vv. 1237-1251, in which Cynewulf speaks in his own person, or Crist

591-595, And. 869-871, 890, Gūthl. 801, Phoen. 15-16, 54-55; assonance is found not unfrequently alongside of perfect rhyme, as in Gūthl. 802, Phoen. 53. These places are sufficient to prove a systematic and deliberate use of rhyme, which serves to accentuate the lyrical tone of the passages.

Monosyllabic rhymes such as _nān: tān_ (Rhym. Poem 78), _rād: gebā́d_ (ib. 16), _onlā́h: onwrā́h_ (ib. 1) are called masculine, and disyllabic rhymes like _wóngum: góngum_ (ib. 7), _géngdon: méngdon_ (ib. 11), or trisyllabic _hlýnede: dýnede_ (ib. 28), _swínsade: mínsade_ (ib. 29), _bífade: hlífade_ (ib. 30), are called feminine.

According to their position in the hemistich, rhymes fall into two classes (_a_) interior rhymes like _hónd rónd gefḕng_ Beow. 2609, _stī́ðmò̄d gestṓd_ Beow. 2567, in compounds _wórd-hòrd ontḗac_ Beow. 259, in co-ordinate formulae like _þā wæs sǣ́l and mǣ́l_ Beow. 1008, _wórdum and bórdum_ El. 24, _grund ond sund_ And. 747, and as so-called grammatical rhymes _lāð wið lāðum_ Beow. 440, _béarn æfter béarne_, Gen. 1070; (_b_) sectional rhymes joining the two halves of one line, as

_=s=écgas mec =s=ǣ́gon =s=ýmbel ne ālǣ́gon._ Rhym. P. 5;

not unfrequently, very often in the Rhyming Poem, two, three, four or more alliterative lines are connected in this fashion.

The OE. end rhymes are either (_a_) complete rhymes as _hond: rond_, _gefǣ́gon: geþǣ́gon_, or (_b_) assonances, in which only the vowels correspond, as _wæf: læs_ El. 1238; _wrā́ðum: ā́rum_ Crist. 595; _lúfodon: wúnedon_ And. 870; that the assonances are not accidental is clear from the fact that they occur alongside of perfect rhymes.[95]

NOTES:

[15] Tacitus, _Germania_, cap. 2.

[16] Grein-Wülker, iii. 1, p. 156.

[17] The influence of the Latin system on Otfrid is clear from his own words, I. i. 21.

[18] For a review of recent metrical theories see Sievers, _Altgermanische Metrik_, 1893, pp. 2-17, and his article on metre in Paul's _Grundriss_, ii. 2.

[19] Cf. Lachmann, 'Über althochdeutsche Betonung und Verskunst,' _Schriften_, ii. 358 ff., and 'Über das Hildebrandslied', _ib._, ii. 407 ff.

[20] _Germania_, iii, p. 7.

[21] _Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum_, i, p. 318, and _de Carmine Wessofontano_, 1861, p. 10.

[22] _De Anglo-Saxonum arte metrica_, 1871.

[23] 'Grundzüge der altgermanischen Metrik,' _Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie_, ii. 114 ff.

[24] _Ibid._, iii. 280 ff.

[25] _Zur althochdeutschen Alliterationspoesie_, Kiel and Leipzig.

[26] John Lawrence, _Chapters on Alliterative Verse_, London, 1893; reviewed by K. Luick, _Anglia_, Beiblatt iv, pp. 193, 201.

[27] Möller's own notation; Lawrence's sign for the rest is a small point, and his sign for the end of a section is a thick point.

[28] _Untersuchungen zur westgermanischen Verskunst_ I, Leipzig, 1889; 'Zur Metrik des alts. und althochd. Alliterationsverses,' _Germania_, xxxvi. 139 ff., 279 ff.; 'Der altdeutsche Reimvers und sein Verhältnis zur Alliterationspoesie,' _Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum_, xxxviii. 304 ff.

[29] _Die Metrik des westgermanischen Alliterationsverses_, Marburg, 1892.

[30] Paul's _Grundriss der germanischen Philologie_, ed. I, ii. i. 518.

[31] _Der altenglische Vers_: I. _Kritik der bisherigen Theorien_, 1894; II. _Die Metrik des Beowulfliedes_, 1894; III. _Die Metrik der sog. Caedmonischen Dichtungen_, &c., 1895. This last part is by F. Graz. These are reviewed by K. Luick, _Anglia_, Beiblatt iv. 294; M. Trautmann, ib., iv. 131; vi. 1-4; Saran, _Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie_, xxvii. 539.

[32] _Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur_, 1894, i. 228, and _Ergänzungsheft zu Band I, Die altsächsische Genesis_, 1895, p. 28 ff.

[33] 'Zur Kenntniss des germanischen Verses, vornehmlich des altenglischen,' in _Anglia_, Beiblatt v. 87 ff.

[34] _Z. f. d. A._, xxxviii. 304.

[35] _Certayne notes of Instruction concerning the making of verse or ryme in English_, 1575; Arber's reprint, London, 1868, p. 34.

[36] _Ane Schort Treatise, conteining some Revlis and Cautelis to be obseruit and eschewit in Scottis poesie_, 1585, pp. 63 ff. of Arber's reprint. The scheme would be ` ` ´ ` ` ´ ` ` ´ ` ` ´ `.

[37] From Hickes's _Antiq. Literat. Septentrional._, tom. i, p. 217.

[38] It is now well known that this innovation was introduced much earlier.

[39] From Alexander Montgomery, _The Flyting_, &c., l. 476.

[40] 'Über den Versbau der alliterierenden Poesie, besonders der Altsachsen,' _Bay. Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-histor. Classe_, iv. 1, p. 207 ff.

[41] _Litteraturgeschichte_, p. 45 ff., second ed., p. 57.

[42] _Über die germanische Alliterationspoesie_, Vienna, 1872, and _Zum Muspilli_, &c., Vienna, 1872.

[43] 'Über die Verstheilung der Edda,' _Zeitschr. für deutsche Phil._, Ergänzungsband, p. 74.

[44] _Die Alt- und Angelsächsische Verskunst_, Halle, 1876, reprinted from _Z. f. d. Ph._, vol. vii.

[45] The author's larger work on English Metre was indebted in paragraphs 28-33 to Rieger's essay; succeeding paragraphs (34-39) of the same work exhibited in detail the further development or rather decay of the Old English alliterative line.

[46] C. R. Horn, _Paul und Braune's Beiträge_, v. 164; J. Ries, _Quellen und Forschungen_, xli. 112; E. Sievers, _Zeitschr. f. deutsche Phil._, xix. 43.

[47] _Paul und Braune's Beiträge_, x, 1885, pp. 209-314 and 491-545.

[48] Sievers, Paul's _Grundriss_, ii. 1, p. 863, or ii. 2, p. 4, second ed.

[49] _Paul und Braune's Beiträge_, xi. 470.

[50] Ph. Frucht, _Metrisches und Sprachliches zu Cynewulfs Elene, Juliana und Crist_, Greifswald, 1887.

[51] M. Cremer, _Metrische und sprachliche Untersuchung der altengl. Gedichte Andreas, Gûðlâc, Phoenix_, Bonn, 1888.

[52] _Altgermanische Metrik_, Halle, 1893.

[53] Mainly by H. Möller, _Das Volksepos in der ursprünglichen strophischen Form_, Kiel, 1883.

[54] Besides the unaccented syllables of polysyllabic words, many monosyllables, such as prepositions, pronouns, &c., are unstressed, and occur only in the theses.

[55] This rule applies to modern English also, as in words like _bírth-rìght_.

[56] If this cross alliteration is intentional. See Sievers, _Altger. Metrik_, p. 41.

[57] See Koch, _Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache_, Weimar, 1863, i. 156.

[58] Compare Streitberg, _Urgermanische Grammatik_, 1900, § 143, p. 167, or Wilmanns, _Deutsche Grammatik_, 1897, i, p. 407, § 349.

[59] For exceptions to these rules see _Englische Metrik_, i, pp. 43, 45.

[60] Koch adds _wiðǽftan_, _wiðfóran_, _wiðnéoðan_.

[61] Sievers, _Beiträge_, x. 225, and _Angelsächsische Grammatik_³, §§ 410, 411, 415.³

[62] For details on these points and on the question of the treatment of forms in which vowel contraction is exhibited in the MSS. see Sievers, _Altgermanische Metrik_, §§ 74-77, and _Beiträge_, x. 475 ff.

[63] 'Elements,' Sweet, _Anglo-Saxon Reader_, § 365.

[64] Sievers, _Altgerm. Metrik_, § 9, 3. 4.

[65] See, for example, Rieger, _Alt- und Angelsächsische Verskunst_, p. 62.

[66] _Paul-Braune's Beiträge_, x, p. 209.

[67] For the type –́ × × | –́ see below, § 29, and Sievers, _Paul-Braune's Beiträge_, x, p. 262.

[68] Sievers, _Paul-Braune's Beiträge_, x, p. 262.

[69] As Sievers calls them, _Altgerm. Metrik_, § 13. 2; they are marked A*, B*, &c.

[70] The notation of Sievers for hemistichs with anacrusis (_auftaktige Verse_) is aA, aD, aE, &c.

[71] Sievers, _Altgermanische Metrik_, pp. 33 ff.

[72] It must be remembered that _ea_, _eo_, &c., are diphthongs, and have not the value of two vowels.

[73] Sievers, _Paul-Braune's Beiträge_, x, p. 233.

[74] Here _n_ counts as a syllable, see Sievers, _Angelsächsische Gram._,§ 141, and _Altgerm. Metrik_, § 79.

[75] See the statistics in Sievers, _Paul-Braune's Beiträge_, x, p. 290.

[76] Sievers, _Paul-Braune's Beiträge_, x. 241 and 294.

[77] Sievers, _Altgerm. Metrik_, § 85, 2, Anm. 3.

[78] Cf. Sievers, _Altgermanische Metrik_, § 15, 3 c, and § 116. 9.

[79] See Max Cremer, _Metrische und sprachliche Untersuchungen der altenglischen Gedichte Andreas, Gūðlāc, Phoenix_, &c., 1888, pp. 31 ff.; Sievers, _Altgermanische Metrik_, § 86; and chiefly Eduard Sokoll, 'Zur Technik des altgermanischen Alliterationsverses,' in _Beiträge zur neueren Philologie_, Vienna, 1902, pp. 351-65.

[80] But on this last expression see Sievers, _Phonetik_^4, § 359.

[81] Edited by Grein in _Anglia_, ii. 141 ff.

[82] The Old Norse _hofuðstafr_, Germ. _Hauptstab_. The alliterations in the first hemistich are called in Old Norse _stuðlar_ (sing. _stuðill_) 'supporters', Germ. _Stollen_ or _Stützen_.

[83] Sievers, _Altgerm. Metrik_, § 20.

[84] This is not very common in poetry of the more regular metrical structure, but is found in Ælfric's lines, in which we find hemistichs without any alliterating letter, and others where the alliteration is continued in the following line; two-thirds, however, of his lines are formed quite correctly.

[85] Snorri, the Icelandic metrician, permits this in the case of certain monosyllabic words, but looks on it as a licence (_leyfi en eigi rétt setning_, Hāttatal, p. 596).

[86] The subject of the preceding paragraphs was first investigated by M. Rieger in his essay _Alt- und Angelsächsische Verskunst_, p. 18, where many details will be found.

[87] Cf. Sievers in _Paul-Braune's Beiträge_, xii. 455; K. Luick, _ib._, xiii. 389, xv. 441; F. Kaufmann, _ib._, xv. 360; Sievers, in _Paul's Grundriss_, pp. 891 ff., and in _Altgermanische Metrik_, §§ 88-96.

[88] In _Paul-Braune's Beiträge_, xii, pp. 454, 455, Sievers gives a list of the undoubted regular lengthened verses occurring in OE. poetry.

[89] Sievers discusses the lengthened verses of these poems in _Beiträge_, xii. 479.

[90] _Beiträge_, xii. 458.

[91] _Beiträge_, xiii. 388, xv. 445.

[92] _Altgermanische Metrik_, § 94. 3.

[93] _Altgermanische Metrik_, § 95.

[94] See Sievers, _Altgerm. Metrik_, § 97.

[95] For other subdivisions of rhyme see Sievers, _Altgerm. Metrik_, §§ 99-102, with the treatises on the subject, and Bk. II, sect. ii, ch. 1 of this work.