Part 4

Mr. Everett met with this species in the islands of Sirhassen and Bunguran in the Natuna group, where he says they were abundant. He adds: "They come down in large parties to the sea-shore, sitting in groups on the larger boulders, or playing and hunting for prey along the sands, when the tide is out. In mature animals, the face, hands, and feet are dark brown; the lower eyelids a paler brown; the upper eyelids and upper halves of the orbits whitish. In a very young male the bare skin of the face was livid brown, rather paler on the eyelids, and the hands and feet were dark brown" (_Oldfield Thomas and Hartert_, Nov. Zool., i., p. 654, 1894).

XVI. THE TOQUE MACAQUE. MACACUS PILEATUS.

_Simia pileata_, Shaw, Gen. Zool., i., p. 53 (1800).

_Cercocebus sinicus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 98 (1812).

_Macacus sinicus_, Desm., Mamm., p. 64 (1820); Kelaart, Fauna Zeyl., p. 8 (1852).

{34}_Macacus pileatus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xvi., p. 1272 (1847); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 29 (1870); Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 91 (1878; with synonymy); Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 24 (1891).

_Cercocebus pileatus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 98 (1876).

CHARACTERS.--Closely allied to _M. sinicus_; muzzle narrow and protruding; hair in general long, wavy, rough; on the head elongated, radiating from the centre of the top of the head, extending down on to the forehead, and occasionally rising into an erect tuft; tail equal in length to the body; forehead thinly haired and wrinkled. Length, 13 inches; tail, 14¾, in some reaching 21 inches; tail, 18 inches.

In coloration the Toque closely resembles the Bonnet Macaque, but the upper-parts are more rufous, the hairs of the present species (though ringed as in _M. sinicus_) being above the grey roots rufous-brown, or golden with a shade of chestnut at the tips. It is easily distinguished, however, by the face being livid flesh-coloured, with scattered black hairs, and the margin of the upper lip black; a space about the ears whitish; hands, feet, and ears blackish; the under surface of the body and the inner aspect of the limbs whitish; upper surface of the tail brown, its apex light brown or grey; callosities livid flesh-colour.

FEMALE.--Limbs redder than in the male; inner side of the arms, and patches on the chest and belly indigo blue.

YOUNG.--Hair of the crown not so much flattened down or so radiating as in the adult; the face more old-fashioned and exquisitely comical; the tail nearly naked; and the cheeks, palms, soles, and callosities pale pinkish. (_Templeton._)

DISTRIBUTION.--The Toque Macaque holds in Ceylon the place occupied by the Bonnet Macaque in Southern India.

{35}HABITS.--_Macacus pileatus_ closely resembles the Bonnet Macaque in size, habits, and form. It is known to the Singhalese by the name of Rilawa. "The little graceful grimacing _Rilawa_," as Sir J. Emerson Tennent writes, "is the universal pet and favourite of both natives and Europeans. The Tamil conjurers teach it to dance, and in their wanderings carry it from village to village, clad in a grotesque dress, to exhibit its lively performances. It does not object to smoke tobacco." Knox, in his interesting account of the island, gives an accurate description of the Rilawas, with "no beards, white faces, and long hair on the top of their heads, which parteth and hangeth down like a man's, and which do a deal of mischief to the corn, and are so impudent that they will come into their gardens and eat such fruit as grows there."

XVII. THE BONNET MACAQUE. MACACUS SINICUS.

_Simia sinica_, Linn., Mantissa, Plant., p. 521 (1771).

_Cercocebus radiatus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 98 (1812).

_Le Toque mâle_, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat., Mamm., livr. xviii. (Juin, 1820).

_Macacus sinicus_, Blyth, J. A. S., Beng., xvi., p. 1272 (1847); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 28 (1870); Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 91 (1878; with synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 23 (1891).

_Cercocebus sinicus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 99 (1876).

CHARACTERS.--Face nude; forehead thinly haired and wrinkled; cheeks hollow; muzzle narrow and protuberant; ears naked and rather prominent; tail nearly as long as the body.

Hair in general moderately long, straight and smooth, that on the crown elongated and radiating in all directions from the vertex, but not covering the forehead, on which the short and {36}sparse hairs are parted down the middle. Length, 27 inches; tail, 24 inches, but often proportionately longer.

General colour of the back and the upper side of the tail brownish-olive; outside of the limbs greyish--the hairs grey at the roots, ringed higher up with dull yellow and black bars; under surface of the body and inside of the limbs, and under side of the tail whitish; face, ears, callosities, and other nude parts livid flesh-colour.

Skull long, lower than that of _M. rhesus_; orbits with the transverse diameter greater than the vertical.

DISTRIBUTION.--Inhabiting all Southern India, being conterminous with the _M. rhesus_ on the east and west coast, the latter species coming as far south as, and the Bonnet Macaque going no further north than, the Godaveri river on the one side and Bombay on the other. (See page 23.)

HABITS.--The Bonnet Macaque agrees in habits with those of the species already described. It lives in troops in the forests and jungles everywhere throughout its range. It is much kept in captivity, owing to its docility and its wonderful powers of mimicry.

THE MANGABEYS. GENUS CERCOCEBUS.

_Cercocebus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 97 (1812).

This genus has been established to receive a small, and but little known, group of Monkeys, which is confined to West Africa. They are nearly related to the Macaques on the one side, and even more closely to the genus _Cercopithecus_, next to be described, on the other side. They all have an oval head, and in form are more slender than the Macaques; they have also the muzzle less prolonged, the supra-orbital ridges less developed, the ischial callosities larger, and the limbs proportionately {37}longer. They agree with the Macaques, and differ from the _Cercopitheci_, or Guenons, in having a fifth hinder cusp to the posterior lower molar tooth in each jaw; and differ from both in the hairs of the body rarely being ringed with different coloured bars, as is the case with the species of both the genera just mentioned. The nose is situated behind the end of the muzzle. Their most obvious external character, however, and one from which they derive their common name of "White-eyelid" Monkeys, is their pure white upper eyelids, the white streak being more distinct on the inner half of the eyelid than on the outer. These Monkeys want the laryngeal air-sacs seen in the Macaques; but they have large cheek-pouches and a simple stomach, as in the latter. Their tail is always long, quite equalling the length of the body. The hands have a web between each of the fingers, that between the thumb and index finger being very short; in their feet, the great-toe, which is widespread, has a short web uniting it with its neighbour; the second and third toes are united nearly throughout their whole length, the fourth is webbed and united to the third and fifth as far as their mid-joints.

The Mangabeys are confined to West Africa. Like their relatives, the Macaques and the Guenons, they are arboreal, living in troops in the forest country, and feeding chiefly on fruits.

I. THE SOOTY MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS FULIGINOSUS.

_Cercocebus fuliginosus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 97 (1812); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 27 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 95 (1876).

_Le mangabey_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mammif., livr. vi. (May, 1819).

{38}_Simia fuliginosa_, F. Cuv., Mamm., livr. xxxv. (Dec., 1821).

_Cercopithecus fuliginosus_, Martin, P. Z. S., 1838, p. 117.

CHARACTERS.--Hair on the crown of the head not elongated, but directed backward; no beard; eyebrows prominent. Face, ears, and hands nude; tail long and carried over the back; whiskers small, directed backward, below and behind the ears. Face of a livid brownish colour; ears, hands, and feet darker; fur on the upper parts of the body and the outside of the limbs sooty-black; chin, throat, breast, cheek-whiskers to below the ears, the under side of the body, and inside of the limbs, ashy-grey; the whiskers sometimes of the same colour as the back; tail darker grey.

DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Liberia.

HABITS.--Writing of this species, Frederic Cuvier observes that it is of a happy disposition, gentle and companionable, but rather petulant. Ceaselessly active, it indulges in the most grotesque antics and attitudes, so that it has been believed [of course erroneously] that they possess more joints in their bodies than other species. The males especially have the constant habit of making a grimace which exhibits their long canine teeth. The females are still more gentle, and fond of being caressed.

Mr. Büttikofer found this species to be rather rare in Liberia. It was occasionally seen on low trees, but chiefly on the ground, where it searches for fallen fruits.

II. THE WHITE-COLLARED MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS COLLARIS.

_Mangabey à collier blanc_, Buffon, Hist. Nat., xiv., p. 256, pl. 33; F. Cuvier, Mamm., livr. xxxv. (Dec., 1821)

_Cercocebus æthiops_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 97 (1812), (nec _Simia æthiops_, Linn.).

PLATE XXVII.

{39} _Cercopithecus æthiops_, Kuhl. Beitr. Zool., p. 97 (1820, nec _S. æthiops_, Linn.).

_Cercopithecus æthiopicus_, F. Cuvier, Mamm., livr. xxxv. (Dec., 1821).

_Cercocebus collaris_, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 7 (1843); id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 27 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, p. 96 (1876.)

CHARACTERS.--Hair on the crown of the head not elongated, but directed backward; whiskers small, directed backward; no beard. Face, ears, hands, and callosities nude; tail long, carried over the back.

Face, ears, and hands black; the top of the head rich reddish-brown; whole of upper side of the body, hinder part of the shoulders, back, external surface of both pairs of limbs, feet, and tail, greyish slate-colour; throat, breast, whole under side of the body and inside of the limbs white, as are the nape of the neck, sides of the face, the fore part of the shoulder, and the front aspect of the arms, as far as the top of the fore-arm; in many species a somewhat broad wash of slate-grey crosses the side of the face from the cheeks to below the ear.

DISTRIBUTION.--West Coast of Africa.

III. THE WHITE-CROWNED MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS ÆTHIOPS.

(_Plate XXVII._)

_Simia æthiops_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 39 (1766).

_Cercocebus æthiops_, Geoffr. Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 25 (1851); Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 7; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 27 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 95 (1876).

_Cercopithecus lunulatus_, Temm., Esquiss. Guin., p. 37 (1853).

CHARACTERS.--This species is very similar to _C. collaris_, but differs in being slightly darker above, and in having a spot on {40}the back of the head, as well as a narrow streak down the back greyish-white.

DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa.

IV. THE GREY-CHEEKED MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS ALBIGENA.

_Presbytis albigena_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1850, p. 77, pl. xvi; Murie, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 740.

_Cercocebus albigena_, Pucher., Rev. Zool., 1857, p. 241; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 97 (1876).

_Cercocebus_ (_Semnocebus_) _albigena_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 27 (1870).

CHARACTERS.--Face nude, except for a few short hairs on the cheeks and lips; a tuft of long stiff hairs projecting over each eye; hair of the body elongated on the fore-quarter and arm; on the crown and nape the hair long and directed backwards, forming a crest; hands and feet short, tail long, thumb small, and great-toe large and broad; face black.

General colour of the body black; cheeks, throat, a spot behind the ear, sides of the neck, shoulder, and front of the chest greyish; hairs on the face and over the eyes black; tail black; callosities black.

A younger specimen, which died in 1865 in the Zoological Gardens in London, had the throat, sides of the neck and front of the chest, dirty-brown; hairs of the cheeks of the same colour, and some of them also black.

DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa.

V. THE BLACK MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS ATERRIMUS.

_Cercopithecus aterrimus_, Oudem. Zool. Gart., xxxi., p. 267 (1890).

_Cercocebus aterrimus_, Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 256 (note).

{41}CHARACTERS.--Closely allied to _C. albigena_, but distinguished by its generally deep black colour, except on the shoulders and nape, which are blackish-brown or brownish-grey--the hair here being no longer than on the rest of the body; hairs on the cheeks, fine, velvety, and whitish; whiskers thick, greyish-brown; beard very sparse, whitish.

DISTRIBUTION.--South-west Africa: Stanley Falls on the Congo.

HABITS.--Unknown.

VI. THE CRESTED MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS GALERITUS.

_Cercocebus galeritus_, Peters, M. B. Ak. Berl., 1879, p. 830, pls. i.B and iii. (Crania).

CHARACTERS.--A flat crest of blackish-brown hair radiating from the top of the head all round and over the forehead; the entire upper surface covered with long loose fur, the hairs grey at their base, and higher up ringed with greyish-green and blackish-brown; the fore-arms, hands, feet, and the basal three-fourths of the tail blackish-brown; the sides of the head and the whole under surface yellowish; the inside of the limbs yellowish-grey; the hair of the terminal part of the tail lighter than the rest, and ringed with yellow; face, bluish-black.

DISTRIBUTION.--E. Africa; Mitola, at the mouth of the Osi and Tana rivers.

HABITS.--This species was found living in the woods on the coast in small troops of from five to six in number.

THE GUENONS. GENUS CERCOPITHECUS.

_Cercopithecus_, Erxleben, Syst. Regn. Anim., p. 22 (1777).

The genus _Cercopithecus_ includes a larger number of species than any other of the _Anthropoidea_. Its members are {42}characterised by their rather round head, slender but muscular bodies, narrow loins, and long hind limbs. Their tail is long, though shorter than in the genera next to be described, viz., the Langurs and the Guerezas. Their face is short, the muzzle less elongated, the cheek-pouches larger than in the Macaques. The nose is not prominent, and the nostrils are approximated, while whiskers are generally developed, as well as a longer or shorter beard. Their callosities are less extensive than in the Macaques. They have elongated hands with fingers united by a web at their bases; their thumbs, though distinct, being less developed in comparison than their great-toes. The fur is thick and soft, and in most of the species is ringed with differently and often brilliantly coloured bars.

The _Cercopitheci_ have the skull depressed, presenting no very distinct brow, for its superciliary ridges are less prominent and angular, and their outer margin less projecting in comparison with those of the skulls in the genera already described. The orbits are considerably approximated. Their molar teeth are strongly cusped, and the posterior lower molar has only four cusps, and not five, as in the Macaques; but as in these animals, the two front cusps are united together by a transverse ridge, and the two hind ones are united together.

The Guenons are entirely confined to the African continent, where they range from the Gambia to the Congo, and from Abyssinia to the Zambesi; but the different species are each confined to small restricted areas. Being essentially arboreal, they live entirely in the forest regions, herding together in large troops. They can move from tree to tree with great rapidity, and can climb even on vertical surfaces with surprising quickness. They are abrupt and energetic in their movements, restless, and noisy, incessantly chattering and {43}making grimaces. The latter habit is so characteristic of them that they have obtained from it the name of _Guenon_, by which they are now so generally known, bestowed on them by the French. Their food consists of leaves, birds' eggs, and honey, but pre-eminently of fruits, while they are especially destructive to the ripe grain-fields of the natives near the woods in which they live. They feed voraciously, and carry off all that their cheek-pouches can hold, even after they are satisfied, or if they are called off by the warning cry of the sentinel, who is said to be always placed on guard on some point of 'vantage when the troop is busy with its depredations. The Guenons are not only restless, but very inquisitive; they are, therefore, when young, very easily tamed, and as a consequence they are frequently to be seen as performers in circuses and exhibitions. When aged they are unreliable in temper, and often very ill-dispositioned. They are said, also, to repel with missiles any intruders into the region in which they are established in any numbers.

The known species--numbering about forty--have for the purposes of description and easy subsequent discrimination, been arranged into groups (based on a few of their more or less prominent characters) by different zoologists. Of these M. Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, of Paris, and Professor Schlegel, of Leyden, may be specially mentioned; the arrangement of the latter forming a very convenient key for the determination of the species. Among the zoologists who have more recently revised this genus is the well-known Secretary of the Zoological Society of London, Dr. P. L. Sclater, who has to some extent followed and improved upon Professor Schlegel's arrangement of the genus. In the present review, therefore, of the numerous species of this genus, the six groups {44}suggested by Dr. Sclater have been adopted. These are (I.) The Nose-spotted Guenons--_Cercopitheci rhinosticti_; (II.) The Green Guenons--_C. chloronoti_; (III.) The Rufous-backed Guenons--_C. erythronoti_; (IV.) The Black-limbed Guenons--_C. melanochiri_; (V.) The Tufted-eared Guenons--_C. auriculati_; (VI.) The Bearded Guenons--_C. barbati_; and lastly, The Three-cusped Guenons--_C. trituberculati_.

GROUP I. CERCOPITHECI RHINOSTICTI.

The members of this group have a distinct nose-spot of white, red, or blue.

I. THE LESSER WHITE-NOSED GUENON CERCOPITHECUS PETAURISTA.

_Simia petaurista_, Schreb., Saügeth., i., p. 103, pl. xix. B (1775).

_Blanc-nez_, Buff., Hist. Nat., Suppl., vii., p. 67 (1789).

_Cercopithecus petaurista_, Erxl., Syst. Regn. An., p. 35 (1777); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 539 (1841); Wagn. in Schreber's Säugeth., Suppl., v., p. 250 (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 20 (1870); Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 86 (1876); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 244.

_Ascagne_ (_Cercopithecus ascanius_), Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes, Fam. iv., Sect. ii., fig. xiii.; F. Cuvier, Nat. Hist., Mamm., i., livr. xiv. (Fev., 1820).

CHARACTERS.--Head round, the forehead rather elevated; nose broad; face and nose covered with short hairs; whiskers short; chin bearded. Head, back, upper side of tail, olive-green--the hairs grey at the base--ringed with darker or lighter yellow and black; facial hairs black, slightly washed with fulvous on the cheeks; skin below bluish-red or violet; lower part of the nose and half of the upper lip white; whiskers and beard white; line across the forehead above the eyes and the ears, and {45}encircling the crown behind, black; a pencil of hair below the ears directed backward, white; throat, chest, under side of body, inside of limbs and under side of tail white; posterior aspect of fore-arms and legs grey, washed with olive; naked parts of chin, ears, and hands purplish-black.

DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Gold Coast and Sierra Leone.

HABITS.--The Ascagne, as this animal is also named, is the most common of the Guenons seen in menageries. It is gentle, graceful, and lively. They are perpetually in motion, "gambolling with their companions, and pursuing or being pursued by them, in the exuberance of playfulness. They are at the same time docile and familiar, but dislike to be taken hold of, or interfered with." (_Martin._) Allamand says that his specimen, which was in general very gentle, became angry when interrupted while eating, or if it was gibed at, but its irritation did not last long.

II. JENTINK'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS SIGNATUS.

_Cercopithecus signatus_, Jentink, Notes, Leyd. Mus., viii., p. 55 (1886); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 257.

CHARACTERS.--Very similar to _C. petaurista_. Sides of head grizzled--the hairs ringed with white, yellowish, and black--and separated abruptly from the reddish upper portion of the head by a black band from ear to ear over the orbits, but not running round the vertex; ears somewhat larger than in _C. petaurista_.

Cranial portion of skull higher, and the facial portion more produced than in _C. petaurista_; the jaws longer, and the orbits rounder and wider.

DISTRIBUTION.--Supposed to be from West Africa, but its habitat is not known with certainty.

{46}III. THE RED-BELLIED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS ERYTHROGASTER.

_Cercopithecus erythrogaster_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 169, pl. xvi., 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 128 (1870); Murie, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 380; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 69 (1876); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 252, 1894, p. 1.

CHARACTERS.--Fur blackish, speckled with yellow, especially on the head, the hairs being black ringed with yellow; face black; nose-spot white; moustache and frontal band from the temple to the ears black; on each cheek a whitish-yellow spot; whiskers, beard, throat, and sides of neck yellowish-white; chest and under surface of body rufous; inner side of the front of the thighs, and under side of the tail greyish-white; outer aspect of thighs and hind legs grey, speckled with black. Length of body, 13½ inches; of tail, 16 inches.

In the young female the top of the head is yellowish, this colour extending towards the nape.

DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. This species has been only once exhibited in the Zoological Gardens of London, viz., in 1866, but recently, according to Dr. Sclater, a specimen lived for a short time in the Zoological Gardens of Rotterdam.

HABITS.--Nothing is known of the habits of the Red-bellied Guenon in a state of nature; but Dr. Murie has written of the one that lived for two months in the Zoological Gardens: "Its nature appeared mild and harmless, by no means grave or sedate, indeed rather inclined to be lively and playful, with but little disposition to be quarrelsome. The keeper noticed that it appeared timid, and somewhat distrustful of its more romping companions, but freely approached him, and when {47}taking food out of his hand seemed pleased, and gently played with his fingers without attempting to bite."

IV. BÜTTIKOFER'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS BUETTIKOFERI.

_Cercopithecus buettikoferi_, Jentink, Notes, Leyd. Mus., viii., p. 56 (1886); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 244.

CHARACTERS.--Büttikofer's Guenon agrees in all respects with _C. petaurista_, but wants the black band from ear to ear round the vertex. Of this band "there is no trace, in a series of eight specimens, containing adults and young, males and females" (_Jentink_). Irides brown.

DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Liberia.

V. MARTIN'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS MARTINI.

_Cercopithecus martini_, Waterh., P. Z. S., 1838, p. 58; 1841, p. 71; Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 542 (1841); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 21 (1870); Scl., P. Z. S., 1884, p. 176, pl. xiv.; 1893, p. 245.

_Cercopithecus nictitans_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 89 (1876).