CHAPTER XLIV.

INDIA AND THE COLONIES.

1815-1902.

Down to the end of the great struggle with Revolutionary and Imperial France, the history of the rise and development of the British empire beyond seas is intimately connected with the history of Britain's wars in Europe. The contest for colonial and commercial supremacy is at the root alike of the war of the Austrian succession, the Seven Years' War, the war of American Independence, and the war with Bonaparte.

But after 1815 this close interpenetration of the European and colonial affairs of England comes to an abrupt end. For the last eighty years they have touched each other at very rare intervals; the only occasions of importance when European complications have reacted on our dominions over-sea have been when our strained relations with Russia have led to troubles on the north-western frontier of India.

For the most part, the development of the colonial and Indian empire of Britain has gone on unvexed by any interference from without. We have therefore relegated our treatment of it to a separate chapter, set apart from our domestic annals.

[Sidenote: =The British Empire in 1815.=]

In 1815 the British territories in India were already by far the most important of our possessions, but they comprised not one-fourth of the dominions which now acknowledge Edward VII. as their direct sovereign. In Africa we owned only a few fever-smitten ports on the Gulf of Guinea, and the newly annexed Dutch colony of the Cape of Good Hope, inhabited by a scanty and disaffected population of Boers and a multitude of wild Kaffirs. In Australia, the small convict settlements of New South Wales and Tasmania gave little signs of development, blighted as they were by the unsatisfactory character of the unwilling emigrants. Our group of colonies in North America was the most promising possession of the crown; granted a liberal constitution by Pitt's wise Canada Act, they were growing rapidly in wealth and population. They had shown a most commendable loyalty during the American war of 1812-14, and the divergence in race and religion between the old French _habitans_ of the province of Quebec and the new English settlers in Upper Canada had not as yet brought any trouble. But the greatest part of British North America was still a wilderness. The limit of settled land was only just approaching Lake Huron; even in the more eastern provinces, such as Quebec and Nova Scotia, there were still vast unexplored tracts of waste and forest. Into the far West, the basins of the Columbia and Mackenzie rivers, only a few adventurers--fur-traders of the Hudson's Bay Company and French half-breed trappers--had as yet penetrated.

[Sidenote: =The West Indian Islands.=]

The West Indian colonies, somewhat increased in number by the results of our wars between 1793 and 1815, had suffered many evils from French privateering and negro rebellions, but were now at the height of their prosperity. Vigorously if recklessly developed by the slave-owning planters, they were at this moment the main producers of sugar and coffee for the whole world. The colonies of France and Spain had suffered so fearfully that they could hardly attempt competition.

Other outlying possessions were in the hands of England, some destined to prosperity, some to obscurity--such as Mauritius, the Falklands, St. Helena, Bermuda--but we have no space for more than a hasty mention of them.

The history of the more important groups--India, Australia, Canada, and South Africa--requires a more detailed treatment.

[Sidenote: =British territorial possessions in India.=]

At the great peace of 1815 we were masters in Northern India of the great province of Bengal, lately increased by the "North-West Provinces," the territory between Allahabad and Delhi which we had taken from Scindiah in 1801-3. We had also annexed in the same year the possessions of the Rajah of Berar in Orissa. These three tracts constituted the presidency of Bengal, and were governed from Calcutta. South of Orissa the whole east coast of Hindostan was in our hands, the Carnatic having been annexed in 1799. The Carnatic, the lands taken from Sultan Tippoo, and the "Circars" which the Nizam had ceded to us, formed the presidency of Madras. Our possessions in this quarter were completed by Ceylon, which we had acquired from the Dutch at the treaty of Amiens. In Western India the Bombay presidency consisted as yet of no more than the islands of Bombay and Salsette and a few ports along the coast.

[Sidenote: =The vassal states.=]

But in addition to these dominions, ruled directly by the Company, English influence was predominant in a much larger tract of India. The Nawab of Oude in the north, the Nizam in the Deccan, the Rajah of Mysore in the south, the Peishwa in the west, and many smaller princes, were all bound to us by subsidiary treaties; they had covenanted to guide their foreign policy by our own, and to supply us with troops and subsidies in time of war.

[Sidenote: =The Mahratta and Rajput states.=]

In all the Indian Peninsula there were only three groups of states which were still independent of the British power. The more remote Mahratta powers--the realms governed by Scindiah, Holkar, the Gaikwar, and the Rajah of Berar--were still for all intents and purposes autonomous. The treaties which Lord Wellesley had made with them were not enforced by his weaker successors, and the Mahratta princes continued their feuds with each other and their incursions into those parts of India which were not yet under British control. Their chief victims were the unfortunate states of Rajputana, where a cluster of native princes of ancient stock were as yet unprotected by treaties with the East India Company.

[Sidenote: =The Sikhs.--Runjit Singh.=]

Beyond the Rajputs lay the third district of India which was still independent--the Sikh principality of the Punjab. The Sikhs were a sect of religious enthusiasts who had revolted against the misgovernment of the Great Mogul some fifty years before, and had formed themselves into a disorderly commonwealth. But one great chief, Runjit Singh, had taught them to combine, and forced them into union. He ruled them for many years, and organized the whole sect into an army which combined the courage of fanaticism with the strictest discipline. He was friendly to the British, and took care never to come into collision with them.

Thus in 1815 the British in India held a position dominating half the peninsula, but unprovided with any solid frontier on the land side. They were charged with the care of several weak and imbecile dependent states, surrounded by greedy and vigorous neighbours. Unless they were to make up their minds to go back, they were bound to go forward, for no final peace was possible till it should be settled whether the East India Company or the Mahrattas and Sikhs were to be the dominating power in the whole land between the Indus and the Bay of Bengal.

[Sidenote: =Lord Hastings Governor-General.--The Nepaulese war.=]

The first important advance after the departure of Wellesley was made by the Marquis of Hastings, Governor-General from 1814 to 1823. This active ruler was resolved not to permit the petty insults to British territory, and the plundering of British allies which the unsettled condition of the frontier made possible. In 1814 he attacked and drove back into their hills the Gurkhas, the hill tribes of Nepaul, who had been wont to harass the northern frontier of Bengal and Oude. They offered a desperate resistance, but when once beaten became the fast friends of the British, and have given valuable aid in every war which we have since waged in India.

[Sidenote: =Extinction of the Pindarees.=]

The Nepaul war having ended in 1815, Hastings took a larger matter in hand: the dominions of our vassal the Nizam and of the other princes of Central India were much vexed by the Pindarees, organized bands of marauders--like the free companies of the Middle Ages--who found harbourage in the territories of the Mahrattas, and, when not employed in the civil wars of those chiefs, plundered on their own account all over the Deccan. Under a great captain of adventurers named Cheetoo, these hordes became a public danger to all India. Hastings had them hunted down and destroyed by armies which started simultaneously from Madras, Bengal, and Bombay. They were completely exterminated, and their leader Cheetoo fled alone to the jungle, and was devoured by a tiger.

[Sidenote: =The third Mahratta war.=]

The Pindarees had long received the secret countenance of the Mahratta chiefs, and while the British were still engaged in chasing the marauders, three of the great chiefs of Western India took arms. The Peishwa Bajee Rao was anxious to free himself from the dependence which Wellesley had imposed on him in 1801. He conspired with the Rajah of Berar and the regents who ruled for the young Holkar. But the event of the third Mahratta war (1817-18) was not for a moment doubtful. The allied chiefs never succeeded in joining each other: Bajee Rao was defeated in front of Poona by a mere handful of British troops, and after long wanderings was forced to lay down his arms and surrender. The army of the Holkar state was routed, after a much harder struggle, at Mehidpore; the hordes of the Rajah of Berar fled before 1500 British troops at Seetabuldee. Each of the confederates fought for his own hand without aid from his neighbour, and all alike were crushed.

The campaign of 1817-18 made an end of the independence of the Mahrattas. The Peishwa's whole realm was annexed to the Bombay presidency: he himself was sent to live on a government pension at Cawnpore, far away in Oude. One third of the dominions of Holkar was confiscated; the Rajah of Berar was deposed. Stringent terms of subjection were imposed on both their states. All the Mahratta principalities now came under British control, for Scindiah and the Gaikwar of Baroda, who had taken no part in the war, consented to sign treaties which made them the vassals of the Company. The same position was gladly assumed by the chiefs of Rajputana, who had suffered many ills at the hands of their Mahratta neighbours, and were only too glad to gain immunity from assault under the protection of the Company's flag. In all India only the realm of Runjit Singh beyond the Sutlej was now outside the sphere of British influence.

[Sidenote: =Internal tranquillity.--The Burmese war.=]

Owing to the wisdom of that aged prince, it was to be yet many years before the English and the Sikhs came into collision. For some years after the victories of Lord Hastings in 1817-18, India enjoyed a term of comparative peace. Lord Amherst and Lord William Bentinck, the two next Governor-Generals, were more noted for the internal reforms which they carried out than for the wars which they waged. The only important annexation of the period 1823-35 resulted from a struggle with a power which lay altogether outside the bounds of India. The King of Burmah assailed the eastern limits of Bengal and was punished by being deprived of Assam and Aracan.

[Sidenote: =Reforms of Lord Amherst and Lord W. Bentinck.=]

But the times of Lord Amherst and Lord William Bentinck have a far better distinction from the liberal measures of reform which they introduced than from any annexations. The latter Governor-General, a man of a strong will and a very enlightened mind, put down the horrible practice of _suttee_, or widow-burning, and crushed the Thugs, the disguised gang-robbers who infested the roads and took life half for plunder and half as a religious Sacrifice. He lent his support to Christian missions, which the Company had hitherto discouraged, from a dread of offending native susceptibilities. He introduced steamships on the Ganges, and worked out a scheme for the carrying of the mails to Europe by way of the Red Sea and the short overland journey from Suez to Alexandria. But this wise plan was not finally adopted till many years after.

[Sidenote: =Renewal of the Company's charter.=]

In 1833, while Lord William Bentinck was still in power, the East India Company's charter from the crown ran out, and was only renewed by the Whig government of Lord Grey on the condition that the Company should entirely give up its old commercial monopolies, and confine itself to the exercise of patronage and the duties of administration. For the last twenty-five years of its rule the tone of the great corporation was vastly improved, now that dividends were not the sole aim of its directors.

[Sidenote: =The First Afghan war.--Lord Auckland restores Shah Sujah.=]

In 1836 Lord Auckland took over the governor-generalship. His tenure of power is mainly notable for the commencement of the disastrous first Afghan war. Frightened by the intrigues of the Russians with Dost Mohammed, the ruler of Afghanistan, Lord Auckland unwisely determined to interfere with the internal politics of that barren and warlike country. There was living in exile in India Shah Sujah, a prince who had once ruled at Cabul, but had long been driven out by his countrymen. The Governor-General determined to restore him by force of arms, and to make him the vassal of England. Though we could only approach Afghanistan by crossing the neutral territory of the Sikhs, this distant enterprise was taken in hand. An English army passed the Suleiman mountains, occupied Candahar, stormed Ghuznee, and finally entered Cabul (1839). Shah Sujah was placed on his ancient throne, and part of the victorious troops were withdrawn to India.

[Sidenote: =Destruction of the British force at Cabul.=]

But the Afghan tribes hated the nominee of the stranger, and refused to obey the Shah. Lord Auckland was compelled to leave an English force at Candahar and another at Cabul to support his feeble vassal. For two uneasy years the garrison held its own (1839-41) against sporadic risings. But in the winter of 1841-42 a general insurrection of the whole of the tribes of Afghanistan swept all before it. The very townsmen of Cabul took arms and murdered the English resident almost under the eyes of the Shah. General Elphinstone, who commanded the brigade at Cabul, was a feeble old invalid. He allowed himself to be shut up in his entrenched camp, saw his supplies cut off, and was finally compelled to make a retreat in the depth of winter, after signing a humiliating treaty with the Afghan chiefs, and giving them hostages. But the treacherous victors attacked the retreating army as it struggled through the snow of the Khoord Cabul Pass, and massacred the whole force. One British regiment, three sepoy regiments, and 12,000 camp-followers were cut to pieces. Only a single horseman, Dr. Brydon, made his way through to Jelalabad, the nearest English garrison, to bear the tidings of the annihilation of the whole army.

[Sidenote: =End of the war.--Dost Mohammed reinstated.=]

Shah Sujah was murdered by his rebellious subjects, and all Afghanistan was lost save the two fortresses of Candahar and Jelalabad, whose gallant defence forms the only redeeming episode in the war. But to revenge our disaster, if for no better purpose, a new English army under General Pollock forced the Khyber Pass, defeated the Afghans, and reoccupied Cabul. They evacuated it after destroying its chief buildings, and Dost Mohammed, whom we had deposed in 1839, was permitted to return to the throne from which we had evicted him. For long years after we left Afghanistan alone, the memory of the massacre in the Khoord Cabul Pass sufficing to deter even the most enterprising Governor-Generals from interfering with its treacherous and fanatical tribes.

[Sidenote: =Lord Ellenborough annexes Scinde.=]

Ere the Afghan war was over, Lord Auckland had been superseded by Lord Ellenborough, an able and active ruler, whose qualities were only marred by a tendency to grandiloquence and proclamations in the style of the Great Napoleon. He not only brought the Afghan war to its close, but annexed Scinde, the barren lower valley of the Indus. We were drawn into a quarrel with the Ameers of that country, and it was overrun by a small army under Sir Charles Napier, who beat the Ameers at Meanee, though their forces outnumbered him twelvefold. Scinde was annexed to the Bombay Presidency, and by its possession we encompassed on two sides the Punjab, the only remaining independent state in India.

[Sidenote: =Lord Hardinge and the Sikh invasion.=]

Runjit Singh had died in 1839, and his successors were weak princes who perished in civil wars or by palace conspiracies. They were utterly unable to restrain their arrogant and unruly army, which made and unmade sovereigns at Lahore like the Roman praetorians of the third century. In 1845 the rash and ignorant generals of the Sikhs resolved to attack the British, and dreamed of overrunning all India. They crossed the Sutlej and invaded the North-Western provinces ere the new Governor-General, Lord Hardinge, had fully realized that war was at hand.

[Sidenote: =Battles of Ferozeshah and Sobraon.=]

Our Sikh wars saw the hardest fighting which has ever taken place in India. The army which Runjit Singh had spent his life in training was a splendid force, and proved able in the shock of battle to beat the sepoys of the Company. It was only by the desperate fighting of the British troops, little aided by their native auxiliaries, that the Sikhs were finally driven back. Unfortunately, Lord Gough, the commander-in-chief, was a reckless general, whose only idea of tactics was to dash his men at the centre of the enemy's position, regardless of batteries, obstacles, and earthworks. A more circumspect officer could probably have attained his end at a much less cost of life. At Ferozeshah he was completely foiled in his first attempt to force the entrenched camp of the Sikhs, and only succeeded on the next day because the enemy, who had suffered as heavily as the British, had not the heart to stand up to a second battle within twenty-four hours, and retired from his position. Sobraon, the decisive engagement of the campaign, was even more bloody; but on this occasion the Sikhs fought with the Sutlej at their backs; and when at last they were driven from their lines, a fourth of their army perished in the river (February 10, 1846). The Lahore government then asked for peace, which was granted them on condition that Dhulip Singh, the young son of Runjit Singh, should acknowledge the suzerainty of the British.

[Sidenote: =Battles of Chillianwallah and Guzerat.=]

But the brave and obstinate Sikhs did not yet consider themselves beaten. Less than two years after the first struggle was over they again tried the fortune of war. In March, 1848, Moolraj, the Governor of Mooltan, rose in rebellion to throw off the British suzerainty. The whole Sikh army fell away to him, and a campaign not less desperate than that of 1845-6 began. Lord Gough, who was still in command, repeated his former tactics at Chillianwallah, and flung his army against a line of batteries hidden by jungle. The British only carried them with heavy loss, the 24th foot being completely cut to pieces. The old general's disregard for common prudence and the lives of his men so irritated his officers, that when they again met the enemy at the decisive battle of Guzerat (February 22, 1849) they clandestinely confined him on a housetop, till the Sikh entrenchments had been pounded for three hours by an overwhelming fire of artillery. The British infantry were then let loose, carried the earthworks with little loss, and brought the campaign to a prompt end, for the whole Sikh army surrendered a few days later (March 12, 1849).

[Sidenote: =Lord Dalhousie annexes the Punjab.=]

The Punjab was now annexed, for Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General who had succeeded Lord Hardinge, did not intend to give the Sikhs the opportunity of raising a third war. Dhulip Singh, the titular Maharajah, was sent to live in England on a pension. Certain outlying districts, such as Cashmere, were left to chiefs who had not opposed us in the struggle of 1848; but Lahore and the whole of the plain of the "Five Rivers" were put under British rule. The officers to whom the settlement of the Punjab was given over were the picked men of India: so ably and genially did they do their work, that the Sikhs soon settled down into quiet and loyal subjects. When next the British empire in Hindostan was in danger, it was largely saved by the gallant aid of levies from the Punjab.

[Sidenote: =The second Burmese war.=]

After the great struggle with the Sikhs was over, the rest of Lord Dalhousie's administration was comparatively uneventful. The second Burmese war of 1852, provoked by the ill-treatment of English merchants at Rangoon, was a short and easy campaign, which resulted in the annexation of Pegu, the coast district of the Burmese kingdom, and the mouths of the Irrawaddy.

[Sidenote: =Further annexations by Lord Dalhousie.=]

But some of the doings of Dalhousie in India itself, though they made little noise at the time, were fated to have grave consequences. He held strongly the doctrine that direct British administration was the best thing for natives, and took every opportunity of annexing vassal states where the ruling houses died out. This was much against the prejudices of the Hindoos, who always try to perpetuate their family by adoption when natural heirs fail. By refusing to allow of this custom Lord Dalhousie was able to annex the great Mahratta state of the Rajahs of Berar, the old opponents of Wellesley and Hastings. He also took over the smaller Mahratta states of Jhansi and Satara, and refused to allow the deposed peishwa, Bajee Rao, to pass on his title and pension to his adopted son, the Nana Sahib. There is no doubt that these acts gravely displeased pious Hindoos.

[Sidenote: =Dethronement of the King of Oude.=]

Moreover, in 1856, Dalhousie, more by the Company's wish than his own, completed his wide annexations by dethroning the King of Oude, the chief Moslem state of northern India, and the oldest of the vassals of the British. His abominable misgovernment and folly drew down his fate deservedly enough; but the seizure of Oude was not popular even among the subjects who were delivered from the tyrant's rule, and it created a feeling of distrust and resentment among all the surviving feudatories of the Company.

[Sidenote: =Lord Canning Governor-General.=]

Lord Dalhousie, broken down by hard work, returned to England to die, soon after the annexation of Oude. He was succeeded by Lord Canning, the son of the great Tory prime minister of 1827. Scarcely had Canning gathered up the reins of power when the terrible sepoy mutiny of 1857 broke out.

[Sidenote: =The native army in India.=]

A power which undertakes to hold down a vast empire by a great mercenary army raised from among the peoples of the land, is always exposed to the danger of military rebellion. The army has no other incentives than its pay, its habit of disciplined obedience, and its loyalty to its officers, to keep it true to its foreign masters. If the soldiery realize their power, and are ready to unite with each other for a common end, they may aspire to cast out their employers and rule for their own benefit. Mutinies of single regiments were not unfrequent episodes in the history of the Indian army, but hitherto no general revolt had occurred.

In 1857 the proportion of British to native troops in India was abnormally low. The regiments withdrawn for the Crimean war had never been replaced, and small expeditions to Persia and China[69] were absorbing many more. In the whole peninsula the European stood to the sepoy troops in the ratio of only one to six--at present one to three is considered the least that is safe. Moreover, the spirit of many of the native troops was very bad. They had been so flattered and pampered by the government that they believed themselves to be the masters of the situation, and despised the few white regiments scattered among them.

[Sidenote:=Outbreak of the mutiny.=]

The army was arrogant and discontented; the old ruling families of the lately annexed states were intriguing and conspiring all over northern India. A widely spread prophecy that the rule of the British was only to last for a hundred years, dating from Plassey and the annexation of Bengal, was disturbing the minds of the masses, when a trivial incident let loose the elements of discord. The government was introducing among the native troops the use of rifles, in place of the old musket. The new weapons required greased cartridges, which were being duly issued, when some mischievous incendiary spread among the Bengal sepoys the rumour that they were being defiled. The cartridges, it was said, were lubricated with the grease of pigs and cattle, in order that the Hindoos might lose their caste by touching the flesh of the sacred cow, and the Mussulmans might be polluted by the contamination of the unholy swine. When all had become unclean, it was said, the government intended to make Christians of them. This foolish rumour sufficed to set the army in a flame. Two regiments which mutinied near Calcutta were easily disbanded; but a formidable and successful revolt of the sepoy brigade at Meerut, near Delhi (May 10, 1857), was the signal for the outbreak of well-nigh the whole Bengal army.

[Sidenote: =The heir of the Moguls proclaimed Emperor at Delhi.=]

In the months of May and June, more than forty garrisons in the valleys of the Ganges and the Jumna mutinied. In most cases their rising was followed by hideous cruelty; the European officers were treacherously shot, and hundreds of women and children massacred. Both Hindoos and Mussulmans eagerly joined the rising, but the main guidance of the mutiny was in the hands of the latter. They proclaimed the descendant of the great Mogul, who still resided at Delhi, the heir of the empire of his ancestors. Delhi itself, where there was no British garrison, fell into their hands, after the great magazine had been blown up by the desperate courage of Lieutenant Willoughby.

[Sidenote: =Rising in Oude.--Siege of Lucknow.=]

The ancient city became the centre of the rebellion in the north, while further south, in Oude, the whole population rose in arms to restore their late king, and beleaguered in the residency of Lucknow the one British regiment which formed part of the garrison of the newly annexed state.

[Sidenote: =Spread of the rebellion.=]

Except in Oude and certain parts of the North-West Provinces the rebellion was purely military, and the peasantry preserved a timid neutrality in the strife. But the whole Bengal army, with hardly an exception, rose--or tried to rise--against its masters. Fortunately for England, the mutiny did not affect the Madras presidency at all, and only spread to a small corner of the Bombay presidency. But all northern India from Benares to the Sutlej was lost for a time. Unwarlike Bengal remained quiet, and the Punjab--where English regiments were more numerous than in any other part of India--was kept under control by its able governor, Sir John Lawrence. But all that lay between them was a seething flood of rebellion, where a few English garrisons lay scattered like islands in a tempestuous sea. Agra, Cawnpore, Lucknow, Allahabad, were all insufficiently held--only at the third of them was there so much as a single regiment of British infantry.

[Sidenote: =The siege of Delhi.=]

While the authorities at Calcutta were collecting the few European troops who could be gathered from Burmah and Madras, and were making desperate appeals for prompt aid from home, the governor of the Punjab struck the first blow for the reconquest of the lost provinces. Four thousand Europeans and some hastily raised Sikh levies crossed the Sutlej and marched on Delhi, now held by at least 30,000 mutineers. They defeated the rebels in the field, and commenced the siege of the royal city on June 10, 1857. This bold move threw the enemy on the defensive, and the rising spread no further in the north. But Delhi was beleaguered for fourteen weeks, and even when every available British soldier had been drawn from the Punjab, the storming of the place was a hazardous task, only carried to a successful end by the reckless courage of the assailants. After six days of deadly street fighting (September 14-20, 1857), the rebels were driven out, and their titular leader, the aged Grand Mogul, with all his family, was captured. Bahadur Shah himself was only banished to Burmah, but his sons and grandson were shot without trial by Major Hodson, the daring cavalry officer who had tracked and captured them.

[Sidenote: =The massacre of Cawnpore.=]

While the siege of Delhi was still in progress, a small force had been collected at Calcutta and hurried northward to attack Oude and relieve the beleaguered garrisons of Cawnpore and Lucknow. General Havelock commanded this brigade, a mere handful of 1200 men. He pushed on from Allahabad on June 30, but when he had cut his way to Cawnpore after four considerable fights, he found that he was too late. The small garrison there, hampered with many hundreds of women and children, had held out for a month, but surrendered on June 27 to the chief of the rebels, Nana Sahib, the adopted son of the late Peishwa, whose pension and title had been denied him.[70] This revengeful and treacherous ruffian promised the besieged a safe passage to Allahabad. But as soon as they had evacuated their entrenchments, he massacred them all in cold blood, save two hundred women and children, whom he saved alive. When the news of Havelock's victorious advance was heard, he had these poor survivors hacked to death and cast into the famous "well of Cawnpore" (July 15). The British brigade cut its way into the city a day too late to save the prisoners, but was able to wreak a terrible vengeance on their murderers, though the Nana himself, to the bitter disappointment of all, got safely away and died a fugitive in the jungles of Nepaul.

[Sidenote: =The relief of Lucknow.=]

Havelock had to wait some time at Cawnpore for reinforcements before he could march on Lucknow, where the garrison, some 1000 strong, had maintained themselves for eighty-seven days behind the walls of the hastily fortified Residency. The much-tried defenders were cheered by the arrival of Havelock, who with 3000 men forced his way into the Residency after a day's street fighting. But 60,000 rebels, the whole fighting population of the province of Oude, still hung round the place, and Havelock could not drive them away. The final relief of Lucknow was only accomplished by Lord Clyde, the Colin Campbell of the Crimean war, who had arrived in India with the first reinforcements from home. On November 9 he swept away the rebels, and liberated the garrison, but Havelock died the very day after he and his troops were delivered.

[Sidenote: =Lord Clyde defeats the Mahrattas and the Oude rebels.=]

Lord Clyde drew back to Cawnpore with the rescued garrison, leaving Lucknow to be reoccupied by the rebels. He was forced to turn because the Mahratta army of Scindiah had just revolted and joined the Oude insurgents. Clyde beat them on December 6, just outside Cawnpore, and drove them back on to Central India.

[Sidenote: =Lucknow stormed.--Battles of Bareilly and Gwalior.=]

The final stage of the war was reached in March, 1858, when Clyde marched for the second time against Lucknow, stormed the city, and drove the remnants of the rebel army of Oude to Bareilly, where they were crushed in the last general engagement but one of the war (May 7). Meanwhile Sir Hugh Rose had collected an army from the Bombay presidency and overrun Scindiah's dominions and Bundelkund, where the rebellion of the Mahrattas had been headed by the Ranee of Jhansi and Tantia Topee, a clever leader of irregular troops. On June 16 he beat them in front of Gwalior, the Ranee was slain, and her army dispersed. But Tantia Topee took to the jungles, and was not finally caught and hung till the spring of the succeeding year.

Thus ended the great mutiny of 1857-58, a ferocious struggle in which the treachery and cruelty of the sepoys were amply punished by the ruthless severity of their victors, who gave no quarter, blew prominent traitors from the cannon's mouth, and hung meaner prisoners by the hundred.

[Sidenote: =Abolition of the East India Company.=]

The English nation were convinced that something must be done to reform the administration of India, and the East India Company was abolished by Act of Parliament in 1858, the whole administration, civil and military, of the peninsula being now taken over by the Queen's government. To mark that no blame was thrown on the Governor-General, Lord Canning, whose conduct all through the war had been most cool and courageous, he was made the first viceroy of the new empire.

[Sidenote: =India under the rule of the Crown.=]

Since the Mutiny the annals of India have been comparatively peaceful, and hardly a shot has been fired within the bounds of the peninsula. The history of the last thirty years has been a record of growing prosperity, of the development of trade and industries, the building of railways and canals, and the marvellous increase of sea-borne trade. Since the Suez Canal has brought India so close to Europe, the arable land is everywhere encroaching on the jungle, and the main difficulty of the future appears likely to be the overgrowth of population in the thickly settled districts, where, more than once, a year of dearth has slain thousands and brought tens of millions to the edge of starvation. The terrible Madras famine of 1877, the worst of its kind, is said to have cost the lives of 1,500,000 peasants.

[Sidenote: =The second Afghan war.=]

The one great warlike episode in the history of British India remaining to be chronicled is the second Afghan war, of 1878-80. This struggle was a consequence of the Russo-Turkish war of the previous year, and of the estrangement between Russia and England which resulted therefrom. Lord Lytton, the viceroy of the years 1876-80, was a disciple of Lord Beaconsfield, and a believer in a spirited foreign policy. He found that Shere Ali, the Ameer of Afghanistan, was intriguing with the Russian governor of Turkestan, and promptly summoned him to sign a treaty of alliance and receive a British resident at his court. The Ameer refused, and at once saw his dominions invaded. When General Roberts stormed the Peiwar Kotal and advanced within a few miles of Cabul, the Ameer fled towards the Russian frontier, and died on the way. His son, Yakoob Khan, accepted the British suzerainty, and promised all that was required. But when the army had retired, the populace of Cabul rose just as in 1842, and murdered Sir Lewis Cavagnari, the British resident, and all his escort. A second invasion at once began, and Yakoob Khan was deposed and sent to India. Lord Lytton would probably have annexed the whole country but for the troubles which broke out in the winter of 1879-80, when the Afghan tribes took arms and assailed the garrisons of Cabul and Candahar. Roberts was besieged in his entrenchments at Cabul, but finally drove off the insurgents, and held his own. But in the south General Burrows, advancing to attack the pretender Eyoob Khan, was totally defeated at Maiwand, with the loss of half his brigade, and chased back into Candahar. He was only saved by the rapid and masterly march of Roberts, who in twenty-three days forced his way from Cabul to Candahar, routed the army of Eyoob, and liberated the Candahar garrison (September 1, 1880). But the disaster of Maiwand had troubled English public opinion, and a Liberal government had now replaced Lord Beaconsfield at home. Afghanistan was evacuated, and Abdurrhaman Khan, a nephew of Shere Ali, was recognized as ruler of the whole country, where he maintained himself with success till his death in 1901, and proved faithful to the English alliance.

[Sidenote: =The Queen proclaimed Empress of India.=]

Perhaps Lord Lytton's administration may ultimately be remembered less for his unhappy Afghan war than for his proclamation of the Queen as Empress of India in the great _Durbar_ held in Delhi in 1877. This step marked the commencement of a new and more intimate relation of England and India, of which an earnest had been given two years before by the Prince of Wales's tour through the peninsula. Since then every attempt has been made to enlist the sympathies of the natives on behalf of the British rule. Their princes have been encouraged to visit England, to interest themselves in public works, education, and internal reforms, and to supply troops for the general service of the empire. Elective municipalities have been created in the cities, to teach their motley population the art of self-government--which they are still very far from having learnt. A share in the administration--which some think unduly large--is granted to native civil servants, and the native press has been granted a liberty which it often abuses. All financial and agrarian legislation is framed to press as lightly as possible on the masses. But the results of these efforts are still somewhat problematic, and the British bayonet is still needed to keep the peace between contending races and creeds.

[Sidenote: =The Australian penal settlements.--New South Wales.=]

In strong contrast with the stirring annals of British India are the unromantic details of the development of our Australian Colonies. We have alluded to the unpromising foundation of our first establishment in Botany Bay, by the despatch thither of the gangs of convicts who in an earlier age used to be sent into servitude in America (1788). For many years this annual crop of ruffianism swamped all attempts at real colonization in New South Wales. But after a time the extraordinary fertility of the soil began to attract more immigrants, while the mitigation of the English penal law under the hands of Sir Robert Peel decreased the number of convicts. As the free population grew they began to protest so strongly against the companions who were drafted in upon them, that the government diverted the stream of convicts to new settlements in Tasmania and Western Australia. For long years New South Wales remained a purely pastoral colony, and its immense plains were inhabited only by the "squatters"--the proprietors who had bought large tracts of land from the government. They dwelt in stations thinly scattered over the face of the country, rearing vast herds of cattle and sheep. It was as exporting wool, hides, and tallow alone that Australia first became known to the commercial world of Europe.

[Sidenote: =Discovery of gold-fields.--Victoria.=]

In 1851, however, an enormous difference was made by the discovery of rich alluvial gold deposits near Port Phillip, on the southern shore of New South Wales. The washings proved so productive that thousands of immigrants of all sorts and conditions poured in to profit by them. The Port Phillip district was cut off from New South Wales, and made into the new colony of Victoria (1851). Its population went up from 80,000 to 450,000 in the ten years that followed the discovery of gold. When the alluvial deposits were exhausted, it was found that large reefs of auriferous quartz lay below them, and a steady development of scientific mining by machinery superseded the haphazard work of the early diggers. Victoria still continues one of the great gold-producing centres of the world.

[Sidenote: =Queensland.--The labour difficulty.=]

New South Wales still remains a mainly pastoral country, though here too considerable gold-fields have been found. After throwing off its southern districts to form the colony of Victoria, it ceded its northern territory to form the colony of Queensland (1859). The semi-tropical climate of this last province differentiates it from the rest of Australia. The great heat makes European labour difficult during the greater part of the year.

[Sidenote: =South Australia.--Western Australia.--Tasmania.=]

South Australia, settled in 1836, is mainly an agricultural country with some copper-mines. Western Australia, originating in a convict settlement in 1829, has lagged behind the rest of the sister colonies for want of any of the natural advantages which attract immigrants, but the tardy discovery of gold in 1892 may suffice at last to draw thither the much-needed population. Tasmania, originating, like Western Australia, in a penal colony, has developed into a small island community of steady prosperity.

[Sidenote: =New Zealand.--The Maori war.=]

Far to the east of Australia lie the twin islands of New Zealand, first explored by Captain Cook in 1773, but not planted with English colonists till 1839. Unlike the aborigines of Australia, the lowest and feeblest savages in the world, the natives of New Zealand were a fierce and clever race of cannibals, named Maoris. They bitterly resented the settlement of their islands, and raised two considerable wars, for the second of which (1861-66) British troops had to be brought to this remote colony, and had hard work to expel the Maoris from their _pahs_, or stockades. After their defeat they quieted down, and are now slowly dying out before the progress of civilization, which seems fatal to them, though they are a vigorous and intelligent race. New Zealand more resembles Great Britain in climate and situation than does any other of our colonies, and has enjoyed a long career of prosperity, somewhat checked of late by a tendency to a rash extension of the public debt.

[Sidenote: =The Cape Colony.--The Boers.=]

Passing westward across the Indian Ocean, we come to the second great group of English colonies, those of South Africa. The old Dutch dominion of the Cape of Good Hope was conquered by the British in 1806, and secured to us by the treaty of Vienna in 1815. It reached only as far as the Orange River, and was thinly settled by Dutch farmers, or Boers, scattered among a population of Kaffirs, whom they had in many cases reduced to slavery.

[Sidenote: =Natal.--The Orange Free State and the Transvaal.=]

When English emigration was directed to the Cape, the Boers resented the intrusion of the foreigner, and many of them _trekked_, _i.e._ migrated, into the wilderness to conquer new homes among the Kaffirs. But the British government followed them, and annexed their first settlement in Natal (1843). They then moved inland, and finally established (1852-54) the two republics of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal, which still remain, though each of them was for a short time under British control.

[Sidenote: =The Kaffir wars.=]

The history of the Cape Colony, till within the last few years, was one of comparatively slow development and of frequent Kaffir wars. No less than eight such struggles with the natives are recorded between 1815 and 1881, some of them of considerable length and difficulty.

[Sidenote: =The diamond mines.--Kimberley.=]

Each led to an annexation, till at last all the country south of the Orange River had passed into the hands of the settlers, though large reserved tracts were set aside for the native tribes. Meanwhile the Dutch and English colonists held apart, and have always remained more or less estranged. The first rapid development of the settlement began in 1867, when the discovery of diamond-mines in Griqualand West, beyond the Orange River, led to the northward extension of the British boundary, to the grave discontent of the Boers of the Orange Free State (1872). The great mining town of Kimberley has arisen as the centre of this arid but busy district.

[Sidenote: =Annexation of the Transvaal.=]

The most formidable difficulty which the English have met in South Africa came from the annexation of the Transvaal in 1877. The Boers of that republic having engaged themselves in dangerous wars with the natives, Lord Beaconsfield's government resolved to place them under British rule. This was done, and, as heirs to the Boers' quarrels, we fought out the sanguinary Zulu war of 1879.

[Sidenote: =The Zulu war.=]

The Zulus, an immigrant tribe from the north, had built up a military monarchy over their neighbours under a despot named Chaka, who had disciplined them and formed them into regiments in imitation of European organization. We made war on his grandson Cetewayo, and incurred, on our first meeting with the formidable Zulu army, the disaster of Isandula, where a whole British battalion and 1000 native auxiliaries were exterminated to the last man. It required the dispatch of 10,000 men from England under Sir Garnet Wolseley, and three sharp battles at Ekowe, Kambula, and Ulundi to break Cetewayo's army and restore the prestige of the British arms.

Hardly was the Zulu war over when the Boers of the Transvaal revolted, and defeated the small British force in Natal at Laing's Neck and Majuba Hill. We have related elsewhere how the Gladstone government thereupon made peace, and gave the Boers their independence.[71]

[Sidenote: =The scramble for Africa.=]

The history of British Africa during the years 1885-95 was mainly the story of a scramble with the other European powers for the possession of the unoccupied parts of the continent. Since the Germans began to seize large tracts of southern Africa, and the French to extend their power into the Sahara and the valley of the Niger, the British government was forced in self-defence to make similar seizures, in order to prevent its colonies from being cut off from the interior. This has resulted in the annexation of three great tracts--one reaching from the Orange River and Griqualand up to the Zambezi, and circling round three sides of the Transvaal Republic; a second round Lake Nyassa; a third further north, including a slip of coast about Mombasa and Witu, and running up inland to the great equatorial lakes which feed the Nile, so as to include the kingdom of Uganda. At the same time the Niger Company has been allowed to establish a protectorate over the lower valley of that great river, where a colony is being built up which throws into the shade the old pestilential seaports at Sierra Leone and on the Gold Coast, which were once the only British possessions in Guinea. The annals of South Africa from the day of the Jameson raid (December 29, 1895) onward have possessed so much more than local importance, that they will be found recorded in the general chapter dealing with the closing years of Queen Victoria.

[Sidenote: =Upper and Lower Canada.=]

The history of the British colonies in North America is of a very different character from that of British South Africa. We have spoken in an earlier page of the gallant aid which the colonists gave to England in her struggle with the United States during the years 1812-15. When the excitement of this war had died down, there arose a slowly increasing estrangement between the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada; the English settlers of the former and the old French _habitans_ of the latter were separated from each other by race, language, religion, and prejudices. They were, moreover, administered as wholly different colonies. Gradually a dangerous spirit developed itself among the French Canadians, who complained that their governors and officials were unsympathetic, and chafed against the limited self-government allowed them by Pitt's Canada Act of 1791. Even some of the settlers of the Upper Province expressed disloyal sentiments on this latter grievance, and spoke of asking for annexation to the United States.

[Sidenote: =The Canadian rebellion.=]

This discontent took shape in the Canadian rebellion of 1837, a movement almost entirely confined to the French-speaking districts, and easily suppressed by the loyalists, aided by a few British troops. After investigating the grievances which had led to the rising, the Home Government resolved to unite the two provinces into a single colony, that the French districts might be more closely linked to and controlled by the English. At the same time a more liberal measure of self-government was conceded. The constitution for the future comprised an elective Lower House and an Upper House of life-members, who stood to the governor much as the two Houses of the English Parliament stand to the Queen (1840).

[Sidenote: =Canadian federation.=]

The most important event in the history of British North America has been the federation of all its colonies into the single "Dominion of Canada" in the years 1867-1871. The danger which the British possessions had experienced during the threatened war with the United States in 1862 and the Fenian invasions of 1866-7 impelled the provinces towards the union which gives strength. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, British Columbia, consented to federate themselves with Canada. Only the remote and thinly populated fishing-station of Newfoundland has preferred to remain outside the alliance. The four other colonies send deputies to the Dominion Parliament, which meets at Ottawa, though they retain for local purposes provincial legislatures of their own.

[Sidenote: =The Canadian Pacific Railway.=]

The Canadian Pacific Railway was completed in 1885, so that free communication exists across the whole continent from Nova Scotia to British Columbia. Since then the broad plains between the great lakes and the Rocky Mountains are being rapidly peopled. The old settlement of Manitoba and the newer provinces of Assinboia, Saskatchewan, and Alberta are all being put under the plough or turned into cattle runs.

[Sidenote: =Imperial federation.=]

Our general survey of the history of the British colonial empire brings us to the topic which will be all-important in the twentieth century--the practicability of Imperial Federation. At the present moment the Crown is the only formal link between the many colonies and possessions over which the Union Jack floats. Is a closer connection desirable, and practicable? May we look forward to a firm and well-compacted league of all the British lands? Such a union might almost control the world, but it is hard to bring about. First among the difficulties in the way is the doubt whether Great Britain would ever allow herself to be outvoted by her colonies in an Imperial Parliament, and whether Canada would submit to the dictation of Australia, or Australia to the dictation of South Africa, in matters where their interests clashed. Next comes the question of free trade and protection. Most of the colonies are zealously protectionist in spirit, and as a condition of federation they would probably demand that the mother country should give their goods a preference over those of foreign states, by means of a revised customs tariff. A third set of objections turn on the likelihood of the colonies refusing to countenance the purely European policy of England. A fourth and formidable question is the place which India would have to take in the confederacy; she is not yet fit for self-government and equal partnership with the rest. If she were, the votes of her 250,000,000 inhabitants would swamp those of all the other members of the league. Yet none of these difficulties appear wholly insuperable. The idea of federation is in the air both in Great Britain and in her daughter-states. The day has long gone by when a not inconsiderable number of English statesmen looked forward to the time when the colonies should, as it was phrased, "cut the painter" and steer their own course. The consciousness of common origin and interests grows stronger; the interdependence of the mother country and her colonies is more realized; the development of rapid communication by sea and land makes the distance between the various British communities in different hemispheres less felt as every year rolls by. Facts like the splendid aid granted by all the colonies for the late South African War, speak for themselves. But there are still difficulties in the way. If local jealousies prevail, and the English-speaking peoples drift asunder, each must be content to play a comparatively unimportant part in the annals of the twentieth century. If, on the other hand, the project of federation can be worked out to a successful end, the future of the world lies in the hands of the Anglo-Saxon race.

FOOTNOTES:

[69] See pp. 692, 693.

[70] See p. 739.

[71] See p. 713.

INDEX.

Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), treaty of, 510

Abdullah, the Khalifa, crushed by Lord Kitchener, 726

Abercrombie, Sir Ralph, his victories in Egypt, 594

Aberdeen, Lord, joins the Whigs, 667; prime minister, 681; engages in Crimean war, 684; resigns, 689

Abyssinian war, the, 705, 706

Acre, captured by Richard I., 117; besieged by Bonaparte, 592; taken by the English, 661

Addington, Henry, prime minister, 596; resigns, 603; frames the "Six Acts," 640; resigns again, 641

Adrian IV., Pope, grants Ireland to Henry II., 99

Aelfthryth, Queen, murders Edward the Martyr, 52

Aella, South Saxon king, 15

----, Northumbrian king, slain by Danes, 36

Aethelbald, King of Wessex, 36

Aethelbert, King of Kent, 23; converted by Augustine, 24

----, King of Wessex, 36

Aethelflaed, daughter of Alfred, subdues the Danes, 45

Aethelfrith, King of Northumbria, 19

Aethelred, King of Wessex, defeats the Danes, 37

---- the Redeless, 52; raises Danegelt, 53; deposed and recalled, 54

Aethelstan, King of England, 45; beats the Danes at Brunanburgh, 46

Aethelwulf, King of Wessex, 34; his Danish wars, 35, 36

Afghan war, the first, 724, 725; the second, 733

Africa, S., English in, 724, 725, 727-733, 752-754

Agincourt, battle of, 224

Agricola, Julius, governor of Britain, 6

Aidan, St., Bishop of York, 27

_Alabama_, case of the, 697; arbitration concerning, 707, 708

Alberoni, Cardinal, aids Jacobites, 490

Albert of Saxe-Coburg (the Prince Consort) marries Queen Victoria, 661

Albuera, battle of, 620

Alcuin at court of Charles the Great, 29

Alexander II., Pope, encourages William I. to invade England, 62

Alexander III., Pope, reconciled with Henry II., 109

---- VI., Pope, 289

Alexander I. of Russia, 595; his wars with Napoleon, 608, 610, 623, 624

---- II. of Russia, his war with England, 690; conquers Turkey, 710

Alfred, his wars with the Danes, 37, 39; his government, 40-42; greatness of, 43

----, son of Aethelred II., murdered, 56

Alma, battle of the, 685

Almanza, battle of, 470

America, English explorers in, 333; English settlements in, 361; wars with French in, 511, 519-521, 527-529. _See under_ Canada and United States

American Colonies, disputes with the, 540-544

---- war of Independence, 546-552

Amherst, Lord, Viceroy of India, 739

Amiens, Mise of, 141

----, Peace of, 596

Angles, settlements of, in Britain, 14-16

Anne of Bohemia, wife of Richard II., 207

---- Neville, married to Prince Edward, 257; married to Richard III., 263; death of, 269

---- Boleyn, marries Henry VIII., 294; divorced and executed, 300

---- of Cleves, married to and divorced by Henry VIII., 304

----, Queen, 461; ruled by Lady Churchill, 461; dismisses her, 475; death, 480

----, Duchess of Brittany, 274-275

Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, 84; withstands William II., 85; disputes with Henry I., 89

Anson, Commodore, voyage of, 511

Antoninus, wall of, 8

Appellants, Lords, rising of, 208; punished by Richard II., 210

Aquitaine, united to England by Henry II., 97; rebellions in, 109, 121, 139; seized by Philip the Fair, 163; recovered, 168; enlarged by Edward III., 194; falls away, 198; lost by Henry VI., 244

Arabi Pasha stirs up rebellion in Egypt, 713

Argyle, Archibald, Earl of, leader of the Covenanters, 395; execution of, 421

----, Archibald, Marquis of, rebellion and execution of, 437

----, John, Duke of, at death-bed of Queen Anne, 480; wins battle of Sheriffmuir, 489

Armada, the Spanish, 337-339

Armagnac faction in France, 218, 222, 226

Armed Neutrality, the, 595

Arthur, legendary hero of Britain, 13

---- of Brittany, 111; his claims on England, 122; murdered by John, 124

----, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VII., marriage and death of, 280

Asaf-ud-Dowlab, Nawab of Oude, his dealings with Warren Hastings, 568, 569

Ashdown, battle of, 37

Assaye, battle of, 604

Auckland, Lord, Viceroy of India, his Afghan war, 740, 741

Augustine, St., converts Kent, 23, 24

Aulus Plautius, Roman general, 5

Austerlitz, battle of, 608

Australia, British settlement in, 565; history of the colonies of, 750-752

Austria, allied to William III., 447; engages in war of Spanish Succession, 463, 477; aided by England, 500-510; wars of, with Frederic the Great, 522-537; with French Republic, 579-594; with Napoleon, 608-625; wars of, in Italy, 670, 695; with Prussia, 705

Austrian Succession, war of the, 500

Babington, Anthony, his plot against Elizabeth, 336

Bacon, Francis, Lord Verulam, 343; impeached, 359

Baeda (Venerable Bede), 29

Balaclava, battle of, 687

Ball, John, Lollard preacher, 204, 206

Balliol, Edward, wins and loses Scottish throne, 182, 183

----, John, claims Scottish throne, 160; his reign, 162, 163; deposed by Edward I., 164

Bank of England founded, 456; panic at, in 1797, 586

Bannockburn, battle of, 176

Bantry Bay, French fleet at, 588

Barbados colonized, 361

Bareilly, battle of, 732

Barnet, battle of, 258

Barons' war, the, 141-145

Bartholemew, St., Massacre of, 332

Bastille, storming of the, 576

Bastwick, John, cruel sentence on, 369

Bavaria, Charles, Elector of, claimant for the empire, 500

Bavaria, Joseph, Prince of, claims crown of Spain, 457, 458

----, Maximilian, Elector of, defeated by Marlborough, 466

Baylen, capitulation of, 614

Beaufort, family of, 217. _See under_ Somerset, Dukes of

----, Cardinal, quarrels with Humphrey of Gloucester, 233; advocates peace, 238; dies, 240

Beaugé, battle of, 229

Becket, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, 100; quarrels with Henry II., 101, 102; exiled, 103, 104; murdered, 105

Bedford, John, Duke of, regent of France, 231; his victories, 233; foiled by Jeanne d'Arc, 236, 237; dies, 239

----, Russell, Duke of, minister of George III., 538, 539

Benevolences, raised by Edward IV., 261; by Richard III., 269; by Henry VIII., 288; by Charles I., 364

Bentinck, Lord George, leader of Protectionists, 667, 680

----, Lord William, Governor-general of India, 739, 740

----, William, Duke of Portland, 609

Bermuda colonized, 361

Bible translated into English, 302

Bigod, Roger, Earl of Norfolk, resists Edward I., 166

Black Death, the, 189

---- Hole of Calcutta, the, 523

---- Prince, the. _See_ Edward the Black Prince

Bladensburg, battle of, 627

Blake, Admiral, defeats the Dutch, 409; defeats Spaniards, 413

Blenheim, battle of, 466, 467

Blücher, Marshal, commands Prussians at Ligny and Waterloo, 628, 629

Boadicea. _See_ Boudicca

Boleyn. _See_ Anne

Bolingbroke, Henry of. _See_ Henry IV.

----, Henry St. John, Viscount of, minister under Queen Anne, 479; Jacobite intrigues of, 480; joins the Pretender, 486

Bonaparte, Jerome, King of Westphalia, 610

----, Joseph, King of Naples, 609; of Spain, 613-625

----, Louis, King of Holland, 609; dethroned, 622

----, Louis Napoleon. _See_ Napoleon III.

----, Napoleon. _See_ Napoleon I.

Bonner, Bishop, opposes Reformation, 308, 309; persecutes Protestants, 319

Boscawen, Admiral, wins victory of Lagos, 526

Boston, riots in, 543, 545; besieged and taken by Washington, 546, 547

Bothwell Brig, battle of, 433

----, James Hepburn, Earl of, murders Darnley, 327; marries Mary, Queen of Scots, 328

Boudicca, Queen, rebellion of, 6

Bouvines, battle of, 128

Boyne, battle of the, 451

Bradshaw, John, regicide, 401

Bramham Moor, battle of, 217

Breda, Declaration of, 419

----, Peace of, 428

Bretigny, Treaty of, 194

Bretwalda, meaning of title, 23

Britain, early inhabitants of, 1; conquered by Romans, 5

Britons, occupy England and Wales, 2

Brittany, under Henry II., 106; wars of Edward III. in, 186; of Henry VII. in, 274

Broad Church Party, the, 677

Brooklyn, battle of, 547

Brougham, Henry Lord, chancellor, 648; resigns, 657

Bruce, Edward, King of Ireland, 177

----, Robert, claims Scottish throne, 160; slays Comyn, 168; King of Scotland, 170; wars with Edward II., 172-174; victorious at Bannockburn, 176; invades England, 177, 180

Brunanburgh, battle of, 46

Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of, favourite of James I., 357; his journey to Madrid, 360; minister of Charles I., 363; Rochelle expedition of, 364; assassinated, 365

----, George, Duke of, minister of Charles II., 428

Buller, Sir R., defeats of, in S. Africa, 729, 730

Bunker's Hill, battle of, 546

Burgundy, Chas., Duke of, aids Edward IV., 258; quarrels with him, 262

----, Philip, Duke of, allied to the English, 228, 233; joins the French, 238

Burke, Edmund, advocates reform, 544; speeches on French revolution, 577, 578; joins Pitt, 580

Burleigh, Robert Cecil, Lord, minister of Elizabeth, 326; dies, 348

Burmah, first war with, 739; second war with, 743

Bute, John, Earl of, minister of George III., 535; concludes peace of Paris, 537; resigns, 538

Buxar, battle of, 566

Byng, Admiral, George, wins battle of Cape Passaro, 490

----, Admiral, John, fails at Minorca, 523; executed, 523

Byron, George, Lord, joins Greeks, 643

Cabal, the, 428

Cabinet government, beginning of, 483

Cabul, British disaster at, 740, 741; taken by General Roberts, 749

Cade, Jack, rebellion of, 242

Cadiz, Drake's expedition to, 337; taken by Essex, 341

Cæsar, Julius, invades Britain, 4

Calais, captured by Edward III., 188; lost under Mary, 321

Calder, Admiral, defeats Villeneuve off Finesterre, 606

Calendar, reform of the, 543

Cambridge, Richard, Earl of, conspires against Henry V., 222

Camden, battle of, 550

Campeggio, Cardinal, Papal legate to Henry VIII., 291, 292

Camperdown, battle of, 587

Campo Formio, treaty of, 585

Canada, French and English struggle for, 526, 529; invaded by Americans, 626; subsequent history of, 735

Canning, George, his war-policy, 614; takes office under Lord Liverpool, 641; his foreign policy, 643; prime minister, 644

----, George, Lord, Governor-General of India, 744; Viceroy, 748

Cape Colony, annexed by Britain, 631; subsequent history of, 752, 753

Carausius, Emperor, in Britain, 11

Carnatic, the, wars of Clive in, 518, 519; annexed by Wellesley, 594

Caroline of Anspach, Queen of George II., her influence, 495

---- of Brunswick, wife of George IV., 628; quarrels with her husband, 641

Carpenter, General, wins battle of Preston, 488; of Glenshiel, 490

Carteret, George Granville, Lord, minister of George II., 499; his war-policy, 501; at Congress of Worms, 502; his fall, 503

Cassivelaunus, British chief, 4

Castlereagh, Viscount, reactionary policy of, 637; frames the "Six Acts," 640; commits suicide, 641

Catesby, William, favourite of Richard III., 270; executed, 271

----, Thomas, frames Gunpowder Plot, 354

Catherine of France, marries Henry V., 228

---- of Aragon, married to Arthur, Prince of Wales, 280; to Henry VIII., 291; divorced by him, 294

---- Howard, married to Henry VIII., 304; divorced and executed, 305

---- Parr, married to Henry VIII., 305

---- of Portugal, Queen of Charles II., 425

Cato Street conspiracy, 640

Cawnpore, massacre at, 747; battle of, 748

Ceadda (St. Chad) converts Mercia, 27

Ceawlin, King of Wessex, 18

Cecil. _See_ Burleigh and Salisbury

Celts conquer Britain, 2

Cerdic, first King of Wessex, 16

Cetewayo, Zulu king, conquered, 753

Charles I., his journey to Madrid, 360; accession of, 362; character and policy of, 362-364; his disputes with Parliament, 364-377; misgovernment of, 366-370; defeated by Scots, 371, 372; engages in the Civil War, 379-396; a prisoner, 396; his intrigues, 396-399; tried and executed, 401

---- II., in Scotland, 404; defeated at Worcester, 405; accession of, 420; allied to France, 429; unconstitutional rule of, 430-434; dies, 435

---- Edward, Prince (the Young Pretender), invades Scotland, 504; his successes, 505, 506; defeated, 508; dies, 509

---- V., King of France, his wars with England, 197, 198, 202

---- VI., King of France, miserable reign of, 218; his madness, 228; dies, 232

---- VII. of France, murders John of Burgundy, 228; proclaimed king, 232; crowned by Jeanne d'Arc, 235

---- VIII. of France, his wars with Henry VII., 274, 275

---- IX. of France, orders Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 332

---- X. of France, deposed, 647

Charles V., Emperor, allied to Henry VIII., 286; his wars in Italy, 291; abdication of, 320

---- VI., Emperor (Archduke Charles), claims the Spanish crown, 458; becomes Emperor, 477; dies, 500

---- VII., Emperor, his wars with Austria, 500-502

Charles II. of Spain, declares Philip of Anjou his heir, 458

---- III. of Spain, makes war on England, 535, 548

---- IV. of Spain, deposed by Napoleon, 613

Charles XII. of Sweden, his dealings with Marlborough, 470; supports the Jacobites, 490

Charlotte, Princess, marriage and death of, 639

Charter, the Great, 130, 131; confirmed by Edward I., 166

Chartist agitation, 660, 663, 670

Chatham, first Earl of. _See_ William Pitt

----, second Earl of, his expedition to Walcheren, 618

Chicheley, Archbishop, urges war with France, 221

Chillianwallah, battle of, 743

China, first war with, 661; second war with, 693

Christianity, in early Britain, 13; brought to the Saxons by Augustine, 23, 24; in northern Britain, 25, 27

Churchill. _See_ Marlborough

Clarence, Edward of, Earl of Warwick, beheaded by Henry VII., 277

----, George, Duke of, conspires against Edward IV., 256; executed, 263

----, Thomas, Duke of, slain at Beaugé, 229

----, William, Duke of. _See_ William IV.

Clarendon, Constitutions of, 102

----, Edward Hyde, Lord, minister of Charles II., 425; his fall, 428

Claudius, Emperor, invades Britain, 5

Claverhouse, John Graham of, Viscount Dundee, leads Scottish Jacobites, 448

Clement VII., Pope, his action on the divorce of Henry VIII., 291-294

_Clericis Laicos_, the Bull, 165

Clive, Robert Lord, his victories in British India, 519; conquers Bengal, 530; his second governorship in Bengal, 566

Clyde, Colin Campbell, Lord, in Crimea, 684; suppresses Indian Mutiny, 748

Cnut, his war with Eadmund Ironside, 54; his reign, 55

Coalition Ministry, the, 558; its fall, 559

Cobden, Richard, Free Trader, 666

Cobham's plot, 354

Codrington, Admiral, wins battle of Navarino, 643

Colonies, rise of, under Elizabeth, 341; under James I., 361; history of the. _See under_ Canada, Australia, etc.

Columba, St., founds abbey of Iona, 26

Commonwealth, the, proclaimed, 403; history of the, 403-419

Comyn, John, Regent of Scotland, 168; slain by Bruce, 169

_Confirmatio Cartarum_, the, 166

Conservatives, name adopted by Tories, 656

Consols, creation of the, 513

Constance of Brittany, marries Geoffrey Plantagenet, 104

Constantine, Roman emperor, 11

----, King of Scots, 46

Conventicle Act, the, 424

Convention Parliament, the first, 421; the second, 445

Convention, the French, 579; declares war on England, 581

Cook, Captain, his discoveries, 752

Coote, Sir Eyre, wins battle of Wandewash, 531; battle of Porto Novo, 569

Cope, Sir John, defeated at Prestonpans, 508

Copenhagen, battle of, 595

Coroners first instituted, 122

Corn Laws, the, 635; repeal of the, 667

Cornwallis, Lord, his campaigns in America, 550, 551; Governor-General of India, 571, 572; Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 590

Corporation Act, the, 424

Corporations, reform of the, 654

Cotton Famine, the, 697

Courtenays, Earls of Devon. _See_ Devon

Covenant, the Scottish, 371

Covenanters, the, 371; allied with Parliamentarians, 378; risings of, in Scotland, 433; join William of Orange, 448

Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, counsels Henry VIII.'s divorce, 293; favours Protestantism, 302; compiles the Prayer-book, 309; deposed by Mary, 316; burnt, 320

Crécy, battle of, 187, 188

Crimea, invasion of, 685. _See_ Russian War

Cromwell, Oliver, member for Huntingdon, 365; his ability as cavalry leader, 387; at Marston Moor, 390; at Naseby, 395; wins battle of Preston, 400; campaign in Ireland, 403; campaign of Dunbar and Worcester, 405; character, 406; dissolves the Rump, 410; his rule as Protector, 412, 416

----, Richard, Protector, 416; resigns, 417

----, Thomas, minister of Henry VIII., 293; favours reformers, 302; disgraced and executed, 304

Crusade, the first, 84; the third, 111, 116

Culloden, battle of, 508

Cumberland, Ernest, Duke of, King of Hanover, 659

----, George, Duke of, defeated at Fontenoy, 503; wins battle of Culloden, 508; defeated at Lawfeldt, 510; capitulates at Closter-Seven, 525

----, conquered by William II., 83

Cumbria, kingdom of. _See_ Strathclyde

Cunobelinus (Cymbeline), British king, 5

Dalhousie, Lord, Governor-General of India, 743; his annexations, 744

Danby, Thomas Osborne, Lord, minister of Charles II., 431; impeached, 431; invites William of Orange, 442; minister of William III., 455

Danegelt, raised by Aethelred, 53; by William I., 78; abolished by Henry II., 101

Danelagh, the, 40; conquered by Edward the Elder, 45

Danes, incursions of, 32; settle in England, 35; conquer Northumbria, 36; conquer Mercia, 38; wars of, with Alfred, 39, 41; conquered by Edward the Elder, 45; conciliated by Eadgar, 49, 50; invade England under Swegen, 53; oppose William I., 70

Darien Scheme, the, 472

David I., King of Scotland, aids Queen Matilda, 73

---- II., King of Scotland, expelled by Balliol, 182; defeated at Neville's Cross, 189; prisoner in England, 193; released, 195

Declaration of Right, the, 446

Delhi, captured by British, 604; siege of, during mutiny, 746; Durbar at, 750

Deorham, battle of, 18

Derby, Edward Stanley, Earl of, prime minister in 1852, 680; in 1858, 694; in 1866, 703

Dermot of Leinster, introduces English into Ireland, 107

Derry, siege of, 450

Derwentwater, Earl, Jacobite leader, 487-489

Desmond, Garrett, Earl of, rebellion of, 346

Despencer, Hugh, favourite of Edward II., 177-179

Dettingen, battle of, 502

Devon, John, Earl of, beheaded by Edward IV., 253; Edward, Earl of, conspires against Queen Mary, 317

Directory, proclaimed in France, 584; fall of, 593

Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield, leads Protectionists, 666, 667; minister under Lord Derby, 680; his Reform Bills, 694, 703; prime minister, 705; second ministry of, 709; at Congress of Berlin, 711; loses office, 712; dies, 716

Divine Right of kings, 351

Domesday Book, 70-78

Douglas, James, the Black, invades England, 180

----, Archibald, Earl of, captured at Homildon, 216; at Shrewsbury, 216

Dover, riot at, 58; naval battle of, 135; treaty of, 429

Drake, Sir Francis, his voyages, 334, 335; expedition of Cadiz, 337; to South America, 341

Druids, the, 4

Dudley, Edmund, minister of Henry VII., 273; beheaded, 283

----, Lord Guilford, marries Lady Jane Grey, 312; beheaded, 318

----. _See_ Northumberland and Leicester

Dunbar, victory of Edward I. at, 164; victory of Cromwell at, 405

Dundee. _See_ Claverhouse

Dunstan, Abbot of Glastonbury, his reforms, 47, 48; exiled by Eadwig, 48; archbishop and prime minister, 49; exiled, 52

Dupleix, his career in Southern India, 512, 518; recalled, 519

Eadgar, King of England, 48; his prosperous reign, 49, 50

---- the Etheling, 61; proclaimed king, 67; risings in favour of, 69, 70

Eadmund (St.), King of East Anglia, martyred by Danes, 36

---- I., King of England, his reign, 47

---- II., Ironside, his wars with Cnut, 54

Eadred, King of England, his reign, 47

Eadric Streona, favourite of Aethelred II., 53; his treachery, 54, 55

Eadric the Wild, his rebellion, 69

Eadwig, King of England, his reign, 48

Eadwine, King of Northumbria, 25; slain at Heathfield, 26

----, Earl of Mercia, 60, 63, 64; rebels against William I., 71

Ecclesiastical courts, founded by William I., 76; claims of, urged by Becket, 101; their powers restricted by Edward I., 150; under Charles I., 369; abolished, 374; revived by James II., 440

Ecclesiastical Titles Act, the, 679

Ecgbert, King of Wessex, 31; suzerain of all Britain, 32; defeats the Danes, 34

Ecgfrith, King of Northumbria, slain by the Picts, 29

Edgehill, battle of, 383, 384

Education Act, the, 707

Edward the Elder, King of England, 44; his victorious campaigns, 45

---- the Martyr, his reign and murder, 51

---- the Confessor, accession of, 57; reign of, 58-61

---- I., at battle of Lewis, 142; wins battle of Evesham, 146; at the Crusades, 147; King of England, 148; character and policy of, 149-153; conquers Wales, 153-157; arbiter in Scotland, 159, 162; war with France, 162; his conflicts with the Church, 165; with the barons, 165; invades Scotland, 164, 168; dies, 170

---- II. of Carnarvon, Prince of Wales, 157; King of England, 171; disastrous reign of, 173-178; deposed and murdered, 179

---- III., King of England, 179; crushes Mortimer, 181; wins battle of Halidon Hill, 182; his first war with France, 183-194; contest with Parliament, 186; misfortunes of his later years, 197-200

---- IV., Earl of March, leads Yorkists, 252; proclaimed king, 253; victorious at Towton, 254; marriage of, 255; his struggle with Warwick, 256, 257; regains his throne, 258; dies, 264

---- V., his short reign and death, 264-268

---- VI., birth of, 303; accession of, 308; his reign, 308-312; dies, 313

---- the Black Prince, at Crécy, 188; his victory at Poictiers, 191, 192; his wars in Spain, 196; long illness and death of, 197

----, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI., born, 248; married to Anne Neville, 257; slain at Tewkesbury, 258

Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Richard III., dies, 269

Egypt, Bonaparte in, 591; taken by English, 595; English interference in, 661; under Ismail, 709; conquered by Lord Wolseley, 713, 714

Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen of Henry II., 97; incites her sons to rebellion, 109; supports King John, 122, 123

---- of Provence, queen of Henry III., 136

---- of Castille, queen of Edward I., 148

Eliot, Sir John, opposes Charles I., 365; imprisoned, 366

Elizabeth Woodville, marries Edward IV., 255; claims regency, 264

---- of York, heiress of Edward IV., 269; marries Henry VII., 273

----, Queen, birth of, 294; imprisoned by Mary, 320; accession, 322; religious policy of, 323-326; troubles with Mary of Scotland, 327, 328; foreign policy, 330; her prosperous rule, 333; war with Spain, 335, 341; the "Elizabethan Age," 343-349; her Irish policy, 345; dies, 348

----, daughter of James I., marries Elector Palatine, 358

Ellenborough, Lord, Governor-General of India, 741

Elliot, General, defends Gibraltar, 552

Emancipation, Catholic, Pitt's scheme for, 590, 591; vetoed by George III., 596; again, 609; granted by Wellington, 646

Emmet, Robert, his rebellion, 603

Empson, Richard, minister of Henry VII., 273; beheaded by Henry VIII., 283

English, coming of the, to Britain, 14; social organization of the, 20, 21; religion of the, 22; receive Christianity, 23

Enniskillen, siege of, 451

Essex, kingdom of East Saxons, 16

----, Robert Devereux, Earl of, his expedition to Cadiz, 341; to Ireland, 347; his intrigues and execution, 348

----, Robert Devereux, second Earl of, his divorce, 356; leader of Parliamentarians, 379; at Edgehill, 383, 384; at Newbury, 387; capitulates at Lostwithiel, 392; removed by "Self-denying Ordinance," 393

----, Frances, Countess of, poisons Sir T. Overbury, 356

Ethandun, battle of, 39

Eugéne of Savoy, commands Austrian army, 463; joins Marlborough before Blenheim, 456; his campaigns in Italy, 469-470

Eustace of Boulogne, 58

Evesham, battle of, 145, 146

Excise Bill of Walpole, 495

Exclusion Bill, the, 433, 434

Exeter, taken by West Saxons, 31; taken by William I., 69; besieged by Warbeck, 276

----, Henry Courtenay, Marquis of, beheaded by Henry VIII., 301

Eylau, battle of, 610

Factory Acts, the, 675

Fairfax, Ferdinand, Lord, Parliamentary general, 386

----, Sir Thomas, besieged in Hull, 386; wins battle of Nantwich, 390; at Marston Moor, 391; leader of the "New Model," 393; wins Naseby fight, 395; suppresses Royalist risings, 400; refuses to try the king, 401; resigns, 404

Falkirk, victory of Edward I. at, 168; of Charles Edward at, 508

Falkland, Lord, slain at Newbury, 387

Family compact, the, 496

Fashoda difficulty, the, 726, 727

Fawkes, Guy, his plot, 354

Fenians, the, their outrages, 704, 705

Fenwick, Sir John, conspires against William III., 456

Ferdinand of Aragon, allied to Henry VII., 279, 280

---- of Brunswick, wins battle of Crefeldt, 526; of Minden, 527

---- VII. of Spain, kidnapped by Napoleon, 613

Ferozeshah, battle of, 742

Feudalism, character of English, after the Conquest, 72

Finan, St., Bishop of York, 27

Fire, the Great, of London, 427

Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, executed by Henry VIII., 295

Fitzgerald, Garrett, rebellion of, 346

----, Lord Edward, heads "United Irishmen," 588; slain, 589

"Five Boroughs," the, of Mercia, 38, 39; conquered by Edward the Elder, 44

Five Mile Act, the, 424

Flambard, Ralf, minister of William II., 84

Flanders, alliance of Edward III. with, 184, 185; English trade with, 195; commercial treaty with, 279; campaigns of Marlborough in, 468-472

Fontenoy, battle of, 503, 504

Formigny, battle of, 242

Fornham, battle of, 110

Forster, Thomas, leads Jacobite rising, 487; defeated at Preston, 488

"Forty-Five, the," 504-508

Fox, Charles James, character of, 556; his coalition with North, 557; his India Bill, 558; resigns, 559; approves of French Revolution, 577, 581; takes office with Grenville, 608; dies, 609

Francis I. of France, 286, 287; at Field of Cloth of Gold, 288; wars of, with Henry VIII., 305

Francis II. of France, married to Mary, Queen of Scots, 310

Francis I., Emperor, 510

---- II., Emperor, makes war on France, 578; surrenders imperial title, 608; _See under_ Austria

----, Sir Philip, his "Letters of Junius," 567; opposes Warren Hastings, 570

Fraternity, edict of, 579

Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor, goes on third crusade, 116

---- II. of Prussia, in war of Austrian Succession, 500, 502-510; in Seven Years' war, 522, 537; his victories of Rossbach and Leuthen, 525; estranged from England, 537, 549

---- William III. of Prussia, his wars with Napoleon, 610, 631

Free Trade, advocated by William Pitt, 563; by Huskisson, 642; by Peel, 666

Frobisher, Martin, his voyages, 334

Fuentes d'Onoro, battle of, 620

Fyrd, the old English militia, 42

Gael, the, conquer Scotland and Ireland, 2

Gage, General, besieged in Boston, 546

Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester, imprisoned by Somerset, 309; restored by Mary, 316

Gates, General, defeats Burgoyne, 548; defeated by Cornwallis, 556

Gaveston, Piers, favourite of Edward II., 171; slain, 174

Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany, son of Henry II., 106, 111

---- Plantagenet, Earl of Anjou, father of Henry II., 91, 93

George I., his character and policy, 482; his reign, 480-494

---- II., his quarrels with his father, 483; accession, 495; his campaigns in Germany, 501; victorious at Dettingen, 502; dies, 531

---- III., accession of, 532; his character and policy, 533, 534; his struggles with the Whigs, 533, 538, 541, 543; his American policy, 549; action on the India Bill, 549; vetoes Catholic Emancipation, 596; his madness, 596; final quarrel with the Whigs, 609; renewed madness, 622; dies, 641

---- IV., character of, 564; his regency, 622; abandons the Whigs, 638; accession of, 641; his quarrels with Queen Caroline, 641; dies, 647

----, Prince of Denmark, husband of Queen Anne, deserts James II., 443; his character, 461

Gerberoi, battle of, 77

Ghuznee, stormed by the English, 740

Gibraltar, won by the English, 468; great siege of, 532

Ginckel, General, commander in Ireland, 452

Gladstone, William E., a Peelite, 667; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 698; prime minister, 705; his ministry, 706-709; speeches on Bulgarian atrocities, 710; second ministry of, 712-716; introduces Home Rule, 717; its rejection, 717; his last ministry, 721; fails to pass his second Home Rule Bill, 722; dies, 726

Glencoe, massacre of, 453

Glenshiel, battle of, 490

Gloucester, taken by the Saxons, 18; besieged by Charles I., 387

----, Gilbert (1) de Clare, Earl of, overthrows De Montfort, 145, 149

----, Gilbert (2) de Clare, Earl of, slain at Bannockburn, 175

----, Thomas, Duke of, rises against Richard II., 207; dismissed from power, 209; murdered, 210

----, Humphrey, Duke of, Protector of Henry VI., 231; his expedition to Hainault, 232; his war-policy, 238, 239; dies, 240

----, Richard, Duke of. _See_ Richard III.

----, William, Duke of, son of Queen Anne, dies, 459

Glyndower, Owen, his rebellion against Henry IV., 214-216

Goderich, Lord, prime minister, 644

Godolphin, Lord, prime minister, 462; his alliance with Marlborough, 472; prosecutes Sacheverell, 474; dismissed, 475

Godwine, Earl of Wessex, 55, 56, 57; exiled, 58; restored, 59

Gondomar, Spanish ambassador, 358

Gordon, Lord George, stirs up riots in London, 551

----, Charles George, General, his defence of Khartoum and death, 714, 715

Goring, George, Lord, Cavalier general, 390; defeated by Fairfax, 396

Gough, Hugh, Lord, commands against the Sikhs, 742, 743

Grafton, Augustus Fitzroy, Duke of, his ministry, 539-541; American policy of, 542

Grand Remonstrance, the, 377

Great Council, the, under William I., 75

Greek war of independence, 642, 643

Gregory I., Pope, sends Augustine to England, 23

---- VII., Pope, quarrel of, with William I., 76

Grenville, George, prime minister, 538; prosecutes Wilkes, 539; his American policy, 539

----, William, Lord, prime minister, 608; defeated on Catholic question, 609; abolishes slave-trade, 609

Grey, Lady Jane, marries Guildford Dudley, 312; proclaimed queen, 313; imprisoned, 315; executed, 317

Grey, Charles, Lord, leader of Whigs, 638; prime minister, 648; carries Reform Bill, 650; his Poor Law, 654; resigns, 656

----, John de, favourite of John, 125

----, Lord Leonard, his conquests in Ireland, 302

Griqualand, diamond-fields of, 753

Guesclin, Bertram du, prisoner at Navarette, 196; his successes, 198

Gunpowder Plot, the, 354

Guthrum, Danish chief, 37, 39; his treaty with Alfred, 40

Guzerat, battle of, 743

Gwalior, stormed by British, 568; battle of, 748

Gwynedd, Welsh kingdom of, 18, 26, 59, 83; conquered by Edward I., 156

Habeas Corpus Act, passed, 433; suspended by Pitt, 580

Hadrian, Emperor, visits Britain, his wall, 7

Haider Ali, his wars with the British, 568, 569

Hale's Case, 439

Halidon Hill, battle of, 182

Hamilton, William, Duke of, invades England, 399; defeated at Preston, 400

Hampden, John, opposes Charles I., 365; refuses to pay ship-money, 369; killed at Chalgrove, 386

Hampton Court Conference, the, 352, 353

Hanover, House of, become kings of England, 482

----, electorate of, overrun by French, 525; separated from England, 659

Harald Hardrada, slain at Stamford Bridge, 63

Hardinge, Henry, Lord, Governor-General of India, 742

Harfleur, siege of, by Henry V., 223

Harley, Robert, Earl of Oxford. _See_ Oxford

Harold, son of Cnut, King of England, 56

----, son of Godwine, minister of Edward the Confessor, 58; his oath to William of Normandy, 59; King of England, 61; defeats Hardrada, 63; slain at Hastings, 65

Harthacnut, King of England, 56

Hastenbeck, battle of, 525

Hastings, battle of, 65

----, Francis, Marquis of, Governor-General of India, his Pindaree and Mahratta wars, 738, 739

----, William, Lord, executed by Richard III., 266

----, Warren, Governor-General of India, 567; his Mahratta and Mysore wars, 569; his impeachment and acquittal, 570, 571

Havelock, General, at Cawnpore and Lucknow, 747, 748

Hawke, Admiral, wins battle of Quiberon, 527

Hawkins, Sir John, American explorer, 333

Heathfield, battle of, 26

Heavenfield, battle of the, 26

Hedgely Moor, battle of, 255

Heligoland, seized by British, 612; secured by treaty of Vienna, 631

Hengist the Jute, conquers Kent, 14, 15

Hengistesdun, battle of, 34

Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I., 363; raises supplies for the royal army, 378

Henry I., King of England, 84; his wars with Robert of Normandy, 87; quarrels with Anselm, 89; dies, 92

---- II., declared heir of Stephen, 96; his accession, 97; his strong rule, 99; quarrels with Becket, 100-105; subdues Ireland, 108; quells insurrection of his sons, 110, 111; death, 113

---- III., King of England, 134; his misgovernment, 137; wars with France, 137; his servility to the Pope, 138; signs Provisions of Oxford, 140; defeated and captured by de Montfort, 142; restored to the throne, 146; dies, 147

---- IV., plots against Richard II., 208; exiled, 210; seizes the crown, 211; quells rebellion of Glyndower and Percy, 214-216; dies, 219

---- V., at battle of Shrewsbury, 216; his father's minister, 218; accession of, 220; persecutes Lollards, 221; invades France, 222; wins Agincourt, 224; conquers Normandy, 227, 228; master of Northern France, 229; dies, 230

---- VI., King of England, 231; his minority, 231-240; weak rule of, 241-244; his madness, 248; in Wars of the Roses, 249-253; imprisoned by Edward IV., 256; restored to throne, 258; murdered, 259

---- VII., Earl of Richmond, and heir of Lancaster, 260; overthrows Richard III., 270, 271; marries Elizabeth of York, 273; suppresses Simnel and Warbeck, 274, 275; his foreign policy, 277, 279; dies, 281

---- VIII., wedded to Catherine of Aragon, 280; character and policy of, 282; his Scottish wars, 285; his foreign policy, 288; his divorce from Catherine of Aragon, 291-294; quarrel with the Papacy, 292-295; his religious changes, 297; suppresses Pilgrimage of Grace, 301; dissolves monasteries, 299-302; his tyranny, 303-305; later wars of, 305; dies, 307

Henry, son of Henry II., crowned king, 104; rebels against his father, 109; dies, 111

----, Prince of Wales, son of James I., dies, 357

----, Cardinal of York, the last of the Stuarts, 509

Henry II., King of France, his wars with England, 310, 321

---- IV., King of France, aided by Elizabeth, 340

---- of Trastamara, King of Spain, his war with the Black Prince, 196

Hereford, Roger Bohun, Earl of, quarrels with Edward I., 166

----, Henry, Duke of. _See_ Henry IV.

_Heretico Comburendo_, statute _de_, 215; revived by Mary Tudor, 319

Hereward the Wake, rebellion and submission of, 71

High Commission, court of, arbitrary acts of, 369, 370; abolished, 374; revived by James II., 440

Hexham, battle of, 255

Hoche, General, his attempts on Ireland, 588

Hogue, La, battle of, 454

Hohenlinden, battle of, 593

Holkar state, the, made vassal to the British, 739

Holland, Henry, Earl of, executed, 401

----, John and Thomas, 202; rebel against Henry IV., 214

----, rebels against Philip of Spain, 330; aided by Elizabeth, 332, 335; aids England against the Armada, 339; shelters Royalists, 408; wars with Cromwell, 409, 410; wars of, with Charles II., 426, 430; invaded by Lewis XIV., 430; in war of the Spanish Succession, 463-476; makes war on George III., 548; conquered by French republicans, 584; at war with England, 586, 587; annexed by Napoleon, 622; restored to House of Orange, 632; coerced by England in 1830, 656

Holy Alliance, the, 643

Home Rule, party in Ireland headed by Parnell, 709, 712; bill for, proposed by Mr. Gladstone, 717; second bill for, rejected, 722

Homildon Hill, battle of, 215

Honorius, Emperor, evacuates Britain, 12

Hooper, John, Bishop of Gloucester, martyred, 319

Horsa, Jutish leader, 14, 15

Hotham, Sir John, repels Charles I. from Hull, 379

Howard, Catherine, wife of Henry VIII., executed, 304

----, Lady Frances, her crime and trial, 356

---- of Effingham, Charles, Lord, defeats Armada, 338, 339

Howe, General, wins battle of Brooklyn, 547; takes Philadelphia, 548

Howe, Richard, Lord, defeats the French fleet, 582

Hubba, Danish chief, 36, 38

Humble Petition and Advice, the, 415

Hundred Days, the, 628

----, Ordinance of the, 50

---- years' war, the, 183

Huskisson, William, president of the Board of Trade, 641; his commercial policy, 642; dismissed by Wellington, 645; death of, 653

Hyde, Anne, marries James, Duke of York, 425

Imperial Federation, 756

Impey, Sir Elijah, condemns Nuncomar, 567

Income tax, origin of the, 663

Independence, American, declaration of the, 547

Independents, the, their disputes with the Presbyterians, 397; offer terms to Charles I., 399; in power, 401

India, first English trade to, 341; Mogul empire in, 511; first struggle of French and English in, 512; Clive and Dupleix in, 518, 519; English disasters in, 523; conquests of English in, 529, 530; governed by Clive and Warren Hastings, 566-570; governed by Cornwallis, 571-573; by Lord Wellesley, 594; conquests of Lake and Wellesley in, 603, 604; later history of, 735-749; Indian Mutiny, the, 745

Indulgence, the Declaration of, 430

Ingwar, Danish chief, 36

Inkerman, battle of, 688

Innocent III., Pope, his quarrel with King John, 125; John does homage to him, 132

Instrument of Government, the, 412

Investitures, contest about, 90

Ionian Islands, the, ceded to Britain, 631

Ireland, conquered by the Gaels, 2; attacked by Norsemen, 34; expedition of Strongbow to, 107; does homage to Henry II., 108; rebels against Edward II., 177; expedition of Richard II. against, 211; ruled by Earl of Kildare, 280; conquests of Henry VIII. in, 302; conquests of Elizabeth in, 345; rebellions of Desmond and Tyrone, 346, 347; Ulster colonized by James I., 361; rule of Stafford in, 368; the great rebellion, 376; intrigues of Charles I. in, 389; subdued by Cromwell, 403, 404; James II.'s dealings with, 449; conquered by William of Orange, 451, 452; the Volunteers secure Home Rule for, 551, 552; discontent in, 587; the rebellion of '98, 590, 591; the Union with England, 591; Emmet's rebellion, 603; O'Connell's agitation for Catholic Emancipation, 646; the Repeal movement, 648; the tithe war, 656; the Young Ireland party, 664; the potato famine, 668; Smith O'Brien's rising, 669; Fenianism, 704; Gladstone's Irish Church Bill, 706; his Land Act, 706; the Home Rule agitation, 709; the Irish parliamentary party, 715; dealings of the second Gladstone cabinet with Ireland, 716; Home Rule promised to, by Gladstone, 717; rejected, 718; second Home Rule Bill rejected, 722

Ireton, Henry, Parliamentary general, 404

Isabella of France, wife of Edward II., 179; deposes him, 180; imprisoned by her son, 181

Jacobins, in France, 581; their atrocities, 582, 583

Jacobites, the, their strength, 448, 449; conspire against William of Orange, 456; intrigues of, at death of Queen Anne, 479; raise the rebellion of 1715, 486, 487; raise the rebellion of 1745, 504, 505; gradual decay of, 509, 534

Jacquerie, the, 193

Jamaica taken by Cromwell, 415

James I., becomes King of Scotland, 328; accession to English throne, 350; his character, 351; religious policy, 352; disputes with the Commons, 355; subservience to Spain, 357; ruled by his favourites, 356-358; dies, 361

---- II., attacked, in Exclusion Bill, 431; his accession, 436; character and policy, 437-439, 440; his tyranny, 441-443; his panic at invasion of William, 443; flies to France, 444; his campaign in Ireland, 450, 451; dies, 460

----, Prince of Wales, the Old Pretender, his birth, 441; proclaimed king by Lewis XIV., 460; strict Romanism of, 478; his campaign in Scotland, 489

James I. of Scotland, captured by Henry IV., 218; returns to Scotland, 232

---- IV. of Scotland, aids Perkin Warbeck, 276; slain at Flodden, 285

---- V. of Scotland, his wars with Henry VIII., 305

---- VI. of Scotland. _See_ James I. of England

Jameson, Dr., his piratical raid, 725

Jane Grey, Lady, her reign, 313; her execution, 317

Jane Seymour, queen of Henry VIII., 300; dies, 302

Jeanne d'Arc, raises siege of Orleans, 235; crowns Charles VII., 236; captured and burnt, 237

Jeffreys, Judge, his Bloody Assize, 438; Lord Chancellor, 439

Jelalabad, siege of, 741

Jena, battle of, 610

Jenkins, Captain, his ear, 496

Jervis, Admiral, wins battle of Cape St. Vincent, 587

Jesuit intrigues against Elizabeth, 334

Jews, persecution of, 115; expelled from England by Edward I., 152

John, made lord of Ireland, 111; conspires against his father, 113; intrigues against his brother Richard, 119; King of England, 122; loses his continental dominions, 124; his quarrel with the Pope, 125; with the baronage, 128; signs Magna Carta, 130; war with the barons, 132; dies, 133

---- of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, son of Edward III., 195; commands in France, 198; favours the Lollards, 200; rules for Richard II., 202; invades Spain, 207; dies, 210

----, King of France, his war with England, 190; captured at Poictiers, 192; released, 194

Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain. _See_ Bonaparte

Josephine, Empress, divorced by Napoleon, 619

Jumièges, Robert of, Archbishop of Canterbury, expelled by Godwine, 85

Junius, letters of, 544, 567

Junot, General, invades Portugal, 611; defeated at Vimiero, 617

Jutes, the, conquer Kent, 14, 15

Kaffir wars, 753

Kenilworth, dictum of, 147

Kenneth McAlpine, first King of Scotland, 47

Kent, kingdom of, founded by Hengist, 15; converted to Christianity, 24; annexed to Wessex, 31

----, Edmund, Earl of, executed, 181

----, Edward, Duke of, father of Queen Victoria, 639

----, Thomas Holland, Earl of, 202; rising and death of, 214

Ker, Robert. _See_ Somerset

Ket, Robert, rebellion of, 310

Kildare, Gerald, Earl of, 280

Killiecrankie, battle of, 449

Kilsyth, battle of, 395

Kilwarden, Ld., murdered by Emmet, 603

King's Friends, the, 534

Kinsale, battle of, 347

Kirke, Colonel, his cruelty, 438

Kitchener, Herbert, Lord, destroys the Mahdists of the Soudan, 725; commands in South Africa, 732

Kruger, Paul, President of Transvaal, his policy, 724, 725; declares war on England, 727, 728; flies to Europe, 731

La Fayette, defeated by Cornwallis, 552

Labourers, statute of, 190

Ladysmith, siege and relief of, 728-730

Lagos, battle of, 526

Lake, Gerald, Lord, his victories in India, 604

Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of, opposes Gaveston, 173; government of, 176; overthrown by Edward II., 178

----, John of Gaunt, Duke of. _See_ John

----, House of. See Henry IV., V., VI.

Landen, battle of, 454

Land League, the, in Ireland, 715

Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, 75; dies, 84

Langton, Stephen, made Archbishop by Innocent III., 126; his patriotism, 128; draws up Magna Carta, 130

Lansdowne, battle of, 386

Latimer, Hugh, Bishop of Worcester, martyred, 319

Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, his policy, 367; his Court of High Commission, 369; attempts to force Episcopacy on Scotland, 370; impeached, 373; executed, 393

Laudabiliter, the Bull, 99

Lawrence, Sir John, defends the Punjab, 746

Leicester, stormed by Charles I., 394

----, Robert Dudley, Earl of, favourite of Elizabeth, 324; his expedition to Holland, 335; dies, 348

----, Simon de Montfort, Earl of, rules Guienne, 139; heads baronage against Henry III., 140; victorious at Lewes, 142; his rule, 143-145; slain at Evesham, 146

Leofric, Earl of Mercia, 55

Leofwine, brother of Harold, slain at Hastings, 65

Leopold of Austria, his quarrel with Richard I., 117; imprisons him, 118

---- of Saxe-Coburg, marries Princess Charlotte, 639; King of Belgium, 656

Levellers, rising of the, 403

Lewes, battle of, 142

----, Mise of, 143

Lewis VII. of France, wars of, with Henry II., 100, 109

---- VIII. of France, elected King of England, 132; expelled from England, 135

---- IX. of France, defeats Henry III. at Taillebourg, 137; arbitrator between Henry and the barons, 141

---- XI. of France, aids Margaret of Anjou, 254, 255; his treaty with Edward IV., 262

---- XII. of France, his wars with Henry VIII., 284; marries Mary of England, 284

---- XIII. of France, war of Charles I. with, 364, 365

---- XIV. of France, his aggressive policy, 429, 447; signs treaty of Ryswick, 455; renews war with England, 463;

disastrous struggle of, with Marlborough, 466-476; signs treaty of Utrecht, 476; dies, 486

Lewis XV. of France, joins Family Compact, 496; makes war on Maria Theresa, 501, 503; engages in Seven Years' War, 522

---- XVI. of France, aids American rebels, 548; summons States-General, 574; his flight to Varennes, 578; execution, 581

---- XVIII. of France, restored to throne, 622; expelled by Bonaparte, 628; second restoration of, 631

Limerick, siege of, 452

Lincoln, taken by Edward the Elder, 45; battle of, 134

----, Abraham, President of the United States, 696

----, John de la Pole, Earl of, declared heir of Richard III., 269; rebels against Henry VII., 273; slain at Stoke, 274

Lindsey, Lord, Royalist general, 382

Lisle, Alice, Lady, executed, 438

Liverpool, Robert Jenkinson, Earl of, prime minister, 622; reactionary policy of, 637; dealings with Reform agitation, 640; takes Canning into partnership, 641; retires, 644

Llewellyn, Prince of North Wales, 143; defeated by Edward I., 155; last rebellion and death of, 156

Locke, John, persecuted by Charles II., 440

Lollards, followers of Wicliffe, 199; communistic doctrines of, 203; power of, 209; persecuted by Henry IV., 219; by Henry V., 220

London, sacked by Boadicea, 6; taken by East Saxons, 16; taken by Danes, 38; besieged by Swegen, 54; taken by William the Conqueror, 67; receives a charter from Henry I., 88; expels Queen Matilda, 95; Longbeard's riots in, 121; sides with the barons, 142; opposes Charles I., 381; Great Plague of, 427; Great Fire of, 427; Gordon riots in, 551; Parliamentary reform in, 650; riots in, 639; Chartists in, 670

Londonderry. _See_ Derry

Long Parliament, the. _See_ Parliament

Longchamp, William, justiciar of Richard I., 115; expelled from England, 119

Lovel, Francis, Lord, favourite of Richard III., 270; rebellion and death of, 273, 274

Lucknow, relieved by Havelock, 747; taken by Lord Clyde, 748

Ludford, rout of, 249

Luther, Martin, preaches against papal abuses, 290

Luxembourg, Marshal, wins battles of Steenkerke and Landen, 454

Macbeth, crimes and death of, 59

Madoc, of Wales, rebellion of, 157, 163

Madras, English factory at, taken by Dupleix, 512; presidency of, 594

Magersfontein, battle of, 729

Magna Carta, its provisions, 130, 131

Mahdi, the war with, 714, 715; his followers crushed, 726

Mahrattas, the rise of, 511; war of Hastings with, 568; war of Wellesley with, 604; conquered by Lord Hastings, 738, 739

Major-Generals, Cromwell governs England by, 413

Malcolm Canmore, wars of, with William I., 70; with William II., 82, 83

Malplaquet, battle of, 471

Malta, captured by British, 594; quarrels with Bonaparte about, 600

Mal-tolt levied by Edward I., 166; by Edward III., 185

Manchester, Edward Montagu, Earl of, Parliamentary general, 387; at Marston Moor, 390; at Newbury, 392; removed from command, 393

Manchester massacre, the, 639, 640

Maori wars, the, 752

Mar, John, Earl of, raises Jacobite rising, 487; at Sheriffmuir, 489

Marat, Jacobin leader, 581

March, Edmund, Earl of, heir to Richard II., 212; proclaimed king, 216; released by Henry V., 220

----, Roger, Earl of, slain in Ireland, 211

Marengo, battle of, 503

Margaret, St., wife of Malcolm Canmore, 70, 83

----, the "Maid of Norway," 158

---- of Anjou, marries Henry VI., 240; heads the Lancastrians, 240, 241; her alliance with Warwick, 257; defeated at Tewkesbury, 258

---- of York, marries Charles the Rash, 256; suborns Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck, 273-275

Maria Louisa, wife of Napoleon I., 619

Maria Theresa, war of succession of, 500-510; her attack on Frederic II., 521, 522

Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of, deserts James II., 443; Jacobite intrigues of, 453; his power under Queen Anne, 462; his military and diplomatic genius, 464; victorious campaigns of, 464-471; superseded and disgraced, 475; dies, 484

----, Sarah, Duchess of, her ascendency over Queen Anne, 462; disgraced, 475

Marmont, Marshal, defeated at Salamanca, 624

Marston Moor, battle of, 390

Martin Mar-prelate, tracts of, 344

Mary I., Queen of England, 315; crushes rebellion of Northumberland, 317;

marries Philip of Spain, 318; her persecutions, 319; war with France, 321; death of, 321

Mary of Modena, wife of James II., 441, 444

Mary II., Queen, marries William of Orange, 431; accession of, 445; death of, 456

Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VII., her marriages, 284

Mary, Queen of Scots, 305; marries Francis of France, 310; heiress to English crown, 326; marries Darnley, 327; marries Bothwell, 327; imprisoned at Lochleven, 328; escapes to England, 329; her conspiracies against Elizabeth, 332-336; executed, 336

Maserfield, battle of, 27

Masham, Mrs., favourite of Queen Anne, 475

Massachusetts Government Act, 545

Masséna, Marshal, defeated by Wellington, 619, 620

Matilda of Scotland, queen of Henry I., 87

Matilda, daughter of Henry I., her marriages, 91; claims English throne, 93, 94; defeated by Stephen, 95, 96

Maurice of Saxony, wins the battle of Fontenoy, 503

Mauritius annexed by England, 631

Meanee, battle of, 741

Medina Sidonia, Duke of, commands the Armada, 337

Mehemet Ali, Pasha of Egypt, invades the Peloponnesus, 644; his war with England, 661

Mehidpore, battle of, 739

Melbourne, William Lamb, Lord, joins Lord Grey's ministry, 648; prime minister, 657-662

Mellitus, Bishop of Rochester, 24

Mercia, kingdom of, 17; wars of, with Northumbria, 27; supremacy of, 30, 31; overrun by Danes, 37; partitioned by treaty of Wedmore, 40

Methodist movement, the, 516

Militia, the (_see_ Fyrd), reorganized by Edward I., 152; control of, disputed between Charles I. and Parliament, 378

Milner, Alfred, Lord, his policy in South Africa, 727

Milton, John, secretary to Cromwell, 414, 415

Minden, battle of, 527

Minorca, ceded to Britain, 476; taken by Duc de Richelieu, 523; finally taken from Britain, 551

Mir Jaffar, his treaty with Clive, 530

Mir Kassim, his war with England, 560

Mise of Amiens, 141

Mise of Lewes, 143

Mohammed Ali, Nawab of the Carnatic, 518; restored by the British, 519; dies, 566

Monasteries, suppression of the lesser, 298, 299; of the greater, 302, 303

Monk, George, Governor of Scotland, 414; restores Charles II., 418, 419; commands fleet against Dutch, 426

Monmouth, James, Duke of, wins battle of Bothwell Brig, 433; his rebellion and execution, 437, 438

Monopolies, abolished by Queen Elizabeth, 348; favoured by Charles I., 368

Montcalm, Marquis of, his successes in Canada, 523, 526; defeated at Quebec, 528

Montfort, Simon de. _See_ Leicester

Montrose, James, Marquis of, defeats Covenanters in Scotland, 395; defeated at Philiphaugh, 396; executed, 404

Moore, Sir John, General, in Spain, 615; slain at Corunna, 616

Morcar, Earl of Northumbria, 60, 63, 64; rebels against William I., 71

More, Sir Thomas, executed by Henry VIII., 295

Moreau, General, defeats the Austrians at Hohenlinden, 593

Mortimer, Roger, defeats Edward Bruce, 177; exiled, 178; his conspiracy with Queen Isabella, 178; rules England, 180; executed, 181

Mortimer's Cross, battle of, 252

Mortmain, statute of, 150

Morton, Bishop of Ely, 270, 273

Moscow, burning of, 624

Murray, James, Earl of, Regent of Scotland, 328

Mysore, wars of Warren Hastings with, 569; of Cornwallis with, 571, 572; of Wellesley with, 594

Najara, battle of, 196

Namur, taken by William III., 455

Nana Sahib, commits massacre of Cawnpore, 747

Napier, General Sir Charles, conquers Scinde, 741

----, Admiral Sir Charles, 655

----, Robert, Lord, of Magdala, invades Abyssinia, 705

Napoleon I. (_see_ Bonaparte), assumes title of Emperor, 604; conquers Austria, 608; conquers Prussia, 610; his continental system, 611, 612; campaign in Spain, 613-615; campaign of Wagram, 619; Russian campaign, 623; defeated at Leipsic, 625; first abdication, 626; returns from Elba, 628; the Hundred Days, 628-630; second abdication, and exile to St. Helena, 631

---- III., Louis, President of French Republic, and Emperor, 671; recognized by Palmerston, 672; joins England in Crimean war, 683;

expels Austrians from Italy, 695; his disastrous war against Germany, 707

Naseby, battle of, 394

Navarino, battle of, 643

Navigation Acts, the, 409

Nelson, Horatio, Lord, at battle of St. Vincent, 587; wins battle of the Nile, 592; wins battle of Copenhagen, 595; pursues Villeneuve, 606; dies victorious at Trafalgar, 609

Nepaul War, the, 738

Neville's Cross, battle of, 189

New England settled by Puritans, 361

New Model Army, the, formed by Fairfax and Cromwell, 393; at Naseby, 395; refuses to disband, 398; seizes person of Charles I., 399

New Orleans, battle of, 627

New South Wales, colonized by British, 750; later history of, 751

New Zealand, colonized by British, 752

Newburn, rout of, 372

Newbury, first battle of, 387; second battle of, 392

Newcastle, William Cavendish, marquis of, his campaign in Yorkshire, 386-389; defeated at Marston Moor, 390

----, Thomas Hollis, Duke of, minister of George II., 499-503; his fall, 524; takes office with Pitt, 524; dismissed by George III., 536

Newtown Butler, battle of, 451

Nile, battle of the, 592

Nithsdale, Earl of, Jacobite leader, 487; escape of, from prison, 489

Nizam, the, dealings of Clive and Dupleix with, 518; becomes a vassal of the East India Company, 603, 604

Nonconformists, rise of the, under Elizabeth, 344; under James I., 352; persecuted by Laud, 367; legislation of Charles II. against, 423, 424; intrigues of James II. with, 440; legislation of Bolingbroke against, 479

Non-jurors, the, 448

Norfolk, settled by East Angles, 16

----, Roger Bigod, Earl of, opposes Edward I., 166

----, Thomas Mowbray, Duke of, a Lord Appellant, 208; exiled by Richard II., 210

----, John Howard, Duke of, favoured by Richard III., 265; slain at Bosworth, 271

----, Thomas Howard, Duke of, imprisoned by Henry VIII., 307; released by Mary, 316

----, Thomas Howard, Duke of, conspires against Elizabeth, 329; executed, 332

Norman Conquest, the, 67

Normandy, Ethelred II. takes refuge in, 54; relations of, with Edward the Confessor, 57, 58; united to England, 67; conquered by William II., 84; conquered by Henry I., 90; lost by John, 124; conquered by Henry V., 227; reconquered by the French, 242

North, Frederick, Lord, minister of George III., 544; his scheme for taxing America, 545; brings on American war, 547; resigns, 552; takes office with Fox, 557; dismissed by George III., 559

Northampton, council of, 103; battle of, 250

Northumberland, Henry Percy, Earl of, rebels against Henry IV., 216; slain at Bramham Moor, 217

----, Thomas Percy, Earl of, heads rising in the North, 329, 330

----, John Dudley, Duke of, minister of Edward VI., 308; Protector, 310; proclaims Lady Jane Grey queen, 313; executed, 315

Northumbria, kingdom of, 17; conversion of, 25; supremacy of, in Britain, 27; overrun by Danes, 36; reconquered by Athelstan, 46

Nova Scotia, ceded to England, 476; joins Dominion of Canada, 755

Nuncomar (Nandukumar) executed by Impey, 567

Oates, Titus, invents Popish Plot, 432

O'Brien, Smith, his rebellion, 669, 670

O'Connell, Daniel, leader of Irish party, 646; enters Parliament, 647; his tithe war, 657, 658; agitates for repeal, 658, 664; his power declines, 664

O'Connor, Feargus, Chartist leader, 660; his abortive demonstration, 670

Oda, Archbishop of Canterbury, 48

Odo of Bayeux, regent for William I., 69; imprisoned by William I., 77; rebels against William II., 82

Offa, King of Mercia, 30

Oldcastle, Sir John, martyred, 221

Olive Branch Petition, the, 547

Omdurman, battle of, 726

Omichund deceived by Clive, 530

Orange, William I. of, leader of Dutch insurgents, 332; assassinated, 335

----, William II. of, marries Mary, daughter of Charles I., 409

----, William III. _See_ William III., King of England

Orange Free State, origin of the, 752; declares war on England, 728; annexed, 731

Orangemen in Ireland, 589; suppress the rebellion of '98, 590

Ordainers, the Lords, 173

Orders in Council, the, 611

Orleans, siege of, 234

----, Philip of, regent of France, 486

Ormond, James Butler, Marquis of, Lord Deputy of Ireland, aids Charles I., 389; resists Cromwell, 402

----, James Butler, Duke of, supersedes Marlborough, 477; Jacobite intrigues of, 486

Orsini question, the, 693

Osbert, King of Northumbria, 36

Oswald, St., King of Northumbria, 26

Oswiu, King of Northumbria, slays Penda, 27; at Synod of Whitby, 28

Oude, wars of English with, 566; dealings of Warren Hastings with, 568; annexed, 744; the mutiny in, 746

Oudenarde, battle of, 470

Overbury, Sir Thomas, poisoned by Countess of Essex, 356

Oxford, Provisions of, 140; Charles I. at, 383; siege of, 396

----, Robert Harley, Earl of, prime minister, 474; concludes treaty of Utrecht, 476; ousted by Bolingbroke, 479

Paardeburg, battle of, 731

Paine, Tom, 580

Pale, the, 108, 177

Palmerston, Henry Temple, Lord, joins Lord Grey's cabinet 648; his foreign policy, 654 661; foreign secretary with Lord John Russell, 668; dismissed, 672; returns to office, 690; his first premiership, 690-693; his second premiership, 695-698; dies, 699

Pandulf, papal legate to King John, 127

Papacy, first relations of England with, 24; dealings of William I. with, 76; quarrel of John with, 126, 127; subservience of Henry III. to, 138; Wicliffe and the, 199; corruption of the, at Renaissance, 289; quarrel of Henry VIII. with, 293; Mary and the, 316; quarrel of Elizabeth with the, 331

Paris, taken by Henry V., 228; recovered by the French, 239; Peace of, 536; taken by the allies in 1814, 625; by Wellington in 1815, 631; treaty of, 691

Parker, Matthew, Archbishop of Canterbury, 323

Parker, John, mutineer leader at the Nore, 586

Parliament, the Mad, 140; de Montfort's, 144; assumes its permanent shape under Edward I., 153; assumes control of royal revenue, 166; withstands Edward III., 185; the Good, 200; the Merciless, 208; its impotence under the Tudors, 288-292; Elizabeth's dealings with, 348; quarrels of, with James I., 355; early strife of Charles I. with, 363-365; the Short, 371; the Long, 372; its reforms, 374-377; the Rump, 401; Barebones', 410; the Long restored, 418; the first Convention, 421; the Cavalier, 422; the second Convention, 445; Whig management of, 484, 485; reform of, proposed by Pitt, 558. _See_ Reform Bill

Parnell, Charles Stuart, Irish leader, 712-715; fall and death, 720, 721

Partition treaties, the Spanish, 458

Passaro, Cape, battle of, 490

Patay, battle of, 236

Patrick, St., apostle of Ireland, 13

Paul III., Pope, excommunicates Henry VIII., 295

----, Czar of Russia, his alliance with Bonaparte, 594; murdered, 595

Paulinus, first Bishop of York, 25

Pedro the Cruel, of Castile, restored by the Black Prince, 196

Peel, Sir Robert, home secretary, 641; leader of Tories, 656; prime minister, 662; imposes income tax, 663; converted to Free Trade, 666; resigns, 667; dies, 680

Pelagius, heretic, 13

Pelham, Henry, minister of George II., 499-503; overthrows Carteret, 503; converts National Debt, 513

Pembroke, William Marshal, Earl of, regent for Henry III., 134

----, Aymer de Valence, Earl of, Regent of Scotland, 170, 172; conspires against Gaveston, 173

Penda, King of Mercia, defeats Eadwine, 26; defeats Oswald, 27; slain by Oswiu, 27

Peninsular War, the, 614-625

Perceval, Spencer, minister of George III., 609; assassinated, 622

Percy, Henry (Hotspur), rebellion of, 215; slain at Shrewsbury, 216

----, Thomas, conspires with Fawkes, 354

Persian war, the, 692

Petition of Right, the, 366

Petitioners and Abhorrers, 434

Philip I. of France, aids rebels against William I., 77; his war with William I., 79

---- II., Augustus, aids sons of Henry II., 112; goes on third Crusade, 116; his intrigues against Richard I., 119, 120; supports Arthur of Brittany, 123; conquers Normandy and Anjou, 124; threatens to invade England, 127; victorious at Bouvines, 128

---- IV., the Fair, his wars with Edward I., 162, 163, 168

---- VI. of France, his war with Edward III., 183; defeated at Crécy, 187

---- II. of Spain, married to Queen Mary, 318; proposes to marry Elizabeth, 324; his plots against Elizabeth, 332-335; sends out Armada, 337; dies, 348

---- III. of Spain, his alliance with James I., 355, 358

---- IV. of Spain, and the Spanish marriages, 359

---- V. of Anjou, claims Spanish throne, 458; acknowledged by England, 476

Philippa of Hainault, queen of Edward III., saves burghers of Calais, 189; wins battle of Neville's Cross, 189

Philiphaugh, battle of, 395

Picts, northern tribes of Britain, 3; ravage Roman Britain, 11; united to Scots, 47

Pilgrimage of Grace, the, 300

Pindarees, the, 738

Pinkie, battle of, 309

Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, attacks Carteret, 503; his first ministry, 524; alliance with Newcastle, 525; warlike successes of, 526-531; dismissed by George III., 535; takes office with Grafton, 542; made Earl of Chatham, 542; last speech and death, 549

----, William, the younger, takes office with Shelburne, 556; his Reform Bill, 558; prime minister, 559; his wise rule, 501-505; his India Bill, 571; his attitude towards French Revolution, 579; his war-policy, 581-584; his Union of Ireland and England, 590; forms coalitions against France, 593-603; resigns, 595; recalled to office, 603; dies, 608

Pius V., Pope, issues bull against Elizabeth, 331

"Plan of Campaign," the, 718

Plassey, battle of, 530

Poictiers, battle of, 191

Pole, Henry, Lord Montagu, executed by Henry VIII., 301

----, Reginald, papal legate, 318; Archbishop of Canterbury, 319; dies, 321

----, Michael de la, minister of Richard II., 207; exiled, 208

Pole de la. _See under_ Suffolk and Lincoln, Earls of

Pondicherry, taken by the English, 531

Poor Laws, of Queen Elizabeth, 342; evil working of, 635, 636; reform of, in 1834, 654

Popish Plot, the, 432

Portland, William Bentinck, Duke of, prime minister, 609

Portobello, taken by Admiral Vernon, 499

Portugal, joins in war of Spanish Succession, 463; invaded by Junot, 612; freed by Wellesley, 615 (_see under_ Peninsular War); civil wars in, 655

Poynings' Act, 281; repealed, 552

Praemunire, statute of, 200

Pragmatic Sanction, the, 500

Prayer-book, first English, 308; second, 311; re-issued by Elizabeth, 324

Presbyterians, rise of the, 369; their strife with Independents, 397; their negotiations with Charles I., 398; crushed by the army, 399

Preston, first battle of, 400; second, 488

Preston Pans, battle of, 505

Pride's Purge, 401

Protectionists, the, 660, 680

Protestantism, origin of, in England, 308-311

Provisors, statute of, 200

Prussia, joins in war of Spanish Succession, 464; wars of, with Austria, 500-502; war with Austria and France, 522; attacks French Republic, 578; makes peace with France, 584; wars of, with Napoleon, 610, 611, 624, 625, 629, 630; under Bismarck, 705, 707

Prynne, William, condemned by Star Chamber, 270

Punjab, power of the Sikhs in, 737; conquered by the British, 743

Puritans, rise of the, 314; persecutions of, 344; secede from Church of England, 353; colonize New England, 361. _See_ Presbyterians and Independents

Pym, John, Parliamentary leader, 365, 371, 372, 375

Pyrenees, battle of the, 625

Quatre Bras, battle of, 628

Quebec, battle of, 528

Queensland, colony of, 751

_Quia emptores_, statute of, 152

Quiberon, battle of, 527

_Quo warranto_, the writ of, 151

Raglan, Fitzroy, Lord, commands in the Crimea, 684-690

Rajputana, becomes vassal to East India Company, 739

Raleigh, Sir Walter, founds colony of Virginia, 341; imprisoned for Cobham's plot, 344; his voyage up the Orinoco and execution, 358

Ramillies, battle of, 468

Rangoon, captured by British, 743

Ratcliffe, Richard, favourite of Richard III., 270, 271

Reform, Parliamentary, agitation for, 638, 647

Reform Bill, the, of 1832, introduced by Lord John Russell, 648; rejected by the Peers, 649; passed, 650

----, the, of 1866, 703

----, the, of 1885, 716

Reformation, the, in Germany, 290, 296; in England, 297, 302, 308, 311; in Scotland, 326

Remonstrance, the Grand, 377

Renaissance, the, 290

Repeal, agitation in Ireland for, 657, 658, 664

Revolution, the, of 1688, 443-447

----, the French, 574

Rhodes, Cecil, his designs, 724, 725

Richard I., conspires against his father, 109-112; his accession, 114; at the Crusades, 115-118; his imprisonment in Germany, 118; return to England, 120; his wars and death, 121, 122

---- II., 200; his dealings with Tyler's rebellion, 206; assumes the government, 207; overruled by Lords Appellant, 208; resumes power, 209; his tyranny, 210; expedition to Ireland and abdication, 211, 212; murdered, 214

---- III., Duke of Gloucester, murders Henry VI., 259;

his campaign in Scotland, 263; seizes regency, 265; declared king, 267; murders the princes, 268; slain at Bosworth, 271

Richard, Earl of Cornwall, brother of Henry III., 141-143

Ridley, Nicholas, Bishop of London, martyred, 319

Ridolfi's plot, 331

Rights, Bill of, 446

Rivers, Anthony, Earl, executed by Richard III., 264, 268

Rizzio, David, murder of, 327

Robert I., Bruce, rebels against Edward I., 168; slays Comyn, 168; crowned King of Scotland, 170; his war against Edward I., 173; victorious at Bannockburn, 176; his invasions of England, 177, 180

---- III., of Scotland, 214, 218

----, son of William I., rebellion of, 77; Duke of Normandy, 81; goes on crusade, 84; his wars with Henry I., 86; imprisoned, 90

Roberts, Frederick, Lord, in Afghan war, 749, 750; his victories in South Africa, 731, 732

Robespierre, Jacobin leader, 581; fall of, 584

Robin of Redesdale, rebellion of, 257

Rochelle, La, Buckingham's expedition to, 365

Roches, Peter des, minister of Henry III., 137

Rockingham, Marquis of, prime minister, 539-541; second ministry of, 542; death of, 555

Rodney, George, Lord, wins battle of St. Lucia, 552

Rogers, John, martyred, 319

Rohilla war, the, 567-568

Romans, in Britain, the, 4-10

Root and Branch Bill, the, 375

Rosebery, Lord, prime minister, 722, 723

Roses, wars of the, 245-259; their character, 247

Rossbach, battle of, 525

Rotten boroughs, 485; abolished, 650

Roundheads, use of the term, 382

Rousseau, J. J., influence of, on French Revolution, 575, 576

Rumbold, Colonel, plans Rye House Plot, 435

Rump, the, remnant of Long Parliament, 401; expelled by Cromwell, 410; revived, 417

Runjit Singh, his rule in the Punjab, 737; death of, 742

Rupert, Prince, leader of Royalist horse, 382. _See_ Edgehill, Newbury, Marston Moor, Naseby

Russell, Lord John, introduces Reform Bill, 648; his first ministry, 668-672; his second ministry, 702

----, Lord William, executed, 435

----, Edward, Admiral, wins battle of La Hogue, 454

Russia, first trade of England with, 341; joins in the Seven Years' War, 522; joins armed neutrality, 596; wars of, with Bonaparte, 608, 610, 623; war of, with Turkey, 645; engages in Crimean war, 683; threatened by Lord Palmerston, 698; Lord Beaconsfield and, 711; stirs up Afghans, 733

Rutland, Edmund, Earl of, slain at Wakefield, 251

Ruyter, de, Dutch admiral, 426

Rye House Plot, the, 435

Ryswick, Peace of, 455

Sacheverell, Henry, his Tory sermons, 474

Saint Albans, first battle of, 249; second battle of, 252

Saint Lucia, battle of, 552

Saint Vincent, battle of Cape, 587

Saladin, Sultan of Egypt, 117; defeated by Richard I., 118

Salamanca, battle of, 624

Salisbury, Richard Neville, earl of, supports Yorkists, 246; wins battle of Blore Heath, 247; beheaded, 251

----, Robert Cecil, earl of, minister of James I., 353-356

----, Robert Cecil, marquis of, prime minister of Queen Victoria, 716; his second ministry, 718-731; his third ministry, 723-733

----, William Longsword, Earl of, defeated at Bouvines, 128

----, Great Moot of, 79

Sancroft, William, Archbishop, persecuted by James II., 441; deposed as a Nonjuror, 448

Saratoga, battle of, 548

Saxons, the, ravage Britain, 11; their conquests, 12-16

Schism Act, the, 479

Schleswig-Holstein question, the, 698

Schomburg, Frederick, Duke of, commands army in Ireland, 451

Scinde, conquered by Sir Charles Napier, 741

Scindiah, war of, with Warren Hastings, 568; defeated by Wellesley, 604

Scotland. _See under_ names of kings; _see also_ Covenanters, Jacobites

Scots, the, invade Britain, 11, 12; unite with Picts, 47

Scrope, Richard, Archbishop of York, beheaded, 217

----, Henry, Lord, conspires against Henry V., 223

Scutage imposed by Henry II., 700

Sebastopol, siege of, 686-690

Sedgemoor, battle of, 438

Sepoys, first raised by Dupleix, 512; great mutiny of the, 745

Septennial Act, the, 490

Seringapatam, treaty of, 572; storming of, 594

Settlement, the Act of, 459

Seven Bishops, trial of the, 441

Seven Years' War, the, 517, 521, 537

Severus, Emperor, in Britain, 8

Seymour, Thomas, Lord, executed, 310

Shaftesbury, Anthony, Lord, minister of Charles II., 429; leader of the country party, 431; his agitation against Romanism, 433, 434; his fall, 435

----, Anthony, earl of, philanthropic reforms of, 676

Shah Sujah, 740, 741

Shakespeare, William, 343

Shelburne, William, Lord, ministry of, 556; resigns, 557

Shere Ali, his war with British, 749

Sheridan, Richard, Whig leader, 564, 638

Sheriffmuir, battle of, 489

Ship-money imposed by Charles I., 369

Shrewsbury, battle of, 216

----, Charles Talbot, earl of, at death-bed of Queen Anne, 480

Sidney, Algernon, executed, 435

----, Sir Philip, his "Arcadia," 335; slain at Zutphen, 335

Sikhs, rise of the, 737; first war of, with the British, 742; second war of, 743; their services in the Mutiny, 746

Simnel, Lambert, imposture of, 273

Siward, Earl of Northumbria, 58, 59

Six Acts, the, 640

Six Articles, the, 603

Slave trade, the, abolished, 609

Slavery, abolished in English possessions, 654

Sluys, naval victory at, 185

Smith, Adam, his "Wealth of Nations," 563

----, Sir Sidney, saves Acre from Bonaparte, 592

Sobraon, battle of, 726

Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of, minister of Henry VI., 241, 243; slain at St. Albans, 246

----, Henry, Duke of, Lancastrian leader, 253-255

----, Edmund Seymour, Protector of England, 308; his Protestantism, 309; war with Scotland, 309; deposed, 310; executed, 313

----, Robert Ker, Earl of, favourite of James I., 356; his trial and degradation, 357

Sophia, Electress of Hanover, 459

Soult, Marshal, defeated at Corunna, 616; at Oporto, 618; at Albuera, 620; at Pyrenees, 625; at Toulouse, 626

South African colonies, history of the, 752-754

South Sea Bubble, the, 491

Spa Fields riot, the, 639

Spain, the Black Prince in, 197; dealings of Henry VII. with, 280; dealings of Elizabeth with, 324, 330, 333, 337; subservience of James I. to, 357; Cromwell's war with, 415; English invasion of, 468-470; Walpole's war with, 490; Pitt's war with, 535; assists Americans, 548; allied with French Republic, 585; allied with Bonaparte, 604; invaded by Bonaparte, 613 (_see_ Peninsular War); civil wars in, 655

Spanish marriages, the, of 1846, 665

Spanish Succession, the, 456; war of, 463

Spencean philanthropists, 639, 640

Spenser, Edmund, 343

Spurs, battle of the, 284

Stafford, William, Lord, executed, 434

Stamford Bridge, battle of, 63

Stamp Act, the, 539; repealed, 541

Standard, battle of the, 94

Stanhope, James, Earl of, minister of George I., 484; involved in South Sea Bubble, 491; dies, 492

Stanley, Thomas, Lord, betrays Richard III. at Bosworth, 270, 271

----, Sir William, executed, 275

Steenkerke, battle of, 454

Stephen of Blois, elected King of England, 93; his troubled reign, 93-97

Stoke, battle of, 274

Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of, his policy of "Thorough," 368; his rule in Ireland, 368; impeached and executed, 373, 374

Strathclyde, 45, 47, 83

Strongbow, Richard de Clare, Earl of Pembroke, his invasion of Ireland, 107

Stuart, house of. _See under_ names of Kings

----, Arabella, imprisoned by James I., 354

Suetonius Paulinus, conquers Boadicea, 6

Suffolk, William de la Pole, Earl of, head of peace-party, 239, 241; impeached and murdered, 242

----, Charles Brandon, Duke of, marries Mary Tudor, 284

----, Thomas Grey, Duke of, rebels against Mary, 317; executed, 318

Suraj-ud-Dowlah, Nawab of Oude, his wars with the British, 566

Sunderland, Robert Spencer, Earl of, minister of James II., 439

----, Charles Spencer, Earl of, minister of George I., 483; involved in South Sea Bubble, 491; resigns, 492

Supremacy, Act of, 295

Suraj-ud-Dowlah, takes Calcutta, 523; defeated and slain, 530

Surrey, Henry, Earl of, executed by Henry VIII., 306

----, Thomas, Earl of, wins battle of Flodden, 285

Sussex, kingdom of South Saxons, 15

Swegen, King of Denmark, expels Ethelred the Redeless, 54

Swift, Dean, his Tory pamphlets, 474

Talavera, battle of, 618

Tallard, Marshal, captured at Blenheim, 467

Tantia Topee, Sepoy leader, 748

Tasmania, colonization of, 752

Tea riots at Boston, 545

Tenant right, conceded to Ireland, 706

Terror, Reign of, in Paris, 583

Test Act, the, 430; repealed by James II., 439

Tewkesbury, battle of, 258

Thanes or gesiths, followers of Anglo-Saxon king, 42

Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury, 28

Thirty Years' War, the, 358

Thistlewood, Arthur, conspiracy of, 640

Throckmorton, Francis, conspiracy of, 335

Thugs suppressed, 739

Tilsit, treaty of, 610

Tinchebrai, battle of, 90

Tippoo, Sultan of Mysore, wars with, 569, 571, 572; subdued by Wellesley, 594

Tithe Act, Irish, passed, 658

Tithe war, the, 656

Torres Vedras, lines of, 619

Tory party, origin of name, 434; power of, under James II., 437; intrigues of, under William III., 455; overthrow Godolphin, 474; Jacobite tendencies of, 478; weakness of, under George I. and II., 485; reorganized by George III., 534; Pitt and the, 561; reactionary policy of the, 637. _See_ Conservatives

Tostig, son of Godwine, 58, 59, 60; slain at Stamford Bridge, 65

Toulon, siege of, 583

Toulouse, Henry II.'s war of, 99; battle of, 626

Townshend, Ch., Lord, minister of Geo. I., 484; colleague of Walpole, 493

Towton, battle of, 253

Trafalgar, battle of, 607

Transubstantiation, doctrine of, 297

Transvaal Republic, the, first annexation of, 753; war with and second annexation of, 727-733

Trent, case of the, 696

"Triers," committee of, 412

Trinidad ceded to Britain, 597

Tromp, Van, Dutch Admiral, 409

Troyes, treaty of, 228

Tudor, house of. _See under_ names of kings and queens

Tyler, Wat, rebellion of, 204-206

Tyndale, William, translates Bible, 302

Tyrconnel, Richard, Earl of, Jacobite leader in Ireland, 450

Tyrone, Hugh O'Neil, Earl of, his rebellion, 346

Tyrrell, Walter, slays William II., 85

Ulm, capitulation of, 608

Ulster, planted by James I., 361

Uniformity, Act of, 423

Union with Scotland, the, 472; with Ireland, the, 591

United Irishmen, the, 598

United States, declare their independence, 547; recognized by George III., 552; war of England with, 627, 628; civil war in the, 696; dispute with, as to the _Alabama_, 707

Utrecht, peace of, 476

Valence, Aymer de. _See_ Pembroke

Vane, Sir Henry, the younger, 373; executed, 421

Vendôme, Marshal, defeated at Oudenarde, 470

Venezuela, quarrel with, 724

Vere, Robert de, favourite of Richard II., 207, 208

Verneuil, battle of, 233

Vernon, Admiral, takes Portobello, 499

Versailles, treaty of, 553

Victoria, Queen, accession of, 658; married to Albert of Saxe-Coburg, 661; her first and second Jubilees, 719, 725; dies, 733

Vienna, congress of, 626-631

Vikings. _See_ Danes

Villars, Marshal, defeated at Malplaquet, 471

Villeinage, in England, 72; abuses of, 203; decay of, 206

Villeneuve, Adm., defeated by Nelson, 607

Villeroi, Marshal, defeated at Ramillies, 468

Villiers. _See_ Buckingham

Vimiero, battle of, 615

Vinegar Hill, battle of, 590

Vittoria, battle of, 625

Voltaire, influence of, in France, 575

Volunteers, the Irish, intrigues of, 551, 552; the English, of 1803, 602, 603; of 1860, 694

Vortigern calls in Saxons, 14

Wagram, battle of, 619

Wakefield, battle of, 251

Walcheren, expedition to, 618

Wales, unconquered by Saxons, 17; wars of, with Northumbria, 26; vassal to Edward the Elder, 44; campaign of Harold in, 59; Norman conquests in, 83, 92; wars of Edward I. with, 153-157; rebels against Edward I., 163; rebels against Henry IV., 214; supports Charles I., 381

Wallace, William, rising of, 167; defeated at Falkirk, 168; executed, 169

Waller, Sir William, Parliamentary general, 386, 391

Walpole, Sir Robert, minister of George I., 484; prime minister, 491; his character and policy, 493; Excise Bill, 495; fall of, 499

Walsingham, minister of Elizabeth, 326; dies, 348

Walter, Hubert, archbishop and justiciar, 121; dies, 125

Waltheof, Earl, rebellion of, 70; executed, 77

Wandewash, battle of, 531

Warbeck, Perkin, imposture of, 275-277

Warenne, John, Earl of, opposes _quo warranto_, 151; wins battle of Dunbar, 164; regent of Scotland, 164; defeated by Wallace, 167

Warwick, Guy, Earl of, opposes and slays Gaveston, 173, 174

----, Richard Neville, Earl of, "the King-maker," Yorkist partisan, 246; wins battle of St. Albans, 249; of Northampton, 250; defeated in second battle of St. Albans, 252; wins battle of Towton, 253; subdues the North, 255; his struggle with Edward IV., 256-258; slain at Barnet, 258

----, John Dudley, Earl of. _See_ Northumberland

Washington, George, early campaign of, 521; commands American army, 546; defeated at Brooklyn, 547; forces Cornwallis to capitulate, 561

---- city of, burnt by British, 627

Waterloo, battle of, 629, 630

Wellesley, Richard, Marquis of, Governor-General of India, subdues Tippoo, 594; subdues Mahrattas, 604

Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, at Seringapatam, 594; wins battle of Assaye, 604; commands in Portugal, 615; victorious at Talavera, 618; at Lines of Torres Vedras, 619; takes Ciudad Rodrigo, and Badajos, 624; victorious at Salamanca, 624; at Vittoria, 625; invades France, 626; commands in Belgium, 628; wins battle of Waterloo, 629; prime minister, 644; grants Catholic emancipation, 646; retires, 648; death of, 680

Welsh, or Kymry, 17. _See_ Wales

Wesley, John, his life and work, 516

Wessex, kingdom of, founded by Cerdic, 16; development of, 18; western conquests of, 31; supreme in England, 32

Westminster Abbey, founded by Edward the Confessor, 61; rebuilt by Henry III., 136

----, Statute of, 152

Whig party, origin of name, 434; discredited by Rye House Plot, 435; war-policy, 472-474; ascendency of, under George I., 482; policy of, 484, 485; changed character of, 555; advocates Parly. reform, 628. _See_ Liberals

Whitby, council of, 28

White, Sir G., defends Ladysmith, 728-31

Wicliffe, John, his teaching, 199

Wido, Count, imprisons Harold, 59

Wilkes, John, prosecuted by Grenville, 539; member for Middlesex, 543

William I., extorts oath from Harold, 60; claims English crown, 62; victorious at Hastings, 65; king of England, 68; quells insurrection, 69, 70; policy of, 74-79; death, 79

William II., king of England, 81; wars with Scots and Welsh, 81, 82; quarrels with Anselm, 84, 85; dies, 86

---- III., marries Mary of York, 431; opposes Lewis XIV., 430-442; lands in England, 443; proclaimed king, 445; his policy, 447; campaign in Ireland, 451; fights in Netherlands, 454; dies, 460

---- IV., accession of, 647; dealings of, with Reform Bill, 649, 650; dies, 658

---- Clito, his wars with Henry I., 90

---- the Lion, King of Scotland, wars of, with Henry II., 110

---- the Silent, Dutch leader, 332; assassinated, 335

Winchelsey, Archbishop, his quarrel with Edward I., 165, 166

Winchester, Statute of, 152

Winfrith (Boniface), missionary in Germany, 29

Witan, national council of the English, 20

Wolfe, General, captures Louisbourg, 526; victory and death at Quebec, 528, 529

Wolsey, Thomas, minister of Henry VIII., 285-288; his schemes for Church Reform, 289; his dealings with Henry's divorce, 291; his fall and death, 292

Woodville, Elizabeth. _See_ Elizabeth

Worcester, battle of, 405

Wordsworth, William, his attitude toward French revolution, 581

Worms, congress of, 502

Wren, Christopher, rebuilds St. Paul's, 427

Wyatt, Sir Thomas, rebellion and death of, 317, 318

Wykeham, William of, opposes John of Gaunt, 198; minister of Richard II., 202; recalled to office, 209

York, Edmund, Duke of, regent for Richard II., 211

York, Richard, Duke of, campaigns of, in Normandy, 239; rises against Henry VI., 243; his policy, 245; Protector, 248; in Wars of the Roses, 249, 250; slain at Wakefield, 251

York, Richard, Duke of, son of Edward IV., imprisoned and slain by Richard III., 266-268

York, Frederick, Duke of, disastrous campaigns of, in Flanders, 583, 593, 594; dies, 647

Yorktown, capitulation of, 559

Young Ireland Party, the, 664; rising of, 669, 670

Zemindars, Cornwallis's dealings with, 572

Zulu war, the, 753

Zutphen, battle of, 335

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