Part 3

Skull rounded; muzzle wide in front, contracted at the base, concave beneath the orbits; orbital ridges large, and the frontal bone widely depressed behind them; pre-molars and molars small. The structure of this animal is essentially that of the ordinary Macaques, although it differs from them so much in external physiognomy. (_Anderson_).

Body, limbs, and tail deep black; a ruff of long hairs round the head, darkish grey; chest greyish or white; tail tipped with greyish or white; face, hands, and feet black; callosities flesh-coloured.

DISTRIBUTION.--"The Lion-tailed Macaque inhabits the Western Ghats from below Goa to Cape Comorin, but there is no authentic record of its existence in a wild state in Ceylon." (_Anderson._) It lives at a considerable altitude above the sea.

HABITS.--This species, according to Jerdon (to whom, as Dr. Blanford observes, we are indebted for the only authentic account of this animal in a wild state), inhabits the most dense and unfrequented forests of the hills near the Malabar coast, in herds of from twelve to twenty or more. It is shy and wary. {20}In captivity it is sulky and savage, and not easily taught. The call of the male is said to resemble the voice of a Man.

IX. HIMALAYAN MACAQUE. MACACUS ASSAMENSIS.

_Macacus assamensis_, McClell.; Horsfield, P. Z. S., 1839, p. 148; Blyth, J. A. Soc. Beng., xiii., p. 746 (1844); Anderson, Zool. Exp. Yun-nan, p. 64 (1878; with synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 15 (1888).

_Macacus pelops_, Hodgs., J. A. S., Beng., ix., p. 1213 (1840); Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 30 (1870).

_Macacus problematicus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 128 (1870); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222.

_Macacus rheso-similis_, Scl., P. Z. S., 1872, p. 495, pl. xxv. (Juv.)

_Macacus erythræus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas., vii, p. 112 1876; (part).

CHARACTERS.--Larger and more strongly-built than _M. rhesus_. Fur moderately long, wavy, woolly (in some specimens), and without rings; the hair of the crown radiating from the centre of the forehead outwards and backwards; the hair round the face and on the chin rather long; that on and between the shoulders, and on the sides of the chest, longer than on the hind part of the body; hairs on the lower part of the flanks rather long; tail about, or less than, half the length of the body, not tufted, but longer, smaller, and much less densely furred than in _M. rhesus_; callosities surrounded by fur; ears tufted, and haired inside; beard well developed; face and ears dusky. Length, 26¾ inches; tail, 9¼ inches.

The fur above differs from that of _M. rhesus_, in the anterior half being uniform dark brown, wanting the ashy-grey tint; and the hinder portion brown, without the rufous seen in {21}_M. rhesus_; the outside of the fore-limbs, the back of the neck, and region between the shoulders, brown, washed with yellowish or golden; upper surface of head pale yellowish-brown; flanks, front of fore-limbs, outer aspect of thighs, back of feet and tail, darker; under surface of body and inside of limbs yellowish-grey or greyish-yellow; behind the angle of the mouth, below and behind the ears, and on the chin, the hairs are yellowish-grey, tipped with black; face and callosities, pale flesh-coloured.

The skull and skeleton agree closely with those of _M. rhesus_, but are somewhat larger. Canine teeth long, and deeply grooved in front.

DISTRIBUTION.--This Macaque inhabits the Himalayan ranges as far west as Masuri, or perhaps further, from near the base of the hills to a considerable elevation (_Blanford_); it extends eastwards from the Nepal Region of the Himalaya through Assam and the north-eastern portion of Bengal into the upper or hilly portion of the valley of the Irawady. (_Anderson._) This species is said to have its home generally between 3,000 and 6,000 feet above the sea. Dr. Anderson obtained on the Irawady, 25 miles below Bhamo, a female out of a large colony "living below the huge Deva-faced limestone cliff, at the foot of which lies the small pagoda of Sessoungan. The crews of passing boats and pious visitors generally throw rice and fruits to these Monkeys as a work of merit."

HABITS.--This species probably represents a Himalo-Burman race or sub-species of _M. rhesus_. Its habits are much the same as those of that species, but it is said to have a slightly different voice and to be more sluggish, according to Blanford.

{22}X. THE BENGAL MACAQUE. MACACUS RHESUS.

_Simia rhesus_, var. Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes, Fam. ii., Sec. i., p. 5, pl. i. (1797).

_Simia erythræa_, Schreber, Säugeth, Suppl., pl. 8, fig. c.

_Macacus erythræus_, Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., pl. xxxviii. (young; Oct., 1819); pls. xxxix. (1821) and xl. (1825; male); Gerv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., p. 91 (figs. [male] and [female]; heads; 1834); Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1870, p. 226; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112 (1876).

_Macacus rhesus_, Desm., Mamm., p. 66, pl. vii., fig. 2 (1820); Anders., Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 55, pl. iii. (with synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 13.

CHARACTERS.--Body thick-set and with powerful limbs; face long and narrow, the muzzle somewhat projecting; a few short and coarse hairs on the lips, chin, and cheeks; eyes rather oval; ears somewhat large and sparsely haired. Fur moderately long and straight; hair of head coarse, not radiating, beginning on the orbital ridge, covering the forehead, and directed backwards; fingers haired to the end of the first digits; nails rather claw-like; toes haired; callosities surrounded by a semi-nude part of the buttocks; tail tapering, nearly one-half the length of the body. Length of males, 22 inches, with a tail of 10 inches; females, 16-18 inches, with a tail of 7-8 inches, the hair projecting 1½ inch beyond the vertebræ.

Face flesh-coloured, and sprinkled with short, silky, buff-coloured hair; general colour of the fur on the anterior and upper surface of the body and arms, greyish-brown, the hairs ashy at base, ringed with yellowish or light brown, and tipped with darker brown, or even black, giving a rich rufous, speckled appearance; hinder quarters and outer aspect of the thighs {23}rufous-yellow, the hairs terminating in this colour; lower parts pale yellowish-white, or pale rufous yellow; base of the tail yellowish-chestnut, the rest browner; callosities flesh-colour; eyes yellowish-brown.

DISTRIBUTION.--The Bengal Monkey is distributed abundantly throughout Northern India as far south as the Godaveri river on the one side, and Bombay on the other, and was long considered to be a characteristic species of Bengal and Upper India. It occurs, however, as Dr. Anderson records, in the valleys of the mountain systems to the north and east of Akyab, and may be traced across the range of mountains that defines Arracan from Burmah, and also as far east as the left bank of the Irawady below Mandalay. It has been obtained in Assam, and by Dr. Anderson in Yun-nan during the expedition to that country. It is said to ascend to 10,000 feet in Kashmir. Mr. Swinhoe obtained this Monkey also in Hainan, and in the Province of Kiung Chow, in China.

HABITS.--The Bengal Macaque, or Bandar, as it is named by the Hindoos, lives in troops of considerable size in jungle or low forest, and very often in rocky places, feeding on insects, fruits, and leaves. It is very frequently seen on the ground searching for food, according to Dr. Blanford, and near cultivation, especially around tanks or amongst trees on the banks of streams. It swims well and takes readily to water. It is a very quarrelsome species, perpetually screaming and fighting. If not really sacred to the Hindoos, it is at least rarely molested by them. Dr. Bowdler Sharpe informs the present writer that he observed a flock of these Macaques on the road to Simla, when nearing the latter place. They were running along the road, and as the "tonga" approached, they scrambled up the rocks, and jabbered vociferously, especially {24}the females, who were carrying their young. On Jacko there was, in 1885, a large troop of these animals, and they did considerable damage in the kitchen gardens of the mountain residences, so that the gardeners had to keep a sharp look-out, and fire at them occasionally. When he was staying at Mr. Hume's beautiful place at Simla in 1885, it was often necessary to drive off the Monkeys, and as one or two had been wounded by the head-gardener, the fakir who lived at the top of Jacko was much offended. This man had tamed the Monkeys to such an extent that, when he called them, the trees instantly began to move in all directions with the approach of numbers of these animals hastening to him for the peas which he had in readiness for them. They clustered round him, and though they would not allow strangers to stroke them, they came within arm's length and picked up their food. One patriarch, who remained for some time after the tribe had disappeared into the trees, was called the "Subadar," and wore quite a venerable appearance. Mr. R. Swinhoe has, in the "Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London," given the following curious Chinese observations, extracted from the "Chinese Gazetteer," in reference to this species, which is often called the Hainan Rock-Monkey: "How (or Monkey). The She-Show ('Notes on Animals') states that the Monkey has no stomach, but digests its food by jumping about. According to ancient authors, Kiung Chow abounds in Monkeys, and its people make a trade by selling young ones."

"About the jungles of Nychow (S. Hainan) these Monkeys," says Mr. Swinhoe, "were very common. On our landing, abreast of the ship we saw a large party of them on the beach, but they at once retired into a grove above high-water mark. We watched them running along the boughs of the trees and {25}jumping from branch to branch. The discharge of a fowling-piece soon made them scurry away into the thicket, but every now and again their heads would appear from the higher bushes, watching the movements of the enemy. At last, when they observed that our presence implied actual danger to themselves, they climbed the hills and posted themselves about conspicuous rocks, where they chattered and grunted out of danger. Their cries are very like those of _Macacus cyclopis_ of Formosa."

The young clings to its mother's stomach for about a fortnight after birth, and is nursed with the greatest care by her; after that time it is able to move about by itself, and it thenceforward rapidly acquires the full use of its powers.

Mr. Darwin records that the face of the _M. rhesus_, when much enraged, grows red. When watching this species in the Zoological Gardens, he says: "Another Monkey attacked a Rhesus, and I saw its face redden as plainly as that of a Man in a violent passion. In the course of a few minutes, after the battle, the face of this Monkey recovered its natural tint. At the same time that the face reddened, the naked posterior part of the body, which is always red, seemed to grow still redder, but I cannot positively assert that this was the case."

XI. THE HAIRY-EARED MACAQUE. MACACUS LASIOTIS.

_Macacus lasiotis_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 61, pl. vi.; id., Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 129 (1870); Anders., Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 83 (1878; with synonymy).

_Macacus rhesus_, Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222.

_Macacus erythræus_ (nec Cuv.), Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112 (1876).

CHARACTERS.--Very nearly allied to _Macacus rhesus_, from which it differs in its larger size, more hairy ears, and more richly {26}coloured fur, the hairs having the yellow rings rich orange or brick-red, especially on the hind quarters.

Fur long, fine, and silky, longest on the shoulders, neck, and upper surface of feet; hair on the top of the head not radiated; ears hairy; callosities surrounded by hair; a naked red spot at the outer angle of the eyes; tail about one-fourth of the body in length.

MALE.--Dark rich olive-yellow; face pale flesh-colour; sides of the face, neck, and front part of the body olive-grey; hinder parts of the body brick-red; the slaty colour of the fore-limbs, and of the anterior aspect of the legs becoming black on the hands and feet; ears flesh-colour; callosities crimson; throat, chest, and inside of the fore-limbs greyish, washed with rufous above the wrists; belly and inside of the hind limbs greyish, washed with orange-red.

FEMALE.--Fawn-colour, washed with red, especially on the lower back. Face brighter coloured than in the male. Tail one-fourth the length of the body.

Skull more massive, shorter, and markedly broader and with a more vertical muzzle than _M. rhesus_.

DISTRIBUTION.--Province of Szechuen, W. China: Dupleix Mountains, 13,000 feet. (_Bonvalot._)

HABITS.--Little is known of the habits of this Chinese representative of the Bengal Macaque. In the winter it is said to have a splendid coat of rich brown hair, very long and thick. It is very fierce and powerful.

XII. THE TCHELI MACAQUE. MACACUS TCHELIENSIS.

_Macacus tcheliensis_, Milne Edwards, Rech. Mamm., p. 227, pls. xxxii. and xxxiii. (1868-1874); A. David, Journ. North China Branch As. Soc., 1873, p. 230.

_Macacus rhesus_ (nec Audeb.), Scl., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222.

{27}_Macacus erythræus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112 (1876).

_Macacus lasiotis_, Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 83 (1878 pt.).

CHARACTERS.--The _Macacus tcheliensis_ is another species with a very close affinity to _M. rhesus_, and to _M. lasiotis_. Dr. Anderson, indeed, has united the Tcheli and the Hairy-eared Macaques under one species; while Dr. Sclater is not prepared to consider either of them, or _M. cyclopis_ in addition, to be distinct from _M. rhesus_.

_M. tcheliensis_ has the tail as long only as the hind foot, and densely clothed with long hair. Fur rather long, soft, and silky, and thicker than in the normal _M. rhesus_. General colour brilliant reddish-fawn, especially on the hinder part of the back and on the tail; sides of the cheeks and shoulders greyish, the yellow rings of the hair being absent; under surface of the body and inner side of the limbs grey; hands and feet greyish-fawn.

The skulls of _M. lasiotis_ and _M. tcheliensis_ are scarcely distinguishable from each other.

DISTRIBUTION.--North China. Dr. Bushell, of H.M. Legation in Pekin, who was the first to send this rare Monkey to Europe, writes, in a letter dated 17th January, 1880: "It was obtained by me from the mountains near Yung-ling or Eastern Mausoleum, of the reigning Manchu dynasty, situated about 70 li from Pekin, in latitude 40° N. It is covered with a thick fur fitted to endure the bitterly cold winter of this part of North China, where the thermometer frequently goes down to 10° below zero."

HABITS.--Nothing has yet been recorded of the habits of this Macaque in a state of nature.

{28}XIII. ST. JOHN'S MACAQUE. MACACUS SANCTI-JOHANNIS.

(_Plate XXVI._)

_Inuus sancti-johannis_, Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 556.

_Macacus sancti-johannis_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus. App., p. 129 (1870; in part); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222; Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 86 (1878).

_Macacus rhesus_, pt. Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222.

_Macacus erythræus_, pt. Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112 (1876).

CHARACTERS.--Male unknown.

YOUNG FEMALE.--Appears to be allied most nearly to _M. lasiotis_. Face narrow and somewhat projecting; eyes bright hazel; face and ears flesh-coloured; a black whisker-like tuft on either cheek; skin of the upper parts tinted with blue, and sparsely covered with hairs of a light grey; hairs of the belly buff; fur of the upper parts greyish-brown, washed with buff, which is lighter on the head, and brick-dust-red round about the rump. Tail, 4½ inches long, blackish; callosities flesh-coloured. (_Swinhoe._)

DISTRIBUTION.--China; North Lena Island, and most of the small islands near Hong Kong.

HABITS.--Nothing is known of the habits of St. John's Macaque. "Dried bodies of this animal," writes Mr. Swinhoe its describer, "split in two are often exhibited hanging from the ceiling in druggists' shops, in Canton and Hong Kong; and its bones are used for medicinal purposes."

XIV. THE FORMOSAN ROCK-MACAQUE. MACACUS CYCLOPIS.

_Macacus cyclopis_, Swinh., P. Z. S., 1862, p. 353, pl. xiii., 1864, p. 380; Sclater, P. Z. S., 1864, p. 711 (woodcut); Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 87 (1878; with synonymy).

{29}_Macacus sancti-johannis_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus. App., p. 129 (1870; in part); Scl., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222.

_Macacus rhesus_, Scl., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222.

_Macacus erythræus_, pt. Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112 (1876).

CHARACTERS.--Allied to _M. rhesus_, but the head round; the face flat, and round; supra-orbital region bare, as in other species; cheeks dark-whiskered; ears small and haired; a strong ruff-like beard; tail stout, thickly haired and tufted, 12 inches long. Fur thick and woolly; hair behind the mouth, and below and behind the ears ringed; hair not longer on the shoulders than on the rest of the body.

General colour olive-grey, or slaty; the hairs finely freckled with yellow; no rufous on the lower back and hind quarters; legs dark, and a distinct black line along the top of the tail.

The characters of the head, face, whiskers, beard, and the thick tail, and the absence of the rufous colour distinguish it from _M. rhesus_. _M. assamensis_ is redder than _M. rhesus_ or _M. cyclopis_, and has a long head, projecting face, and a short tail.

FEMALE.--Smaller and rather lighter coloured than the male. At the love-period the naked posterior parts with the thighs and tail become excessively swollen, and florid.

DISTRIBUTION.--The island of Formosa, where it is the only known species of Monkey.

HABITS.--The late Consul Swinhoe was the discoverer of this interesting animal. He has given an account of its habits in the "Proceedings of the Zoological Society," from which we quote the following: "The Formosan Rock-Macaque affects rocks and declivities that overhang the sea, and in the solitary {30}caverns makes its abode. On the treeless mountain in the south-west, called Apes' Hill, it was at one time especially abundant, but has since almost entirely disappeared. About the mountains of the north and east it is still numerous, being frequently seen playing and chattering among the steep rocks, miles from any tree or wood. It seems to be quite a rock-loving animal, seeking the shelter of caves during the greater part of the day, and assembling in parties in the twilight, and feeding on berries, the tender shoots of plants, Grasshoppers, Crustacea, and Mollusca. In the summer it comes in numbers during the night, and commits depredations among the fields of sugar-cane, as well as among fruit-trees, showing a partiality for the small, round, clustering berries of the Longan (_Nephelium longanum_). In the caverns among these hills they herd; and in June the females may frequently be seen in retired parts of the hills with their solitary young one at their breasts. These animals betray much uneasiness at human approach, disappearing in no time, and skulking in their holes till the intruder has passed. They seem, too, to possess abundance of self-complaisance and resource; for I have frequently seen a Monkey seated on a rock by himself, chattering and crying merely for his own amusement and gratification. Whatever Mr. Waterton may say of the tree-loving propensity of Monkeys in general, it is very certain that this species shows a marked preference for bare rocks, covered only with grass and bush; for if he preferred the forest he might very easily satisfy his desire by retiring a few miles further inland, where he could find it in abundance. But, on the contrary, in the forest he is only an occasional intruder, resorting thither when food fails him on the grassy hills by the sea, where he loves to make his home. The Chinese have a fanciful idea that the tail of the {31}Monkey is a caricature of the Tartar pendant into which they twist their long black hair, and they invariably chop it off any Monkey that comes into their possession. Hence the difficulty of procuring Monkeys in China with perfect tails."

XV. THE CRAB-EATING MACAQUE. MACACUS CYNOMOLOGUS.

_Simia cynomologus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 38 (1766); Schreber, Säugeth, i., p. 91, pl. xiii. (1775).

_Le Macaque_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mammif., livr. xxx., xxxi. (1819).

_Macacus carbonarius_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mamm. livr. xxxii. (Oct., 1825).

_Macacus aureus_, Geoffr. in Belang. Voyage, Zool., p. 58 (1834).

_Macacus philippensis_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth Primates, p. 29 (1851).

_Inuus (Macacus) palpebrosus_, Wagner in Schreb. Säugeth, Suppl., v., p. 54 (1855).

_Macacus fur_, Slack, Proc. Acad. Sc. Philad., 1867, p. 36, plate.

_Macacus cristatus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 30 (1870).

_Macacus assamensis_, Gray, _t. c._, p. 31.

_Cercocebus cynomologus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 101 (1876).

_Macacus cynomologus_, Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 73 (1878; with synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. India Mamm., p. 21 (1891).

CHARACTERS.--Body large and massive; head large and broad; legs short and stout; loins slender; hinder quarters heavy; tail thick at the root, nearly equalling the body in length; muzzle long; nose not prominent above the face; eyes large; ears erect, pointed, nearly hairless; frontal ridges not much overhanging the eyes.

Face pale brown, or livid with a bluish-white patch internal {32}to the eyes, the eyelids bluish-white; ears, hands, and feet black; callosities bright or dusky flesh-colour; fur straight; hair of the crown not elongated, directed backwards, sometimes radiated or slightly crested; general colour of the upper surface dusky or greyish-brown, varying to reddish- or golden-brown; under surface of the body and inside of the limbs brownish-grey to white, the hairs being dark at their roots, and higher up ringed with yellow and brown or black; scrotum brown, blotched with livid blue. Length, 22 inches; tail, 19 inches. The females are smaller.

Of this species there are several varieties or races, one in which the prominent colour is golden-rufous (_M. aureus_, Geoffr.); another (_M. carbonarius_, F. Cuv.) in which blackish-brown is the prevailing tint of the face, naked hands, feet, and callosities; a third race has a light yellow fur (_M. cristatus_, Gray); still another (_M. philippensis_), from the Philippine Islands, is nearly white.

DISTRIBUTION.--This species is one of the most widely distributed of all the Macaques. The more typical specimens are found in Burmah and Arakan. In Siam a pale variety with less orange in the annulations of its hairs occurs. In the Nicobar Islands (perhaps introduced as Dr. Blanford suggests), in the Malay Peninsula, and in Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombock, and Timor, the darker (or _M. carbonarius_) variety seems to predominate. From Borneo--where it ascends to 5,000 feet above the sea--comes the crested, and perhaps also the golden-rufous coloured race (the true home of the latter being still unknown). In the Philippine Archipelago--in Mindanao, Basilan, Luzon, Negros, Samar, and others of the islets--the very light yellow coloured race is met with.

{33}HABITS.--The Crab-eating Macaque is gregarious, going about in troops of fifteen to twenty, of both sexes and all ages. They frequent the forests near the river mouths, and coastal mangrove swamps, where they may be constantly seen wading about in the mud, picking up Shrimps and Crabs, which are their favourite food. Tickell says that they swim and dive well. The females are easily trained, and also the young males; but these, when old, are apt to become ill-natured and uncertain in disposition. The mothers are good and tender to their young one, which clings closely with hands and feet for the first few weeks to the hair of the chest or arm-pits and abdomen.