Chapter 52

1. What is the best insurance against accidents? 2. Why do most cuts and scratches heal quickly, while some others do not? 3. What kind of dirt is dangerous to wounds? 4. If your knife should slip and cut you, how ought you to take care of the cut? 5. If you know the knife is dirty, what is the proper treatment? 6. Is "sticking-plaster" good for a wound? Why not? 7. Why does absorbent cotton make a good dressing? 8. Give two reasons why doctors can perform surgical operations now much more safely than some years ago. 9. Why must surgeons and nurses keep themselves and their patients perfectly clean? 10. What difference has this cleanliness made in the saving of life? 11. What is the treatment for bruises? Why are they not so dangerous as cuts? 12. What are boils and carbuncles? 13. How do we clean and heal them? 14. Where blood comes in spurts from a cut, what does this mean? 15. How does the blood itself protect us against infection in wounds? 16. If the wound is very deep, how can you check the bleeding? 17. Why should the tight bandage be slightly loosened in half an hour after it has been applied? 18. Why is it that we do not need to clean a burn? 19. Why is it wise to keep the air from a burn? How may it be done? 20. Why must the dressings be perfectly clean? 21. Why do we need a doctor in the case of a broken bone? 22. If you can't get a doctor, what is to be done? 23. What is a sprain? Tell how to bathe and bandage it. 24. In the case of swallowing poison, why should one drink warm water? 25. What else should be done? 26. What should be given when lye has been swallowed? 27. What is the important thing to remember in any such case? 28. If you fall into deep water, what four things should you remember? 29. Explain carefully just how to revive a person who has been under water. 30. What is the main purpose of this method?

GLOSSARY

OF IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN THE BOOK

[Transcriber's note: In the following section vowels are transcribed as: [)vowel] with breve [=vowel] with macron [.vowel] with dot above]

I. RELATING TO THE BODY AS A WHOLE

Ab'do men (or [)a]b d[=o]'m[)e]n). The cavity of the trunk immediately below the diaphragm.

Car'ti lage. Tough, elastic tissue, generally more or less fibrous; called also gristle (gr[)i]s'l).

Cell. The simplest form of living matter, with power to grow, develop, reproduce itself, and, with others of its kind, build up a living fabric.

Di'a phragm (d[=i]'[.a] fr[)a]m). The muscular membrane that separates the thorax from the abdomen.

Duct. A tube through which fluid from a gland is conveyed.

Fa tigue' (f[.a] t[=e]g'). A condition in which the body cells are worn out faster than they are built up, so that waste matter accumulates in the body and poisons it.

Germ. The simplest form of life, from which a living organism develops.

Gland. A part, or organ, that has the power of making a secretion, peculiar to itself. A gland may be a simple pocket, or follicle, as is an oil gland of the skin, or it may be an aggregate of such glands, as is the liver.

Or'gan. Any part, or member, that has some specific function, or duty, by which some one of the body's activities is carried on; for example, the eye is the organ of vision, the liver is one of the organs of digestion.

Tho'rax. The cavity of the trunk immediately above the diaphragm.

Tis'sue (t[)i]sh'[=u]). A fabric, or texture, composed of cells and cell-products of one kind; as, for example, nervous tissue, muscular tissue, fatty tissue.

Se cre'tion. A substance made from the blood, the special character of which depends upon the kind of gland that makes, or secretes, it.

II. RELATING TO THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Al i men'ta ry ca nal'. The food tube, or digestive tube, extending from lips and nose to the end of the rectum, with its various branches and attachments.

Bile. A yellow, bitter, alkaline liquid secreted by the liver, and especially valuable in the digestion of fats; sometimes called gall.

Co'lon. The large intestine.

Di ges'tion. The process in the body by which food is changed to the form in which it can pass from the alimentary canal to the blood vessels and lymphatics.

Di ges'tive sys'tem. The alimentary canal with all its branches and appendages; that is, all the organs that directly take part in the process of digestion.

E soph'a gus. The tube through which food and drink pass from the pharynx to the stomach; called also the gul'let.

Gall blad'der. The bile bladder; the sac, or reservoir, lying on the under side of the liver, in which the bile is received from the liver, and in which it is retained until discharged through the gall duct into the small intestine.

Gas'tric juice. The digestive liquid secreted by the glands of the stomach (pep'tic glands); it contains pepsin, acid, and ferments; called also peptic juice.

In tes'tine. The last part of the alimentary canal, extending from the pylorus. Its length is five or six times that of the body. The greater part of its length is called the small intestine in distinction from the remaining part, which, though much shorter, is larger in diameter, and is called the large intestine or co'lon. The intestine as a whole is sometimes called the bow'el.

Liv'er. The large gland that secretes bile and is active in changing or killing harmful substances; located in the upper part of the abdominal cavity, on the right side, and folds over on the pyloric end of the stomach.

Lym phat'ics. Small transparent tubes running through the various tissues, and containing a colorless fluid somewhat thinner than blood, called lymph. This fluid is composed of the leakage from the arteries and of wastes from the tissues, which are being carried to a larger lymph duct to be emptied into one of the larger veins. The lymphatics in the wall of the intestine take up some of the digested food from the cells and pass it on through the lymph glands of the abdomen to the lymph duct which empties into a vein near the heart.

Mas ti ca'tion. The process of grinding, or chewing, food in the mouth.

Mes'en ter y. The tissue (part of the peritoneum) which is attached to the intestine and, for a few inches, to the spinal column, to hold the coils of the intestine in place.

Mu'cous mem'brane. The lining membrane, or tissue, of the entire alimentary canal. It is very complex in structure, has different characteristics in different areas, and contains nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, and in various parts special structures such as glands. It secretes mucous. It is continuous with the outside skin of the body, as may be seen at the lips.

Pan'cre as. The gland that secretes the pancreatic juice; located in the abdominal cavity near the stomach.

Pan cre at'ic juice. An alkaline digestive juice poured by the pancreas into the small intestine; especially valuable in the digestion of starches, fats, and proteins.

Per i to ne'um. The membrane lining the abdominal cavity and enfolding its organs.

Phar'ynx. The passage between the nasal passages and the esophagus: the throat.

Py lor'us. (1) The opening from the stomach into the small intestine. (2) The fold of mucous membrane, containing muscle fibres, that helps to regulate the passage of food through the pyloric opening.

Sa li'va. The digestive secretion in the mouth, consisting of the secretion of the salivary glands and the secretion of the mucous membrane of the mouth.

Stom'ach. The pouch-like enlargement of the alimentary canal, lying in the upper part of the abdominal cavity, and slightly to the left, between the esophagus and the small intestine.

III. RELATING TO FOOD AND DRINK

Ac'id ([)a]s'[)i]d). A substance (usually sour tasting) that has, among other properties, the power of combining with an alkali in such a way that both substances lose their peculiar characteristics and form a salt.

Al'co hol. A colorless liquid formed by the fermentation of starch-sugars or certain other substances, which is highly inflammable and burns without smoke or waste; it is a stimulant and an antiseptic.

Al'ka li. A substance that has, among other properties, the power of neutralizing acids and forming salts with them. (See Acid.)

Car'bo hy'drates. Plant or animal substances composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. (Called also starch-sugars.)

Chlo'ro phyll. The green coloring matter of plants, formed by the action of sunlight on the plant cells. It is a necessary part of the plant's digestive system, since without it the plant could not break up the carbon dioxid of the air into the carbon which it uses in preparing its starch food, and the oxygen which it gives off as waste.

Fer men ta'tion. A chemical change in plant or animal substance, produced usually by the action of bacteria, in the process of which the substance is broken up (decomposed), and new substances are formed.

Nar cot'ic. Any substance that blunts the senses, or the body's sensibility to pain or discomfort.

Ni'tro gen. A tasteless, odorless, colorless gas, forming nearly four-fifths of the earth's atmosphere; and constituting a necessary part of every plant and animal tissue.

Pro'te ins. Foods containing a large amount of nitrogen; such as meat, fish, milk, egg, peas, beans.

IV. RELATING TO THE BLOOD AND THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

A or'ta. The main artery of the body; it leads out from the left ventricle of the heart, carrying arterialized blood (blood that has been acted upon by oxygen) to all parts of the body except the lungs.

Ar'te ries. The blood vessels and their branches that carry blood from the heart to all parts of the body. The pul'mon a ry artery carries impure (ve'nous) blood to the lungs.

Au'ri cles (ô'r[)i] klz). The two chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins.

Cap'il la ries. The minute blood vessels which form a network between the ends of the arteries and the beginnings of the veins.

Cir cu la'tion. The passage of the blood from the heart into the arteries, and from them through the capillaries into the veins, and through the veins back into the heart.

Cor'pus cles (cor'p[)u]s'lz). Minute jelly-like disks or cells. These are of two kinds, red and white, the red (the oxygen carriers) being about 350 times as many as the white, and giving the blood its color.

Heart. A muscle-sac located in the thorax between the lungs, its lower point, or a'pex, being tilted somewhat to the left; the centre and force-pump of the circulatory system.

Ox i da'tion. Combining with oxygen.

Ox'y gen. A colorless, odorless, tasteless gas, which forms about one-fifth of the earth's atmosphere. It is found in all animal and vegetable tissues. When it combines with other substances, a certain amount of heat is produced; and if the process is sufficiently rapid, a flame is seen.

Pulse. The regularly recurring enlargement of an artery, caused by the increased blood flow following each contraction of the ventricle of the heart.

Veins. The blood vessels and their branches through which blood flows from all parts of the body back to the heart. All the veins except the pulmonary veins carry impure (venous) blood; the pulmonary veins carry arterialized (oxidated) blood from the lungs. Ve'na ca'va. Either of the two large veins discharging into the right auricle of the heart. Por'tal vein. The large, short vein that drains the liver and adjacent parts.

Ven'tri cles. The two chambers of the heart that receive blood from the auricles and force it into the arteries.

V. RELATING TO THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND ORGANS OF EXCRETION

Al ve'o li ([)a]l v[=e]'o l[=i]). (Plural of _alveolus_). Air cells. The cells, or cavities, that line the air passages and air sacs at the ends of the bronchial tubes.

Breath. Air taken in or sent out in respiration; that breathed out containing carbon dioxid, watery vapor, and various impurities.

Bron'chi (br[)o]n'k[=i]). (Plural of _bronchus_). The two main branches of the trachea. These branch into numerous smaller branches, called the bron'chi al tubes.

Car'bon di ox'id. A gas formed of carbon and oxygen; colorless and odorless; has a somewhat acid taste, and is used for aerating soda water and other beverages; is present naturally in mineral and spring waters. It is present largely in the fissures of the earth and makes the choke-damp of mines. Called also car bon'ic acid.

Ep i glot'tis. The valve-like cover that prevents food and drink from entering the larynx.

Ex cre'tion. A waste substance thrown out, or rejected, from the system; for example, carbon dioxid, sweat, ur'ine, the fe'ces.

Lar'ynx. The enlargement of the windpipe, near its upper end, across which are stretched the vocal cords.

Lungs. Two spongy organs in the thorax, entered by the bronchi with their bronchial tubes; they contain in the walls of their air cells the capillaries through which the blood passes from the branches of the pulmonary artery to the branches of the pulmonary veins.

Rec'tum. The lowest and last section of the alimentary canal, being the discharge pipe of the large intestine, and excreting the solid wastes in the form of the feces.

Res pi ra'tion. Breathing; the action of the body by which carbon dioxid is given off from the blood and a corresponding amount of oxygen is absorbed into the blood.

Skin. The continuous outer covering of the body, in the deeper layer (der'ma) of which are located the sweat glands, which secrete sweat (a watery, oily substance containing impurities from the blood) and excrete it through the sweat ducts and their openings (pores) in the surface of the skin.

Tra'che a (or tr[=a] ch[=e]' [.a]). The windpipe between the larynx and the bronchi.

U'ri na ry system. The organs concerned in the secretion and discharge of urine: the kid'neys (two glands in the abdominal cavity, back of the peritoneum, which receive wastes from the blood, and excrete them as urine), the u re'ters (ducts through which the urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder), the blad'der (an elastic muscle-sac in which the urine is retained until discharged from the body).

VI. RELATING TO THE NERVOUS AND MOTOR SYSTEMS

Brain. The soft mass of nerve tissue filling the upper cavity of the skull. Its cellular tissue is gray, and its fibrous tissue white. With the spinal cord it controls all the sensory and motor activities of the body.

Cer e bel'lum. The part of the brain lying below the hind part of the cerebrum.

Cer'e brum. The upper or fore part of the brain; it is divided by a deep fissure into two hemispheres, its cor'tex (surface) lies in many con vo lu'tions (folds), and its fibres run down into the spinal cord. In this part of the brain are the centres, or controlling nerve cells, of the senses and most of our conscious activities.

Gang'li a (g[)a]ng'l[)i] [.a]). (Plural of _ganglion_). Nerve knots, or groupings of nerve cells, forming an enlargement in the course of a nerve.

Me dul'la. A portion of the brain forming an enlargement at the top of the spinal cord and being continuous with it; the channel between the brain and the other parts of the nervous system.

Muscle (mus'l). A kind of animal tissue that consists of fibres that have the power of contracting when properly stimulated. A bundle of muscle fibres, called a muscle, is usually attached to the part to be moved by a ten'don, or sinew. Muscles causing bones to bend are termed flex'ors; those causing them to straighten, ex ten'sors. The movements of muscles may be voluntary (controlled by the will), or involuntary (made without conscious exercise of the will).

Nerve. A fibre of nerve tissue, or a bundle of such fibres, connecting nerve ganglia with each other or with some terminal nerve organ. Nerves running inward toward the spinal cord and the brain are called sen'so ry nerves; those from the brain and spinal cord outward, mo'tor nerves.

Nerv'ous system. The nerve centres with the sensory and motor nerves and the organs of sense.

Neu'rons. The cells of the spinal cord and the brain.

Re'flex. A simple action of the nervous system, in which a stimulus is carried along sensory nerves to a nerve centre, and from which an answering stimulus is sent along motor nerves to call into play the activity of some organ, without consciousness, or without direct effort of the will.

Spi'nal cord. The soft nerve tissue that extends from the medulla almost to the end of the spinal column, being encased by it. It controls most of the reflex actions of the body.

Stim'u lus. Anything that starts an activity in the tissues on which it acts; for example, light is a stimulus to the nerve tissues of the eye.

INDEX

Abdomen, 204.

Accommodation, 264.

Acetanilid, 237 _note_.

Acid, as an antidote, 325; butyric, 53; carbonic, 11; explained, 11; in changing starch, 41; in leavening, 44, 45; in fruits, 57, 58, 59; in starch-sugars, 283; in digestive juices, 11 _note_; in mouth, 283, 285; lactic, 43.

"Adam's apple," 272.

Adenoids, 253, 256, 257, 274.

Ague. _See_ Malaria.

Air, circulation of free, 140, 149; composition of, 132; indoor currents of, 148-150; per person, 142; pure and impure, 139-146.

Alcohol, a medicine, 96, 100; an antiseptic, 318, 319, 324; a narcotic, 90, 98, 99; a toxin, 94; decreasing use of, 101-103; effect of, on character, 101; in beverages, 94, 95; in patent medicines, 237; not a food, 90, 96; physical effects of, 97-100, 122-124, 166, 197, 199, 201, 239; source of, 93, 95.

Aldehydes, 94.

Ale, 94.

Alimentary canal, 8, 9; digestion in, 9-19. _See also_ Gullet, Intestine.

Alkali, as an antidote, 325; as medicine, 14, 15; explained, 11; digestive juices, 11 _note_; in leavening, 44, 45; in meat, 283; in soap, 186.

Alveoli, 135.

Ameba, white corpuscles compared to, 109, 110.

Amherst, experiments with smokers at, 107.

Ammonia from decay, 74, 308.

Animals and plants contrasted, 5-7.

Anopheles, 302.

Antidotes. _See_ Poisoning.

Antipyrin, 237 _note_.

Antiseptics, use of, 317-320.

Antitoxins, 293-296.

Anvil, 267.

Aorta, 112, 113, 115, 118, 119, 200.

Apex of heart, 117.

Apoplexy, 123.

Appendicitis, 20.

Appendix vermiformis, 20.

Appetite, from exercise, 208; juice, 9.

Appetites, explained, 21.

Apples, fermented, 94; food value of, 58; fuel value of, 26.

Aqueduct, 85.

Arrack, 96.

Arteries, bleeding from, 320-322; defined, 108, 109; function of, 17; position of, 113; red blood in, 111; stiffening of, 123; _also_, 112, 196, 200.

Artery, pulmonary, 118; radial, 118.

Articulation, of bones, 212; of sounds, 276.

Artois, wells of, 82.

Astigmatism, 263.

Athletics, 175, 176, 242.

Atropin, 265 _note_.

Auricle, 116, 117, 118.

Bacilli, cultivation of, 293; explained, 152-154, 286; method of naming, 286; multiplication of, 288. _See also_ Bacteria _and_ Germs.

Backache, 204.

Backbone. _See_ Spinal column.

Bacon, fuel value of, 52, 54, 55.

Bacteria, explained, 17; harmless, 152; in feces, 19; in food, 22; in milk, 33-38; in small intestine, 17; of disease, 152, 286; of soil, 74, 76, 78, 79, 83, 86, 308; of yeast, 43. _See also_ Bacilli _and_ Germs.

Bakeries, 45, 46.

Baking-powders, 44, 45.

Banana, 58, 59.

Barley, in making beer and ale, 94.

Bathing, need of, 184; preventive of colds, 155; right and wrong, 184-186.

Beans, 32.

Beef-tea, 26, 31.

Beer, 89. _See also_ Alcohol.

Beets, 26, 59.

Berries, 58, 59.

Beverages, 89-93. _See also_ Alcohol.

Biceps, 203, 206.

Bile, 11 _note_, 16, 17, 198, 199; duct, 197, 199.

Biliousness, 23, 197.

"Black bread," 48.

"Black Death," 288.

Bladder, 200. _See also_ Gall bladder.

Bleeding. _See_ Wounds.

Blood, alkaline quality of, 11 _note_; anemic, 173, 192; arterial, 111; circulation of, 110-113, 118, 119; color of, 109, 111, 112, 173, 174; composition of, 109, 110; heat, 175; impure, 198; poisoning, 295, 315, 319; purifying of, 196; result of food, 18.

Blood vessels, 108, 109. _See also_ Arteries, Capillaries, Veins.

Board of Health, and infections, 286, 291; control of water supply, 77, 81, 88; examination, 105; milk inspection, 34, 38, 39, 78.

Boils, 295, 320.

Bolus, 9.

Bones, composition and growth of; 210, 211; disorders of, 229, 230, 234, 235; fractures of, 323; kinds of, 212-214; number of, 211; structure of, 215; tuberculosis of, 157.

Bowel. _See_ Intestine.

Brain, 216-220; development of, 167.

Brandy, 94, 95.

Bread, baking, 43, 44; crust of, 44; fuel value of, 58; kinds and values of, 42, 46, 48; leavening, 42-46; souring of, 43, 44.

Breakfast foods, 47.

Breathing, control of, 226; need of continuous,130; operation of, 138; rate of, 142; variations in, 137, 138.

Bright's Disease, 201.

Bronchi, 135.

Bronchial tubes, 135.

Bruises, 319.

Brushes, hair, 193-194; nail, 189; skin, 188.

Bubonic plague, 288.

Burns, 322, 323.

Butter, 51, 52-54.

Cabbage, 26, 58, 60.

Caffein, 91.

Callus, 194, 195, 234.

Candy, 50, 52.

Capillaries, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 118, 119, 200.

Carbohydrates, 27, 41, 48, 141. _See also_ Starch-Sugars.

Carbon, 42.

Carbonates, 136.

Carbon dioxid, in air, 140, 141; in blood, 174; in body cells, 112; in breath, 137; in lungs, 111, 196; in spring water, 74, 83; in yeast, 43.

Carbuncles, 320.

Carrots, 59.

Cartilage, 136, 210, 214.

Casein, 30, 36, 39.

Catarrh, 253, 256, 274.

Cathartic, 19.

Cecum, 20.

Celery, 58, 61.

Cells, 9, 14, 15, 17, 18, 201, 287; eating done by, 108, 110, 112, 131; of liver, 111; of lungs, 135; of muscles, 202, 203, 209; of skin, 169, 170; waste from, 131, 132; water 111, 70.

Cereals, 42. _See also_ Breakfast Foods _and_ Oatmeal.

Cerebellum, 270.

Cheese, 39.

Chemical change, 42.

Chickenpox, 290.

Children's diseases, 289-291; from dirty milk, 37.

China, wearing nails long in, 173.

Chincon, Countess of, 301.

Chloral, 97.

Chloroform, 97, 199.

Chlorophyll, 5.

Choking, cause of, 135.

Cider, 94.

Cigarette habit, 104, 107.

Cinchona. _See_ Quinine.

Circulation, blood vessels of skin and, 184; color an index to, 174; control of, 226; rate of, 196.

Clothing, 179-183. _Also_ 190, 247.

Coal-tar remedies, 237 _note_.

Cocci, 153; of pneumonia, 154, 166.

Cochlea, 267.

Cocoa, 90, 91-93.

Coffee, 26, 89, 90, 91-93.

Colds, 125, 154-156, 199, 201, 291-293.

Colic, 23.

Colon, 8, 18.

Complexion, 114, 115, 176.

Concha, 268.

Cones, 264 _note_.

Constipation, 19, 20, 204.

Consumption, 152, 153, 157-166. _See also_ Tuberculosis.

Contraction, 203.

Convolutions, 219.

Cooking, 62-68.

Corn, 47, 60.

Cornea, 259, 260, 261.

Corns, 194, 195.

Corpuscles, malaria germs in red, 301; red, 109, 111, 132; renewal of, 215; white, 109, 110.

Cortex, 219, 223.

Cowpox, 296, 297.

Crystalline lens, 263.

Cucumbers, 26, 58, 61.

Culex pipiens, 302.

Dandruff, 191.

Dentine, 279.

Derma, 168.

Dextrin, 44.

Diaphragm, 8, 13, 276.

Diarrhea, 23, 47, 157. _See also_ Children's diseases.

Digestion, by body cells, 17, 18; by liver, 198; food route in, 8; in intestines, 16-20; in mouth, 10-12; in stomach, 13-15; juices aiding, 9-12, 14-17; preparatory, 9.

Digestive system, 7-9.

Diphtheria, 293-295; germs of, 286, 310.

Disease, causes of, 286-288; effects of, 238; germs of, 17 _note_, 152-154, 286, 301; growth and spread of, 288-290; hip-joint, 157.

Diseases, children's, 289-291; nervous, 239, 240; occupation, 153, 195.

Disinfectants, 193, 287, 303-307, 318.

Disinfection, 303; methods of, 304-307; of wounds, 316-319.

Dispensaries, tuberculosis, 160.

Drafts, 143, 144.

Drainage, extent of wells, 77; of sewage, 75-79; of swamps, 302, 303.

Drink, 69-103. _See also_ Alcohol, Beverages, Water, etc.

Drowning, treatment for partial, 327-330.

Duct of a gland, development of, 10 _note_.

Dust, 22, 153, 154, 312, 313.

Dysentery, 199. _See also_ Diarrhea.

Dyspepsia, 47, 199, 204, 264.

Ear, care of, 268, 269; development of, 167, 252, 253; structure of, 266-270.

Eczema, 59, 191.

Effervescence, 11, 43, 44.

Egg, digestion of, 14, 17.

Enamel, 279.

Energy in food and fuel, 4, 5.

England, smallpox in, 296, 297.

Epidermis, 168.

Epiglottis, 135.

Epithelial cells, 168, 169.

Eruptions, 193.

Esophagus, 7. _See also_ Gullet.

Ether, 97.

Ethers, 94.

Eustachian tube, 257.

Exercise, 241-251; appetite and, 208; heart and, 120-122, 126, 127, 128; muscles and, 204, 205, 208, 209. _Also_ 154, 162, 163, 176, 238.

Extensors, 206.

Eyes, care of, 266; development of, 167, 252, 253; structure of, 259-265.

Eye-strain, 236.

Fat, 51-55; fuel value of, 27, 51, 52; in digestion, 16, 17, 51; in liver, 198, 199; in milk, 30, 39.

Fatigue, 241-243.

Feces, 9, 18, 19, 192.

Femur, 214.

Fermentation, 94.

Fever, 175-177; effect of, on heart, 125; in consumption, 124.

Fibula, 213.

Filters, domestic, 88; nature's, 74, 75, 83, 85, 86; of waterworks, 85, 86.

Fish, fuel value of, 29; wastes from, 201.

Fission of a bacillus, 288.

Flexors, 206.

Flies, 309-312.

Food, absorption of, 17-19; appetizing, 9-10; as fuel, 4-7, 21, 25, 26; changed into blood, 18; cleanliness of, 22; "coal," 25, 26, 27-55; digestion of, 9-18; in blood, 110-113; irritating, 55, 59, 60; "kindling," 25, 26, 56-61; "paper," 25, 26, 31, 56-61; preservation of, 22, 23; sunlight in, 5-7; variety in, 23-25; water in, 73.

Food tube. _See_ Alimentary canal.

Foot, 230-232.

Formaldehyde, 305-307.

Formalin, 305-307.

Fractures, 323, 324.

Freckles, 190.

Fruits, composition of, 24, 57, 58; fuel value of, 26, 58; in diet, 23-25; tainted, 22.

Furs, as clothing, 182.

Gall bladder, 199.

Gall stones, 199.

Games, 242-251.

Ganglia, 217, 221, 223.

Gardening, 61, 247, 248.

Gas, illuminating, 143; sewer, 143. _See also_ Carbon dioxid, Carbonic acid.

Gastric juice, 198.

Gelatin, in veal, 29; for bacteria culture, 293, 309.

German proverb, 269.

Germany, smallpox in, 197; typhoid in, 80 _note_.

Germicides. _See_ Disinfectants.

Germs, 17 _note_, 301. _See also_ Bacilli, Bacteria, Cocci, Disinfection, Disease.

Glands, development of, 10, 11 _note_; hair, 171, 172; lachrymal, 261; lymph, 17; of ear, 269; of intestine, 17-19; of stomach, 15,16; of throat, 256; oil, 171; parotid, 10; salivary, 10, 11; sublingual, 10 _note_; submaxillary, 10 _note_; sweat, 170, 171.

Glucose, 41.

Gluten, 28, 42, 48, 63.

Glycogen, 198.

"Goose-skin," 171.

Gout, 32.

Gray matter, 219, 221.

Gristle. _See_ Cartilage.

Gullet, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 134, 135.

Habit, regularity of physical, 19.

Hair, 70, 171, 172 _and note_; care of, 172, 193, 194; diseases of, and scalp, 191, 193.

Ham, 54, 55.

Hammer, 267.

"Ham-string" muscle, 208.

Hang nail, 189.

Headache, 235-237, 264.

Heart, alcohol and, 99, 123, 124; beat, 9, 13, 117, 118, 119, 126-129; blood vessels connecting with, 111, 112; care of, 122; disease of, 123-128; exercise and, 120-122, 241, 243; function of, 108; nerves and, 126-128; repairing power of, 122, 123; structure and action of, 115-117, 118, 119; tea and coffee and, 128.

Heart-burn, 13.

Heat of body, normal, 175; radiation of, 175-177.

Heating, 149, 151.

Hemispheres, 216.

Hives, 59.

Hookworm, 191-193.

Humerus, 213.

Humus, risks to water from, 73, 74.

Hydrophobia, 287, 318.

Hygiene, 1-3.

Hyperopia, 262, 264.

Influenza. 239. _See also_ Colds.

Insanity, 239, 240.

Insect pests, 309-312.

Instincts, 3, 21.

Intestine, absorption in, 14, 16-19; digestion in, 9, 15-18, 20; effect of fibrous foods on, 47, 60; hookworm in, 192; muscles supporting, 204.

Iris, 265.

Jaundice, 199.

Jenner, Dr., 296-298.

"Joint oil." _See_ Synovial fluid.

Joints, 213, 214; injury to, 323, 324.

Kidneys, 196, 197, 199-201. _See also_ Wastes.

Kipling quoted, 231.

Klebs-Loeffler bacillus, 286, 293.

Knee cap. _See_ Patella.

Lactose, 30.

Lard, 52, 54.

Larynx, 272-276.

Laveran, 301.

Leavening, 43-45.

Legumin, 32.

Leprosy, 178.

Lettuce, 26, 61.

Lime, carbon dioxid and, 137; in body, 70, 210, 211; in water, 88.

"Lime-juicers," 57 _note_.

Liver, 197-199; development of, 11 _note_; function of, 110, 111; juice of, 16, 17; position of, 13; vein entering, 110; weight of, 16. _See also_ Wastes.

Lungs, 133-136; capillaries in, 111; function of, 111; diseases of, 153, 157-166. _See also_ Wastes.

Lymphatics, 17.

Malaria, 199, 300-303.

Maltose, 94.

Marrow, 215; "spinal," 223 _note_.

Mastication, 11, 12.

Mastoid, 269.

Measles, 193, 239, 290, 291.

Meat, digestion of, 14, 17; fuel value of, 27-29, 58; tainted, 22, 32, 335. wastes from, 201.

Medulla, 223, 226.

Meningitis, cerebro-spinal, 295; tubercular, 157.

Mesentery, 16.

Microbes. _See_ Bacteria.

Milk, bacteria in, 22, 33-39, 308, 309; digestion of, 14, 17; fuel value of, 28-31; inspection of, 34, 38, 39, 78; stations, 30, 92.

Mosquitoes, 302, 303.

Mouth, 7, 8, 9; in speaking and singing, 274-276; infection from, 285; breathing, 253, 256, 257, 283.

Mucous membrane, 14, 110, 118, 255, 256, 275.

Mucus, 255.

Mumps, 290.

Muscles, 202-209; and nerves, 220-227; controlling hair, 171; disorders of, 229, 230, 233, 234; exercise of, 241-248; in breathing, 138. _See also_ 7, 12, 13, 15, 214, 261, 262.

Myopia, 262.

Myosin, 28.

Nails, 172-174. _See also_ 70, 188, 189.

Narcotics, 90, 97, 237, 238.

Nerves, and heart, 126-128; and muscles, 203, 220-227; auditory, 266; optic, 260; sciatic, 222, 223, 224; sensory and motor, 220; spinal, 220, 221.

Nervous system, 216-227; alcohol and, 97-103, 239; development of, 167; disorders of, 235-240; effects of disease on, 238; eyes and, 264; fatigue and, 241-243; tobacco and, 105, 106.

Nettle-rash. _See_ Hives.

Neurons, 223.

Nicotine, 105.

Nitrogen, as food, 27, 46, 47, 132, 201, 133 _note_; in air, 132; in soil, 308.

Nose, 167, 252-255, 274-276.

Nuts, 32, 55.

Oatmeal, 42, 47, 48.

Ohio River, pollution of, 87 _note_.

Oil, in killing larvæ, 302, 303, 311.

Oleomargarine, 53, 54.

Onions, 58, 60.

Opium, 97, 238. _See also_ Narcotics.

Orbit, 260.

Oxidation, 131-133.

Oxygen, gas jets and, 143; in blood, 109, 110-113, 132; in water, 86.

Ozone. _See_ Oxygen.

Palate, 8.

Panama, malaria in, 303.

Pancreas, 11 _note_, 16.

Pancreatic juice, 11 _note_, 12, 16, 17.

Papillae, 258.

Paralysis, 178, 239; infantile, 300.

Parasites, animal, in the skin, 191-193.

Parsnips, 59.

Patella, 207.

Patent medicines, 237, 238.

Peaches, 58.

Peanuts, 55.

Pears, 58.

Peas, 32.

Pelvis, 214.

Pemmican, 52.

Pepsin, 14, 16.

Peptic juice, 11 _note_, 14, 15.

Periosteum, 215, 234.

Peritoneum, 20.

Peroxide of hydrogen, 318.

Perspiration. _See_ Sweat.

Pharynx, 8, 254, 256.

Phenacetin, 237 _note_.

Philippine Islands, smallpox in, 297.

Physiology, 1-3.

Pigment, 191.

Pneumonia, 165, 166; coccus of, 154; effects of, on heart, 125.

Poisoning, treatments for, 324-327.

Poison ivy, 325, 326.

Portal vein, 110, 198.

Post mortem, 101.

Potatoes, 26, 27, 40, 41, 42, 48, 56, 57.

Privy vault, dangers from, 78, 79, 81, 192.

Proteins, 27, 28; changed by liver, 198; in food, 28, 30, 31, 32, 47; wastes from, 199.

Protozoa, 287, 288.

Ptomaines, 22.

Ptyalin, 11.

Pulse, 112, 117, 118.

Pupil, 265.

Pylorus, 8.

Quarantine, 291, 298.

Quinine, 301.

Radius, 213.

Reading, position in, 228.

Recti, 261.

Rectum, 9, 18.

Reflex, 221, 222.

Reservoirs, 84-86; _also_, 79, 80, 85 _note_.

Respiration, artificial, 329, 330.

Retina, 260, 262, 263, 264.

Rheumatism, 123, 125, 292, 295.

Ribs, 138.

Rice, fermented, 96; fuel value of, 48.

Ringworm, 191.

Rods, 264 _note_.

Russia, smallpox in, 297.

Rye, 48.

Saké, 96.

Saliva, 9-11, 12, 16.

Salts, 6; from deep soil, 75; in vegetables, 57, 59, 60; in water, 77, 83, 88; laxative, 6 _note_, 19.

Scabies, 191.

Scapula, 213.

Scarlet fever, 193, 201, 239, 290, 291.

School, gardens, 247, 248; luncheons, 68; physician, 121, 122; recesses, 146.

Sclerotic coat, 261.

Scrofula, 157.

Scurvy, 57.

Seaver, Dr., experiments with smokers, 106.

Selection, power of, 197.

Semi-circular canals, 269, 270.

Sense, of hearing, 266; of pain, 177, 224; of sight, 260; of smell, 256; of taste, 257-259; of temperature, 177; of touch, 177, 178 _and note_; sixth--of direction or balance, 269, 270.

Senses and ideas, 225, 226.

Septum, 254.

Shoes, 195, 231, 232.

Skeleton, 211, 212.

Skin, 167-178; accidents to, 315-320, 322; brushes, 188; diseases of, 157, 178, 187, 189, 190, 191, 193. _See also_ Wastes.

Skull, 212.

Sleep, 232, 233.

Smallpox, 287, 295-299.

Smoking. _See_ Tobacco.

Snake-bite, 327.

Soaps, 11, 186, 187, 190.

Socket. _See_ Orbit.

Soda water, 11, 57.

Soup, 26, 31.

Spinal column, 212, 213; curvatures of, 229; tuberculosis of, 157.

Spinal cord, 212, 220-223, 300.

Spitting, 159, 160.

Sprains, 323, 324.

Sputum, infection from, 158, 159, 166.

Starch, as fuel, 24, 27, 41; compared with sugar, 49; digestion of, 11, 12, 16, 17, 41, 42; in foods, 24, 31, 40, 41, 42-44, 48, 57, 59, 60; teeth and, 283.

Starch-Sugars, 27, 31, 42.

State control of health, 122.

Sterilizing, 304.

Stirrup, 267.

Stomach, 7, 13-15; and nervous system, 227. _See also_ 4-6, 8, 10 _note_, 12, 204.

Stradivarius, 274.

Strawberries, 26, 58, 59.

Study, how to, 248, 249.

Sugar, digested starch, 11, 12, 16, 17, 41, 42; fuel value of, 27, 49, 50, 52, 208; in digestion, 198; in foods, 30, 36, 48, 49, 57-60; teeth and, 283.

Sulphur, as a disinfectant, 306; in cabbage, 60; in water, 77.

Sulphuric acid, 11.

Sunburn, 190.

Sweat, 11 _note_, 132, 133, 170, 181-184, 208.

Synovial fluid, 214.

Tannin, 91, 93.

Tattooing, 169.

Tea, 26, 89, 90-93.

Teeth, 7, 277-282; care of, 282-285; infection from, 141, 285.

Temperance, 101-103. _See also_ Alcohol.

Tendons, 117, 203, 207, 208.

Tetanus, 288, 295.

Thein, 91.

Theobromin, 91.

Thigh, 207, 208.

Thirst, 71.

Tibia, 213.

Tissues, 18. _See also_ Cells.

Tobacco, 103-107; and heart, 128, 129; and nervous system, 239.

Tomatoes, 60, 61.

Tongue, 7, 9, 10, 257, 259.

Tonsil, 256.

Tourniquet, 321.

Toxins, 22.

Trachea, 134. _See also_ Windpipe.

Triceps, 206.

Trypsin, 16.

Tubercle bacillus, 157, 158; toxin of, 164.

Tuberculin test, 164.

Tuberculosis, deaths from, 156; effects of, 123, 201; expense of, 158, 161; kinds of, 152-154, 157; prevention and cure of, 157-164, 309; symptoms of, 164, 165.

Turner, 147.

Turnips, 60.

Tympanum, 257, 267, 268.

Typhoid, bacillus of, 286, 295; effect of, on heart, 125; from milk, 37, 38; from water, 79-81; in Germany, 80. _See also_ 201, 309.

Ulna, 213.

Urates, 199.

Urea, 199, 200.

Ureters, 200.

Urinary system, 200.

Urine, 11 _note_, 132, 200, 201.

Vaccination, 295-299.

Vaccine. _See_ Antitoxin.

Vaccinia, 299.

Vacuum, process, of cleaning, 153, 154; of milking, 36.

Valves, of heart and veins, 116-118; disease of heart, 123, 124-126.

Vegetables, fuel value of, 26, 31, 32, 40, 56, 57, 58; in diet, 23-25, 59, 201; salts in, 57, 59; water in, 56, 72.

Veins, denned, 108; function of, 110-113; position of, 113. _See also_ 9, 17.

Vena cava, in, 113, 115, 116, 118, 119, 200.

Ventilation, diseases from poor, 154; methods of, 144-149; need of, 141-143.

Ventricle, 115, 116, 117, 118.

Vertebrae, 212.

Vitreous humor, 260.

Vitriol. _See_ Sulphuric acid.

Vocal cords, 272-275.

Voice, 271-276.

Warts, 195.

Wastes, disposal of, 75-77, 78, 79; in the body, 70, 71, 196, 208.

Water, body's need of, 69-71, 201; boiled, 87, 88; carbon dioxid in, 74, 83; filtration of, 74, 75, 83, 85, 86, 88; in food, 71, 72; marsh, 74; minerals in, 75, 77, 83; natural purifiers of, 72, 74-79, 86, 87; rain, 73; sources of impurities in, 72-80; supply 75, 79-86; when and how to drink, 15, 57.

Water-brash, 13.

Wells, artesian, 81-83, 86; dangers to, 75-77, 78, 79; permanent, 83.

Wheat, 27, 31; fermented, 94; food value of, 42; whole, 46.

Whiskey, 94, 95. _See also_ Alcohol, Beverages.

White matter, 219, 221.

White swelling, 157.

Whooping cough, 290, 291.

Windpipe, 134-136, 271, 272.

Wine, 94. _See also_ Alcohol.

Wings, 254.

Wounds, treatment of, 315-319.

Yale. _See_ Seaver.

Yeast, as leavening, 43-45; in making alcohol, 93, 94, 309.

Yellow fever, 287.