Part 7

CHARACTERS.--Face, nose, and lips black; whiskers rounded and bushy; no beard; fur long and harsh; form robust and powerful; whiskers grizzled, the hairs ringed with black and white; across the forehead, over the eyes, a broad white bar (or diadem); the back beyond the shoulders, the sides and haunches, and the posterior aspect of the thighs, grizzly-grey, the hairs ringed with numerous greenish-white and black bars; tail grey at its base, rest black; a few yellowish hairs on the callosities, but all the rest of the body deep black. Length of body, 23 inches; of tail, 21.

DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Angola, and the Congo, to Nyasa Land.

HABITS.--Unknown.

V. CERCOPITHECI AURICULATI.

The following three species form the fifth group of the Guenons, distinguished by their yellowish or rufous ear-tufts, and the three black lines over the forehead.

PLATE XXX.

{77}XXXIII. ERXLEBEN'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS GRAYI.

_Cercopithecus grayi_, Fraser, Cat. Knowsl. Coll., p. 8 (1850); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 22 (1870); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 256.

_Cercopithecus erxlebenii_, Dahlb. et Puch., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, p. 96; 1857, p. 196; Dahlb., Zool. Stud., p. 109, pl. 5 (1856); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 23 (1870; in part); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 36; 1893, p. 254; 1894, p. 484.

_Cercopithecus pogonias_, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 82 (part).

(_Plate XXX._)

CHARACTERS.--Face and ears naked, flesh-coloured; whiskers commencing under the eyes, bushy, yellow; the ears with a rufous or yellow tuft internally; head yellow, but interrupted by three broad black streaks, extending from above each eye and from the nose to the back of the head; back, anterior aspect of the thighs, and the sides yellowish rufous, darker towards the lower back--the hairs ringed with black and yellow, upper surface and entire terminal third of the tail black. Under surface of the body, inner side of the limbs, anterior aspect of the thighs and legs, and the under side of the basal two-thirds of the tail, yellow or rufous yellow; region of the anus white; external aspect of the fore-limbs black; the hands and feet black.

A female specimen of this species which lived for some years in the menagerie of Lord Derby at Knowsley, and died in 1836, is now in the Derby Museum, Liverpool. It is the type of _C. grayi_, with which _C. erxlebeni_ is identical.

DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: River Congo.

{78}XXXIV. THE BEARDED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS POGONIAS.

_Cercopithecus pogonias_, Bennett, P. Z. S., 1833, p. 67; Wagner in Schreber Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 43 (1855); Lesson, Spec. Mamm., p. 74 (1840); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 543 (1841); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 23 (1870); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 254; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 82 (1876).

CHARACTERS.--Similar to _C. grayi_, but differs in the yellow forehead being interrupted in the middle by only a few black hairs, and not by a streak; the whiskers paler; the back part of the head, the fore part of the back, and the sides grizzled, the hairs being black, ringed with white; while down the middle of the back to the base of the tail runs a broad black stripe.

DISTRIBUTION.--Fernando Po.

XXXV. THE BLACK-FOOTED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS NIGRIPES.

_Cercopithecus nigripes_, Du Chaillu, Pr. Bost. N. H. Soc., vii., p. 360 (1860); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 254.

_Cercopithecus erxlebenii_, var. _nigripes_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 23 (1870).

_Cercopithecus pogonias_, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 182 (1876).

CHARACTERS.--Very similar to _C. pogonias_, but differs in being darker, and in having the dorsal stripe wider and more diffused lower down. It is probably only a variety of the preceding.

DISTRIBUTION.--Gaboon, where it was discovered by Du Chaillu.

{79}XXXVI. WOLF'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS WOLFI.

_Cercopithecus wolfi_, Meyer, Notes, Leyden Mus., xiii., p. 63 (1891); id., P. Z. S., 1894, p. 83, pl. vii.; Sclater, P. Z. S, 1893, p. 258.

CHARACTERS.--Face, except the lips, which are flesh-colour, and the temples, greyish-black; a yellowish-white bar across the forehead from ear to ear; whiskers greyish-yellow; ear-tufts reddish-brown; upper surface dark slate-grey; sides blue-grey, the hairs barred with several pale rings, and tipped with black; dorsal stripe, narrowing towards the tail, olive-yellowish, brighter on the crown, and brownish-yellow towards the tail; basal half of the tail above, ashy-grey, below white; an orange-yellow patch on the sides; chin, sides of neck, under surface of body and inner side of limbs white; belly washed slightly with orange; shoulders and outer aspect of the fore-limb, black--the hairs ringed with grey; on the hinder edge of the fore-arms an ochre-coloured stripe; outer side of thighs and legs bright red-brown, becoming orange on their anterior and posterior internal margin. Length of body, 18¼ inches; of tail, 24 inches.

DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: the exact locality is unknown.

VI. CERCOPITHECI BARBATI.

The members of this group are distinguished by possessing a beard and a frontal crest.

XXXVII. THE DIANA GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS DIANA.

_Simia diana_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 38 (1766).

{80}_Cercopithecus diana_, Erxleb., Syst. Regne An., p. 30 (1777); Desmar., Mamm., p. 60 (1820); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 523 (1841); Geoffr., Dict. Hist. Nat., iii., p. 304 (1849); Wagner in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 48 (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 22 (1870; pt.); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 92 (1876; pt.); Jentink, Notes, Leyd. Mus., x., p. 12; Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 254.

_Cercopithecus diana_, var. _ignita_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 22 (1870).

CHARACTERS.--Face black. Sides of face with long bushy whiskers, terminating on the chin in a pointed white beard a few inches long; across the forehead run two arched lines of erect hairs, the lower black, the upper white; top of the head, back of the neck, shoulders, the sides, middle of belly, ashy-grey--the hairs being white and black ringed, and white-tipped; outside of limbs darker, the hands black; tail grey, the tip black; neck, chest, and anterior part of the arms white; from the middle of the back a deep chestnut spot extends, and widens to the root of the tail; from the base of the tail, the outer aspect of the thighs, white; posterior part of under side of body and inner side of thighs, orange-yellow, or orange red, or bright red bay (_C. ignita_ of Gray). Length of body, 18 inches; of tail, 24 inches.

DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: from Liberia to the Congo.

HABITS.--This beautiful and graceful Monkey is not uncommon in captivity, and nearly all we know of its habits has been obtained from such specimens. "Like the rest of its tribe," writes Mr. Martin, "it is gentle, lively, active, and familiar while young, but as age advances it becomes reserved and treacherous.... Its frontal crest of white hairs, and its white peaked beard 'of formal cut,' give a singular aspect to its physiognomy. This latter ornament it has been observed, so Mr. Ogilby states, to be solicitous in keeping neat and clean; when about to drink it takes the beard in its hand with amazing gravity, and holds it back in order to prevent it from dipping into the fluid."

PLATE XXXI.

{81}XXXVIII. THE PALATINE GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS PALATINUS.

_Le Roloway_ ou _la Palatine_, Buff., Hist. Nat. Suppl., xv., p. 77 (1789).

_Cercopithecus roloway_, Erxleb., Syst. Régn. An., p. 42 (1777); Geoffr., Dict. Hist. Nat., iii., p. 304 (1849); Fisch., Synop. Mamm., p. 20 (1829).

_Cercopithecus palatinus_, Wagner, in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 47 (1855); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 257.

_Cercopithecus diana_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 22 (1870; pt.); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 92 (1876; pt.).

CHARACTERS.--Very similar to _C. diana_, but differs in having the back very dark brown, nearly black, instead of chestnut; the head, flanks, thighs, limbs dark grey; where the belly in _C. diana_ is black, in _C. palatinus_ it is white.

DISTRIBUTION.--Gold Coast.

XXXIX. DE BRAZZA'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS BRAZZÆ.

(_Plate XXXI._)

_Cercopithecus brazzæ_, Milne-Edwards, Rev. Sc. (3), xii., p. 15 (1886); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893 pp. 255, 443, pl. xxxiii.

CHARACTERS.--Top of head, back, sides of face, outside of thighs, and root of tail pale fulvous, densely ringed with black; a frontal band, of dense erect hairs, chestnut, {82}white-tipped, bordered behind by a broad black band from ear to ear; ears nearly naked; upper part of nose and a narrow line above the eyes, in front of the chestnut band, black; lower nose and upper lip white; a longish white beard on the chin and throat; belly dark fulvous, the hairs densely ringed with black; hands and feet black; inner side of thighs, arms, and a streak along the posterior aspect of the thighs, white; tail, except at its base, black. Length, 21 inches; tail, 22 inches. (_Sclater._) Nearly related to _C. neglectus_.

DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Upper Congo.

VII. CERCOPITHECI TRITUBERCULATI.

This section of the Family contains but one species, distinguished by the posterior lower molars having only three, instead of four, tubercles to their crowns. On this account it has been considered by some systematists to be the type of a distinct genus, _Miopithecus_.

XL. THE TALAPOIN. CERCOPITHECUS TALAPOIN.

(_Plate XXXII._)

_Talapoin_, Buff., Hist. Nat., xiv., p. 287, pl. xl. (1766).

_Cercopithecus talapoin_, Erxleb., Syst. Régn. Anim., p. 36, no. 15 (1777), Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 93 (1812); Desm., Mamm., p. 56; Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 534 (1841); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 71 (1876).

_Simia talapoin_, Gm., Syst. Nat., i., p. 101 (1788); Schreber, Säugeth., i., p. 101, no. 18, pl. 17; Fischer, Synops. Mamm., p. 21 (1829).

_Cercopithecus pileatus_, Desm., Mamm., p. 57 (1820; nec Shaw).

_Miopithecus talapoin_, Geoffr., Dict. Nat. Hist., iii., p. 308 (1849); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 20 (1870).

PLATE XXXII.

{83}_Miopithecus capillatus_, Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 720 (1842.)

_Simia melarhinus_, Schinz, Synop. Mamm., i., p. 47 (1844).

CHARACTERS.--Small in size; head globular; muzzle very short; eyes large; ears very expanded; nose but slightly protruding, with oblong nostrils opening laterally, the septum thick; hands short, fingers united by a web.

Skull large; superciliary ridges and orbits also large; posterior molar in both jaws small; those in the lower jaw only three-cusped (two cusps in front, one behind); anterior and median lower molars four-cusped.

Naked skin round the eyes orange; upper lip yellow; whiskers directed downward, bright straw-yellow; upper eyelids white; nose black; ears naked, black; frontal hairs erect, forming a distinct curved crest. Fur speckled olive-green--the hairs grey at the roots, olive-green in the middle and black-tipped; fur darker on the body, paler and more washed with yellow on the outer side of the body and upper side of the hands and feet. Under surface of the body and the inside of the limbs white; tail ashy-grey. Length of body, 13½ inches.

DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Gaboon.

HABITS.--Nothing is known of the habits of this rare species, which is the smallest of the Guenons.

THE GUEREZAS AND LANGURS.--SUB-FAMILY SEMNOPITHECINÆ.

The members of this Sub-family are characterised, externally, by having elongated slender bodies, with their hind pair of limbs longer than their front pair, and a very long tail. {84}Internally their digestive organs differ from those of the _Cercopithecinæ_, the stomach being three times as large as that organ in any Guenon of the same size. Instead of being a simple rounded sac, it is elongate and composed of several pouches. These compartments are quite different, however, from those seen in a Ruminant's stomach, such as that of the Ox. In the latter, each of the various divisions is differently constructed, and its mucous membrane is peculiarly modified; in the Guenon it is divided into two portions, the left of which forms a very considerable cavity, while the right is long and narrow. Two great, strong, muscular bands run along its entire length, one along the greater, the other along the lesser, curvature, like the muscles of the great intestine, forming a series of large cells. (_Otto._) In addition to this, the whole organ is twisted upon itself, so that the entrance and exit regions come to be close together. Its mucous membrane is throughout of the same character and form. The cæcum has no _appendix vermiformis_, or worm-shaped tube, which is the representative (as in Man) of the elongate cæcum found among the Lemuroids, as among most of the Mammals. The muzzle in this Sub-family is very short, and the nose is generally, but slightly, prominent. There are ischial callosities, but no cheek-pouches among the Langurs, though small ones have been described in certain of the Guerezas (_Colobus_). When laryngeal sacs are present they are formed of a single sac with a median aperture into the windpipe, in the space below its superior opening; it may have large prolongations down the front of the neck, as far indeed as the arm-pits.

The frontal region of the skull is rounded, and the facial angle is comparatively large. The ascending portion of the hinder part of each half of the lower jaw is high, and its {85}hindmost molar on each side has five cusps to its crown. Their breast-bone is very narrow. The vertebræ forming the tail are much elongated. All have the central (_os centrale_) bone in the _carpus_ (or wrist).

The posterior lobes of the cerebrum project beyond the cerebellum and conceal it; they are very short among the Langurs. The principal grooves and foldings seen in the human brain are represented, and there is a perfectly distinct _hippocampus minor_--an eminence in the cavity of the posterior lobe, which was for a long time supposed to be a character peculiar to the human brain, and the presence or absence of which was once a celebrated cause of difference between certain distinguished anatomists.

The food of the _Semnopithecinæ_--of which they consume a large bulk at a time--consists chiefly of leaves and young shoots of trees. For this purpose their sacculated stomach forms a necessary receptacle and store for their food during their hasty collection of it.

The Sub-family practically consists of but two genera--_Colobus_ and _Semnopithecus_. One species, forming a third genus (_Nasalis_), is closely related to the latter. The _Colobi_ are confined to Africa, and the _Semnopitheci_--of which there are a large number of species--inhabit the mainland of India, the Malayan Peninsula, and the neighbouring Archipelago as far east only as _Wallace's line_, which runs between the islands of Bali and Lombock, and northwards to the east of Borneo.

THE GUEREZAS. GENUS COLOBUS.

_Colobus_, Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm., p. 69 (1811).

The Guerezas are a group of Monkeys entirely confined to the African continent. The character which especially {86}distinguishes them from the Langurs, which (with the exception of the monotypic Nosed Monkeys of Borneo) form the remaining members of the Sub-family, is the condition of their thumbs. In these animals the thumb is practically absent, being either quite invisible externally, or presenting merely a tubercle, which may or may not have a nail upon it. The hands are long and straight, and the nails of the fingers are compressed and pointed. In these animals the body is slender, though somewhat more robust than in _Semnopithecus_. The face is naked or covered only with a sparse and soft down, the nostrils being separated by a wide division. From this feature these Monkeys have been described by some naturalists as Platyrrhine or Megarrhine. The ears are rounded above, with the posterior upper angle pointed or square, and generally naked, but they are sometimes haired or tufted inside. All the Guerezas have a specially elongated tail, which is often tufted at the end. Their fur is long and slightly harsher than that of the Langurs, but it is not ringed with differently coloured bands. Their callosities are large and naked.

The skulls in _Colobus_ and _Semnopithecus_ are very similar in shape; but those of the former are often longer, larger, and have a greater cranial capacity than those of the _Semnopitheci_. The muzzle is short, and the hind molar of the lower jaw has five tubercles. The thumbs, even when apparently absent, are represented under the skin by a single bone, the ungual phalanx, which articulates directly with the metacarpal bone. The Guerezas differ from the Guenons in having very small cheek-pouches and no laryngeal sacs. Their stomach is transversely sacculated like the upper part of the great intestine in the human body.

The Guerezas, which represent the Langurs in Asia, inhabit {87}Tropical Africa, ranging from Abyssinia and Zanzibar in the east, to Senegambia, Angola, and perhaps the island of Fernando Po on the west--between about 15° N. lat. on the eastern and 12° on the western side, to 10° S. lat. They live in small troops in the forest, both on the plains and on the mountains, their food consisting of fruits, but principally of leaves, which they eat in large quantities, as the peculiar and capacious form of their storehouse-like stomach, in lieu of cheek-pouches, would indicate.

Of their habits in their native state very little indeed is known, for they prefer to keep to the great trees of the forests far from human habitation; while, owing to their very delicate constitution enabling them to resist for a very short period the rigours of a climate cooler than their own, scarcely anything has been learnt of them in captivity. The beautiful skins of many of the species form a considerable article of commerce in Europe and America to adorn the costumes of the most refined and cultivated ladies, who vie for their possession with the semi-nude and barbarous warriors of Equatorial Africa, by whom they are also used as ornaments for their persons and for decorations for their weapons.

I. VAN BENEDEN'S GUEREZA. COLOBUS VERUS.

_Colobus verus_, Van Bened., Bull. Acad. Sc., Brux., v., p. 344, pl. 13 (1838); Less., Spec. Mamm., p. 70 (1840); Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 503 (1841); Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 17, no. 4 (1851); Wagner, in Schreber, Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 37 (1855); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 28 (1876).

_Semnopithecus_ (_Colobus_) _olivaceus_, Wagner, in Schreber's Säugeth. Suppl., i., p. 309 (1840).

{88}_Colobus cristatus_, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3), xvii., p. 77 (1866); id., P. Z. S., 1886, p. 182, pl. xv.; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 19, et Suppl., p. 128 (1870).

_Procolobus verus_, Rochebr., Faun. Sénég., Mamm. Suppl., p. 97, pl. 1 (1887).

CHARACTERS.--Body stout; limbs robust; head oval, the muzzle slightly prominent; face and ears naked, brownish-black; thumb entirely absent; callosities large. Hair on the top of the head, forming a median crest, reddish-olive; whiskers, directed backward, pale yellow; over the eyes a frontal bar of the same colour, coalescing with the whiskers opposite the eyes; upper part of body to base of tail and down to the knees, covered with short dark olive-brown hair, finely ringed with black, and washed with rufous on the back of the neck and on the outside of the thighs; the tail long and thin, olive-brown or brownish-grey; shoulders, flanks, and outer surface of the limbs, pale greyish-green; upper sides of the hands and feet reddish-brown; throat, chest (the hair of which is elongated), under surface of the body and inner side of the limbs, ashy-grey. Length of body, 21 inches; of tail, 24¼.

DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. Forests of Fanti and Ashanti.

II. THE RED-CRESTED GUEREZA. COLOBUS RUFOMITRATUS.

_Colobus rufomitratus_, Peters, M. B. Akad. Berl., 1879, p. 829, pl. iA. and ii.

_Tropicolobus rufomitratus_, Rochebr., Faun. Sénég., Mamm., Suppl., p. 102 (1887).

CHARACTERS.--Body thick-set and covered with short hair; face {89}and ears naked and brownish-black, the long superciliary hairs and the transverse crest, from ear to ear, black; front and back of the head to the nape of the neck brownish-red; cheeks and chin dark grey; back, from the nape of the neck, flanks, outer and hinder surfaces of the limbs, and the feet, dark brownish-olive; front of the shoulder, of the arm and part of the fore-arm, and the front of the thighs, pale reddish-yellow; breast, under side of the body and inner side of the limbs, of the same colour, but paler; tail coloured like the back, the tip tufted, brownish-black. Length of body, 26¾ inches; tail, 27¾.

DISTRIBUTION.--This very rare species lives in East Africa. Forests at Muniuni, near Mombasa.

III. KIRK'S GUEREZA. COLOBUS KIRKI.

_Colobus kirkii_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 180, pl. xv.; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 127 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 25 (1876); Kirk, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (5), xiii., p. 307 (1884).

_Guereza kirkii_, Trouess., Consp. Mamm., p. 14 (1879).

_Piliocolobus kirki_, Rochebr., Faun. Sénég., Mamm. Suppl., p. 112, pl. vi. (1887).

CHARACTERS.--Face and ears naked, bluish-black; tip of the nose greyish-white; head, with long divergent hairs, forming a kind of cap, bent backwards over the forehead; crown of head, back, and tail, reddish-brown, paler towards the extremity; the nape, shoulders, arms, outer and anterior aspects of the fore-arms, the centre of the outer aspect of the thighs and legs, and the hands and feet, black; forehead, cheeks, chest, front aspect of the shoulders, the whole of the under side of the body, {90}and the inner side of the limbs, white; anterior aspect of the lower part of the arm, the hind-margin of the fore-arms, and the anterior and posterior aspects of the thighs and legs, greyish-white. (_Gray._) Length of body, 25½ inches; of tail, 31 inches.

DISTRIBUTION.--Island of Zanzibar. This Monkey was first sent to Europe by Sir John Kirk in 1868. Its discoverer, writing in 1884, says that even in 1868 the Monkey was rare, but was still to be found in many of the wooded districts of that island. He writes: "I am not aware that it has been found in Pemba Island or on the mainland; and now I discover that, if not extinct, it has become so rare as not to be procurable, even when I sent the hunters over the island. I have a report that it exists still in one spot, which they could not reach. I believe that two specimens were sent to Germany some time ago; but it looks as if the animal will be lost to science. This is due to the destruction of forest and jungle over the island."

"_Colobus kirkii_," writes Mr. H. H. Johnston, in 1886, "had disappeared from nearly every part of the island of Zanzibar, but a rumour prevailed that it still lingered on a clump of forest as yet unvisited by hunters. Thither Sir John sent his _chasseurs_ to report on the Monkey's existence. After a week's absence they returned, triumph illumining their swarthy lineaments. 'Well, did you find them?' asked the British Consul General. 'Yes,' replied the men with glee, 'and we killed them every one!' wherewith twelve Monkey-corpses were flung upon the floor, and _Colobus kirki_ joined the Dodo, the Auk, the Rhytina and the Moa, in the limbo of species extinguished by the act of man."

PLATE XXXIII.

{91}IV. THE BAY GUEREZA. COLOBUS FERRUGINEUS.

(_Plate XXXIII._)

_Simia ferruginea_, Shaw, Gen. Zool., i., p. 59 (1800); Desm., Mamm., p. 53 (1820); Fischer, Synops. Mamm., p. 13 (1829).