Part 7

=sainya= (Kano, Kats., &c.), Securidaca longipedunculata, Fres. (Polygalaceæ). A shrub with purple flowers and a winged seed. The root has a rank smell and is used medicinally in many ways, as a purge, worn as a charm, &c. Syn. =uwar magunguna= (Sok., &c.—“mother of medicines”). It is an occasional ingredient in some prescriptions for arrow-poison.

=sakata=, a var. of yam, said to be inferior to others and not used for _sokwara_. (Dioscorea alata, L.). _cf._ =doya=.

=salla=, _vide_ =shalla=.

=samachi=, _vide_ =sabani=.

=samarin danga=, a name for the tree Moringa pterygosperma (_vide_ =zogalagandi=), because commonly planted as a compound fence.

=sambara= = =dawa= or =gero=, &c. half-grown at harvest, and left to mature later.

=samberu=, a tree the leaves of which are poisonous to cattle.

=samsam=, _vide_ under =riḍi=.

=sandalu=, _vide_ under =goro=.

=sandan biri=, =s. dutsi=, or =s. yan bori=, _vide_ under =giginyar biri=.

=sandan mayu=, a name for more than one tree with magical uses; _vide_ under =bakin mutum= and =dawo=.

=sanga sanga= (Sok. and West), Cassia occidentalis, Linn. Syn. =rai ḍore=, _q.v._

=saniya=, an Asclepiad plant with milky sap; _vide_ under =rojiya= and =tafo ka sha mama=.

=sankachen dawa=, =s. gero= = corn reaped and laid out in lines to dry.

=sankwo= (Kano), Syncolostemon ocymoides, Sch. et Thon. (Labiatæ); a wild herb related to =tumuku=, _q.v._ with wrinkled leaves, spikes of deep red flowers, and a tuberous root. Syn. =tumukun biri=.

=sansami= (or =sasămi=), Stereospermum Kunthianum, Cham. (Bignoniaceæ). A small tree with smooth bark, beautiful pink flowers and long narrow pendulous pods. The bark is used medicinally. Syn. =jiri=. (This tree is apparently held in much respect; in Sokoto, &c. called _ḍan sarikin itatuwa_, and not cut for firewood). _kauchin sansami_, the parasitic plant Loranthus (_vide_ =kauchi=), when growing on this species is considered a lucky find.

=farin sansami=, _vide_ =shunin biri=, and =halshen sa=.

=sansami= (Sok. and Kats.) = foliage.

=sansari=, _vide_ under =kyamro=.

=sarakuwar sauro= (Katsina, &c.), Leucas martinicensis, R. Br. (Labiatæ); an odorous weed with whorls of small white flowers. (Etym. because supposed to be incompatible with mosquitoes). Syn. =ḍeiḍoyar gona=.

=saran waga=, _vide_ under =goro=.

=sarawan goro=, _cf._ proverb _sarawan goro a zanche ni_—2 calabashes of kola nuts being bought by two persons are divided for fairness into equal halves, either buyer taking one-half of each.

=sare gwiwa=, Hygrophila spinosa, T. Anders. (Acanthaceæ); an erect hard plant of damp places with blue flowers and long spines. (Etym. “prick the knee”). Syn. =zazar giwa=, and =dayin giwa=.

=sarikin jibji= (=s. juji=), _vide_ under =fasa ḳabba= and =babba juji=. (Species of Boerhaavia, Trianthema, and Portulaca are all somewhat succulent weeds of waste places and rubbish heaps, and their names are often interchangeable).

=sarḳaḳiya=, Dichrostachys platycarpa, Welw. (Leguminosæ); a very thorny scrambling shrub in the bush forming dense thickets; a sort of “wait a bit thorn.” Sometimes loosely called =dufuwa=, =baḳin gumbi= and =ḳumchi=, _q.v._

=sarri=? (Bauchi), a plant used as a neutralizing bath in tanning leather. (? = =katsari=).

=sasabani= (Hadeija, &c.), Parkinsonia aculeata, L. (Leguminosæ). “Jerusalem Thorn.” (Arab. _sasaban_, Sesbania ægyptica, Poir.). An exotic tree with yellow flowers and narrow pinnate leaves, planted in towns. In Sokoto called by the Ful. name _sharan labbi_. _cf._ =alambo=.

=sawaye=, _vide_ under =abduga=.

=sawu dubu=, Ipomœa dissecta, Willd. (Convolvulaceæ). A small ground trailer with white flowers and deeply divided leaves. (Etym. “1000 foot-prints,” from the numerous dissect leaves).

=sawun gauraka=, _vide_ =ḳafar fakara=.

=sawun gwanki=, a flat-leaved stemless herb, used as a medicine for hunters.

=shafa= (Kano), or =safa= (Sok.). A variety of onion; _vide_ =albasa=.

=shair= (Arab.), Hordeum sativum, Pers. Barley; rarely grown in N. Nigeria.

=sha ka sani=, _vide_ =sa hankaki dako=.

=shalla= (Kano and East), or =salla= (Sok.). A tall reed with light stems growing in marshes in the north; stems used for screens called _feḍḍa_, &c. A bulrush. Typha australis, Sch. and Thonn. _bambana_ = the flowering or fruiting head, called also _geron tsuntsaye_ (Kano), or _tumun shalla_. _laka_ = the soft edible core of the immature flowering head.

=shamrayi=, _vide_ =karan kabau=.

=shanshera=, unhusked rice; _vide_ under =shinkafa=.

=shantu=, a long narrow var. of the bottle-gourd; _vide_ under =duma=.

=sharan labbi= (Sok. Ful.), _vide_ =sasabani=.

=sha shatau=, a malam’s charm to secure favour, hence applied to some plants with a similar use, e.g. Jussiæa villosa, Lam. (Onagraceæ), an erect weed of wet places with yellow flowers, used as a medicine or charm by wrong-doing slaves and others. (Etym. _shashasha_ = simpleton or irresponsible person who is treated with lenient ridicule rather than seriously).

=shedari=, a mat made from the unexpanded fronds of the Fan Palm, _vide_ =giginya= and =murli=.

=shege=, a term similar to =sabani=, _q.v._ applied to several leguminous weeds with leaves which tear in an irregular manner.

=sheḳani= or =sheḳar zomo=, Vernonia sp. near V. pumila, (Compositæ); a low herb with thistle-like flower and broad flat leaves; the root-tubers are bitter and used medicinally for venereal and other diseases. (Syn. =ba gashi=? Kontagora—from the bristly pappus).

=sheme=, _vide_ =kyamro=.

=shiḅa= or =saḅi= = carded cotton; _vide_ under =abduga=.

=shibra= or =shura=, _vide_ under =gero=.

=shinaka= (Sok. Kats., &c.), Ctenium elegans, Kunth. (Gramineæ). A grass about 2 feet high with a single one-sided bristly flower-spike. Syn. =wutsiyar kusu=. (The name includes the similar species Schœnefeldia gracilis, Kunth. with several one-sided flower-spikes). Used in thatching.

=shinkafa=, Oryza sativa, Linn. (Gramineæ). Rice; cultivated in marshes and inundated localities. _shanshera_ or _burungu_ = rice grain in the husk; _ḍanyen gumi_ = husked but unboiled rice; _gumi_ = husked rice boiled and dried; _bawu_ (Sok. Ful.?), or _shinkafa wutsiya_ = rice unsown but growing sporadically from fallen grains; often harvested and eaten.

=shinkafe=, or =lalaki= (Sok.), Oryza silvestris, Stapf. Wild Rice; common in marshes and pools; much used for thatch and eaten in scarcity; (= Ful. _nanare_, name used equally by Hausas in Sokoto). Syn. =shinkafar rishi= (Katsina and East; _rishi_ = wart-hog, _gadu_ or _mugun dăwa_, which eats the roots).

=shirinya=, Ficus sp. (Urticaceæ). Narrow-leaved fig-tree. A large tree with milky juice and small figs. Syn. =shiriya= (Sok.).

=shiwaka=, Vernonia amygdalina, Delile (Compositæ). A shrub with whitish flowers, wild and commonly planted in compounds; the root is used as a tooth-stick and bitter tonic, and the leaves medicinally in various ways. _maye_ (Sok.), or _fatte_ (Kano), or _fate fate_ (East Hausa), is a secret medicine of women, prepared from the leaves along with other native drugs.

=shiwakar jan garigari=, a shrub with bitter properties like the above. (Etym. because said to grow in places of red soil). Anaphrenium pulcherrimum, Schweinf. (Anacardiaceæ), and probably others.

=shuni=, prepared indigo; the blue dye-stuff extracted from =baba=, usually sold as blue cones or lumps.

=shunin biri= (Kontagora), Lonchocarpus laxiflorus, G. et P. (Leguminosæ). A small tree with bunches of purple flowers. Syn. =farin sansami= (Sok. and Kats.), =halshen sa= (Zanfara). In some pagan districts this is called =babar talaki=, and used as a dye; _vide_ =talaki=.

=shura= or =shibra=, _vide_ under =gero=.

=siliyar sulkuwa=, _vide_ under =rumfar gada=.

=siyayi= or =tsiyayi= = =ḳeḳasheshe=; _vide_ under =rama=.

=soso=, Luffa ægyptiaca, Mill. (Cucurbitaceæ). “Loofah gourd;” a climber with yellow flowers and cucumber-shaped fruit with a fibrous vascular skeleton used as a scrubber or strainer, &c. Pulp of immature fruit eaten cooked. _soson yama_, Luffa acutangula, Roxb. a species with larger fruit with longitudinal ridges; (called also _soson wanka_, because more used as a loofah in washing).

=subtu= or =sutu=; cotton before carding, pulled by hand after removal of the seeds by a roller on a stone; _vide_ under =abduga=.

=sunasar= = a food made from wheat; _vide_ under =alkama=.

=sure= (Sok.) = =yakuwa=, _q.v._ Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Linn. “Red Sorrel.”

=suren fadama= (Sok.), Triumfetta pentandra, A. Rich. (Tiliaceæ); an erect branching undershrub with small echinate fruits which adhere to the clothing; _vide_ =ḍan kaḍafi=. The leaves are sometimes used as _chusar doki_; _vide_ under =kuka=.

=surendi=, _vide_ =dayi=.

=sutura=, a species of Euphorbia with milky juice; called also =tutar yan sariki=; (_vide_ also under =zaḳami=).

=T=

=Taba=, Nicotiana tabacum, Linn. (Solanaceæ). Tobacco. Cultivated in most parts of _N. Nigeria_ in alluvial soil; used for smoking and in the form of powder for chewing and as snuff. Flowers rubbed on the teeth while chewing certain varieties of kola nut, to give a red colour; _fure_ = a flower, when unqualified generally means tobacco flowers.

=taḅa ni ka samu=, a name applied to several trees affording useful products; e.g. Ficus Vogelii, Miq. of which the latex forms a variety of rubber. _cf._ =kurnan nasara=, and =zogalagandi=.

=tabar angulu=, =tabar kura=, a species of fungus; _vide_ =tumukun suri=.

=tabarman zomo=, _vide_ =takalmin zomo=.

=tafarnuwa=, Allium sativum, Linn. (Liliaceæ). Garlic. Cultivated like the onion; _vide_ =albasa=, from which it differs in having flat leaves (hollow or fistular in the onion), and the bulb divided into several lesser bulblets. Only used as a medicine, commonly for fevers and stomach complaints.

=tafasa=, Cassia tora, Linn. (Leguminosæ). An undershrub of the senna tribe with yellow flowers; leaves used in soup and as a mild laxative.

=tafashia=, Sarcocephalus Russegeri, Kotschy (Rubiaceæ). A shrub with large balls of white flowers and a red edible fruit; bark and root used medicinally; a common “Chew-stick.”

=tafo ka sha mamarka=, Schizoglossum sp. nr. S. Petherickianum, Oliv. (Asclepiadeæ). A small herb with umbels of white flowers and milky juice. (Etym. “come and take the breast;” probably used for others of the same Natural Order, the “milkweed” family; _vide_ =tatarida=, =saniya=, and =rojiya=.)

=taga rana=, _vide_ =idon zakara=.

=takalmin zomo= (Kano, Sok., &c.), Cadalvena Dalzielii, C. H. Wright (Scitamineæ). A low stemless herb of the ginger family, with 4 flat succulent leaves and yellow flowers. Syn. =tabarman zomo= (Zaria), and =kunnen zomo=.

=takaluwa=, a synonym for =daddawa=, _q.v._

=takanḍa=, Sorghum vulgare, _var._ saccharatum (Gramineæ). One of the species of sugar-cane; grown like Guinea Corn to which it is botanically akin. _cf._ =rake=.

=takanḍar giwa= (Kats. Sok. and Zanf.), Hannoa undulata, Planch. (Simarubeæ). A tree with pinnate leaves, white fragrant blossoms and black plum-like fruit. Syn. =namijin gwabsa= (Kontagora, &c.). N.B. In many districts the name is applied to the tree Cussonia nigerica, Hutch. or =gwabsa=, _q.v._ _cf._ also =raken giwa=.

=takeyi=, _vide_ under =kuḅewa=.

=talaki= or =talakin Yarubawa=, Lonchocarpus cyanescens, Benth. (Leguminosæ). “West African Indigo.” “Yoruba Wild Indigo.” A woody climber. The indigo dye prepared from the leaves, better than that from =baba=, is imported into N. Nigeria (e.g. to Sokoto from Illorin), and dyeing is done in pots not in pits. _vide_ also =shunin biri=.

=taliya=, a sort of macaroni made from flour of =alkama=, _q.v._ (Etym. probably from Italy).

=tamangaji=, _vide_ under =gero=.

=tamaseki=, _vide_ under =baba=.

=tamba=, Eleusine corocana, Gaertn. (Gramineæ). A grass about 2 feet high, wild and cultivated as a kind of millet; flowering head with many crowded rays, “Kurakan”—Ceylon; “Marua” or “Ragi” Millet—India.

=tambari=, a herb; ?Grangea maderaspatana, Poir. (Compositæ). A weed with small solid heads of yellow flowers and divided leaves.

=tamna geḍa=, a small var. of water-melon; _vide_ under =guna=.

=tamraro= or =tauraro=, Anthericum sp. (Liliaceæ). A small liliaceous plant with yellowish stems and white flowers opening in the evening; somewhat resembling “Star of Bethlehem.” (Etym. “star.”). In Zanfara used also for Cyanotis cæspitosa, Kotschy. et Peyr. (Commelynaceæ), a small stemless plant with azure blue flowers (and probably other species).

=tandara=, _vide_ =idon zakara=.

=tankwa= (Sok.), red pepper; _vide_ =barkono=.

=tantaroba=, Indigofera diphylla, Vent. (Leguminosæ). A low spreading herb with 2-foliate leaves and pink flowers; used medicinally.

=tantsiya=, _vide_ =kwankwani=.

=taramniya=, Combretum verticillatum, Eng. and Diels, and several other species (Combretaceæ). A tree with white spikes of flowers and 4-winged fruit; a source of gum. (C. geitonophyllum, Diels, and others).

=tara yaya=, _vide_ =giginyar biri=.

=tarin gida= (Sok., &c.), Glossonema nubicum, Decne. (Asclepiadeæ). A low branched herb of fields and waste places in the north, with milky juice and follicles covered with soft prickles. Syn. =tatarida=. (Etym. of both names from the pods crowded to bursting with silky seeds). Sometimes called =tafo ka sha mama=, _q.v._ Eaten by goats and capable of being used as a vegetable.

=tarnekuwa=, a var. of =gero=, _q.v._

=taru=, Combretum herbaceum, Don. (Combretaceæ). A low undershrub with 4-winged fruit and hard root (hence also called =kariye galma=, _q.v._, or “break hoe”).

=tasshi=, _vide_ under =gawo=.

=tataba= (Sok.). Syn. =mashayi=, _q.v._

=tatarida=, _vide_ =tarin gida=.

=tatasai=, large chillie peppers; _vide_ under =barkono=.

=taura=, Detarium senegalense, Gmel. (Leguminosæ). A small tree with white flowers and flattened oval fruit; the latter is used with that of =kanya= and =ḍinya= to make a sort of molasses (_maḍi_).

=tawatsa= or =tawassa=, Entada sudanica, Schweinf. (Leguminosæ); a common tree of the acacia type with white spikes of flowers and curious jointed and embossed pods; it yields an inferior gum; fibre is got from the root-bark; _vide_ =yawa= and =meḍi=.

=tazargadi=, a native medicine; the pounded fragrant leaves of a plant (Artemisia sp.?); brought by Arabs.

=terkon ḅera=, _vide_ =tsatsarar ḅera=.

=tinya= or =tunya= (Kano), =tumniya= (Sok. and Zanf.), Euphorbia unispina, N. E. Brown. a cactus-like shrub, with an acrid milky juice; a common accessory ingredient of arrow-poison. (E. Poissoni, Pax, and perhaps other species are included).

=tofa= or =toha=, Imperata arundinacea, Cyrill (Gramineæ). A stiff-leaved grass with a white cottony flower-spike, growing up in fields, &c. after harvest or burning, especially in damp situations; used for thatch and stuffing cushions.

_zakaran tofa_ = the sharp young shoots which pierce the heel.

=tofo= or =toho=, the young leaf-buds or sprouting of any tree or grass. Syn. =labaye=. _cf._ =fuda=.

=toshshi= or =twashshi=, _vide_ under =barkono=.

=toton masara=, _vide_ under =masara=.

=tozalin barewa= (Katagum), Vernonia pauciflora, Less. (Compositæ); a field-herb with blue thistle-like flowers.

=tozalin kura=, _vide_ =sabulun mata=.

=tsa= or =tswa= (Sok.), Fluggea microcarpa, Blume (Euphorbiaceæ). A slender-branched small-leaved shrub with white berries; the tough stems are used for making wicker traps, native beds, &c. (hence also called _itchen gado_); occasionally planted near houses. _vide_ =faskara giwa=.

=tsabre= or =tsaure=, Cymbopogon giganteum, Stapf (Gramineæ); a tall fragrant grass, used for _zana_, screens, &c.; (sometimes confused with the narrow-leaved grass =nobe=, _q.v._).

=tsada= or =tswada= (Sok.), Ximenia americana, Linn. (Olacineæ); a shrub with small yellow plum-like fruit of acid taste.

=tsadar Lamarudu= or =tsadar Masar=, Spondias lutea, Linn. (Anacardiaceæ); “Hog Plum;” “Yellow Spanish” or “Jamaica Plum.” A tree with alternate pinnate leaves, warty bark and a yellow drupaceous fruit with acid aromatic taste. (Benué region and the south. _Lamarudu_ was a historic king in the time of the Prophet).

=tsaido= or =tsidau= (Kano, &c.), =tsaida= (Sok.), Tribulus terrestris, Linn. (Zygophylleæ). “Caltrop;” (_cf._ =dayi=). A prostrate yellow-flowered weed with a strongly-spined fruit that injures the foot; a common pest of paths and waste places. (Etym. probably = “stop”).

=tsakara=, Anchomanes Dalzielli, N. E. Brown, and other allied species (Aroideæ); an aroid with a large much divided leaf on a tall prickly stem; the tuber is eaten in scarcity after prolonged boiling to remove the acridity. _cf._ also =hansar gada=?

=tsamiya=, Tamarindus indica, Linn. (Leguminosæ). Tamarind Tree. A large tree with pinnate leaves and yellowish or red-striped flowers; the acid pulp of the pods is used in various ways as food and drink and as a laxative medicine. (The tree is the host of one of the species of wild silkworm—Anaphe sp. also called _tsamiya_). _ḍan garraza_ (Kano), _tun jamjam_? (East Hausa) = flowers of =tsamiya= eaten fresh and made up into comestibles.

=tsamiyar makiyaya=, =ts. mahalba=, or =ts. ḳassa=, Nelsonia campestris, R. Br. (Acanthaceæ); a soft-leaved prostrate weed with slightly acid leaves and close spikes of small pink flowers.

=tsana=, an edible cucumber-shaped var. of the bottle-gourd? _vide_ under =duma=.

=tsarariya=, a var. of the common country bean, =wake=, _q.v._

=tsarkiyar kusu=, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Vahl. (Verbenaceæ). “Devil’s coach-whip.” A weed with a long narrow spike of pale blue flowers; used medicinally. Syn. =wutsiyar kusu= (or =w. ḅera=), and sometimes =wutsiyar ḳadangare=.

=tsarkiyar zomo= (Sok.). Dub Grass, _vide_ =kiri kiri=.

=tsatsagi=, _vide_ =jirga=.

=tsatsarar ḅera=, or =terkon ḅera=, Asparagus Pauli-Guilelmi, Solms. and Laub., A. africanus, Lam. and other spp. (Liliaceæ). A straggling half-climbing prickly plant with graceful fronds and very narrow leaves; tough stems used to make snares and traps for small animals. (Etym. _tsatsara_, a basket-like fish trap). Syn. =ḳayar ḳadangare=, _q.v._ and =masun ḳadangare=. _cf._ also =karangiyar kusu=.

=tsatsarar kura=, Vitis quadrangularis, Linn.; _vide_ =ḍaḍori=.

=tsaure=, _vide_ =tsabre=.

=tsawa=, _vide_ under =bagayi=.

=tsibiri kinkini=, Ampelocissus Grantii, Planch. (Ampelidæ); a vine with edible berries and a thickened root, hence also called =rogon daji=, _q.v._ Used medicinally. Syn. =farun makiyaya=. Other species of Cissus and Ampelocissus are included, e.g. the “Forest Grape,” A. Bakeri, Planch.

=tsibra= or =tsura= (Sok.), Randia nilotica, Stapf (Rubiaceæ); an erect thorny shrub or small tree. Syn. =barbaji= (East Hausa).

=tsidau=, _vide_ =tsaido=.

=tsidaun kare=, Aneilema beniniensis, Kunth. A. Schweinfurthii, C. B. Clarke, and other species of Commelynaceæ; weeds with delicate blue flowers and tufted fibrous roots. _cf._ =kariye galma=.

=tsidufu=, small hot chillie peppers; _vide_ under =barkono=.

=tsikar daji= (Sok.), or =tsikar dawa=; also =kibiyar daji= Cymbopogon diplandrum, Hack. var. a tall grass covering large areas of uncultivated ground; used for thatch, &c. (Etym. from the recurved pointed flowering spikes). Syn. =tuma da gobara=, _q.v._ (Other tall species of the same genus are probably included).

=tsikar gida= or =tsikar sabra= (=ts. saura=) (Sok.), Leonotis pallida, Benth. (Labiatæ); a tall weed better known as =kain mutum= or =kain ḅarawo=, _q.v._

=tsintsiya=, 1. Panicum subalbidulum, Kunth. (Gramineæ). A grass 3 to 4 feet high; used for thatching and for brooms, and planted as a field boundary.

2. Eragrostis sp. (?E. biformis, Kunth.). A grass of wet places, used for thatch; the species commonly sold for brooms.

=tsira faḳo=, Stylosanthes erecta, Beauv. (Leguminosæ). A herb with fragrant viscid leaves and small yellow flowers. (Etym. from growing up on hard bare areas).

=tsiyayi= = =ḳeḳasheshe=; _vide_ under =rama=.

=tsu= or =farin tsu=, Pavonia hirsuta, Guill. et Perr. (Malvaceæ). A shrub with broad harshly hairy leaves and large yellow flowers with purple centre. (Urena lobata, Linn. Malvaceæ, is sometimes distinguished as =jan tsu=; _vide_ =ramaniya=).

=tsuku= or =tsuwuku= (Kano), Biophytum sensitivum, DC. (or Oxalis sensitiva, Geraniaceæ); a small pinnate-leaved herb with the habit of a tiny palm and salmon-pink flowers; as in the “Sensitive Plant” the leaves contract when touched. (Popular names are _mata gara ḳafafunki_, _rufe rumbu_, _ka buḍi ka noḳe_, &c. (_noḳewa_ = contracting or withdrawing).

=tsura=, _vide_ =tsibra=.

=tsuwawun biri=, Vitis cornifolia, Bak. (Ampelideæ), an erect plant of the vine family, with ovoid pointed berries; root medicinal. Syn. ?=rigyar biri=.

=tsuwawun zaki= (Sok. Kats. and Zanf.), Cucumis Figarei, Del. (Cucurbitaceæ). A wild ground trailer of the gourd family with ovoid slightly prickly fruit. Syn. =maḳaimi= (Katagum), =kashin gwanki=, =gunar kura=; =gwolon zaki= (East Hausa). Used medicinally and as a medicinal charm for chickens.

=tswa=, _vide_ =tsa=.

=tswada=, _vide_ =tsada=.

=tubani=, a food prepared from beans; _vide_ under =wake=.

=tubanin dawaki=, Peristrophe bicalyculata, Nees. (Acanthaceæ). An erect annual with pink flowers; can be used as fodder.

=tuḍi=, _vide_ under =faru=.

=tugandi=, large mild chillies; _vide_ under =barkono=.

=tuji= or =chiyawar tuji=, Eleusine indica, Gaertn. (Gramineæ). A coarse tufted grass with digitate flower-spikes; resembling but smaller than =tamba=, _q.v._ a good fodder and capable of being used as food.

=tukurra= (Sok.), Melochia corchorifolia, Linn. (Malvaceæ). An erect plant of wet places; 2 to 4 feet high; stems used for _tanka_; bark used for cordage, and leaves sometimes used in soup.

=tukuruwa=, Raphia vinifera, Pal. Beauv. (Palmeæ). “Bamboo Palm.” “Wine Palm.” Stems used for roofing, canoe-poles, &c. (= _gongola_; _gwangwala_, the Nupé name for this palm); leaf for various plaited articles (e.g. _kabido_, _q.v._ a kind of waterproof hood; and _kororo_, cowrie bags); _bami_ or palm-wine is usually made from this species in N. Nigeria. _vide_ also =murli=, =gangame=, &c.; a mealy layer between the husk and the hard nut is eaten in Munchi as a food and medicine, &c.

=tuma da gobara= (Sok. and Zanf.), Cymbopogon diplandrum, Hack. _var._ A tall grass with reflexed flower-spikes, very abundant in the bush; used for thatch. (Etym. from the crackling and jerking of the dry spikes when burnt). Syn. =tsikar daji=, _q.v._

=tumbin jaki=, Paspalum scorbiculatum, Linn. (Gramineæ); a wild grass used in some districts as a cereal; a sort of “hungry rice” or “bastard millet.” (Etym. probably from observed unwholesome effects).

=tumfafiya=, Calotropis procera, R. Br. (Asclepiadeæ). “Dead Sea” or “Sodom Apple.” (Arab. _ashur_, and closely related to the Indian _mudar_ or _ak_—Calotropis gigantea). A large “Milkweed,” a common shrub of peculiar appearance with broad hoary-white leaves and milky juice, umbels of pink and purplish flowers and bladdery capsular fruit; only found near habitations and used in many ways, medicinally, for cordage, &c.

=tumkiya=, a grass; (applied loosely to several plants with white flowers or pale foliage). _cf._ =Ba-Fillatani=, and =karani=.

=tumkiyar rafi= (Sok., &c.), Heliotropium ovalifolium, Forsk. (Boragineæ). A coarse weed with small white flowers; used medicinally.

=tumniya=, _vide_ =tinya=.

=tumu=, ears of early ripening =gero= or =maiwa= and other cereals excluding maize, eaten roasted (not boiled, &c.).

=tumuku=, Coleus dysentericus, Baker (Labiatæ). A cultivated annual with tuberous potato-like root.

=tumukun biri=, Syncolostemon ocymoides, Sch. et Thon. (Labiatæ). A wild plant very similar to the above, with small tubers. Syn. ?=sankwo= (Kano).