CHAPTER XII—PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS, ADVERBS
§ 1. Prepositions are of two kinds, simple and compound. Simple prepositions govern various states of the initial. Compound prepositions, when, as is generally the case, they are made up of a simple preposition and a noun, govern the first state, for the noun which follows is really in the appositional genitive. If a compound preposition govern a personal pronoun, the latter is often placed, in its possessive form, between the two component parts of the preposition, governing the initial of the noun-half of it. Sometimes, however, the second part of a compound preposition is a simple preposition, and in that case the government is that of the last preposition of the compound.
SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS.
_a_, of, from, governs second state.
_avel_, _vel_, like, as.
_bis_, up to, as far as (_usque ad_).
_dadn_ or _en dadn_, under.
_der_, _dre_, by, through, governs second state.
_dres_, over, beyond, above.
_dhô_, to, governs second state.
_en_, _edn_, _et_, in. {149}
_er_, see _war_.
_gan_, _gans_, with, by.
_heb_, without, governs second state.
_kens_, before (of time).
_lebmen_, _lemmen_, except, but.
_ŏja_, _wŏja_, after (older form, _wose_).
_rag_, for, because of.
_re_, by (in swearing), governs second state.
_reb_, by, near, beside.
_saw_, save, except, but.
_treba_, _tereba_, until.
_troha_, towards.
_tewa_ (_tewaha_, _tyha_, _tîgh_), towards.
_war_, on, upon (also _er_), governs second state.
_worth_, _orth_, at, to, against.
COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS.
_adres_, across, beyond.
_adro dhô_, _drodho_, about, concerning, govern second state.
_abarth_, _abarh_, beside, on the side of.
_aberth_, _aberh_, within, inside of.
_adheller dhô_, _dheller dhô_ (originally _a dhellergh_), behind, governs second state.
_a dhirag_, _dhirag_, before, in the presence of.
_adheworth_, _dheworth_, _dhŏrt_, from.
_ajŷ_, ’_jŷ_, within (_a_+_chy_, house), generally followed by _dhô_, governing the second state.
_a eugh_, above, over.
_a mes_, _a ves_, _mes_, _en mes_, out of.
_a mesk_, _mesk_, _en mesk_, among.
_a wos_, because of, for the sake of.
_entre_, among.
_erbidn_ or _erbyn_, _warbidn_, against.
_herwedh_, according to.
_marnas_, except, but.
_rag carenja_, for the sake of.
_warlergh_, after.
_ogastî dhô_, near to (_ogastî ogas_, near, _tî_=_tew_, side).
Of these _abarth_, _a mesk_ or _en mesk_, _erbidn_, _rag carenja_, and _warlergh_, are separable when they govern pronouns. Thus:—
_a_ ’_gan parth_, beside us.
_en agas mesk_, among you.
_er ow fyn_, against me.
_rag dha garenja_, for thy sake.
_war e lergh_, after him.
§ 2. Conjunctions.
_ha_, and. Before a vowel, _hag_, except when followed by the article _an_, or by a pronoun beginning with a vowel, in which case the vowel of the second word is elided.
_bes_, _mes_, but.
_saw_, but, except.
_ma_, _may_, that, in order that.
_dre_, _dro_, that.
_erna_, until.
_bis pan_, until.
_treba_, _tereba_, until.
_ken_, though, although.
_awos_, although, notwithstanding.
_pan_, _pa_, _pur_, or _pêr_ (=_pa-êr_) when, govern second state.
_hedre_, whilst.
_spas_, whilst.
_perag_, _prag_, _fraga_, why, wherefore.
_po_, or. _po—po_—=either—or—
_mar_, _mara_, _a_, if. govern fourth state.
_marnas_ (_mar_+_na_+_es_), unless.
_ponî_, _ponag_, unless.
_aban_, since, because.
_dreven_, since, because.
_rag_, for.
_rag own_, lest, for fear.
_vel_, than.
_ages_, _es_, than.
_na_, nor.
_maga_, so, as much as.
§ 3. Adverbs.
Adverbs may be formed from adjectives by prefixing _en_, which generally changes the initial to the second state. Thus _glan_, pure, _en ’lan_, purely. There are some exceptions to this change, _b_ and _m_ sometimes change to _f_, not _v_, _bras_, great, _en fras_, greatly; _mas_, good, _en fas_, well; _d_ sometimes changes to the fourth state, _da_, good, _en ta_, well; and _t_ sometimes remains unchanged, _tin_, sharp, _en tin_, sharply. But we find also _en dhiugel_, certainly, from _diugel_, secure.
ADVERBS OF TIME.
_en êrma_, now (in this hour).
_lemman_, _lebman_, now.
_en tor-ma_, now (in this turn).
_nam_, _nana_, _nanna_, _nans_, now.
_agensow_, just now.
_hedhew_, to-day.
_avorow_, to-morrow.
_trenzha_, the day after to-morrow.
_jedreva_=_dedreja_=_dedh trûja_, the third day hence.
_an journa-ma war seithan_, this day week.
_de_, yesterday.
_genzhete_ (_kens de dedh_), the day before yesterday.
_ternos_, the next day.
_en kenzhoha_ / _boregweth_ } in the morning.
_dohajedh_, in the afternoon.
_gorthewer_, in the evening.
_zîlgweth_, o’ Sundays.
_fast_, presently.
_prest_, _scon_ / _dewháns_, _eskes_ / _defry_, _dhesempes_ } soon, quicky, immediately.
_whath_, still, yet.
_kens_, before (of time).
_kensemman_, ere now.
_kensenna_, ere that.
_ŏja_, _wŏja_, _ŏj’ henna_, _wŏja hedna_, afterwards.
_nenna_, _nana_, _en êrna_, then.
_ŏj’ hemma_, _wŏja hebma_, henceforth.
_warlergh_, afterwards.
_esos_, already.
_avar_, early.
_dewedhes_, late.
_arta_, again.
_kettoth_, _kettoth ha_, as soon as.
_nevra_, ever.
_rag nevra_, for ever.
_benary_, for ever.
_biken_, ever, _bis viken_, for ever.
_besca_, _besqweth_, ever.
_benethy_, _dho venethy_, for ever.
_bepprês_, always.
_hedre_, _spas_, whilst.
_pols_, a while.
ADVERBS OF PLACE.
_ple_, where (either interrogative or not).
_a pele_, _a ble_, whence (either interrogative or not).
_ŭbma_, _ŭmma_, here, hither.
_enna_, there.
_lemma_, _lebma_, here (in this place).
_alemma_, _alebma_, hence.
_alenna_, _en mes alenna_, thence.
_aban_, _avan_, up, above, on high.
_aman_, up, upwards.
_awartha_, above, over.
_awollas_, _warwollas_, below.
_warban_, on high, up above.
_warnans_, down below.
_en hans_, _en nans_, down.
_lĕr_, _lŏr_ (_luer_), down.
_aberth_, _aberh_, within.
_ajŷ_, _jŷ_, within.
_aves_, _ames_, outside.
_tre_, at home.
_adre_, homewards.
_ales_, abroad (_scattya ales_, to “scat” abroad).
_dhô ves_, away.
_kerh_ (formerly _kerdh_), away (_môs kerh_, to go away).
_pel_, far.
_enogas_, _ogas_, near, _ogastî_, near by.
_a rag_, in front.
_en rag_, forward.
_dirag_, forth, before (of place).
_dheller_ (_dellergh_), behind.
_war dheller_, backwards.
_adro_, around.
_adres_, athwart.
_a hes_, along.
ADVERBS OF QUANTITY.
_mêr_, much.
_îthek_, hugely.
_îthek tra_, ever so much.
_vîth mar_, ever so.
_nepeth_, _nebas_, a little.
_lour_, _lŭk lour_, _lŭk_, enough.
_re_, too much.
_kemmes_, _kebmes_, as much.
_vîth_, at all.
_hanter_, half.
ADVERBS OF COMPARISON.
_mar_, so, as.
_ky_—_mal_ / _ky_—_vel_ } as—as (_ky gwerdh velgwels_, as green as grass).
_del_, as.
_della_, _en della_, _en delna_, so, in such manner.
_cara_, _pocara_, _kepara_, _kepar del_, like as, even as, likewise.
_maga_ (governing fourth state), as: _maga ta_, as well, likewise.
_keffres_, _kekeffres_, likewise, also.
_hagŏl_, _hagensŏl_, also.
_a wedh_, _enwedh_, also.
_gwell_, better.
_lakkah_, worse.
_moy_, more.
_leh_, less.
_kens vel_, rather than.
MISCELLANEOUS ADVERBS
_cowal_, _cowl_, quite.
_namna_, almost.
_ken_, else.
_martesan_, perhaps.
_betegens_, nevertheless.
_moghya_, mostly.
_ketel_, _ketella_, so.
_pŭr_ (governing second state), very.
_brâs_ / _fest_ } (placed after an adjective), very.
_ogastî_, nearly, almost.
_warbarth_, _warbarh_, together.
_ni_, _nyns_, _nig_, _na_, _nag_, not. {153}
_hepmar_, doubtless.
_perag_, _prag_, _fraga_, why.
_patla_, _fatel_, _fatla_, how.
_pelta_, much, _pelta gwel_, much better.
_otta_, _welta_, behold.
_nahen_, otherwise.