CHAPTER XIX

THE KANSAS SPIRIT

=Introduction.= Kansas is a great State; great in size and wealth, great in industries and resources, and great in what it has accomplished. But there are states that are larger, others that are wealthier, and many that have larger cities, greater population, a longer history, and more splendid memorials, so it is not for these things that Kansas is especially noted among the states. The quality that is the mark of its distinction is the character of its history and of its people.

=The Meaning of the Kansas Spirit.= Any people is, in large part, the product of its thinking, its beliefs, and its hopes and desires. This is the lesson of Hawthorne’s story, “The Great Stone Face.” Through all the years Ernest studied the face on the mountain and pondered the thoughts that he read there. In time he came to resemble the great face, both in its features and in the character it expressed. In the same way the people of Kansas have become what they are to-day because of their thoughts, their experiences and their ideals. We often hear it said concerning some act or some effort toward progress, “That is the Kansas spirit,” which means that the thing done shows what kind of people the Kansans are; it is characteristic of them. If, then, we would understand what this Kansas spirit is, we must know what thoughts and experiences and ideals have had a part in producing it.

=Pioneer Qualities.= Certain characteristics of the people of Kansas are largely due to the fact that this was so recently a frontier state. Pioneer life, wherever it exists, develops the qualities of independence, courage, resourcefulness, endurance, and democracy. The pioneer has only himself to lean on; he learns to take chances, he laughs at adversity, he adapts himself to circumstances, and he lives in the future.

=Qualities that Make the Kansas Spirit.= These characteristics are not, however, peculiar to the Kansas people, for the early settlers of other states lived on the frontier and developed these same qualities. But Kansas had a Territorial history which was very different from that of any other state and which has left its impress upon the people. Other pioneers have had the great task of making a state out of a wilderness, but Kansas pioneers had a second great task, that of making a free state in the face of the most determined opposition. They came to Kansas as the Puritans came to America, in the name of liberty. They were stern, unyielding, purposeful men and women, sure of the presence of divine leadership, and their character has deeply influenced the Kansas people. This influence has made them hate oppression; it has made them demand justice and fair play; it has made them value people for their personal worth; it has made them believe in the equality of human rights, and in the ability of the people to govern themselves. These are characteristics of every true Kansan and the qualities that make the Kansas spirit.

=Manifestations of the Kansas Spirit.= This spirit is evident in many phases of the life and progress of our people, but it is nowhere more apparent than in their political affairs and in their laws. The spirit that made the pioneers refuse to submit to the “Bogus Legislature” also impelled them to send more than their share of soldiers to the Civil War. Later, the same spirit led the Kansas people to adopt the prohibition amendment and to grant to women the full right of suffrage. It caused the farmers and other laboring people to form organizations for the better protection of their rights. It made the State do its part in the World War cheerfully and generously. In short, the Kansas spirit has manifested itself whenever the people have made an effort to overcome difficulties, whenever they have tried to secure more justice or liberty for themselves. These efforts have sometimes been so radical, and the plans offered for the betterment of conditions so new and startling as to attract much attention in the rest of the country. But Kansas has continued to believe in the worth and possibilities of her people and to make every effort to bring about conditions that will give them the opportunity to rise to the full measure of their nature.

=The Task Confronting the Kansas of To-day.= All over the United States there is a growing tendency on the part of the people to exercise a more direct control of their government; to take more and more authority into their own hands. This means that the people must be interested, active and well-informed. For us, it means that the quality of Kansas government depends upon the quality of Kansas citizenship. While the task of the pioneers was a heavy one, ours to-day is no less great, though it is different. Their struggle was to get the soil under cultivation, ours to see that it does not become worn out; theirs to get public utilities, ours to use and regulate them; theirs to develop new industries, ours to see that they are carried on with justice to all; theirs to establish schools, ours to make them more efficient; in general, theirs to build up, ours to use wisely.

Kansas history is not made; it is in the making. We study the past that we may learn how to make the present better. Great things have been accomplished but there is much yet to be done. The pioneers solved their problems, and if we are worthy of the Kansas they have given us we will strive to solve ours. We will keep alive the Kansas spirit.

SUMMARY

The Kansas people have developed the same pioneer qualities as have the people of other states; but, in addition, their peculiar Territorial history has made them believe in a marked degree in liberty, justice, equality, and democracy. These characteristics have given rise to what is called “the Kansas spirit.” This spirit is especially evident in the political movements through which the people have taken more and more of the control of government into their own hands.

REFERENCES

Kansas, Carl Becker. Historical Collections. Selected Topics. Connelley, History as an Asset of the State.

QUESTIONS

1. In what things is Kansas great? Name other states that are greater in any of these things. What quality distinguishes Kansas?

2. How can the lesson in the story of “The Great Stone Face” be applied to Kansas?

3. Why does pioneer life develop courage? Independence? Resourcefulness?

4. What effect has the Territorial history of Kansas had on the people?

5. What is meant by the Kansas spirit? What are some of the ways in which it has been shown? Discuss each.

6. Discuss the responsibilities of the Kansas people of to-day.

THE APPENDIX

TERRITORIAL PERIOD

Legislatures

There were six Territorial legislatures. The first two were proslavery. Beginning in 1858 the four that followed were free-state.

Constitutions

Four constitutions were prepared: the Topeka Constitution in 1855, the Lecompton in 1857, the Leavenworth in 1858, and the Wyandotte in 1859. The Lecompton was the only one that provided for slavery. The State was admitted under the Wyandotte, our present Constitution. It was based on the constitution of Ohio and was drafted by men from both parties.

Capitals

Several different places served as Territorial capitals. When Governor Reeder came to Kansas he kept his office at Leavenworth for about two months, then removed it to Shawnee Mission, which was used as the Territorial capital until the following spring when Governor Reeder named Pawnee as the capital. The Legislature remained at Pawnee only five days and then adjourned to Shawnee Mission, where the Governor’s office was kept another year. In August, 1855, the Territorial Legislature selected Lecompton, which continued as the capital during the remainder of the Territorial period. However, when the free-state people gained control of the Legislature in 1858 they made an effort to change the capital to Minneola. Failing in this, they met at Lecompton for each session and then at once adjourned to Lawrence. At an election in November, 1861, the people selected Topeka as the permanent capital of Kansas.

The Topeka Movement

The free-state Government under the Topeka Constitution was organized in the days of the “Bogus Legislature” for the purpose of uniting the free-state people and enabling them to oppose proslavery methods. It was continued until the free-state people gained control of the Territorial Legislature, when it became no longer necessary and was dropped. The principal events were as follows: The convention met in October of 1855, completed the Topeka Constitution in November, and the free-state people voted favorably on it in December. In January of 1856 they elected Charles Robinson governor. Their Legislature met in March, and in the same month they applied for admission to the Union but the bill failed to pass. The Legislature met again in July, but was disbanded by United States troops under Sumner. They met in January of 1857, but the officers were arrested. Two additional meetings were held; one in January and one in March of 1858. Then, having served its purpose, the Topeka movement was at an end.

INDIAN MISSIONS IN EARLY KANSAS

Presbyterian Missions

Two Presbyterian missions were established among the Osages in what is now Neosho County in 1824. One was the Boudinot mission. The work was in charge of Rev. Benton Pixley.

Rev. S. M. Irwin established a mission among the Iowas, Sacs and Foxes in Doniphan County, near the present town of Highland, in 1837. Highland College, one of the oldest colleges in the State, still remains as a school of this church.

Methodist Missions

In 1830 the Shawnee Methodist mission was established a few miles southwest of where Kansas City now stands. This mission was in charge of Rev. Thomas Johnson. A few years later it had a manual-labor school and a farm and was one of the largest and best known of the missions in Kansas.

In 1832 a mission was established among the Delawares in Wyandotte County, on the site of the town of White Church, by William Johnson and Thomas B. Markham. Rev. E. T. Peery was in charge.

A mission for the Kickapoos was founded in 1833. It was just north of the site of Leavenworth and was in charge of Rev. J. C. Berryman.

In 1833 a mission was established for the Kanzas at Mission Creek, Shawnee County, by Rev. William Johnson, who continued the work for seven years. When the Kanzas were moved, the mission was located at Council Grove. It existed from 1850 to 1854.

Baptist Missions

The Baptist Church established a mission among the Shawnees in 1831. It was about two miles northwest of the Shawnee Methodist mission. The leader was Isaac McCoy, and he was joined later by Dr. Johnson Lykins and Rev. Jotham Meeker. Mr. Meeker was a printer, and in 1834 issued the first book printed in Kansas, a primer in the Indian language.

A mission was established among the Ottawas in 1837, on the present site of Ottawa, under the charge of Rev. Jotham Meeker. This mission survives in Ottawa University.

A mission was opened among the Pottawatomies in 1837, by Rev. Robert Simmerwell, near the site of Osawatomie. When this tribe moved to the new reservation the mission was relocated at Mission Creek in Shawnee County. It was abandoned in 1854.

In 1840 Dr. David Lykins established a mission among the Miamis, about ten miles southeast of the present city of Paola.

Dr. Johnson Lykins opened a mission among the Delawares in 1832.

Friends Mission

The Society of Friends established a mission among the Shawnees in 1834, about three miles west of the Methodist mission. Henry Harvey, M. Mendenhall, and the Hadleys were teachers in this mission.

Catholic Missions

In 1822 Father La Croix visited the Osages, just across the line in Missouri, and baptized several Indian children. At different times Father Van Quickenborn visited the Osages and preached. In 1847 Rev. Schoenmaker established the Osage Mission, now St. Paul, in Neosho County.

The Catholic mission was founded in 1836 by Fathers Van Quickenborn and Hœken for the Kickapoos, near the Junction of Salt Creek with the Missouri, in Leavenworth County.

St. Mary’s mission among the Pottawatomies was established in Miami County in 1838, and moved to Linn County in 1839, where it remained until the removal of the tribe to Pottawatomie County in 1849. The mission was then established at St. Mary’s, where it survives to-day in St. Mary’s school for boys.

FORTS IN EARLY KANSAS

Many forts were established in early Kansas; a few by the fur companies, some by the War Department, some by state troops, a number by settlers as a place of refuge from the Indians, and a few by free-state and proslavery forces during the Territorial struggle. Some of them consisted merely of a wall of earth thrown up, others of a strongly built log cabin within a line of earthworks or line of palisades. Many of them were more pretentious, and were built of logs, adobe, or stone. Some of the forts established by the National Government cost many thousands of dollars and most of them had large land reserves. As the settlements moved westward the necessity for the forts no longer existed, and with the exception of Fort Leavenworth and Fort Riley, which are still maintained by the National Government as army posts, they fell into disuse. The principal early forts were:

Fort Kanzas, established by the French fur traders in the early part of the eighteenth century, was located in what is now Atchison County. It is mentioned in the journal of Lewis and Clark as an abandoned fort.

Fort Lyon, earlier called Bent’s Fort, was built in 1826 for a fur-trading post. It occupied several different sites on the Arkansas River, all of them within the present bounds of Colorado, the last one being within Territorial Kansas. It was opened to settlement in 1890.

Fort Leavenworth was established in 1827 by Col. Henry Leavenworth of the United States army. It has from its beginning been an important military post. More than $2,000,000 has been expended on it, and it now ranks among the first of the military posts of the United States.

Fort Riley was established in 1852 by the United States. It has been enlarged and improved from time to time until it is now an important military center. Fort Riley is near the junction of the Republican and Smoky Hill rivers, and is very near the geographical center of the United States.

Fort Atkinson, one of the early forts erected along the Santa Fe Trail, was located on the Arkansas River about six miles above the present site of Dodge City. This fort was built in 1850 and abandoned in 1854. It was known for a few months as Fort Mackey, when the name was changed to Fort Atkinson.

Fort Mann was probably erected about 1845 on or near the site on which Fort Atkinson was later built.

Fort Scott was built in 1842 on the site of the present city of Fort Scott. In 1853 it ceased to be used as a military post, and in 1855 the buildings were sold. This fort had no reservation.

Fort Larned was located in 1859 on Pawnee Fork, about eight miles above the mouth of that stream. It was for a number of years an important post, but was later abandoned as a fort, and in 1882 the reservation was opened for sale to settlers.

Fort Saunders was a proslavery stronghold about twelve miles southwest of Lawrence in 1856. It was destroyed by a body of free-state settlers the same year.

Fort Titus, located about two miles south of Lecompton, was a log house used as a proslavery fortification. It was captured and destroyed by free-state forces shortly after the destruction of Fort Saunders.

Fort Wakarusa was a free-state fortification on the Wakarusa River, about five miles from Lawrence.

Fort Bain was a log cabin in the northern part of Bourbon County which served as a retreat for John Brown and James Montgomery in 1857 and 1858.

Fort Baxter, a military post, was established by General Blunt in 1863. It was the scene of an attack by Quantrill, known as the Baxter Springs massacre. After the war the town of Baxter Springs grew up on the site.

Fort Dodge was one of the most important forts on the western frontier. It was located to the east of The Caches, near Dodge City, in 1864. The first buildings were of adobe, but in 1867 good buildings were erected. Fort Dodge was not abandoned until 1882. The Soldiers’ Home at Fort Dodge was later established on a part of this military reservation.

Fort Downer was located on Downer’s Creek, about fifty miles west of Fort Hays. It was in existence between 1863 and 1868.

Fort Harker was established in 1864, near the present site of Ellsworth, with the name Fort Ellsworth. Two years later the name was changed to Fort Harker and the site moved about a mile northeast. This fort was for a long time the shipping point for freight bound for New Mexico. Fort Harker was abandoned in 1872 and the reservation opened to settlement in 1880.

Fort Wallace was established near the present town of Wallace in 1865. This was an important post during the building of the Union Pacific railroad. It was abandoned as a fort in 1882, and in 1888 the land was ordered sold.

Fort Zarah was established in 1864, about four miles east of the present city of Great Bend. It was dismantled in 1869, and the reservation was later sold.

Fort Hays was established by the National Government, in 1865, about fourteen miles southeast of the present Hays City, and was for a year known as Fort Fletcher. In 1867 a new site, about three-fourths mile from Hays City, was selected. The reservation consisted of 7500 acres. General Sheridan used Fort Hays for headquarters during the Black Kettle raid in 1868. It continued to be used as a military post until 1889. In 1900 Kansas secured the land and buildings for educational purposes. The Fort Hays Kansas Normal School and an experiment station for the Agricultural College are now located there.

Fort Henning, Fort Blair, and Fort Insley were three blockhouses erected at Fort Scott in 1861 for the purpose of guarding military stores from the Confederate forces.

Fort Lincoln was built by Lane in 1861, about twelve miles northwest of Fort Scott, for protection from the Confederate forces. It was abandoned in 1864.

Fort Aubrey was one of the forts established in 1865 by the soldiers sent to quell the Indian uprisings. It was located near the present village of Mayline in Hamilton County. It was abandoned the following year.

Fort Jewell was erected in 1870 on the site of Jewell City for the protection of the settlers against the Cheyennes who were then on the warpath. It consisted of a wall of earth around a fifty-yard square. After the Indian troubles were over Fort Jewell was abandoned.

SOME PROMINENT KANSANS

Hundreds of Kansas men and women have served their State in a way worthy of note. To tell the story of the services rendered by all of them would require many volumes. In a book like the present one, mention can be made of only a few of those most widely known. In addition to names mentioned in the body of the text, the following are a few of the names of Kansans, no longer living, who had much to do with making the history of the State:

PRESTON B. PLUMB came to Kansas to make his home in 1857. He started a newspaper, _Kansas News_, at Emporia. In 1861 he was elected to the State House of Representatives. The same year he entered the Union army and served until the close of the war. He then engaged in the practice of law. In 1876 he was elected to the United States Senate, which position he filled until his death in 1891, a period of fourteen years of continuous service.

WILLIAM A. HARRIS came to Kansas in 1865, at the close of four years of service in the Confederate army, and entered the employ of the Union Pacific Railroad Company as a civil engineer. Later he became a well-known farmer and stock raiser. In 1896 he was elected to the State Senate, and in 1897 to the United States Senate. His later years were given to various lines of agricultural advancement. He served as a regent of the State Agricultural College. His death occurred in 1909.

SAMUEL A. KINGMAN came to Kansas in 1857. He was a lawyer. He served as a member of the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention. He was associate justice of the Supreme Court of Kansas, 1861 to 1865, and chief justice, 1867 to 1876, when he resigned because of ill health. He died in 1904.

DAVID J. BREWER came to Leavenworth in 1859, where he engaged in the practice of law. He served continuously in various offices. He was associate justice of the State Supreme Court from 1871 to 1884, a judge of the United States Circuit Court from 1884 to 1889, and in 1889 he was commissioned Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, which position he filled until his death in 1910.

JOHN A. ANDERSON came to Junction City in 1858 as pastor of the Presbyterian church. In 1873 he was made president of the State Agricultural College. He reorganized that institution and remained at its head until 1878, when he was elected to Congress where he served until 1891. He was appointed consul-general to Cairo, Egypt, in 1891. He died on his way back home in the following year.

FRANCIS HUNTINGTON SNOW was elected to the first faculty of the University of Kansas as professor of mathematics and natural sciences, in 1866. In 1870 he became professor of natural history in the University. He organized the collecting expeditions which have resulted in the extensive natural history museums of the University. He was made Chancellor of the University in 1890, from which position he retired in 1901. He died in 1908.

EDMUND G. ROSS came to Kansas in 1856. He was a member of the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention and served in the Union army. In 1866 he was appointed to fill the vacancy in the United States Senate caused by the death of James H. Lane. He cast the deciding vote in the Senate against the impeachment of President Johnson, which act aroused great indignation. He engaged in newspaper work until 1882, when he went to New Mexico where he served as Territorial Governor from 1885 to 1889. He died in 1907.

MRS. C. I. H. NICHOLS, a writer and lecturer, came with her family to Kansas in 1854. She lived first at Lawrence and then at Wyandotte. She was a strong advocate of a more just understanding of the rights of women. She attended the meetings of the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention, and counseled with the members on all matters relating to women, with the result that the Kansas Constitution was one of the most liberal in the United States at that time. Her death occurred in 1885.

MRS. MARY A. BICKERDYKE, generally known as “Mother Bickerdyke,” served as a nurse during the Civil War. At its close she came to Kansas and was instrumental in assisting soldiers who were left without employment to come to Kansas and take homesteads. Through her efforts aid was given settlers after Indian raids, and she assisted in securing aid for Kansas settlers after the grasshopper invasion. The Mother Bickerdyke Home for soldiers’ widows, at Ellsworth, was named in her honor. After a life of great activity she died in 1901.

ALFRED GRAY came to Kansas in 1857. With the exception of his period of service in the Union army he was engaged in farming until 1873. From 1866 until 1870 he was a director of the State Agricultural Society. When the State Board of Agriculture was organized, in 1872, he became its first secretary, and filled the position until his death in 1880.

FREDERICK WELLHOUSE came to Leavenworth County, Kansas, in 1859. He was engaged in the growing and sale of fruit trees until 1876, when he began planting commercial apple orchards. During the next eighteen years he planted 1637 acres of apple trees. Many years were given to experiments to determine the varieties best adapted to Kansas. He became known throughout the country, and was called “The Apple King.” For ten years he was president of the State Horticultural Society, and was at different times engaged in many public activities. He died in 1911.

FRANKLIN G. ADAMS settled on a farm in Leavenworth County in 1856. He held various positions of public service, and on the organization of the State Historical Society in 1875 he was made its secretary, which position he held until his death in 1899. He organized and developed the work of the Society, in which work he was materially assisted by his daughter, Miss Zu Adams, who continued her work from 1880 until her death in 1911.

MRS. SARA T. D. ROBINSON came to the Territory in 1854 with her husband, Dr. Charles Robinson, and took an active part in early Kansas affairs. She wrote Kansas――Its Interior and Exterior Life, the most notable book produced by a Kansan of that time. It had a wide circulation and a great influence. Mrs. Robinson died at her home near Lawrence in 1911.

NOBLE L. PRENTIS came to Kansas in 1869 as editor of the _Topeka Record_. From that time until his death in 1900 he was connected with various Kansas newspapers: the _Topeka Commonwealth_, the _Lawrence Journal_, the _Junction City Union_, the _Atchison Champion_, and the _Kansas City Star_. He wrote five books: A Kansan Abroad, Southern Letters, Southwestern Letters, Kansas Miscellanies, and History of Kansas.

DANIEL W. WILDER, who first came to Kansas in 1857, was at different times the editor of a number of newspapers. He was one of the founders of the State Historical Society, served one term as state auditor and two terms as superintendent of insurance. It was as a newspaper man that Mr. Wilder’s influence was especially felt. He was the author of the Annals of Kansas, Life of Shakespeare, and was one of the compilers of all editions of Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations.

EUGENE F. WARE came to Kansas in 1867. He practiced law, and was for many years the editor of the _Fort Scott Monitor_. He served in the state legislature, and from 1902 to 1905 was United States Pension Commissioner. He died in 1911. It is as a writer that Mr. Ware is best known. His Rhymes of Ironquill is his most widely read work.

KANSAS WRITERS

The Kansas struggle was the source of a great deal of writing. Eastern newspapers were full of the Kansas question. During the Territorial period many of the eastern papers kept correspondents in the Territory, and these men wrote much of the conflict here and of pioneer life and conditions. The Kansas people themselves were too busy to give much attention to literature and produced but few writings of permanent value. Kansas――Its Interior and Exterior Life, by Mrs. Sara T. D. Robinson, was written during this period. Other early writers were: William A. Phillips, Richard Realf, James Redpath, Albert D. Richardson, W. P. Tomlinson, and Henry Harvey.

During the Civil War practically all of the writing produced in Kansas was concerned with the struggle that the people were going through. The period from the close of the Civil War until the “grasshopper year” of 1874 was one of remarkable growth and expansion and the people were full of confidence and enthusiasm. It was in this period that _The Kansas Magazine_ was published. Though it lasted less than two years, it was a magazine of real literature. Among the contributors were: Henry King, James W. Steele, John J. Ingalls, D. W. Wilder, R. J. Hinton, Charles Robinson, and Noble L. Prentis.

The depression caused by the grasshopper raid affected Kansas in literature as well as in other activities. For several years but few books were published. Two of the books produced during this period were, however, very valuable ones: Andreas’ History of Kansas, a compilation by many writers, and Wilder’s Annals of Kansas. George R. Peck and John J. Ingalls came into prominence about this time as orators. Many of their speeches have become a part of our literature. Joseph G. McCoy and Joel Moody were writers of this period.

A number of good books were published in the ’80’s, among them: The Story of a Country Town, E. W. Howe; A Kansan Abroad, Noble L. Prentis; Rhymes of Ironquill, Eugene F. Ware; History of Kansas, L. W. Spring; Anabel and Other Poems, Ellen P. Allerton. Other writers of this time were: F. W. Giles, Charles Gleed, and Hattie Horner.

The period following the collapse of the boom, 1888 to 1892, produced many books. Some of the most prominent were: Kansas Miscellanies, Prentis; The Farmers’ Side, William A. Peffer; Letters, Charles F. Scott; In the Van of Empire, Henry Inman; Richard Bruce, Charles M. Sheldon; Old Wine in New Bottles, Brinton W. Woodward. During this period _The Agora_, a Kansas magazine, was published. All the best Kansas writers of the period were among its contributors, but it lived only a short time. Among other writers were: Nathaniel S. Goss, Mrs. Mary W. Hudson, Gov. Charles Robinson, Albert Bigelow Paine, and John Speer.

The last twenty years have brought peace and prosperity to Kansas and the people have been able to give more time and thought to literature. Many writings have been produced――poetry, essays, speeches, newspaper and magazine articles, and many books. The following are among the writers who have come into prominence in the last two decades:

Henry Inman, author of: The Old Santa Fe Trail, The Great Salt Lake Trail, The Ranch on the Oxhide, and The Delahoyd Boys.

Charles M. Sheldon, author of: Richard Bruce, Robert Hardy’s Seven Days, The Crucifixion of Philip Strong, His Brother’s Keeper, In His Steps, Malcolm Kirk, Lend a Hand, The Redemption of Freetown, The Miracle at Markham, One of the Two, For Christ and the Church, Born to Serve, Who Killed Joe’s Baby, The Reformer, The Narrow Gate, The Heart of the World, Paul Douglas, The Good Fight, The High Calling, The Twentieth Door.

William Allen White, author of: The Real Issue, Stratagems and Spoils, Court of Boyville, God’s Puppets, In Our Town, A Certain Rich Man, The Martial Adventures of Henry and Me, In the Heart of a Fool, Rhymes by Two Friends (poems by Mr. White and Albert Bigelow Paine).

Eugene Ware, author of: The Rise and Fall of the Saloon, The Lyon Campaign and History of the First Iowa Infantry, The Indian Campaign of 1864, Rhymes of Ironquill, Ithuriel, From Court to Court, Several translations from Spanish, French and Latin, contributions to many publications.

William Y. Morgan, author of: A Jayhawker in Europe, The Journey of a Jayhawker, The Near East, and numerous newspaper articles.

Margaret Hill McCarter, author of: The Cottonwood’s Story, Cuddy’s Baby, In Old Quivira, A Master’s Degree, The Peace of the Solomon Valley, Price of the Prairie, The Reclaimers, A Wall of Men, Winning the Wilderness, Vanguard of the Plains, and a series of classics.

Walt Mason, author of: Horse Sense, Rippling Rhymes, Terse Verse, Walt Mason: His Book, and Business Prose Poems.

William Elsey Connelley, author of: John Brown, James H. Lane, Wyandot Folk-Lore, An Appeal to the Record, Kansas Territorial Governors, Memoirs of John James Ingalls, Ingalls of Kansas, Quantrill and the Border Wars, Life of Preston B. Plumb, and Kansas and Kansans.

Samuel J. Crawford, author of Kansas in the Sixties.

William Herbert Carruth, author of Each in His Own Tongue and Other Poems.

Among other present-day Kansas writers are: E. W. Howe, F. W. Blackmar, Mrs. Louisa Cooke, Don Carlos, Effie Graham, W. A. McKeever, Mrs. Dell H. Munger, Mrs. Kate A. Aplington, Esther M. Clark, F. Dumont Smith, Charles M. Harger, Willard Wattles, and Dr. C. H. Lerrigo.

TERRITORIAL OFFICERS OF KANSAS

The Governors were appointed for terms of four years, but none of them served a full term. Ten different men filled the office during the Territorial period of six years and eight months. There were six Governors and five Acting Governors, James W. Denver serving in both capacities. During the absence of a Governor or when there was a vacancy in the office the duties of the Governor fell upon the Secretary of the Territory and he was called the Acting Governor.

Governors Acting Governors Terms Served

Andrew H. Reeder July 7, 1854, to August 16, 1855. Daniel Woodson August 16, 1855, to September 7, 1855. Wilson Shannon September 7, 1855, to August 18, 1856. Daniel Woodson August 18, 1856, to September 9, 1856. John W. Geary September 9, 1856, to March 12, 1857. Daniel Woodson March 12, 1857, to April 16, 1857. Frederick P. Stanton April 16, 1857, to May 27, 1857. Robert J. Walker May 27, 1857, to November 16, 1857. Frederick P. Stanton November 16, 1857, to December 21, 1857. James W. Denver December 21, 1857, to May 12, 1858. James W. Denver May 12, 1858, to October 10, 1858. Hugh S. Walsh October 10, 1858, to December 18, 1858. Samuel Medary December 18, 1858, to December 17, 1860. Hugh S. Walsh August 1, 1859, to September 15, 1859. Hugh S. Walsh April 15, 1860, to June 16, 1860. George M. Beebe September 11, 1860, to November 25, 1860.

Auditors

John Donaldson 1855-1857 Hiram Jackson Strickler 1857-1861

Treasurers

Thomas J. B. Cramer 1855-1859 Robert B. Mitchell 1859-1861

Attorneys-General

Andrew Jackson Isacks 1854-1857 William Weer 1857-1858 Alson C. Davis 1858-1861

Superintendents of Schools

James H. Noteware 1858 Samuel Wiley Greer 1858-1861 John C. Douglass 1861

Territorial Chief Justices

Samuel Dexter Lecompte 1854-1859 John Pettit 1859-1861

Associate Justices

Saunders W. Johnston 1854-1855 J. M. Burrell 1855-1856 Thomas Cunningham 1856-1857 Joseph Williams 1857-1861 Rush Elmore 1854-1855 Sterling G. Cato 1855-1858 Rush Elmore 1858-1861

STATE OFFICERS OF KANSAS

Governors

Charles Robinson 1861-1863 Thomas Carney 1863-1865 Samuel J. Crawford 1865-1868 Resigned November 4, 1868 Nehemiah Green, Acting Governor 1868-1869 James M. Harvey 1869-1873 Thomas A. Osborn 1873-1877 George T. Anthony 1877-1879 John P. St. John 1879-1883 George W. Glick 1883-1885 John A. Martin 1885-1889 Lyman U. Humphrey 1889-1893 Lorenzo D. Lewelling 1893-1895 Edmund N. Morrill 1895-1897 John W. Leedy 1897-1899 William E. Stanley 1899-1903 Willis Joshua Bailey 1903-1905 Edward W. Hoch 1905-1909 Walter Roscoe Stubbs 1909-1913 George H. Hodges 1913-1915 Arthur Capper 1915-1919 Henry J. Allen 1919 ――――

Lieutenant-Governors

Joseph P. Root 1861-1863 Thomas A. Osborn 1863-1865 James McGrew 1865-1867 Nehemiah Green 1867-1868 Charles V. Eskridge 1869-1871 Peter P. Elder 1871-1873 Elias S. Stover 1873-1875 Melville J. Salter 1875-1877 Resigned July 19, 1877. Lyman U. Humphrey, elected November 6 1877 Lyman U. Humphrey 1879-1881 D. W. Finney 1881-1885 Alex. P. Riddle 1885-1889 Andrew J. Felt 1889-1893 Percy Daniels 1893-1895 James A. Troutman 1895-1897 A. M. Harvey 1897-1899 H. E. Richter 1899-1903 David J. Hanna 1903-1907 W. J. Fitzgerald 1907-1911 Richard J. Hopkins 1911-1913 Sheffield Ingalls 1913-1915 William Yost Morgan 1915-1919 Chas. E. Huffman 1919 ――――

Secretaries of State

John Winter Robinson 1861-1862 Removed July 28, 1862. Sanders Rufus Shepherd, appointed 1862-1863 William Wirt Henry Lawrence 1863-1865 Rinaldo Allen Barker 1865-1869 Thomas Moonlight 1869-1871 William Hillary Smallwood 1871-1875 Thomas H. Cavanaugh 1875-1879 James Smith 1879-1885 Edwin Bird Allen 1885-1889 William Higgins 1889-1893 Russel Scott Osborn 1893-1895 William Congdon Edwards 1895-1897 William Eben Bush 1897-1899 George Alfred Clark 1899-1903 Joel Randall Burrow 1903-1907 C. E. Denton 1907-1911 Charles H. Sessions 1911-1915 John Thomas Botkin 1915-1919 L. J. Pettijohn 1919 ――――

Auditors

George Shaler Hillyer 1861-1862 Removed July 28, 1862. David Long Lakin, appointed 1862-1863 Asa Hairgrove 1863-1865 John R. Swallow 1865-1869 Alois Thoman 1869-1873 Daniel Webster Wilder 1873-1876 Resigned September 20, 1876. Parkinson Isaiah Bonebrake, appointed 1876 Parkinson Isaiah Bonebrake 1877-1883 Edward P. McCabe 1883-1887 Timothy McCarthy 1887-1891 Charles Merrill Hovey 1891-1893 Van B. Prather 1893-1895 George Ezekiel Cole 1895-1897 William H. Morris 1897-1899 George Ezekiel Cole 1899-1903 Seth Grant Wells 1903-1907 J. M. Nation 1907-1911 W. E. Davis 1911-1917 F. W. Knapp 1917 ――――

Treasurers

William Tholen, elected in 1859. Entered the army and did not qualify. Hartwin R. Dutton, appointed March 26 1861 Hartwin R. Dutton, elected 1861-1863 William Spriggs 1863-1867 Martin Anderson 1867-1869 George Graham 1869-1871 Josiah Emery Hayes 1871-1874 Resigned April 30, 1874 John Francis, appointed 1874-1875 Samuel Lappin 1875 Resigned December 20, 1875. John Francis, appointed 1875 John Francis 1877-1883 Samuel T. Howe 1883-1887 James William Hamilton 1887-1890 Resigned March 1, 1890. William Sims, appointed 1890-1891 Solomon G. Stover 1891-1893 William Henry Biddle 1893-1895 Otis L. Atherton 1895-1897 David H. Heflebower 1897-1899 Frank E. Grimes 1899-1903 Thomas T. Kelly 1903-1907 Mark Tully 1907-1913 Earl Akers 1913-1917 Walter L. Payne 1917 ――――

Attorneys-General

Benjamin Franklin Simpson 1861 Resigned July, 1861. Charles Chadwick, appointed 1861 Samuel A. Stinson 1861-1863 Warren W. Guthrie 1863-1865 Jerome D. Brumbaugh 1865-1867 George Henry Hoyt 1867-1869 Addison Danford 1869-1871 Archibald L. Williams 1871-1875 Asa M. F. Randolph 1875-1877 Willard Davis 1877-1881 William A. Johnston 1881-1884 Resigned December 1, 1884. George P. Smith, appointed 1884-1885 Simeon Briggs Bradford 1885-1889 Lyman Beecher Kellogg 1889-1891 John Nutt Ives 1891-1893 John Thomas Little 1893-1895 Fernando B. Dawes 1895-1897 Louis C. Boyle 1897-1899 Aretas A. Godard 1899-1903 Charles Crittenden Coleman 1903-1907 F. S. Jackson 1907-1911 John S. Dawson 1911-1915 Sardies Mason Brewster 1915-1919 Richard J. Hopkins 1919 ――――

Superintendents of Public Instruction

William Riley Griffith 1861-1862 Died February 12, 1862. Simeon Montgomery Thorp, appointed 1862-1863 Isaac T. Goodnow 1863-1867 Peter McVicar 1867-1871 Hugh De France McCarty 1871-1875 John Fraser 1875-1877 Allen Borsley Lemmon 1877-1881 Henry Clay Speer 1881-1885 Joseph Hadden Lawhead 1885-1889 George Wesley Winans 1889-1893 Henry Newton Gaines 1893-1895 Edmund Stanley 1895-1897 William Stryker 1897-1899 Frank Nelson 1899-1903 Insley L. Dayhoff 1903-1907 E. T. Fairchild 1907-1912 Resigned November 19, 1912. W. D. Ross, appointed 1912 W. D. Ross 1913-1919 Lorraine E. Wooster 1919 ――――

Chief Justices

Thomas Ewing, Jr. 1861-1862 Resigned November 28, 1862. Nelson Cobb, appointed 1862-1864 Robert Crozier 1864-1867 Samuel Austin Kingman 1867-1876 Resigned December 30, 1876. Albert Howell Horton, appointed 1876 Albert Howell Horton 1877-1895 Resigned April 30, 1895. David Martin, appointed 1895 David Martin 1895-1897 Frank Doster 1897-1903 William Agnew Johnston 1903 ――――

State Printers

S. S. Prouty 1869-1873 George W. Martin 1873-1881 T. Dwight Thatcher 1881-1887 Clifford C. Baker 1887-1891 E. H. Snow 1891-1895 J. K. Hudson 1895-1897 J. S. Parks 1897-1899 W. Y. Morgan 1899-1903 George A. Clark 1903-1905 T. A. McNeal 1905-1911 W. C. Austin 1911-1915 William R. Smith 1915-1919 Resigned February 1, 1919. Imri Zumwalt, appointed 1919 ――――

Superintendents of Insurance

Webb McNall 1897-1901 W. V. Church 1901-1903 Charles H. Luling 1903-1907 Charles W. Barnes 1907-1911 Ike S. Lewis 1911-1915 Carey J. Wilson 1915-1919 Frank L. Travis 1919 ――――

United States Senators

LANE SUCCESSION

James H. Lane 1861-1866 Died July 11, 1866. Edmund G. Ross, appointed 1866 Edmund G. Ross 1867-1871 Alexander Caldwell 1871-1873 Resigned March 24, 1873. Robert Crozier, appointed 1873-1874 James M. Harvey, elected 1874-1877 Preston B. Plumb 1877-1891 Died December 20, 1891. Bishop W. Perkins, appointed 1892-1893 John Martin, elected January 25 1893-1895 Lucien Baker 1895-1901 Joseph Ralph Burton 1901-1906 Resigned, 1906. A. W. Benson, appointed 1906-1907 Charles Curtis 1907-1913 William H. Thompson 1913-1919 Arthur Capper 1919 ――――

POMEROY SUCCESSION

Samuel C. Pomeroy 1861-1873 John James Ingalls 1873-1891 William Alfred Peffer 1891-1897 William A. Harris 1897-1903 Chester I. Long 1903-1909 J. L. Bristow 1909-1915 Charles Curtis 1915 ――――

Congressmen

Martin F. Conway 1861-1863 Abel Carter Wilder 1863-1865 Sidney Clarke 1865-1871 David P. Lowe 1871-1875 Stephen Alonzo Cobb 1873-1875 William Addison Phillips 1873-1879 William R. Brown 1875-1877 John R. Goodin 1875-1877 Dudley C. Haskell 1877-1883 Thomas Ryan 1877-1889 John Alexander Anderson 1879-1891 Edmund N. Morrill 1883-1891 Samuel Ritter Peters 1883-1891 Lewis Hanback 1883-1887 Bishop W. Perkins 1883-1891 Edward Hogue Funston 1883-1893 Erastus J. Turner 1887-1891 Harrison Kelley 1889-1891 Case Broderick 1891-1899 B. H. Clover 1891-1893 John Davis 1891-1895 Jerry Simpson { 1891-1895 { 1897-1899 John Grant Otis 1891-1893 William Baker 1891-1897 William Alexander Harris 1893-1895 Horace L. Moore 1893-1895 Charles Curtis 1893-1907 Thomas J. Hudson 1893-1895 Richard W. Blue 1895-1897 Orrin L. Miller 1895-1897 Snyder S. Kirkpatrick 1895-1897 Chester I. Long { 1895-1897 { 1899-1903 William A. Calderhead { 1895-1897 { 1899-1911 Jeremiah Dunham Botkin 1897-1899 Mason Summers Peters 1897-1899 N. B. McCormick 1897-1899 Edwin Reed Ridgely 1897-1901 William D. Vincent 1897-1899 Willis Joshua Bailey 1899-1901 Justin DeWitt Bowersock 1899-1907 James Monroe Miller 1899-1911 William Augustus Reeder 1899-1911 Charles Frederick Scott 1901-1911 Alfred Metcalf Jackson 1901-1903 Philip Pitt Campbell 1903 ―――― Victor Murdock 1903-1915 D. R. Anthony 1907 ―――― E. H. Madison[22] 1907-1911 A. C. Mitchell[23] 1911-1911 Fred S. Jackson 1911-1913 R. R. Rees 1911-1913 I. D. Young 1911-1913 Joseph Taggart 1911-1915 Dudley Doolittle 1913-1919 Guy T. Helvering 1913-1919 John R. Connelly 1913-1919 George A. Neeley 1912-1915 Jouett Shouse 1915-1919 William A. Ayers 1915 ―――― Edward Little 1915 ―――― Hayes B. White 1919 ―――― Homer Hoch 1919 ―――― James Strong 1919 ―――― James N. Tincher 1919 ――――

INSTITUTIONS IN KANSAS

State Schools

University of Kansas Lawrence. State Agricultural College Manhattan. State Normal School Emporia. Fort Hays Kansas Normal School Hays. State Manual Training Normal School Pittsburg. Kansas School for the Blind Kansas City. Kansas School for the Deaf Olathe.

Denominational Schools

Baker University, Methodist Episcopal Baldwin. Bethany College, Swedish Lutheran Lindsborg. Bethany College, Episcopalian Topeka. Bethel College, Mennonite Newton. Campbell University Holton. College of Emporia, Presbyterian Emporia. College Preparatory School (Private) Atchison. Cooper College, United Presbyterian Sterling. Enterprise Normal Academy, German M. E. Enterprise. Fairmount College, Congregational Wichita. Fowler Friends Academy, Friends Fowler. Friends University, Friends Wichita. Highland University, Presbyterian Highland. Haviland Academy, Friends Haviland. Kansas City University, United Brethren Kansas City. Kansas Wesleyan University, Methodist Episcopal Salina. McPherson College, Church of the Brethren McPherson. Midland College, Lutheran Atchison. Mt. St. Scholastica’s Academy, Catholic Atchison. Nazareth Academy, Catholic Concordia. Northbranch Academy, Friends Northbranch. Ottawa University, Baptist Ottawa. Southwestern College, Methodist Episcopal Winfield. St. Benedict’s College, Catholic Atchison. St. John’s Lutheran College, Lutheran Winfield. St. Martin’s School, Episcopalian Salina. St. Mary’s Academy, Catholic Leavenworth. St. Mary’s Academy, Catholic Great Bend. St. Mary’s College, Catholic St. Marys. Walden College, Evangelical McPherson. Washburn College, Congregational Topeka.

State Penal or Corrective Institutions

State Industrial Reformatory Hutchinson. State Industrial School for Girls Beloit. State Industrial School for Boys Topeka. State Penitentiary Lansing.

State Benevolent Institutions

State Training School Winfield. State Hospital for the Insane Topeka. State Hospital for the Insane Osawatomie. State Hospital for the Insane Larned. State Hospital for Epileptics Parsons. State Hospital for Tuberculosis Norton.

Special Institutions

State Soldiers’ Home Fort Dodge. Mother Bickerdyke Home Ellsworth. Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home Atchison.

State Colored Schools

Topeka Industrial and Educational Institute Topeka. Western University Quindaro.

Federal Institutions

Haskell Institute, Indian Lawrence. Pottawatomie Boarding School for Indians Nadeau. Federal Prison Leavenworth. National Soldiers’ Home Leavenworth. United States Disciplinary Barracks Fort Leavenworth. (Military Prison.)

BALANCE OF POWER IN THE UNITED STATES SENATE BETWEEN THE FREE AND THE SLAVE STATES

FREE. SLAVE. Pennsylvania. Delaware. The original thirteen states. New Jersey. Georgia. Connecticut. Maryland. Massachusetts. South Carolina. New Hampshire. Virginia. New York. North Carolina. Rhode Island. ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― 7 6

Vermont, 1791. Kentucky, 1792. Ohio, 1802. Tennessee, 1796. Indiana, 1816. Louisiana, 1812. Illinois, 1818. Mississippi, 1817 Alabama, 1819. ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― 11 11 The Missouri Compromise, 1820. Maine, 1820. Missouri, 1821. Arkansas, 1836. ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― 12 13 First slave state majority.

Michigan, 1837. Florida, 1845. Iowa, 1846. Texas, 1845. Last slave state. Wisconsin, 1848. ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― 15 15

California, 1850. Compromise of 1850. ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― 16 15 Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854. The last chance for the Minnesota, 1858. South to win. Oregon, 1859. Kansas, 1861. ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― 19 15 Secession and the Civil War.

ORGANIZATION OF THE COUNTIES OF KANSAS

Counties Organized Before 1860

_County._ _Date of Organization._ _County Seat._ Allen 1855 Iola. Anderson 1855 Garnett. Atchison 1855 Atchison. Bourbon 1855 Fort Scott. Brown 1855 Hiawatha. Butler 1855 El Dorado. Chase 1859 Cottonwood Falls. Coffey 1859 Burlington. Dickinson 1857 Abilene. Doniphan 1855 Troy. Douglas 1855 Lawrence. Franklin 1855 Ottawa. Geary[24] 1855 Junction City. Jackson[25] 1857 Holton. Jefferson 1855 Oskaloosa. Johnson 1855 Olathe. Leavenworth 1855 Leavenworth. Linn 1855 Mound City. Marshall 1855 Marysville. Miami[26] 1855 Paola. Morris[27] 1855 Council Grove. Nemaha 1855 Seneca. Osage[28] 1855 Lyndon. Pottawatomie 1856 Westmoreland. Riley 1855 Manhattan. Saline 1859 Salina. Shawnee 1855 Topeka. Wabaunsee[29] 1859 Alma. Woodson 1855 Yates Center. Wyandotte 1855 Kansas City.

Counties Organized 1860-1870

_County._ _Date of Organization._ _County Seat._ Cherokee 1866 Columbus. Clay 1866 Clay Center. Cloud[30] 1860 Concordia. Crawford 1867 Girard. Ellis 1867 Hays. Ellsworth 1867 Ellsworth. Greenwood 1862 Eureka. Labette[31] 1867 Oswego. Lyon[32] 1860 Emporia. Marion 1860 Marion. Montgomery 1869 Independence. Neosho[33] 1864 Erie. Ottawa 1866 Minneapolis. Republic 1868 Belleville. Washington 1860 Washington. Wilson 1865 Fredonia.

Counties Organized 1870-1880

_County._ _Date of Organization._ _County Seat._ Barber 1873 Medicine Lodge. Barton 1872 Great Bend. Chautauqua 1875 Sedan. Cowley[34] 1870 Winfield. Decatur 1879 Oberlin. Edwards 1874 Kinsley. Elk[35] 1875 Howard. Ford 1873 Dodge City. Harper[36] 1878 Anthony. Harvey 1872 Newton. Hodgeman 1879 Jetmore. Jewell 1870 Mankato. Kingman 1874 Kingman. Lincoln 1870 Lincoln. McPherson 1870 McPherson. Mitchell 1870 Beloit. Norton 1872 Norton. Osborne 1871 Osborne. Pawnee 1872 Larned. Phillips 1872 Phillipsburg. Pratt[36] 1879 Pratt. Reno 1872 Hutchinson. Rice 1871 Lyons. Rooks 1872 Stockton. Rush 1874 La Crosse. Russell 1872 Russell. Sedgwick 1870 Wichita. Smith 1872 Smith Center. Stafford 1879 St. John. Sumner 1871 Wellington. Trego 1879 WaKeeney.

Counties Organized 1880-1890

_County._ _Date of Organization._ _County Seat._ Cheyenne 1886 St. Francis. Clark 1885 Ashland. Comanche[37] 1885 Coldwater. Finney[38] 1884 Garden City. Gove 1886 Gove. Graham 1880 Hill City. Gran 1888 Ulysses. Gray 1887 Cimarron. Greeley 1887 Tribune. Hamilton 1886 Syracuse. Haskell 1887 Santa Fe. Kearny 1888 Lakin. Kiowa 1886 Greensburg. Lane 1886 Dighton. Logan 1887 Russell Springs. Meade 1885 Meade. Morton 1886 Richfield. Ness[37] 1880 Ness City. Rawlins 1881 Atwood. Scott 1886 Scott. Seward 1886 Liberal. Sheridan 1880 Hoxie. Sherman 1886 Goodland. Stanton 1887 Johnson. Stevens 1886 Hugoton. Thomas 1885 Colby. Wichita 1886 Leoti. Wallace 1888 Sharon Springs.

[1] Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology.

[2] In 1819 the United States gave to Spain that part of Kansas lying south of the Arkansas River and west of the 100th meridian. This territory again became a part of the United States by the annexation of Texas in 1845.

[3] Coues, Expedition of Zebulon Montgomery Pike.

[4] A cache was made by digging a jug-shaped hole in the ground and lining it with dry grass, or sticks, or anything to keep out moisture. Then the goods were packed in and the opening closed very carefully by replacing the sod and carrying away the earth that was removed, so that no sign was left by which the cache might be discovered. Sometimes a camp fire was built over it to destroy all traces of the cache.

[5] Another phenomenon that makes the traveler in a dry or desert country afraid to trust his eyes is the mirage. He often sees what seem to be lakes, trees, buildings, cities, only to find on nearer approach that they all disappear. As Kansas has come under cultivation the mirage has become less frequent, but it is still seen in the western part of the State. Here is a description of one seen in early Kansas:

“On approaching the town of Lerny, about a mile and a quarter this side, we found the whole intermediate space between us and the grove of trees beyond the town apparently occupied by a beautiful lake. On the apparent shore next to ourselves the road ran down and disappeared in the lake, as did the fence upon one side of the road, while the placid and beautiful water extended upon the right and left, until lost in the distance. The trees in the distance appeared to be immersed for half their length in the lake, as if growing in the water. Even the reflection of the trees, and of the clouds above, was distinctly visible. We approached the vision and it vanished.”

[6] Because of the increasing migration westward, the National Government decided to send out expeditions for the purpose of discovering the best routes across the mountains to the Pacific. John C. Fremont was selected for this task, and between 1842 and 1850 he made four journeys across the plains. Among the scouts who acted as guides was the famous hunter and trapper, and Indian fighter, Kit Carson.

[7] The fact that Kansas was once an Indian country is shown by the many Indian names of counties, towns, and streams; as, Topeka, Pottawatomie, Hiawatha, Wyandotte, Shawnee, Cheyenne, Cherokee, and Kiowa.

[8] Among the schools established by the missions three have continued in existence and have developed into important schools of to-day: Highland College, established by the Presbyterians; St. Mary’s College, by the Catholics; and Ottawa University, by the Baptists.

[9] Named after Mount Oread Seminary at Worcester, Mass., of which Eli Thayer was the founder and proprietor.

[10] Named in honor of Amos A. Lawrence, of Boston, an active member of the Emigrant Aid Company.

[11] It should be borne in mind that many of the Missourians who took such an active part in Kansas affairs were not representative citizens of that state, but were of the unprincipled and outlaw classes. Many of them were hired for this work.

[12] Ingalls said of this period: “No time was ever so minutely and so indelibly photographed upon the public retina. The name of no State was ever on so many friendly and so many hostile tongues. It was pronounced in every political speech, and inserted in every political platform. No region was ever so advertised, and the impression then produced has never passed away.”

[13] This period has given rise to the expression “bleeding Kansas.”

[14] The origin of the word “Jayhawker” is uncertain, though a number of different accounts have been given of it. In recent years the term has come to be applied to our State and our people, and it is not unusual for a Kansan to be spoken of as a “Jayhawker.”

[15] One of Hamelton’s men was brought to justice five years later.

[16] A census taken in 1885 disclosed the fact that nearly 100,000 Kansans had served in the Union army.

[17] The Populist party was formed as a result of the political unrest following the collapse of the boom. The Populist measures attracted widespread attention, and the party, in fusion with the Democrats, succeeded in electing Governor Lewelling in 1892 and Governor Leedy in 1896. By that time conditions in the State had become more settled; with returning prosperity the political agitation died down and the Populists were soon absorbed into the other parties. Since that time many of the measures advocated by the Populists have been enacted into law or are being considered by the people of to-day.

[18] This line was at first called the Kansas Pacific.

[19] See map, page 28.

[20] The traveling library system in Kansas was adopted in 1900 and is now under state control through a Commission which maintains an office in the capitol at Topeka. These traveling libraries are made up of collections of fifty books each, selected in accordance with the wishes of the applicant. They are sent to schools, clubs, granges, and similar organizations without charge other than a fee of two dollars to cover the cost of transportation. The libraries may be retained six months, or exchanged at any time for others.

[21] The place was discovered in 1875 by Mrs. Elizabeth A. Johnson, who later purchased the land and presented it to the State.

[22] Died, Sept. 18, 1911.

[23] Died, July 7, 1911.

[24] Named Davis until 1889.

[25] Named Calhoun until 1859.

[26] Named Lykins until 1861.

[27] Named Wise until 1859.

[28] Named Weller until 1859.

[29] Named Richardson before 1859.

[30] The original name, Shirley, changed to Cloud in 1867.

[31] Part of Dorn County until 1861. Named Neosho until 1867.

[32] Named Breckinridge until 1862.

[33] Named Dorn until 1861.

[34] Originally named Hunter.

[35] Originally the northern portion of Howard County.

[36] First organization in 1873, later set aside as fraudulent.

[37] First organization in 1873, later set aside as fraudulent.

[38] Named Sequoyah until 1883.

INDEX

Abilene, 157. Actual Settlers’ Association, 68. Adams, Franklin G., 231. Adams, Zu, 231. Admission of Kansas, 98, 106. Agricultural College, 143, 163, 197, 201. Agricultural Society, 143, 163. Agriculture, Board of, 163. Agriculture, taught to the Indians, 45, 142; Territorial days, 142; during Civil War, 143; 1860 to 1880, 147; 1880 to 1887, 148; 1887 to 1893, 148; 1893 to 1918, 153; basis of prosperity, 171; in schools, 191, 195. Aid from the East, 106, 121. Air Service, 139. Alfalfa, 150, 151. Allerton, Ellen P., 233. Alliance, Farmers’, 161. Amendments to the Constitution, 136; to National Constitution, 137. Ammunition Train, 139. Anderson, John A., 230. Andreas’ History of Kansas, 233. Anti-cigarette Law, 136. Appendix, 223-250. Apple Crop, 160. Aplington, Kate A., 234. Argonne, 139. Arizona, 29. Arkansas City, 128. “Army of the North,” 89. Ash Creek, 37. Atchison, D. R., 73, 74. Atchison, 21, 42, 68, 168; county, 20. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, building of, 178, 180. Attorneys-General, Territorial, 236; State, 239. Auditors, Territorial, 235; State, 238. Automobile, 184.

Baker University, 204, 244. Balance of Power, 57; table of, 246. Baptist Missions, 225. Barber, murder of, 83. Barton County, 207. Becknell, journey of, 29. Beecher, Henry Ward, 87. Beet Sugar Factory, 153. Berryman, Rev. J. C., 225. Bickerdyke, Mary A., 231. Black Jack, battle of, 86. Blackmar, F. W., 234. “Bleeding Kansas,” 91. Blue Lodges, 65. Bluemont College, 201. “Blue Sky” Law, 136. Board of Administration, 204. Board of Agriculture, 163. Bogus Legislature, 74, 76, 78, 80, 220, 223. Boom, 127, 148. Boston, 69. Branson, Jacob, 79, 80. Brewer, David J., 230. Brick, 167, 170. Broom Corn, 151. Brown, John, 85; at Pottawatomie, 86, 97; at Osawatomie, 86, 90; site of battle field, 211; monument, 212, 213. Buchanan, President, 98. Buffalo, 9, 18, 21, 25, 33, 36, 37, 48, 115, 123, 124, 143. Building Stone, 166. Butler County, 117, 168, 169.

Cabeza de Vaca, 10, 11, 36. Cache, how made, 38. California, 29, 175; gold seekers, 41; gold fields, 41; Road, 42, 69; emigration to, 62. Camp Funston, 138. Capital, State, 99. Capitals, Territorial, 223. Capitol, State, 130. Carruth, William Herbert, 234. Carson, Kit, 41. Catholic priests, 16; missions, 49, 226. Cattle Trade, 157-159. Census, first Territorial, 78. Cherokee County, 166. Chief Justices, Territorial, 236; State, 240. Child-labor Law, 136. Cibola, 11. Cimarron Crossing, 38. Cimarron River, 32, 38. Civil War, 109-113, 115-129, 131, 143, 166. Clark, Esther M., 234. Clark, William, 20. Cloud County, 115. Coal, 166. Colby, 163. Coleman, 79. Colleges, list of, 244. College of Emporia, 204. Columbus, 9, 10. Colorado, 22, 29, 151, 153. Comanche Indians, 25, 33. Commercial Work, 195. Commission, Railroad, 182. Congressmen, 242, 243. Connelley, William Elsey, 234. Consolidated Schools, 191; Districts, 195. Constitution, Topeka, 78, 94, 223; Lecompton, 94, 95, 96, 223; Leavenworth, 96, 223; Wyandotte, 98, 99, 106, 223. Constitutions, summary of, 223. Corn, 156. Coronado, 10-14, 49; monument for, 213; sword of, 215. Cortez, 10, 29. Cotton Gin, 55. Council Grove, 33, 34, 72, 210. Counties Organized, 113, 122; lists of, 248-250. County High School, 193. Cowboy, 158, 159. Crawford County, 166. Crawford, Samuel J., 117, 234. Crops of Kansas, 147, 148.

Dairying, 157. Daughters of American Revolution, 210. Democratic Party, 98. Denominational Schools, 204, 244. Denver, Governor, 97. Dodge City, 12, 163; cattle trade center, 158. Domestic Science, 192. Don Carlos, Mrs. Louise Cooke, 234. Doniphan County, 20. Douglas County, 79. Douglas, Stephen A., 58. Dow, 79. Drouth, 67, 104, 105, 106, 119, 127, 142, 148. Dugout, 102.

Education, 187-206; see Schools. Eldridge, 85. Election, first Territorial, 72; second Territorial, 73. Electric Railways, 182, 183. Elwood, 176. Emigrant Aid Company, 63, 64, 65, 85. Emporia, 197. English, 17. Exodus, 125. Experiment Station, 163. Extension Work, 204.

Farmers’ Alliance, 161. Farmers’ Educational and Cooperative Union, 163. Farmers’ Institutes, 162. Farmers’ Organizations, 160. Farming Implements, 143-146. Father Padilla, 48. Feterita, 153. Fire-escape Law, 136. Floods, 133. Foreign Settlements, 180, 181. Fort Dodge, 38, 52, 228. Fort Hays, 52, 228. Fort Hays Kansas Normal School, 194. Fort Leavenworth, 50, 52, 139, 227. Fort Riley, 51, 52, 72, 75, 139, 211, 212, 227. Fort Scott, 52, 166, 227. Forts, list of, 227-229. “Forty-niners,” 41. Fourth of July Creek, 21. France, 16, 139; end of claims in America, 17-18. Franklin, 33, 89. Fremont, John C., 41. Friends Missions, 49, 225. Friends University, 204. Funston, Fred, 129. Fur Traders, 47.

Garden City, 153, 163. Gardner, 42. Gas, 167, 168, 171. Gasoline Tractor, 147. Geary, John W., 90, 91, 92, 94. Giles, F. W., 233. Glass, 171; factories, 167, 171. Gleed, Charles, 233. Glick, Geo. W., 211. Gold Seekers, 41, 42. Good Roads, 183, 193; federal aid, 183. Goss, Nathaniel S., 233. Governors, Territorial, 235; State, 237. Graham, Effie, 234. Grange, 160. Grasshopper Invasion, 121, 122, 127. Gray, Alfred, 231. Great American Desert, 24, 25, 29, 106, 122. Great Bend, 12-13. Great Salt Lake, 41. Great Seal of Kansas, 116. Greenwood County, 117. Gregg, Josiah, 34. Gypsum, 168, 170.

Hall of Fame, 211. Hamelton, 97. Hand Planter, 143, 144. Hard-surfaced Roads, 184. Harger, Charles M., 234. Harris, William A., 230. Harvey, Henry, 225-226, 233. Hays, 163. Highland College, 49, 225. High Schools, accredited, 193, 195, 197; purpose of, 195; courses, 195. Hinton, R. J., 233. Historical Society, 214, 215. History of Kansas, 207, 221. Homes of Kansas, poem, 101. Homestead Law, 117, 118. Horner, Hattie, 233. Horses, used on Santa Fe Trail, 33. Horticulture, 159. Household Arts, 191, 195. Howe, E. W., 233, 234. Hudson, Mary W., 233. Hutchinson, 167, 169.

Illinois, 64. Immigration, 64, 65, 67, 88, 105-106, 115, 117-118, 122, 129, 180, 181. Independence, 33. Independence Creek, 21. Indiana, 64. Indian Territory, 46. Indians, 9, 20, 21, 22, 55, 72, 135; tribes of, 25; and traders, 31; experience with, 38; possessed Kansas, 45-53; reservations, 46; taught in missions, 49; removal of, 45-46; raids, 109, 115, 117; as farmers, 142; raised corn, 156. Industrial Training, 195. Industries of Kansas, 142-171. Ingalls, John J., 87, 211, 218, 233. Inman, Henry, 233, 234. Institutions, State, 244, 245. Insurance, Superintendents of, 241. Interstate Commerce Commission, 182. Interurban Lines, 183. Iowa, 64, 88, 89. “Iron Trail,” 179. Irrigation, 149. Irving, Washington, 24. Irwin, Rev. S. M., 225.

Jayhawkers, 96. Jefferson, President, 17, 20. Jesuits, 16, 48. Johnson, Mrs. Elizabeth A., 209. Johnson, Rev. Thomas, 50, 225. Johnson, William, 225. Joliet, 16. Jones, Sheriff, 79, 81, 83. Junction City, 13. Juvenile Courts, 136.

Kafir Corn, 151. Kansas, admission of, 98, 106. Kansas City, 39, 50, 65, 66, 68, 112, 133, 166, 167, 174, 177. Kansas History, in the making, 221. Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 58, 63. Kansas Pacific Railroad, 177. Kansas Spirit, 217-221. Kansas Territory, map, 56; organization, 58. Kansas To-day, 135, 136. Kanza Indians, 25, 33, 45. Kaw Indians, same as Kanza Indians. King, Henry, 233. Kingman, Samuel A., 230.

La Croix, Father, 226. Land Grants, 180. Lane, James H., 78, 79, 87, 89, 99. La Salle, 16. Lawrence, 65, 68, 79, 80, 83, 88, 99, 167; sacking of, 83; defense of, 91; Quantrill raid, 111; floods, 133, 135. Lawrence, Amos A., 67. Lead and Zinc, 167. Leavenworth, 42, 68, 168. Leavenworth Constitution, 96, 166, 223. Lecompton, 68, 69, 88, 95. Lecompton Constitution, 94, 95, 223. Leedy, Governor, 161. Legislature, Bogus, 74, 76, 79, 80; second Territorial, 94. Legislature, first Free-state, 95. Legislatures, summary of, 223. Length of school term, 187, 190. Lerrigo, Dr. C. H., 234. Lewelling, Governor, 161. Lewis and Clark, expedition of, 20-21, 25. Lieutenant-Governors, 237. Lincoln, 110. Lindsborg, 181. Linn County, 97, 112. Live Stock, 156-159. Locomotive, invention of, 174; old and modern, 182. Long, Major, 24. Louisiana, naming of, 16; purchase of, 17, 20, 45, 57; exploration of, 20. Lykins, Dr. David, 225. Lykins, Dr. Johnson, 225.

Manhattan, 68, 69, 177, 200, 201. Manual Training, 191, 192. Manual Training Normal School, 198, 201. Manufactures, 165. Marais des Cygnes Massacre, 97, 212. Marion County, 117. Markham, Thomas B., 225. Marne, Battle of the, 139. Marquette, 16. Marysville, 176. Mason, Walt, 234. McCarter, Margaret Hill, 234. McCoy, Rev. Isaac, 49, 225. McCoy, Joseph G., 233. McKeever, W. A., 234. Meat Packing, 166, 181. Meeker, Jotham, 49, 225. Memorial Hall, 2, 213, 214. Memorials of Kansas, 207-215. Mendenhall, Rev. M., 226. Mennonites, 156, 180. Methodist Missions, 49, 50, 225. Mexico, 17, 21, 29; war with, 40, 50. Miller, Sol, 101. Milling, 165, 181. Milo, 153. Mine Creek, 112. Mineral Resources, 166. Minneola, 223. Mirage, 40. Missionaries, 47, 48, 49, 142. Missions, 53, 142; established, 49, 50; list of, 225, 226. Missouri Compromise, 57, 58, 246. Missouri River closed to free-state immigration, 88. Montgomery, James, 96. Monuments, 210-214. Moody, Joel, 233. Morgan, Wm. Y., 234. Mormons, 41, 52. Mormon Trail, 42. Mortgages, 128. Motor Trucks, 184. Mounds, 112. Mount Oread, 67, 203. Munger, Mrs. Dell H., 234. Music, 191, 195. Mutual Benefit Association, 160.

Narvaez, 10. National Army, 138, 139. National Government, protected traders, 32; sent out Fremont, 41; removal policy of, 45; established Fort Leavenworth, 50, 52. National Guard, 139. Nebraska, 25, 42, 88, 89, 153. Neosho Valley, 33. Nevada, 29. New England Emigrant Aid Company, first party, 65; second party, 67; third and fourth parties, 68. New Mexico, 11, 21, 29, 39. New Spain, 10, 11, 14. Nichols, Mrs. C. I. H., 231. Nineteenth Kansas, 117. Normal Schools, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 203, 204, 244. Northern Route to Kansas, 88. Nurses in World War, 139.

Officers, Territorial, 235, 236; State, 237-243. Officers’ Training Camps, 139. Ohio, 64. Oil, 167, 168, 169. Oklahoma, 24, 46, 59, 167; opening of, 128. “Old Mill,” 144. Oregon, Emigrants to, 41. Oregon Trail, 42. Organization of Kansas Territory, 55-59. Osage County, 166. Osage Indians, 21, 25, 33, 34, 45, 225. Osawatomie, 85; pillaged, 86; burned, 90. Ottawa University, 49, 204. Oxen, 33.

Pack Mules, 31. Padilla, Father, 48. Padoucas, 25. Paine, Albert Bigelow, 233, 234. Panic of 1893, 129, 153. Patrons of Husbandry, 160. Pawnee Capitol, 51, 75, 212. Pawnee Fork, 37. Pawnee Indians, 13, 22, 25, 33, 37; village, 21, 209. Pawnee Rock, 36, 37, 207, 209. Pawnee, town of, 75. Peck, George R., 233. Peffer, William A., 233. Peery, Rev. E. T., 225. Pennsylvania, 64. People’s Party, 161. Phillips, William A., 233. Pierce, President, 62. Pike’s Peak, 22. Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, 21-23, 25, 29, 30, 209. Pioneer life, 102-107, 122, 123, 124. Pioneer Schools, 189, 190. Pipe Lines, 167, 168. Plumb, Preston B., 230. Pomeroy, Samuel C., 67; made Senator, 99. Pony Express, 175. Popular Sovereignty, 58, 73. Population of Kansas, 1854, 53; 1855, 73; 1859, 105; 1865, 113. Populist Party, 161. Portland Cement, 167, 170. Pottawatomie Massacre, 86, 97. Prentis, Noble L., 232, 233. Presbyterian Missions, 49, 225. Price Raid, 112. Printers, State, 240, 241. Prohibition Amendment, 136, 220; National, 137. Public Instruction, Superintendents of, 240. Public Utilities Commission, 182; law, 136.

Quantrill Raid, 111; loss from, 112; monument, 214. Quivera, poem, 8. Quivira, land of, 11, 13; Indians, 25, 48.

Railroad Commission, 182. Railroads, 127, 148, 174-183; first one in Kansas, 176; Kansas advertised by, 180; relation to industries, 181; regulation of, 182; mileage, 181. Rainbow Division, 139. Realf, Richard, 233. Redpath, James, 233. Reeder, Andrew H., 72, 75, 78, 87. Regiments of Kansas soldiers, 117, 129. Regulation of Railroads, 182. Reign of Violence, 83-92. Removal Policy, 49. Republican Party, 98. Republic County, 21, 115, 209. Richardson, Albert D., 233. “Rifle Christians,” 87. Road Materials, 184. Robinson, Dr. Charles, 67, 78, 79, 187, 233; home burned, 85; held prisoner, 88; first Governor, 99. Robinson, Mrs. Sara T. D., 231, 233. Ross, Edmund G., 231. Round Mound, 39. Rural Schools, pioneer, 189; modern, 190, 191.

Sacramento, 41. Salt, 169. Salt Lake, 175, 176. Salt Lake Trail, 69. San Francisco, 175, 176. Santa Fe, city, 29, 30, 40, 175. Santa Fe Trail, 29-41, 174, 179; map of, 28; length of, 33, 42; marking of, 210. Schoenmaker, Rev., 226. Schools, established by missions, 49; Territorial, 187; first in Lawrence, 187; subscription, 187; length of term, 187; during Civil War, 188; pioneer schools, 190; rural, 191, 193; consolidated, 191; high schools, 193; State, 196-205, 244; “Standard,” “Superior,” 191; for blind, 203; for deaf, 203; denominational, 204, 244. School Teachers, qualifications, 191. Scott, Charles F., 233. Seal of State, 116. Secretaries, Territorial, 235; State, 238. Senate, 55. Senators, United States, 241. Seven Cities of Cibola, 11. Shannon, Wilson, 76, 80, 86, 89. Shawnee Indians, 50. Shawnee Mission, 50; as capital, 75. Sheldon, Charles M., 233, 234. Simmerwell, Rev. Robert, 225. Slavery in United States, 57, 63. Slaves, 62, 63, 73, 74. Smith, F. Dumont, 234. Snow, Francis Huntington, 230. Sod Corn, 144. Sod House, 105. Sod Schoolhouse, 189. Soldiers, 41, 47, 213; furnished by Kansas, 109. Song of the Kansas Emigrant, 61. Sorghum Crops, 148, 151. Soudan Grass, 151. Southeastern Kansas, 96. Southern Aid, 88. Southwestern University, 204. Spain, 9, 13, 17. Spanish-American War, 129. Speer, John, 233. Spring, L. W., 233. Squatter Sovereignty, 58. Stage Lines, 174, 175. State Capitol, 130. State Fair, Leavenworth, 143. Steele, James W., 233. St. John, Governor, 136. St. Joseph, 42, 175, 176. St. Mary’s College, 49. St. Mihiel, 139. Stockyards, 154. Stone, building, 166; quarry, 170. Stringfellow, B. F., 74. Sugar Beets, 153. Superintendents of Public Instruction, Territorial, 236; State, 240. Supplies Taken by Traders, 33. Swedish Settlements, 181. Sweet Clover, 151. Sword, old Spanish, 215.

Tank Cars, 168. Teacher Training, 195. Tecumseh, 89. Telegraph, 176, 182. Telephone, 123, 182. Territorial Officers, 235, 236. Territory, government of, 72. Texas, 18, 23, 159. Thayer, Eli, 63, 65. The Caches, 38. The Three R’s, 189, 191. The “2700,” 91, 92. Tomlinson, W. P., 233. Topeka, 68, 69, 88, 99, 133, 135, 167. Topeka Constitution, 78, 94, 223. Topeka Movement, 223. Trading Post Ford, 112. Trading Posts, 47, 53. Trail Markers, 210. Trails, Santa Fe, 29-41; Oregon, 42; California, 42, 69; Mormon, 42; Salt Lake, 69. Trappers, 125. Traveling Libraries, 204. Treasurers, Territorial, 236; State, 238-239. Truancy Law, 136, 190. Turk, 11. Twentieth to Twenty-third Kansas Regiments, 129.

Underflow, 151. Union Pacific Railroad, 157, 176, 177, 178, 213. University of Kansas, 65, 197, 202, 203, 204. Utah, 29.

Van Quickenborn, Father, 226.

Wagons, used on Trail, 31, 39. Wakarusa War, 79-81. Walker, Governor, arrival of, 94; resigned, 97. War, Civil, 107, 109-113, 129, 131; French and Indian, 17; Revolutionary, 17; Spanish-American, 129; World, 137, 183. Ware, Eugene F., 208, 232, 234. Washburn College, 204, 244. Wattles, Willard, 234. Wellhouse, Frederick, 231. Wellington, 167. Western Kansas, 148, 149, 180. Westport, 33, 42, 79, 112. Wheat, 152, 155, 156. White, William Allen, 234. Wichita, 167. Wilder, Daniel W., 232, 233. Windmill, at Lawrence, 144; irrigation, 149. Winter of 1855-’56, 83. Woman’s Kansas Day Club, 207. Woman’s Relief Corps, 211. Woman Suffrage, 137. Wood, S. N., 87. Woodson, Daniel, 75; opened Kansas to invaders, 90. Woodward, Brinton W., 233. World War, 137, 183. Writers, Kansas, 233, 234. Wyandotte Constitution, 98, 106, 223.

Zinc Smelters, 167.

* * * * * *

Transcriber’s note:

Inconsistent hyphenation, dialect, obsolete and alternative spellings were left unchanged.

Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and moved to the end of the book, preceding the Index. There are two anchors to Footnotes 36 and 37.

The following were changed:

Changed comma to stop at end of index entry: Democratic Party, 98.

Added stop to end of caption: Illustration: STAGE COACH.

Added descriptor to illustrations: Bust of Abraham Lincoln Great Seal of the State of Kansas Bust of Eugene Ware Bust of John J. Ingalls

Added names of Governors to captions.

Corrected spelling: ecomomics to economics.

Removed space from Wa Keeney in appendix.