Part iv. Cap. xxii.

Chapter 304,250 wordsPublic domain

[164] "The more the certainty of punishment can be augmented, the more it may be diminished in amount."--Bentham, "Principles of the Penal Code." Rule viii.

[165] The ethical point of view is well put by Henry Fielding, who said, "Nor in plain truth will the utmost severity to offenders be justifiable, unless we take every possible means of preventing the offence."

[166] In a letter addressed to _The Times_ of November 14th, 1849--Charles Dickens, himself an eye-witness of one of these brutalising exhibitions, wrote--"I am solemnly convinced that nothing that ingenuity could devise to be done in this city, in the same compass of time, could work such ruin as one public execution, and I stand astounded and appalled by the wickedness it exhibits."

[167] As early as 1597, by an act passed in the 39th year of Queen Elizabeth's reign--Quarter Sessions were empowered to inflict transportation, but at first the law could not be enforced because there was no place to which convicts could be shipped. A number of royalists were transported to Barbadoes after its capitulation in 1651, but this was only a temporary measure.

[168] 4 Geo. i. c. 2.

[169] 8 Geo. iii. c. 15.

[170] Escott's "England," 1885 Edn., p. 240.

[171] 7 & 8 Geo. IV., c. 18.

[172] It is impossible to say how far Bentham was influenced by Beccaria; the two men arrived at similar conclusions, but their methods were essentially different. Beccaria's great work, "Dei Delitti e delle Pene," was first published (anonymously) in 1764, and Bentham's "Rationale of Punishments and Rewards" was written eleven years later.

[173] In 1800 six women were publicly flogged till the blood ran down their backs for hedge-pulling.

[174] 9 Geo. iv. c. 61.

[175] See "Encyclopædia of the Laws of England" under Licensing Acts.

[176] 7 and 8 Geo. iv. c. 31.

[177] 2 Geo. iv. and 1 Will. iv. c. 70.

[178] "Mysteries of Police and Crime," Griffiths, p. 66.

[179] A River Police Office, with three Justices assigned to it, was authorised by 39 and 40 Geo. iii. c. 88.

[180] None of this applies to the "City of London" proper, which still retains its independent position, as far as its police is concerned.

[181] 10 Geo. iv. c. 44.

[182] 10 Geo. iv. c. 45.

[183] The official designation of the Chiefs of the Metropolitan Police was changed from "Justice" to "Commissioner" in the year 1839. The change was one of title only, and the Police commissioners were still Justices of the Peace by virtue of their office. To prevent confusion the word "Commissioner" is henceforward employed in this book.

[184] "Sir Robert Peel," by C. S. Parker.

[185] Bentham defines the "Lettre de Cachet" as "an order to punish, without any proof, for a fact against which there is no law."--(Principles of Penal Law, chap. xxi. part 3).

[186] In the year 1820 the Spanish government suppressed some of the leading newspapers for daring to adversely criticise the police of Madrid, and at the same time it was currently believed in England that Italian police officials employed the torture to procure evidence against persons suspected of political offences.

[187] Hansard, vol. i. p. 271; and see Ann. Reg. 1830 Chron., p. 185.

[188] See article by Sir C. Warren, _Murray's Magazine_, Nov. 1888.

[189] See Report of Parliamentary Committee, 1838.

[190] 10 Geo. iv. c. 45.

[191] 3 Will. iv. c. 19.

[192] 6 & 7 Will. iv. c. 50.

[193] Peel wished to include the City of London in the Metropolitan Police Area, but in a private letter to a friend frankly confessed that he dared not meddle with it.--("Life of Sir Robert Peel," C. S. Parker).

[194] 2 & 3 Vict. c. 47.

[195] See 2 & 3 Vict. 47-71 & 93.

[196] See "The Police of the Metropolis," by Sir C. Warren--_Murray's Magazine_, Nov. 1888. On the 15th April 1829, Peel informed the House of Commons that crime was then far more prevalent in the metropolis than in the country--one person out of every 383 persons having, on the average, been committed in London, whilst in the provinces the proportion was only one in 822.

[197] 1st Report Constabulary Commissioners, 1839, page 13.

[198] 3 & 4 Will. iv. c. 90.

[199] This "Lighting and Watching Act" still remains the authority for the appointment of firemen, who may be "additional constables," and who, "shall, during the time they shall be on duty, use their utmost endeavours to prevent any mischief by fire." (3 & 4 Will. iv. c. 90, s. 41.)

[200] 5 & 6 Will. iv. c. 76.

[201] 13 and 14 Car. ii. c. 12.

[202] 1 and 2 Will. iv. c. 41.

[203] 5 and 6 Will. iv. c. 76.

[204] 1 and 2 Vic. c. 41.

[205] Bicknell's "Police Manual," p. 58.

[206] 2 & 3 Vict., c. 93.

[207] In 1840 the Act was amended, and a separate Police rate levied, by 3 & 4 Vict., c. 38.

[208] In the year 1842, the Criminal Jurisdiction of Courts of Quarter Sessions, which hitherto had been competent to deal with all offences except treason, was limited by 5 & 6 Vict. c. 38, which removes murder, capital felony and some other offences from the cognizance of the Justices. In the metropolis, at the same time, much criminal business was transferred from Justices of the Peace to Stipendiary Magistrates. This was due rather to the increase of commitments consequent upon an improved police, than to any implied incompetence of the Courts. In 1896 Quarter Sessions were again empowered to try Burglary cases (59 & 60 Vict. c. 57), and a further extension, or rather restoration, of the powers exercised by Justices in Quarter Sessions is understood to be now (1901) under consideration.

[209] 5 & 6 Vic. c. 109--amended by 13 & 14 Vic. c. 20.

[210] 10 Geo. iv. c. 97.

[211] See 1st Report 1853 Select Committee, p. 137.

[212] Those landowners who gave evidence before the Select Committee in 1853 were almost unanimous in their testimony that the value of property had increased in counties where rural police forces had been established.--See second Report, 1853 Committee, §§ 2770, 2792, and 2793.

[213] See ante p. 102, Chapter VI.

[214] See Second Report 1853 Committee, pp. 151, 152.

[215] 19 & 20 Vic., c. 69.

[216] 2 & 3 Vict., c. 47.

[217] In the course of these riots £50,000 worth of damage was done.

[218] After these riots the General Convention of Chartists issued a proclamation declaring "that a flagrant, wanton, and unjust outrage has been made upon the people of Birmingham, by a bloodthirsty and unconstitutional force from London, acting under the authority of men who wished to keep the people in degradation."--"Annals of Our Times, 1839." See also "Chronicles of Crime," Camden Pelham.

[219] _Quarterly Review_, No. 257, 1870.

[220] Sir James Fitzjames Stephen's "A History of the Criminal Law of England," vol. i. chap. xiv.

[221] Hale, Sum. 36, 37--I Hale, 457.

[222] From "The Commonwealth of England," by Sir Thomas Smith, 1589 edition.

[223] The County and Borough Police Act of 1856 required Rural Police Forces to furnish annual returns of all crimes committed, persons apprehended, and subsequent criminal proceedings in their respective districts, on forms of return supplied by Sir George Gray. From the materials thus supplied were the Criminal Statistics prepared until 1892, when an improved method of compilation was introduced by the "Police Returns Act" of that year--(55 and 56 Vict. c. 38).

[224] There were eighty-two cases of garrotting in London between June and December 1862; nor was the increased prevalence of crime confined to the Metropolis--most of the larger towns (especially Liverpool) suffered in the same way.

[225] Transportation to New South Wales and S. Australia ceased in 1850, to Van Diemen's Land in 1852; the last batch of convicts was sent to Western Australia in 1867.

[226] The Chatham mutiny occurred in 1861, some years after the "Penal Servitude Act" had become law, but it was due to very similar causes to those which had occasioned the earlier outbreaks.

[227] 16 and 17 Vict. c. 99.

[228] Select Committee on Transportation 1856, Para. 1824.

[229] In the case of women convicts remission to the extent of one-third or thereabouts can be earned.

[230] 50,000 is nearer the mark. There were 43,000 in Australasia alone.

[231] Speech by Sir H. Fowler, _The Times_, Jan. 15, 1901.

[232] See the article on Reformatories by Sir E. Du Cane in "Chambers' Encyclopædia."

[233] 17 & 18 Vict. c. 86.

[234] 18 & 19 Vict. c. 87, and 19 & 20 Vict. c. 109.

[235] 20 & 21 Vict. c. 48.

[236] 24 & 25 Vict. c. 113.

[237] 42 & 43 Vict. c. 49.

[238] 50 & 51 Vict. c. 25.

[239] "Police Code," pp. 80 and 81.

[240] These recognizances may be with, or without, sureties; and the obligation "to keep the peace" and "to be of good behaviour" continues during such period as the Court may direct. _Cf._ p. 49, chapter iii. ante, with reference to the powers conferred on Justices of the Peace by 34 Edw. iii. c. 1.

[241] Bicknell's Police Manual, p. 244.

[242] 34 and 35 Vict. c. 112.

[243] Female holders of licenses are not required to report themselves once a month.

[244] See Bicknell's Police Manual, p. 245.

[245] A complete description of the system as employed in England may be found in a pamphlet entitled "The Identification of Habitual Criminals," published by _The Police Review_.

[246] See "Our absurd system of punishing crime," by Dr Robert Anderson, in _The Nineteenth Century and After_ for February 1901.

[247] See also a letter of Mr Justice Wills on the same subject, in _The Times_, 21st Feb. 1901.

[248] The electric telegraph was first adapted to police purposes in 1841.

[249] See Kirchner's "Law and practice relative to Fugitive Offenders."

[250] 42 & 43 Vict. c. 22.

[251] 47 & 48 Vict. cap. 58.

[252] These Regulations were revised by Sir Richard Webster (Lord Alverstone), Lord Herschell, and the Right Hon. Hugh Childers in 1886, and may be found on page 250 of Bicknell's Police Manual.

[253] Now Colonel Sir Howard Vincent, M.P., the compiler of "The Police Code," and a well-known authority on police questions.

[254] In 1884 the office of Director of Criminal Investigation was abolished, and the duties formerly appertaining to the office have since then been performed by an additional Assistant-Commissioner, appointed for the purpose; but the system remains practically the same as when it was first introduced in 1878.

[255] See _The Times_, 6th Feb. 1888.

[256] 2 & 3 Vict. c. 47, s. 22.

[257] In addition to the authorized deductions made from the pay of constables, all monies arising from fines imposed on constables, or for assaults on constables, from the sale of old police clothing, from pedlars and chimney sweeps' certificates, from fines imposed by a Court of Summary Jurisdiction, for offences under the Licensing Acts 1872-74, and from certain other sources, are now carried to the Pension Fund (see Police Act, 53 & 54 Vict. c. 45).

[258] 20 & 21 Vict. c. 64, s. 15.

[259] See "The Story of Police Pensions," by J. Munro.--_New Review_, vol. iii.

[260] 53 and 54 Vict. c. 45 (a).

[261] Disorderly meetings took place on the 17th, 18th, 19th, and 23rd Oct. '87; on the last of these occasions some two thousand rioters were guilty of brawling in Westminster Abbey.

[262] There is an interesting article on the "Right of Public Meeting," by Professor Dicey, in _The Contemporary Review_, April 1889. See "Annual Register," 1888.

[263] 5 & 6 Will. iv. c. 76.

[264] 45 & 46 Vict. c. 50.

[265] 51 & 52 Vict. c. 41, &c.

[266] See L.G.A., Section 9, para. 3.

[267] Speech by Mr Morley at Newcastle, 21st of June 1886.

[268] See article in the _Contemporary Review_, vol. lv. (Year 1889), by H. Evans, who therein pointed out that "the Treasury Grant to the Metropolitan Police Fund bears a higher proportion to the rateable value, than is the case with the contributions to the County and Borough Police."

[269] See section 2, 50 Vict. c. 9.

[270] Police Code, under "Discipline."

[271] From "An Address to Police Constables on their Duties," by Sir Henry Hawkins, printed in "The Police Code."

[272] Contrasting public with private executions, Henry Fielding remarked in favour of the latter, that, "the criminal dies only in the presence of his enemies, without the cordial of public approval to flatter his ambition."

[273] J. Bentham, "Principles of the Penal Law," chapter xxi.

[274] "Judicial Statistics England and Wales." Part I.--Introduction, page 25.

INDEX

Aberdeen, 351

Abjuration of the Realm, 35, 363

Admiralty, Court of, 62

Agisters, 68

Alehouse Act, The, 222

Alien Act, The, 175

Alfred the Great, 3, 10, 13

Alverstone, Lord, 365

Amercements, 19

America, 208, 209, 364, 371

Anderson, Dr Robert, 362

Anglesey, 305

Anglo-Saxon Police, 8, 14, 232, 401

Anthropometry, 359, 361

Appeal, 91

Assize of Arms, the, 26, 27, 28

Australia, 210, 341, 342

Aylesbury, 72

Bacon, Lord, 17, 84, 113

Bail, 50, 324

Barbadoes, 129, 208

Barkstead, Colonel, 128, 130

Bath, 269

Basket Justices, 115

Beccaria, 219

Bedel, 75

Bedfordshire, 45, 126, 304

Benefit of Clergy, 89, 222

Bentham, J., xiii., 6, 94, 204, 205, 217, 218, 219, 223, 247, 347, 404

Berkshire, 45, 105, 126, 305

Bermuda, 209

Bertillon, M. Alphonse, 359

Birmingham, 252, 260, 273, 312, 313, 352, 384

Blackstone, 56, 71, 85

Blood-money, 140, 211

Bonaventors, 115

Bootless crimes, 11

Borsholder, 4

Bow Street, 156, 157, 191, 227, 263

Bow Street Runners, 157, 191, 196, 265, 350, 367

Brampton, Lord, 402

Bravadors, 115

Brecon, 305

Bristol Riots, 272, 277, 318

Buckinghamshire, 45, 126, 305

Bullock-hunting, 197

Burleigh, Lord, 100

Burn, 5, 49

Camberwell, 253, 254

Cambridge, 90, 274

Cambridgeshire, 45, 126, 304

Canterbury, 77, 396

Canute, 63

Capital Punishment, 204, 207, 404

Card registers, 360

Cardiganshire, 305

Carmarthenshire, 305

Carnarvonshire, 305

Carta de foresta, 67

Census Returns, 337

Charles I., 119

---- II., 131, 133, 136, 180, 208

"Charlies," 133, 183, 184, 245

Chartists, 313, 314

Chateaubriand, 246

Chatham, 343

Cheshire, 30, 126, 283, 300, 305

Chief Constable, 113, 122, 390, 392, 400

Childers, Mr, 384

Churchwardens, 104, 179

City Marshalls, 187

City of London Police, 6, 30, 32, 53, 186, 231, 263, 267, 397, 398

Civil War, 124, 276

Clarendon, Assize of, 25

Clerks of the Peace, 53

Coastguard, 283, 408

Coke, Lord, 13, 35, 58

Colchester, 34

Coldbath Fields, 256, 319, 382

Colquhoun, Dr, vii., 177, 181, 204, 218, 219, 220, 223, 332

Colthrop, Sir H., 121

Commissioners of Police, 234, 235, 242, 250, 256, 263, 285

Commissioners of Sewers, 133

Commitment Returns, 338, 339

Commons, House of, 47, 52

Constable, the, 43, 55, 56, &c.

Conservators of the Peace, 19, 44, 392

Convicts, 349

Convict Supervision office, 136, 359, 370

Cornwall, Earl of, 45

Cornwall, 96, 126, 305

Coroners, 37, 38, 91, 275

Council of the North, 94, 137

County Boroughs, 393

County Councils, 390, 392

County Courts, 390

County, Power of the, 8, 45

Courts, Ecclesiastical, 62

Courts Leet, 17, 18, 40, 41, 54, 102, 122, 134

Coventry, 270

Criminal Investigation Department, 311, 370, 395

Criminal Statistics, 340, 405

Cromwell, Oliver, 125, 127, 131

Cromwell, Thomas, 94

Cumberland, 126, 138, 305

Curfew Bell, 16, 31

Dartmoor, 343

Decennary Police, 9, 18, 24, 75

Decennier, 121

De Goncourt Case, 368, 371

Denbigh, 305

Denville, Sir Gosselin, 39

Derbyshire, 126, 305

Detective Police, 311, 366

Devonshire, 126, 305

Dickens, Charles, 207

Dictum de Kenilworth, 24

Director of Public Prosecutions, 364

---- Criminal Investigation, 370

Dorsetshire, 126, 305

Drawlatches, 29

Dublin Police Act, 169

Duelling, 202

Durham, 126, 304

Edgar, 1, 6

Edward I., 24, 30, 31, 36, 44, 60

---- II., 39

---- III., 26, 43, 46, 47, 60, 74

---- IV., 51

---- VI., 2, 46, 94, 96

---- VII., 57

Essex, 45, 104, 126, 301, 303, 304

Expeditation, 66

Extradition Acts, 364

Fielding, Henry, 141, 155, 158, 191, 207, 218, 220, 404

Fielding, Sir John, 156, 157, 161, 167, 218

Fightwitt, 6

Flash-houses, 193

Flintshire, 305

Ford, Sir Richard, 194, 224

Foresters, 68

Forest Law, 62, 63, 69, 70, 119

Frankpledge, 4, 15, 20, 42, 77, 121

French Revolution, The, 246

Frithbrec, 6

Galton, Mr Francis, 359

Garrotting, 341

George I., 147

---- II., 151

Glamorganshire, 305

Gloucester, 304

Gloucestershire, 126

Gneist, 13

Gordon Riots, 165, 167, 174, 314, 277

Graham, Sir J., 311

Gray, Sir G., 340

Griffiths, Major, 215

Grithbryce, 6

Grosvenor, Lord R., 319, 322

Gypsies, 10, 90, 109

Habitual Criminals Act, 357

Habitual offenders, 355, 359, 405

Hampshire, 126, 304

Harcourt, Sir W., 376

Headboroughs, 4, 8, 57, 178, 211

Helps, Sir A., 401

Henderson, Sir E., 379, 385, 386

Henry I., 2

---- II., 18, 63, 68

---- III., 20, 23, 55

---- IV., 54

---- V., 54

---- VII., 54, 82, 89

---- VIII., 93, 137

Herefordshire, 45, 126, 305

Hertfordshire, 126, 139, 304

Hext, Mr, 108

High Constable, 55, 110, 113, 114, 122, 150, 151, 177, 390

High Steward, 100, 160

Highwaymen, 139, 143, 195, 282

Home Office, 190, 221, 232, 275, 344, 346

Howard, John, 217, 347

Hue and Cry, 5, 27, 33, 34, 35, 36, 46, 59, 67, 83, 89, 104, 111, 123, 151, 179, 180, 189, 240, 291, 308, 403

Hulks, the, 342

Hull, 270

Hundred, the, 4, 5, 105, 179

---- liability of, 5, 122, 180

Huntingdonshire, 45, 126, 305

Hyde Park, 320, 324, 327, 384

Identification of Criminals, 347, 358, 359

Industrial Schools, 353

Inhabitant Watch, the, 150

Inlaugh, 121

Inspectors of Constabulary, 306, 391

Ireland, 169, 329, 330, 394

Irish Constabulary, Royal, 169, 305

James I., 115

---- II., 248

James, Sir H., 388

John, King, 19, 20

Judicium Pillorie, 79

Jury of Annoyances, 159

Justice of Assize, 125

Justices Itinerant, 19

Justices of the Peace, 43, 44, 51, 59, 93, 97, 101, 107, 116, 125, 144, 147, 232, 234, 275, 392

Justices of the Quorum, 93

---- Gaol Delivery, 93

Justice Seat, Court of the, 64, 66

Juvenile Offenders Act, 287, 351

Kent, 44, 45, 57, 126, 233, 285, 299, 305, 394

Kerry, 394

King's Bench, Court of, 58

King's Highway, the, 3

King's Peace, the, 1, 2, 62, 124

Labourers, Statute of, 60, 108

Lambard, 8, 54, 56, 181

Lancashire, 126, 284, 304, 305

La Reynie, 246

Leet. _See_ Courts

Leicestershire, 16, 126, 304

Lepers, 31, 73

Lettre de Cachet, 247

Lewes, 292

Liber albus, 80

Licensing Acts, 97, 101, 338, 375

Lighting and Watching Act, 274

Lincoln, 34, 289

Lincolnshire, 45, 126, 289, 305

Little-goes, 197

Liverpool, 271, 272, 280, 283, 341

Livery Companies, 88

Local Government Act, 391, 393, 394

Lombroso, 406

London, 6, 30, 32, 53, 73, 76, 78, 80, 125, 126, 132, 140, 144, 150, 165, 171, 182, 229, 243, 248, 252, 274, 280, 309, 318, 378, 384, 386, 395

London County Council, 394, 395, 396

London Docks, 310

Lords-Lieutenant, 97, 278

Lords-Marchers, 93

Lords of the Manor, 17, 51, 134

Lushington, Sir F., 191

Lynch Law, 149

Mad Parliament, the, 23

Maegbote, 10

Magna Carta, 19, 63

Mainprise, 50

Major-Generals, 127, 129, 130

Manbote, 10

Manchester, 272, 351, 384

Mansion-House, 152, 189, 397

Manwood, 64, 69

Marching Watch, the, 31

Marine Society, the, 350

Marlborough, Statute of, 20

Martial Law, ix., 106, 107

Mayne, Sir R., 234, 242, 253, 310, 321, 324, 325, 346, 398

Mayneer, 65

M'Hardy, Captain, 301, 303, 305

Melbourne, Lord, 256, 259

Merioneth, 305

Metropolitan Police, 229, 232, 236, 238, 258, 260, 267, 288, 309, 312, 385, 395

Metropolitan Police area, 260, 263, 268, 394

Metropolitan Police District, 237, 394

Middlesex, 45, 57, 100, 126, 170, 195, 196, 233, 394

Middlesex Justices Act, 171, 172, 173, 176, 189, 190

Militia, the, 7, 55, 97, 127, 152, 153, 167, 174

Millbank, 347, 369

Minsheu, 121, 123

Mohocks, 144, 146, 277

Monmouthshire, 126, 290, 305

Montgomery, 305

More, Sir Thomas, 92, 158

Moss-troopers, 137, 138

Municipal Corporations Act, 274, 277, 306, 391, 393

Munro, Mr, 331, 376

Murdrum, The, 16

Mutual Security, 15, 17

"New Police," the, 335

Newcastle, Duke of, 158

Newgate, 78, 121, 150, 167, 215, 216

New South Wales, 209, 210

Norfolk, 45, 96, 126, 304

Norman police, 14

Northampton, Assize of, 18, 25

Northamptonshire, 45, 126, 304

Northumberland, 126, 138, 299, 305, 394

Norton, Lord, 351

Nottinghamshire, 126, 129, 304

Norwich, 39

Obligatory Act, The, 305, 307, 338

Ordeals, 12

Oxford plague regulations, 118

Oxford, Provisions of, 23, 24

Oxford University, 90, 274

Oxfordshire, 45, 126, 305

Parkhurst, 351

Parliamentary Commissions, viii., 26, 160, 162, 199, 201, 221, 227, 228, 230, 234, 244, 255, 259, 261, 336, 344, 352, 360

Parochial System of Police, 176, 182, 211, 237, 291, 355, 396

Passports, 102, 135

Patrol, Foot, 156, 194, 226, 233

---- Horse, 156, 194, 224, 233, 263, 264

Peace Guilds, 6

Peace of the Church, 62

---- of the Sea, 62

Peace Wardens, 44

Peel, Sir R., 227, 228, 230, 243, 245, 251, 256, 262, 309, 372, 399

"Peine forte et dure," 330

Pembrokeshire, 305

Penal Code, the, 204

Penal Servitude Act, 343, 356

Pennsylvania, 347

Pentonville, 347, 348

Permissive Act, the, 293, 296, 298, 301, 396, 310

"Peterloo Massacre," 314

Petty Constable, Oath of, 114

Photography, 359

Pie-poudre, Court of, 270

Pillory, the, 78, 79, 222

Plague, The, 117, 118, 132, 133

Police Act, the, 376

---- franchise, 399

---- Disabilities Removal Act, 400

---- Pensions, 376

---- Returns Act, 340

---- Supervision, 357

Poor Laws, 103

Popay, 253, 256, 310

Portland, 343

Portsmouth, 271, 343, 351

Posse Comitatus, the, 8, 39, 45, 54, 276

Præpositus, the, 14, 56

Press, the, 250, 403

Press gang, the, 341

Presentment, 40, 59, 239

Prevention of Crimes Act, 357, 359

Primarii, 68

Prison Act, the, 348

Prisons, 78, 149, 215

Probation of First Offenders Act, 354

Procurator Fiscal, 288

Prosecution of Offences Act, 365

Public Health Acts, 391

---- Meeting, Right of, 388

---- offices, 191, 264

---- prosecutor, 109, 223

---- works prisons, 348

Purlieu, 66

Quarter Sessions, 48, 112, 136, 151, 222, 293, 295, 337, 340, 390, 392

Quarterors, 115

Queen Anne, 144, 145, 146

Queen Elizabeth, 99, 103, 105, 137, 159, 334

Queen Victoria, vii., 277, 349

Radnorshire, 305

Ragged Schools, 351

Rainsforth, Mr F., 161

Rangers, 68

Recognizances, 355

Reformatories, 350, 353, 354

Reformatory School Act, 352

Regard, Court of, 64, 66

Regarders, 68

Richard I., 19, 44

---- II., 46, 48, 50, 53

Riot Act, the, 96, 147, 258

Riotous Assemblies, 314

Riots, 202

---- _see_ Bristol

---- _see_ Gordon

---- Featherstone, 408

---- Hyde Park, 320

---- Reform, 327

---- Chartist, 314

---- Sunday Trading Bill, 319

---- West End, 317, 381

Roaring Boys, 115

Roberdsmen, 29

Robin Redbreasts, 194

Romilly, Sir S., 205, 206, 218, 219

"Route forms," 360

"Round-houses," 162

Rowan, Colonel, 234, 253, 257, 258, 259, 292, 310

Royal Society, the, 133

Rural Police, 102, 182, 279, 295

Rural Police Act, 293, 305

Russell, Sir C., 388

Rutland, 45, 126, 305

Sanctuary, 35, 115

Sartines, 247

Sayer, John, 193, 198

Scavengers, 75

Scotland, 93, 288

Scotland Yard, 233, 237, 262, 263, 266, 311, 359, 395

Searchers, 101, 117

Shaftesbury, Lord, 351

Shakespeare, 108

Sheriffs, 7, 14, 16, 36, 40, 44, 45, 97, 119, 276

Shropshire, 30, 126, 304

Sidmouth, Lord, 224, 227

Six Acts, the, 202

Smith, Sir T., 102, 334

Somersetshire, 108, 126, 286, 305

Southwark, 74, 121

Special Constables, 134, 176, 276, 314, 377, 387

Staffordshire, 126, 304

Standing Joint Committees, 392, 393

Statistics, Police, 337, 339

Stephen, Sir J., 333

Stipendiary Magistrates, 173

---- Police, 306, 338

Stocks, the, 72, 77

Street-keepers, 188, 240

Stubbs, Dr, 1, 24, 25

Suffield, Lord, 214

Suffolk, 45, 126, 304

Summary Jurisdiction Act, 354

---- Courts of, 338

Summons of the Array, 7

Superannuation, 374

Superintending Constables, 297

Supervisees, 357

Surety of the Peace, 50

---- the Good Behaviour, 50

Surrey, 45, 126, 233, 304, 394

Sussex, 34, 126, 305

Swanimote, Court of, 64, 66

Sydney, 342

Tasmania, 342

Thames Police, 176, 189, 223, 263, 266

Thane, 3, 50

Ticket-of-leave, 344, 345, 356

Tine-men, 68

Tourn, Court of the, 15, 18, 40

Townsend, James, 170, 193, 194, 204, 212

Trade Guilds, 84, 86

"Trading Justices," 115, 169, 170

Trafalgar Square, 378, 381, 387

Trained Bands, the, 152, 248

Transportation, 158, 208, 210, 341, 343

Trinoda necessitas, 7

Troup, Mr C. E., 405

Tumbril (_see_ Pillory)

Tyburn, 141, 149, 158, 159

Tyburn-ticket, 213, 214

Tyler, Wat, 61

Tything, the, 3, 4, 5, 120

Tythingmen, 56, 57, 114, 125, 179, 180

Unification of London, 398

Vaccination Acts, 338

Vagrancy, 33, 92, 102, 116, 221, 302

Verderers, 65, 68

Vert, 65

Vicecomes, 14, 15, 18, 56

Vincent, Sir Howard, 354, 370, 402

Vine Street Station, 323, 324, 325

Wales, 92, 126

Wapentakes, 179

Warren, Sir C., 260, 272, 386, 387

Warwickshire, 45, 126, 305

Watch Committees, 81, 275, 306, 391, 393

Watch and Ward, 21, 26, 27, 33, 71, 122, 183, 189

Weights and Measures, 86, 304, 408

Wellington, Duke of, 220, 243, 245, 314

Westminster, 99, 100, 126, 128, 144, 160, 162, 163, 188, 198

Westminster, Statute of, 159

Westmoreland, 30, 126, 305

Whitefriars, 115, 132

Wild, Jonathan, 141, 143

Willford, Sir T., 107

William I., 2, 15

---- III., 248

---- IV., 251, 274

Wiltshire, 126, 286, 304, 305

Winchester, Statute of, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36, 39, 42, 55, 71, 79, 112, 122, 151

Wite, 11

Woodmote Court, 64, 66

Worcestershire, 305

Wrecking, 283

Yeomanry, 97

"Yoongmen," 68

Yorkshire, 39, 126, 305, 408

TURNBULL AND SPEARS, PRINTERS, EDINBURGH.

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TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES

Minor punctuation errors repaired.

Italic text is denoted by _underscores_

p. 83 When property cansisted only of timber, replaced with When property consisted only of timber,