PART II

MEDIEVAL COMMERCE

V. CONDITIONS ABOUT THE YEAR 1000 31

VI. TOWN TRADE 41

VII. LAND TRADE 54

VIII. FAIRS 63

IX. SEA TRADE 70

X. THE LEVANT TRADE 79

XI. COMMERCE OF SOUTHERN EUROPE 90

XII. COMMERCE OF NORTHERN EUROPE 102

XIII. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MEDIEVAL ORGANIZATION OF COMMERCE 113

XIV. COMMERCE AND POLITICS IN THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 123