, 173; 176; 178; 270.

Geta (Hosidius), 254.

Gnipho (M. Antonius), 66; 96.

Gordian I, emperor, 229.

Gracchi, 36; 43; 44; 45.

Gracchinus (Julius), 176.

Gracchus (Gaius), 45; 43; 236.

Gracchus (Tiberius), 45; 43.

Grammar, 93; 96; 166; 176; 225; 233 f.; 256; 260 f.

Granius Licinianus, 232.

Gratian, emperor, 265; 271.

Grattius, 137.

Greek influence in Roman literature, 1; 4; 5; 17; 21; 27; 32; 37; 48; 128 f.; 179; 180; 226; 283; in Roman manners, 33; 128 f.

Gregorianus, 264.

Hadrian, emperor, 219; 225; 227; 229; 231; 232; 233; 235; 241; 255.

Haterius (Q.), 165.

Heliogabalus, emperor, 255.

Hemina (L. Cassius), 37; 39.

Heraclitus, Greek philosopher, 51.

Herennius Priscus, Stoic, 213.

Herennius, treatise addressed to, 45; 69.

Hermogenianus, jurist, 264.

Herodian, 255.

Herodotus, 219.

Herondas, Greek poet, 62.

Hesiod, 107.

Hieronymus. See Jerome.

Hilary (St.), 265 f.; 258.

Hirtius (A.), 87 f.

_Historia Augusta_, 255.

History, 33; 43; 88; 163 f.; 173; 176; 191; 232; 255; 261 ff.

Homer, 6; 62; 107; 108; 109; 114; 118; 149; 171; 187; 197; 219.

Honorius, emperor, 273.

Horace, 114-127; 12; 41; 64; 96; 98; 99; 100; 139; 168; 185; 186; 188; 193; 219; 231; 233; 234; 282.

Hortensius Hortalus, 95; 59; 69; 77.

Hosidius Geta, 254.

Hostius, 43.

Hyginus (C. Julius), 167.

Hyginus, writer on surveying, 225.

_Institutes_ of Justinian, 264.

Itineraries, 261.

Jerome (St.), 267 f.; 48; 49; 56; 193; 231; 250; 251; 252; 258; 261; 262.

Johnson, Samuel, 221.

Josephus, Greek historian, 217; 267.

Juba, grammarian, 234.

Julian, emperor, 257; 261; 263.

Julianus (Salvius), jurist, 233.

Julius Obsequens, 262.

Julius Paulus, jurist, 255.

Jurists, 37; 44; 96; 167; 192; 225; 233; 255; 264.

Justin (M. Junianus Justinus), 164; 232.

Justin, emperor, 279.

Justinian, emperor, 233; 264; 283.

Juvenal, 218-222; 202; 211; 225; 283.

Juvencus, 270.

Labeo, see Fabius.

Labeo (M. Antistius), 167; 192.

Labeo (Cornelius), 255.

Laberius (Decimus), 30 f.; 62.

Labienus (T.), 165.

Lactantius, 251 f.

Lælius (C.), 39; 24; 38.

Lampridius (Ælius), 255.

Lævius, 62.

Latin language, 2; changes in, 237.

Latro (M. Porcius), 165.

Lesbia, 57; 60; 61; 145.

Licinianus (Granius), 232.

Licinius Imbrex, comic poet, 23.

Licinius (L.), orator, 45.

Livius Andronicus. See Andronicus.

Livy (T. Livius), 156-163; 166; 168; 171; 186; 191; 197; 216; 231; 232; 262; 270.

Lucan (M. Annæus Lucanus), 185-187; 165; 184; 190; 201; 231.

Lucian, Greek writer, 240.

Lucilius (Gaius), 39-42; 43; 45; 115; 117; 118; 121; 219.

Lucilius, Seneca’s writings addressed to, 181.

Lucretius (T.), 47-55; 46; 96; 138; 139; 168; 193.

Luscius Lanuvinus, comic poet, 23.

Lycophron, Alexandrian poet, 63.

Lygdamus, poet, 132 f.

Macer (Gaius Licinius), 44; 158.

Macer, epic poet, 138; 143; 155.

Macrobius, 260.

Mæcenas (Gaius), 99; 100; 101; 104; 116; 118; 119; 121; 124; 135; 137.

Mamertinus, panegyrist, 257.

Manilius, 138 f.; 156; 173.

Marcus Aurelius, emperor, 227 f.; 233; 234; 235; 236; 237.

Marius (Gaius), 43; 83; 91; 158.

Marius Maximus, 255.

Marius Victorinus, 256.

Martial, 201-203; 140; 141; 158; 211; 219.

Martialis (Q. Gargilius), 256.

Martianus Capella, 260.

Masks, theatrical, 15.

Maternus (Curiatius), 201; (Firmicus), 260.

Matius (Gnæus), 43; 62.

Maximus of Tyre, 240.

Mela (Pomponius), 192; 191.

Melissus (Lævius), 43.

Memmius (Gaius), 64; 49; 57.

Menander, Greek comic poet, 17; 25; 26.

Menippean satires, 93; 183; 189.

Menippus, Greek Cynic, 93.

Messalla (M. Valerius), 99; 131; 132; 133; 134; 141; 155.

Metres, 40 f.; 6; 7; 28; 121; 122; 124; 129; 136; 140; 144; 153.

Middle Ages, 112; 243; 272; 281.

Milton, 155; 280.

Mimes, 30 f.

Mimnermus, Greek poet, 129.

Minucius Felix, 245 f.; 248; 252.

Molo, Cicero’s teacher, 66.

Montanus, 247.

Montanus. See Votienus.

_Monumentum Ancyranum_, 98.

_Moretum_, ascribed to Virgil, 141.

Morris (William), the _Earthly Paradise_, 239.

Mucianus (P. Licinius Crassus), 44.

Musonius Rufus (C.), 177; 270.

Nævius (Gnæus), 6; 7; 8; 9; 18; 53; 107.

Namatianus (Rutilius Claudius), 275.

Nazarius, panegyrist, 257.

Nemesianus, 254; 188.

Nepos (Cornelius), 91 f.; 64; 94; 265.

Nero, emperor, 171; 176; 177; 178; 179; 185; 186; 188; 191; 194; 195; 197; 216; 252.

Nerva, emperor, 211; 216; 255; 263.

Nigidius Figulus (P.), 96.

Nonius, 259; 260.

Nonnus, Greek poet, 274.

_Notitia_, 261.

Novius, 30.

Numerianus, emperor, 255.

Obsequens (Julius), 262.

Opilius (Aurelius), 96.

Oppius (Gaius), 88.

Optatianus, 269 f.

Orators, 5; 34; 45; 95; 164 f.; 175 f.; 225; 256 f.; 264.

Orosius, 263.

Otho, emperor, 194; 216.

Ovid, 143-155; 14; 64; 130; 132; 134; 135; 136; 137; 138; 140; 142; 156; 168; 173; 186; 188; 197; 202; poems ascribed to, 142.

Pacuvius, 11; 12; 18; 53.

Pætus Thrasea, 184; 203.

Palladius, 261.

Panætius, Stoic philosopher, 39; 49.

_Pandects_, 264.

Panegyrists, 257.

Papinianus, jurist, 233.

Papirius Fabianus, 177.

Parthenius, 129.

Paul (St.), alleged correspondence with Seneca, 183.

Paulus (Julius), 255.

Pentadius, 254.

Perilla, Ovid’s daughter, 154.

Periods of Roman literature, 3; 281 ff.

Persius (A. —— Flaccus), 183-185; 177; 193; 219; 234.

Pertinax, emperor, 228.

_Pervigilium Veneris_, 241-243; 272.

Petronius (C. —— Arbiter), 188-191.

_Peutinger Tablet_, 261.

Phædrus, Epicurean, 66.

Phædrus, poet of fables, 172 f.

Philemon, Greek comic poet, 17.

Philo, Jewish-Greek philosopher, 66; 267.

Philosophy, 49; 78; 176 f.; 181 f.; 260.

Philus (L. Furius), 39.

Piso (L. Calpurnius —— Frugi), 37; 39.

Piso (Calpurnius), conspired against Nero, 172; 178; 185; 186; 188.

Plato, 219; 239.

Plautus, 18-23; 27; 28; 29; 233; 236; 270.

Pliny the elder, 204-206; 195; 215; 222; 231; 253; 256.

Pliny the younger, 222-225; 160; 202; 204; 211; 229; 230; 244; 257; 265.

Plotius, 116; Plotius Sacerdos. See Sacerdos.

Plutarch, 234.

Pollio (Gaius Asinius), 99; 100; 101; 102; 103; 118; 122; 160; 166; 167; 171; 176; (Trebellius), 255.

Polybius, Greek historian, 39; 92; 158.

Pompeius Trogus. See Trogus.

Pompey, 47; 56; 67; 68; 69; 81; 82; 84; 93; 158; 163; 186; 187.

Pompilius Andronicus (M.), 96.

Pomponius (L.), 30.

Pomponius Secundus (P.), 188; 204.

Pomponius (Sextus), 233.

Ponticus, poet, 138; 143.

Porcius Latro, 143.

Porphyrio (Pomponius), grammarian, 234.

Posidonius, Stoic, 66.

Postumius Albinus, 33.

_Priapea_, 140.

Priscian, 261.

Probus (M. Valerius), 193.

Proculus, jurist, 192.

Propertius, 134-137; 130; 131; 132; 143; 145; 146; 149; 168.

Prose, Greek influence upon, 32; progress in, 46; 156.

Prosper of Aquitania, 262.

Prudentius, Christian poet, 272 f.

Publilia, Cicero’s wife, 68.

Publilius Syrus, 30 f.; 62.

Punic war; first, 6; 33; 158; second, 33; 36; 158; third, 38; 44.

Pythagoras, doctrine, 153.

Quadrigarius (Q. Claudius), 43; 158.

Quintilian, 206-210; 175; 182; 195; 202; 213.

Quintus Curtius Rufus, 191.

Rabirius, 138.

Remmius Palæmon (Q.), 176; 184.

Renatus (Flavius Vegetius), 261.

Reposianus, 254.

Roman literature; its importance, 1; 284; its practical purpose, 2 f.; 211 f.; its divisions, 3; 281 ff.; native elements, 4; its progress, 48; its decay, 169; 226 f.; 283; Greek influence, 1; 4; 5; 17; 21; 27; 32; 48; 128 f.; 226; 283; effect of the empire, 97.

Roman society, 47 f.; 128 f.

Romance languages, 210; 237.

Romans practical, 2.

Romans, our debt to, 283.

Romanus (C. Julius), 256; (Aquila), 256.

Roscius, actor, 66.

Rutilius Claudius Namatianus, 275.

Rutilius Rufus (P.), 44.

Sabinus, poet, 146.

Sacerdos (Marius Plotius), 256.

Sallust, 89-91; 88; 128; 230; 236; 265.

Sammonicus (Serenus), 253 f.

Santra, 96.

Sappho, 114; 121.

Satire, 39; 40; 41; 42; 93; 117 f.; 179; 183; 184; 188 f.; 219 f.

Saturnian verse, 7; 6; 9.

Scævola (P.), 44; (Mucius), 44; (Q. Mucius), 44; 66; (the augur), 66; 70; (Q. Cervidius), jurist, 233.

Scaurus (Terentius), 233.

Scipio (Cn. Cornelius), 7; Africanus the elder, 36; 38; Africanus the younger, 24; 38; 39; 49; P. Cornelius, 33; Nasica, 37.

Sedigitus (Volcacius), 44.

Sedulius, 276.

Sempronius (Gaius —— Tuditanus), 44.

Seneca, the elder, 165 f.; 168, 170; 175; 177.

Seneca, the younger, 177-183; 14; 165; 170; 171; 184; 185; 188; 197; 201; 209; 210; 219.

Septimius (L.), 265.

Septimius Severus, emperor, 228; 233; 247.

_Septuagint_, 217.

Servius Sulpicius Rufus, 96.

Servius, commentary on Virgil, 261; 192.

Severus (Cornelius), poet, 138.

Sextii, philosophers, 176; 177.

Sextus Empiricus, 234.

Shakespeare, 21; 151; 155.

Siculus Flaccus, 225.

Silius Italicus, 197 f.; 202.

Sisenna (L. Cornelius), 44; 88.

Socrates, 239.

Solinus, 256.

Solon, 129.

Sophocles, 107.

Soranus (Q. Valerius), 44.

Sotion, philosopher, 176 f.

Spartianus (Ælius), 255.

Statius, 198-201; 140; 141; 195; 202; 209; 274; his father, 198; 201.

Stella (Arruntius), 201.

Stesichorus, Greek poet, 107.

Stilicho, general, 273; 275.

Stilo (L. Ælius Præconinus), 44; 11; 93.

Stoic philosophy, 49; 78; 120; 124; 177; 182; 228.

Strabo (C. Julius Cæsar), 13.

Sueius, 62.

Suetonius Paulinus, 191.

Suetonius Tranquillus (C.), 229-231; 24; 227; 243; 244; 255; 256; 261; 262; 267.

Sulla, 44; 47; 158.

Sulpicia, poetess of elegies, 133.

Sulpicia, poetess, 201.

Sulpicius Severus, 263.

Symmachus (Q. Aurelius), 265; 279.

Tacitus, 211-218; 91; 195; 206; 209; 222; 223; 225 f.; 244; 262; 263; 283.

Tacitus, emperor, 229.

Tennyson, 242.

Terentia, Cicero’s wife, 66; 68.

Terentianus Maurus, 233; 241; 253.

Terentius Scaurus, 233.

Tertullian, 246-248; 249; 252; 258; 266.

Theatre, 14-16.

Theocritus, Greek poet, 101; 107; 114; 187.

Theodoric, 278; 279.

Theodorus, emperor, 257; 266; 267; 272; 273.

Theodorus, of Gadara, 170.

Theopompus, Greek writer, 92.

Thrasea. See Pætus.

Tiberius, emperor, 170; 124; 155; 165; 166; 170; 171; 172; 173; 174; 175; 176; 177; 216.

Tibullus, 131-134; 124; 130; 135; 145; 146; 168; 211.

Ticidas, poet, 64.

Timæus, Greek historian, 37.

Tiro, 96; 79.

Titinius, 29; 138.

Titius, 13.

Titus, emperor, 194; 195; 201; 205.

Trabea, comic poet, 23.

Tragedy, 11; 6; 7; 8; 12; 14; 17; 32.

Trajan, emperor, 211; 212; 214; 216; 219; 223; 224; 225; 236; 246, 257.

Trebellius Pollio, 255.

Tribonian, jurist, 264.

Trimalchio, in Petronius’s novel, 189; 190.

Triumvirate; first, 67; 84.

Trogus, 163 f.; 232.

Tullia, Cicero’s daughter, 68.

Turpilius, comic poet, 29.

_Twelve tables_, 5; 37.

Tyrtæus, 129.

Ulpian, 255.

Valens, emperor, 262; 263; 264; 271.

Valentinian I, 265.

Valentinian II, 267.

Valerian, emperor, persecuted Christians, 249.

Valerius Antias, 43; 88; 158.

Valerius Flaccus (C.), 195-197.

Valerius Maximus, 174 f.; 173; 219.

Valgius Rufus, 131.

Varius, 14; 116; 118.

Varro Atacinus, 63; 118.

Varro (M. Terentius), 92-94; 44; 96; 99; 192; 256; 260.

Varus, 101.

Vegetius, 261.

Velleius Paterculus, 173 f.; 215.

Verrius Flaccus, grammarian, 166; 149; 167; 234.

Verus (L.), 228; 235; 236; 237.

Vespa, 254.

Vespasian, emperor, 194; 195; 197; 201; 204; 212; 216.

Victorinus (C. Marius), 256; 260.

Virgil, 100-113; 64; 96; 98; 99; 114; 115; 116; 118; 127; 131: 135; 140; 141; 143; 153; 161; 167; 168; 171; 173; 187; 188; 192; 193; 196; 197; 202; 209; 217; 219; 232; 233; 240; 241; 254; 260; 261; 270; 280; 282; poems ascribed to, 140; 141.

Vitellius (P.), orator, 176.

Vitellius, emperor, 194; 216.

Vitruvius, 167 f.

Volcacius. See Sedigitus and Gallicanus.

Vopiscus (Flavius), 255.

Votienus Montanus, orator, 175.

Vulcacius. See Volcacius.

Whittier, 272.

Wordsworth, 272.

Xenophon, Greek writer, 92.

Zeno, Epicurean, 66.

* * * * * *

Transcriber's note:

Inconsistent spellings have been kept, including inconsistent use of hyphen (e.g. "well known" and "well-known").