Part 5

DESCRIPTION.--Allied to _C. petaurista_. Fur tolerably long and but loosely applied to the body. Face naked; whiskers bushy; beard short; tail very long; callosities small. Length of body (type specimen), 22 inches; tail, 26. Length of a female, 19 inches; tail, 24. General colour of head, back, and upper side of the basal part of the tail olive-green, distinctly annulated, the hairs being grey at their base, ringed above with several bars of yellowish-green and black. Face blue; nose-spot, commencing in the middle of the ridge, and extending over its sides and the upper and lower lips, yellowish-white; a black line extending up the ridge of the nose from the end of the white spot to the brow and encircling the eyes; {48}a black bar crossing the forehead from ear to ear; whiskers green; beard white; throat, chest, under side of body, inside of limbs and under side of three-fourths of the tail, greyish-white; fore-arms black; legs black; the arms and thighs of the same colour as the back; upper side of the tail beyond the basal region, and its terminal portion, black; hands and feet black.

As Dr. Sclater has pointed out (_loc. cit._): "It is at once distinguishable from _C. petaurista_ by the black fore-limbs and feet, by the greenish colour on the tail above; the greenish cheeks, without any white stripe beneath the ears, and the bluish skin of the face."

DISTRIBUTION.--Martin's Guenon is generally brought to Europe from the island of Fernando Po, where it is probably indigenous. It may also inhabit the neighbouring coast of Western Africa.

VI. THE LUDIO GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS LUDIO.

_Cercopithecus ludio_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1849, p. 8, pl. ix., fig. 1; id., P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 21 (1870), Wagner, in Schreb., Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 51 (1855); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 245.

_Cercopithecus ascanias_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 87 (1876).

CHARACTERS.--Spot on lower half of nose large, oblong, higher than broad. General colour of fur black or dark greenish-olive, minutely speckled with greyish-yellow. Face and lips blackish-blue, the nose-spot white; ridge of nose above the white spot, superciliary band, crown of head, shoulders and fore-limbs, black; outer and inner aspects of hind-limbs and extremity of tail black; chin, chest, inner side of the upper part of the arms, and under side of body, whitish; {49}whiskers black; rump and under side of the base of the tail rufous.

Distinguished from _C. petaurista_ by its black limbs, reddish rump and base of tail.

DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Cameroons and the Delta of the Niger.

VII. THE BLACK-CHEEKED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS MELANOGENYS.

_Cercopithecus melanogenys_, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xvi., p. 212 (1845); id., P. Z. S., 1849, p. 7, pl. ix., fig. 2; id., P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 21 (1870); Scl., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 246; Monteiro, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 112; Jentink, Notes, Leyden Mus., x., p. 11 (1888); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 245.

_Cercopithecus picturatus_, Santos, Journ. Sci. Lisb., xi., p. 98 (1886).

CHARACTERS.--The white nose-spot cordate in shape; a band across the forehead above the eyes passing backwards over the ears, and over the lower cheeks, black; region between the eye and the ear whitish; back finely grizzled with black and orange; centre of the back washed with deep rufous; outside of the legs dark grey, becoming black on the hands and feet; tail dark rufous. Length of body, 15¾ inches; tail, about 17 inches.

The black lower cheeks, and the white region between the eye and the ear distinguish _C. melanogenys_ from _C. nictitans_ and _C. stampflii_.

DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Angola. "It is very abundant at Encôge, three days' journey to the south of Bemba." (_Monteiro._)

{50}VIII. STAMPFLI'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS STAMPFLII.

_Cercopithecus melanogenys_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 90 (1876, nec Gray).

_Cercopithecus stampflii_, Jentink, Notes, Leyden Mus., x., p. 10 (1888); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 257.

CHARACTERS.--Nose-spot white, with its broader part lowest, and the point upwards; crown of head, nape of neck, legs and hinder portion of tail black; spot on lower lip black; chin, breast, anterior portion of belly, and inside of fore-arms white; forehead, cheeks, back, sides of body, and the basal portion of the tail, rufous-green, the hairs being ringed with black and rufous-yellow. Length of body, 25¼ inches; tail, 38½ inches.

Distinguished from _C. nictitans_ by its white under surface.

DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Liberia. Obtained in the Pessi country by Messrs. Büttikofer and Stampfli.

IX. SCHMIDT'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS SCHMIDTI.

_Cercopithecus ascanias_ (?), Scl., P. Z. S., 1887, p. 502.

_Cercopithecus schmidti_, Matschie, Zool. Anz., p. 161 (1892); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 245, pl. xvi.

CHARACTERS.--Closely allied to _C. melanogenys_, the white nose-spot cordate. Face and superciliary region blue; nose above the white spot black; a bar between the nose-spot, reaching to the whiskers, on each side, black; upper and lower lips flesh-coloured; whiskers white, conspicuous, and with a very narrow black streak on their lower edge; beard white; above the superciliary region, and between the flesh-coloured ears, a black frontal bar; top of head, back, outer aspect of arms, thighs, and of the basal third of tail, olive-green and more {51}punctulated than in _C. melanogenys_; throat, under side of body, and inner side of the upper part of the limbs, white; fore-arms, hands, legs, and feet black; posterior two-thirds of tail rufous.

DISTRIBUTION.--This species was obtained by the Rev. W. C. Willoughby, in 1883, at Uniamwezi, in Eastern Equatorial Africa, and was said to have been brought thither from the Manyuema country, on the western shore of Lake Tanganyika. His specimen lived in the Zoological Gardens in London for nearly three years. It has also been obtained in Uganda, further to the north.

X. THE HOCHEUR GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS NICTITANS.

_Simia nictitans_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 40 (1766).

_Cercopithecus nictitans_, Erxl., Syst. Règne Anim., p. 35 (1777); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 536 (1841); Wagner, in Schreber's Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 50 (1855); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 21 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 89 (1876); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 246.

_Cercopithecus nictitans_ (Hocheur), F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat., Mamm. i., pl. 17 (1825); Audebert, Hist. Nat. des Singes, Fam. iv., Sect. i., p. 9, pl. 2.

CHARACTERS.--Head round; forehead elevated; face depressed; nose broad, short-haired. "Hair of the head very full; boldly over-reaching the eyes, obscuring the ears, and adding to the breadth and elevation of the top of the head." (_Martin._) Nose-spot narrow above, commencing between the eyes, broad below; the lips and a broad ring round the eyes, nude, or very short-haired, elsewhere haired; whiskers bushy; callosities covered with hair; thumbs very short; muzzle shorter than is {52}usually the case in the genus; no beard; tail long, thinly-haired, tapering.

General colour all over, black, speckled with white or yellowish, the hairs being grey at their roots, then black, tipped with white or yellowish-white; face purplish-black; nose-spot pure white; no white on the lips; ears black; no black stripes on the face, a character distinguishing it from all the other spotted-nosed Monkeys; under surface of body and basal part of tail blackish-grey, the inside of the limbs less distinctly so.

Some specimens are not so black, but are greyer, especially on the under side, which may be washed with brown.

The white colour of the nose not extending on to the upper lip distinguishes this species from _C. petaurista_, independently of the general colouring.

DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. Although the "Hocheur" is not uncommon in European menageries, it is still uncertain in exactly what part of that extensive region it has its home.

HABITS.--Nothing is known of the habits of this species, except what has been observed from examples living in captivity. In durance the species is mild and gentle in disposition, and very active, and has a way of incessantly shaking its head, a habit from which it derives its French appellation of "Hocheur."

XI. THE RED-EARED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS ERYTHROTIS.

_Cercopithecus erythrotis_, Waterh., P. Z. S., 1838, p. 59; 1841, p. 71; Martin, Mammif. An., p. 535 (1841); Fraser, Zool. Typ., pl. iv. (1848); Wagn., in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 49 (1855); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 21 (1870); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 70 (1876); Scl., P. Z. S., 1884, p. 176, 1893, p. 246.

{53}CHARACTERS.--General colour of back, sides, and outer aspect of the hind-limbs, black, speckled with yellowish-grey, or with golden-yellow on the hinder part of the back--the hairs being black, ringed with yellow or gold respectively; face nearly nude, except for a few short hairs on the upper part of the nose; region round the eyes, livid blue; nose red; chin white; a black bar from the eye to the ear; below this a broad white whisker-streak on the cheeks, beneath which again there arises from the corner of the mouth and cheeks another black, yellow-ringed, tuft of hair; ears rusty-red internally; external aspect of the fore-limbs blackish; throat, under surface of the body, and inner side of the limbs greyish-white; tail bright rufous, except for a dark line along its upper surface; anal hairs bright red. Length of body, 17 inches; tail, 23 inches.

DISTRIBUTION.--This rare and very beautiful Monkey has its home in the island of Fernando Po.

XII. THE MOUSTACHED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS CEPHUS.

_Simia cephus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 39 (1766).

_Cercopithecus cephus_ (Moustac), F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat., Mamm., i., livr. xxvi. (1821); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 532 (1841); Wagner, in Schreber's Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 49 (1855); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 20 (1870); Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 91 (1876); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 246.

_Le moustac_, Audebert, Hist. Nat. Singes, Fam. iv., Sect, ii., p. 19, fig. xii.

CHARACTERS.--Face and nose naked; muzzle short; whiskers thick and bushy, directed backward and downward. Face, except the lips, violet-blue; margin of the upper lip black, this {54}colour extending as a bar back to the whiskers; between this black margin and the nose is a white bar, extending also across the cheek to the whiskers; under lip and chin, black; whiskers between the eyes and ears golden-yellow, paler below the ears, and white on the under jaw; ears black, with yellowish-white hairs. Head greenish, darker on the back than on the front; the neck, back, shoulders, outer side of arms, flanks, buttocks, and upper side of the base of the tail greenish-brown--the hairs being grey at their roots and ringed above with yellow and black, or brown, the predominance of the one or the other producing the brown, or brighter or fainter green colour; on the outer side of the thighs, the green hue is deeper. The rest of the outer aspect of the limbs is grey washed with yellow; hands and feet dusky brown or dull black; under side of the body and inside of the limbs dark grey, lighter on the throat, breast, and fore part of the belly; under side of the base of the tail dark grey; the remaining two-thirds rufous. Length of body, 19 inches; of tail, 26 inches.

DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: from Gaboon to the Congo.

HABITS.--This species is not at all uncommon in menageries. Numerous specimens have from time to time been exhibited in the Zoological Gardens in London. Little is known, however, of the habits of the Moustached Monkey in its native forests. In captivity it is intelligent, lively, and good-tempered, but very shy. Its delicate constitution cannot resist the rigours of our climate for any length of time.

II. CERCOPITHECI CHLORONOTI.

In this section of the Guenons, the fur is more or less olive-green above; the under side and whiskers white, and the arms and legs grey.

{55}XIII. THE MALBROUCK GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS CYNOSURUS.

_Simia cynosurus_, Scop. Delic. Flor. et Faun. Insubr., i., p. 44, pl. xix. (1786).

_Cercopithecus cynosurus_ (Malbrouck), F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat., Mamm., i., livr. ii. (Janvier, 1819); Desmarest, Mamm., p. 60 (1820); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 515 (1841); Geoffr., Dict. d'Hist. Nat., iii., p. 306 (1849); Wagner, in Schreber's Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 38 (1855); Schleg. Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 72 (1876); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 247.

_Cercopithecus tephrops_, Bennett, P. Z. S., 1833, p. 109.

_Chlorocebus cynosurus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 26 (1870).

CHARACTERS.--Head broad, and rounded above; muzzle thick. Face naked, flesh-coloured; nose and cheeks black-haired; ears nude, black; hands short, thumbs rudimentary; hairs on the side of the head not forming whiskers. Top of head and upper surface of body olive-green--the hairs being grey at their roots and ringed with black and yellow; external surface of the fore-arms and legs grizzled-grey, the hairs with black and white rings; sides of the neck, under surface of the body, inside of the limbs, and the under side of the tail white; an indistinct band across the forehead over the eyes, white; tail dark grey above; callosities scarlet; scrotal region in the male deep blue; hairs beneath the tail and round the scrotal region rufous. Length of body about 18 inches; tail, 16 inches.

DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. Probably Senegambia, but the exact habitat still unknown.

HABITS.--Of the habits of the Malbrouck in its own home nothing has been recorded; but Mr. Martin remarks that in captivity it combines in its disposition a certain degree of {56}sluggishness with a savage and vindictive temper. One of the specimens, he says, "in the menagerie of the Zoological Society, an adult male, was gentle, familiar, and pleased to be noticed or caressed; but, at the same time, it was neither lively nor playful. The other was deceitful, and though apparently calm, very suspicious; it was roused by the slightest provocation to anger, and would turn upon its disturber with the utmost malevolence depicted in its countenance, making every possible effort to assault him, exhibiting its teeth and gazing fixedly in his face.... On the whole, indolence and ferocity form the character of the adult, at least, in captivity."

XIV. THE GRIVET GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS SABÆUS.

_Simia sabæa_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 38 (1766).

_Cercopithecus griseus_ (Le Grivet), F. Cuvier, Mamm., i., livr. vii. (Juin, 1819).

_Cercopithecus griseo-viridis_, Desmarest, Mamm., p. 61 (1820); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 518 (1841); Rüppell, Neue Wirbelth. Säugeth., p. 8 (1835); Blanford, Zool. Abyss. Exp., p. 224 (1870); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 248.

_Cercopithecus sabæus_, Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 22 (1851); Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 74 (1876).

_Chlorocebus engythithea_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 26 (1870).

CHARACTERS.--Head more pyramidal than in _C. cynosurus_, and the muzzle thinner; an angular patch of hair at the corner of each eye, pointing backwards; whiskers forming long and thick ear-tufts, directed backwards and partly concealing the ears; ears small; hands short and small. Face, ears, and lips dark {57}violet; region round the eyes livid flesh-colour; the superciliary band joining the whiskers white; top of the head, back as far as the rump, shoulders and arms greyish olive-green--the hairs ringed with greyish-black and pale yellow; whiskers, chin, breast, under surface of body, fore part of shoulders, the inner side of the limbs, and the under side of the tail, white; forearms, rump, and thighs grey, slightly washed with olive; hands and feet entirely grey; upper side of the tail greyish-black, the tip paler. Scrotal region coppery-green, covered with orange hairs.

Distinguished from the Malbrouck by the form of the head, the greyer shade of the hair, and the colour of the scrotal region; and from _C. callitrichus_, described below, by the more sombre colour of its hair, the white superciliary band, and the long white whiskers. Length of body, about 19 inches; tail, 22 inches.

DISTRIBUTION.--North-east Africa: throughout Abyssinia, Sennaar, and Kordofan, up to 4,000 feet.

HABITS.--According to Dr. Blanford, this species is a true tree Monkey, and is very rarely seen except in the forest. "On the highlands of Abyssinia," he says, "I only once saw a flock--this was near Dildi, south of Lake Ashangi. I met with larger flocks on the Anseba, where they inhabited the high trees on the banks of the stream. The flocks seen were small, not exceeding twenty to thirty individuals. I had but few opportunities of observing their habits, but they appeared to differ but little from those of _Macacus_ or _Inuus_, except that _Cercopithecus_ is a quieter animal and less mischievous. In captivity they are well known as excessively docile and good tempered, and fairly intelligent."

{58}XV. WERNER'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS WERNERI.

_Cercopithecus werneri_, Geoffr., C. R., xxxi., p. 874 (1850); id., Arch. Mus., v., p. 539, pl. xxvii. (1851); Wagner, in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 42 (1855); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 258.

CHARACTERS.--Nearly related to _C. sabæus_, but all the parts are olive-green where that species is greyish-green--the hairs being ringed with reddish-fawn and black; the former taking the place of the green rings in the hairs of the _C. sabæus_, and the black ones being much broader; the face black; the tail yellow at the tip as in _C. sabæus_.

DISTRIBUTION.--The exact habitat of this species is unknown.

XVI. THE GREEN GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS CALLITRICHUS.

(_Plate XXVIII._)

_Singe Verte_, Adanson, Voy. Sénég., p. 178 (1735).

_Cercopithecus sabæa_ (nec Linn.), Erxleb., Syst. Regne An., p. 33 (1777).

_Cercopithecus sabæus_, Wagner in Schreb. Säugeth., v., p. 40 (1855); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 519 (1841).

_Le Callitriche_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., i., livr. iv. (Mars, 1819).

_Simia sabæa_, Audebert, Singes, Fam. iv., Sect., ii., p. 7, fig. iv. (1797).

_Cercopithecus callitrichus_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 23 (1851); Schleg, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 73 (1876); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 79; 1893, pp. 248, 616.

_Chlorocebus sabæus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 25 (1870).

PLATE XXVIII.

{59}CHARACTERS.--Muzzle rather long; ears large, naked, and somewhat pointed behind; hairs on the side of the head long, thick, frill-like, and directed backwards toward the ears; hands and feet long, but the feet longer than the hands. Face, ears, palms, and soles, black; superciliary band bright yellow or white; head, back, shoulders, arms, and upper part of the forearms, the thighs, upper part of the legs, and upper side of the tail rich yellowish-green,--the hairs being ringed with broader bars of yellow, and narrower bars of black; external surface of the lower part of the fore- and hind-limbs grey, the hairs being ringed with white, or very pale yellow and black; cheeks, throat, under surface of the body, and inner side of the limbs, white, washed with yellow on the cheeks, throat, and along the mid-line of the belly. Tail tipped with a long tuft of bright yellow; under side of the tail greyish-green; hairs beneath the tail and on the scrotal region bright yellow; naked skin of the scrotal parts, green. Length of body, 24 inches; of tail, 29 inches.

DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: from Senegambia to the Niger. It is said to be now abundant in a wild state in the island of St. Kitts, in the West Indies, and Colonel Feilden identified it in Barbadoes. Into both of these islands it has been introduced from Africa, in the same way as into St. Jago, one of the Cape Verde Islands.

HABITS.--The Green Monkeys frequent high trees in the great forests, living in small troops or sitting alone. They move about very noiselessly, and would seem to be devoid of voice, remaining silent even when attacked or wounded; although they knit their brows, gnash their teeth, and evince every sign of vexation and anger. This species is one of the commonest Monkeys introduced into Europe, as it appears to be able to stand, better than most of the other members of the genus, the northern climate. It has even bred in the Zoological {60}Gardens in London. It is very active and intelligent, and when young it is gentle and of a good disposition, but as it grows older it becomes treacherous, malicious, and savage.

XVII. THE VERVET GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS PYGERYTHRUS.

_Cercopithecus pygerythra_ (Le Vervet), F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm., iii., livr. xxiv. (Janvier, 1821).

_Cercopithecus pygerithræus_, Desmarest, Mamm., Suppl., p. 534 (1820).

_Cercopithecus pygerythrus_, Lesson, Spec. des Mamm. Bimanes et Quadrum., p. 83 (1840); Geoffr., Dict. Hist. Nat., iii., p. 305 (1849); id., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 21 (1851); Wagner, in Schreb. Säugeth., v., p. 39 (1855); Peters, Reis. Mossamb. Säugeth., p. 4; Martin, Mammif. An., p. 521 (1841); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 76 (1876); Thomas, P. Z. S., 1885, p. 219; H. H. Johnston, Kilimanjaro Exped., p. 352 (1886); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 249 (nec Martin, nec. Schl.).

_Cercopithecus pusillus_, Delalande in Desmoul, Dict. Class., vii., p. 568.

_Cercopithecus lalandii_, Geoffr., Dict. d'Hist. Nat., iii., p. 305 (1849); Wagner, in Schreber's Säugeth., v., p. 39 (1855); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, pp. 248 and 615.

_Cercopithecus rufo-viridis_, Is. Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 1038 (1842); Scl., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 420.

_Chlorocebus pygerythrus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus, p. 25 (1870).

CHARACTERS.--Very nearly allied to the Grivet (_C. sabæus_), to the Malbrouck (_C. cynosurus_), and to the last species, the Green Guenon. Distinguished from the Grivet by the chin, the hands and the feet, beyond the ankle, and the wrist being very black, instead of grey; and the tip of the tail (or its {61}entire length) black, instead of being grey or yellow, as in the Malbrouck. It differs from both the Malbrouck and Grivet in having, according to Martin, long coarse fur, greyer in tint above, with a slighter wash of olive (= _C. lalandii_ of Geoffroy); or in being more reddish-yellow or yellowish-green above (the true _C. pygerythrus_); also by having conspicuous superciliary bristles. The less thick and heavy muzzle and the green scrotal region distinguish it from the Malbrouck; the rust-red coloured hair on the space below the root of the tail distinguishes it from the Grivet. Length of body, 22 inches; tail, 27 inches.

The female is slightly smaller than the male.

DISTRIBUTION.--South Africa: Cape Colony. "The Vervet is common in the forests along the Great Fish river, and other streams between Algoa Bay and Cape Town. Its range extends also along the Natal coast, throughout the Amakozi country, and Caffreland generally." (_Martin._) Zambesia. On Kilimanjaro. Mr. H. H. Johnston observed it to be common, at 5,000 feet, in the cultivated gardens round the village of Moshi, and in the forests lower down, at Taveita.

HABITS.--Their food consists of fruits, and particularly of the gum which exudes from various species of Acacia. In confinement, when irritated, they utter, it is said, a barking noise, display their teeth, and gaze with hatred in their eyes. They are very treacherous, ferocious, and daring, and their cage requires to be approached with much precaution. Mr. Johnston, when living on the slopes of Kilimanjaro, found them to be exceedingly familiar and mischievous, and given to stealing fruits, &c. They are entirely without the fear of Man.