Part 1

Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they are listed at the end of the text.

Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). A carat character is used to denote superscription: a single character following the carat is superscripted (example: A^4). [)e] indicates "e breve" (short e), and so forth.

On pp. 237-257 the extinct genera and species referred to as being in "black type" are marked by a + sign.

Page numbers enclosed by curly braces (example: {25}) have been incorporated to facilitate the use of the Alphabetical Index.

Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work. Volume I: see https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43991

* * * * *

PLATE XXVI.

_LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY._

EDITED BY R. BOWDLER SHARPE, LL.D., F.L.S., &c.

A HAND-BOOK TO THE PRIMATES.

BY HENRY O. FORBES, LL.D., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., ETC., DIRECTOR OF MUSEUMS TO THE CORPORATION OF LIVERPOOL, _Author of "A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago," etc., etc., etc._

_VOL. II._

LONDON: EDWARD LLOYD, LIMITED, 12, SALISBURY SQUARE, FLEET STREET. 1897.

PREFACE.

The prefatory remarks in the preceding volume explain the purport of the "Hand-book" of the Primates, which has been undertaken by Dr. Forbes. I hope that the portion of the work devoted to the geographical distribution of these animals will be found to be of some interest; but, as explained by the author, the meagreness of the material in Museums renders the definition of the exact habitats of Monkeys extremely difficult.

R. BOWDLER SHARPE.

INTRODUCTION.

I have little to add to the remarks given in the first volume of this "Hand-book." I may refer, however, to the interest which attaches to the study of the extinct forms of life, in relation to those which exist at the present day. Although I have endeavoured, to the best of my ability, to present to the student as complete a review of the species of Monkeys known to us at the present time, I am well aware that there is an enormous amount of work to be done before our knowledge of the Primates can be said to be complete. There is a natural repugnance to collecting specimens of Monkeys on the part of sportsmen. To shoot one feels like killing a sort of relation, and even our best collectors, who thoroughly understood the necessity of obtaining specimens in the interests of science, speak with a feeling of pain of the human-like distress which a wounded Monkey exhibits; and it is, therefore, difficult to induce travellers to shoot animals which offer so much of a "counterfeit presentment" to human beings.

The loose way in which the older naturalists expressed themselves in regard to geographical distribution, has also rendered a correct appreciation of the ranges of some of the Primates exceedingly difficult. Thus "Brazil" may mean any portion of the South American continent from the Argentine Republic to the Amazons, and "Mexique" has done duty in many Museums for any locality between Mexico and Panama. Much, therefore, remains to be done to define the exact areas which the different species of Primates inhabit.

HENRY O. FORBES.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

PAGE ORDER PRIMATES (_continued_), 1

SUB ORDER II.--ANTHROPOIDEA (_continued_), 1

FAMILY CERCOPITHECIDÆ (_continued_), 1

SUB-FAMILY CERCOPITHECINÆ (_continued_), 1

IV. MACACUS, Lacép., 1, 213 1. inuus (L.), 4, 213 2. arctoides, Is. Geoffr., 8 3. rufescens, Anders., 11 4. maurus, F. Cuv., 11 5. fuscatus, Blyth, 13 6. leoninus, Blyth, 14 7. nemestrinus (L.), 16 8. silenus (L.), 18 9. assamensis, McClell., 20 10. rhesus (Audeb.), 22 11. lasiotis, Gray, 25 12. tcheliensis, Milne-Edw., 26 13. sancti-johannis (Swinh.), 28 14. cyclops, Swinh., 28 15. cynomologus (L.), 31 16. pileatus (Shaw), 33 17. sinicus (L.), 35

V. CERCOCEBUS, Geoffr., 36 1. fuliginosus, Geoffr., 37 2. collaris, Gray, 38 3. æthiops (L.), 39 4. albigena, Gray, 40 5. aterrimus, Oudem., 40 6. galeritus, Peters, 41

VI. CERCOPITHECUS, Erxl. 41

Group I.--Cercopitheci rhinosticti 44 1. petaurista (Schreb.) 44 2. signatus, Jentink 45 3. erythrogaster, Gray 46 4. buettikoferi, Jentink 47 5. martini, Waterh. 47 6. ludio, Gray 48 7. melanogenys, Gray 49 8. stampflii, Jentink 50 9. schmidti, Matschie 50 10. nictitans (L.) 51 11. erythrotis, Waterh. 52 12. cephus (L.) 53

Group II.--Cercopitheci chloronoti 54 13. cynosurus (Scop.) 55 14. sabæus (L.) 56 15. werneri, Geoffr. 58 16. callitrichus, Is. Geoffr. 58 17. pygerythrus, F. Cuv. 60 18. tantalus, Ogilby 62

Group III.--Cercopitheci erythronoti 63 19. patas (Schreb.) 63 20. pyrrhonotus, H. and E. 64 21. rufo-viridis, Geoffr. 65

Group IV.--Cercopitheci melanochiri 66 22. mona (Schreb.) 66 23. albigularis (Sykes) 67 24. boutourlinii, Gigl. 69 25. campbelli, Waterh. 70 26. samango, Sundev. 71 27. labiatus, Geoffr. 72 28. opisthostictus, Scl. 72 29. stairsi, Scl. 73 30. moloneyi, Scl. 74 31. neglectus, Schl. 75 32. leucampyx (Fischer) 75

Group V.--Cercopitheci auriculati 76 33. grayi, Fraser 77 34. pogonias, Bennett 78 35. nigripes, Du Chaillu 78 36. wolfi, Meyer 79

Group VI.--Cercopitheci barbati 79 37. diana (L.) 79 38. palatinus, Wagn. 81 39. brazzæ, Milne-Edw. 81

Group VII.--Cercopitheci trituberculati 82 40. talapoin, Erxl. 82

SUB-FAMILY SEMNOPITHECINÆ 83

I. COLOBUS, Illig. 85, 214 1. verus, Van Bened. 87 2. rufomitratus, Peters 88 3. kirki, Gray 89 4. ferrugineus (Shaw) 91 5. satanas, Waterh. 93 6. ursinus, Ogilby 93 7. vellerosus (Is. Geoffr.) 94 8. angolensis, Scl. 96 9. guereza, Rüpp. 97 10. caudatus, Thomas 98

II. SEMNOPITHECUS, F. Cuv. 100, 214 1. barbii (Blyth) 102 2. pileatus, Blyth 103 3. entellus (Dufr.) 104 4. schistaceus, Hodgs. 107 5. priamus (Blyth) 108 6. hypoleucus, Blyth 110 7. johni (Fischer) 111 8. cephalopterus (Zimm.) 112 9. sabanus, Thomas 116 10. hosii, Thomas 117 11. thomasi, Collett 119 12. everetti, Thomas 120 13. cruciger, Thomas 121 14. ursinus (Blyth) 122 15. obscurus, Reid 123 16. holotephreus, Anders. 124 17. germaini, Milne-Edw. 124 18. maurus (Schreb.) 125 19. femoralis, Horsf. 126 20. rubicundus, S. Müll. 128 21. natunæ, Thomas and Hartert 129 22. phayrii (Blyth) 131 23. rutledgii, Anderson 133 24. frontatus, S. Müll. 133 25. nemæus (L.) 134 26. nigripes, Milne-Edw. 135 27. melanolophus (Raffl.) 136 28. mitratus (Esch.) 137 29. roxellanæ, Milne-Edw. 139

III. NASALIS, Geoffr. 140 1. larvatus (Wurmb.) 140

FAMILY SIMIIDÆ 143

I. HYLOBATES Illig. 148, 216 1. agilis, F. Cuv. 151 2. leuciscus (Schreb.) 154 [alpha]. leuciscus (Schreb.) 154 [beta]. concolor, Schl. 155 3. leucogenys, Ogilby 158 4. lar (L.) 159 5. hoolock, Haslan. 161 6. hainanus, Thomas 164 7. syndactylus (Desm.) 166

II. SIMIA, L. 170, 217 1. satyrus, L. 170, 217

III. GORILLA, Is. Geoffr. 180 1. gorilla (Wyman) 180

IV. ANTHROPOPITHECUS, Blainv. 187, 217 1. troglodytes (L.) 194 2. calvus (Du Chaillu) 199

FAMILY HOMINIDÆ 203, 218

I. HOMO, L. 203 1. sapiens, L. 203 [alpha]. Ethiopian Race 207 [beta]. Mongolian Race 207 [gamma]. Caucasian Race 208

EXTINCT ANTHROPOIDEA 209

FAMILY HAPALIDÆ 210

I. HAPALE, Illig. 210 1. grandis, Lund 210

FAMILY CEBIDÆ 210

SUB-FAMILY NYCTIPITHECINÆ:

I. PROTOPITHECUS, Lund 210 1. brasiliensis, Lund 210

II. CALLITHRIX, Geoffr. 210 1. chlorocnomys, Lund 210 2. primæva, Lund 210

SUB-FAMILY MYCETINÆ:

III. ALOUATTA, Lacép. 210 1. ursina (Humb.) 210

SUB-FAMILY CEBINÆ:

IV. CEBUS, Erxl. 210 1. macrognathus, Lund 210 2. fatuellus (L.) 210 3. cirrifer, Geoff. 210

V. HOMUNCULUS, Amegh. 211 1. patagonicus, Amegh. 211

VI. ANTHROPOPS, Amegh. 211 1. perfectus, Amegh. 211

FAMILY CERCOPITHECIDÆ.

SUB-FAMILY CERCOPITHECINÆ:

I. PAPIO, Erxl. 212 1. sub-himalayamus (Meyer) 212 2. falconeri (Lydekker) 212 3. atlanticus, Thomas 212

II. OREOPITHECUS, Gerv. 212 1. bambolii, Gerv. 212

III. MACACUS, Lacép. 1, 213 1. sivalensis, Lydekker 213 2. priscus 213 3. inuus, Gervais 4, 213 4. florentinus, Cocchi 213 5. suevicus, Heding. 213 6. trarensis, Pomel 213

IV. DOLICHOPITHECUS, Depéret 214 1. ruscinensis, Depéret 214

V. MESOPITHECUS, Wagn. 214 1. pentelici, Wagn. 214

SUB-FAMILY SEMNOPITHECINÆ:

I. COLOBUS, Illig. 85, 214 1. grandævus, Fraas. 214

II. SEMNOPITHECUS, F. Cuv. 100, 215 1. monspessulanus, Gerv. 215 2. palæindicus, Lydekker 215

FAMILY SIMIIDÆ 215

I. PLIOPITHECUS, Gerv. 215 1. antiquus, Gerv. 215 2. chantrei, Gerv. 216

II. HYLOBATES, Illig. 148, 216 1. leuciscus (Schieb.) 216

III. DRYOPITHECUS, Lartet. 216 1. fontani, Lartet. 217

IV. SIMIA, L. 170, 217 1. satyrus, L. 170, 217

V. ANTHROPOPITHECUS, Blainv. 188, 217 1. sivalensis (Lydekker) 217

FAMILY HOMINIDÆ 218

I. HOMO, L. 218

LIST OF PLATES.

XXVI.--St. John's Macaque _Macacus sancti-johannis._ XXVII.--White-crowned Mangabey _Cercocebus æthiops._ XXVIII.--Green Guenon _Cercopithecus callitrichus._ XXIX.--Boutourlini's Guenon _Cercopithecus boutourlinii._ XXX.--Erxleben's Guenon _Cercopithecus grayi._ XXXI.--De Brazza's Guenon _Cercopithecus brazzæ._ XXXII.--Talapoin _Cercopithecus talapoin._ XXXIII.--Bay Guereza _Colobus ferrugineus._ XXXIV.--White-tailed Guereza _Colobus caudatus._ XXXV.--Hose's Langur _Semnopithecus hosii._ XXXVI.--Everett's Langur _Semnopithecus everetti._ XXXVII.--Proboscis Monkey _Nasalis larvatus._ XXXVIII.--Siamang Gibbon _Hylobates syndactylus._ XXXIX.--Orang-utan _Simia satyrus._ XL.--Gorilla _Gorilla gorilla._ XLI.--Bald Chimpanzee _Anthropopithecus calvus._ XLII.--MAP I. Showing the distribution of Living and Fossil _Lemuroidea_. XLIII.--MAP II. Showing the distribution of the Family _Tarsiidæ_, and of the Sub-family _Galaginæ_ of the _Lemuridæ_. XLIV.--MAP III. Showing the distribution of the Family _Chiromyidæ_, and of the Sub-families _Lemurinæ_ and _Indrisinæ_, and of the Sub-family _Lorisinæ_ of the _Lemuridæ_. XLV.--MAP IV. Showing the distribution of Living and Fossil _Anthropoidea_. XLVI.--MAP V. Showing the distribution of the Families _Hapalidæ_ and _Cebidæ_. XLVII.--MAP VI. Showing the distribution of the Genera _Papio_, _Theropithecus_, _Cynopithecus_, _Cercocebus_, _Cercopithecus_, and _Macasus_. XLVIII.--MAP VII. Showing the distribution of the Genera _Semnopithecus_, _Nasalis_, and _Colobus_. XLIX.--MAP VIII. Showing the distribution of the Genera _Hylobates_, _Simia_, _Gorilla_, and _Anthropopithecus_.

{1}ORDER PRIMATES.

THE BABOONS, MANGABEYS, AND MACAQUES

(_Continued_).

THE MACAQUES. GENUS MACACUS.

_Macacus_, Lacép., Mem. de l'Inst., iii., p. 450 (1801).

This genus embraces a large number of species which are characterised by having a thick-set body and short stout limbs, with the thumb set backward. The muzzle is considerably produced and rounded, but the nose does not extend as far out as the plane of the upper lip; the nostrils open in advance of its termination, and are directed obliquely outwards and downwards; their cheek-pouches are large, and their lips thick and protrusile; their eyes are approximated, and look out from below thick and prominent superciliary ridges; their ears are naked and applied flatly to the sides of the head and their hind upper angle is pointed; their callosities, which extend with age, are often surrounded by a portion of the buttocks, which is always nude. The tail is long, short, tufted, or reduced to a mere tubercle, and it may be quite invisible externally. Some have the hair of the head long, and radiating in all directions; others have the face encircled by a kind of mane. In some northern forms, the whole body is covered with a woolly fur, as a protection against cold.

{2}In the skull the facial region predominates over the cranial, and the lower margin of the frontal bones are exserted to form a thick prominent ridge over the orbits and nose; the mastoid process on each side of the skull, behind the ear, is very prominent for the attachment of a muscle which assists in opening the mouth and in swallowing their food. Strong muscles also stretch from the back of the head to the spine for the support of the head. The canine teeth are long, and press against the anterior pre-molars of the lower jaw, the position of which is modified or distorted by the pressure, thus enabling these animals to crush and open hard-shelled fruits. Their anterior and median lower molars are four-cusped, while the posterior is markedly larger, and has five cusps and a posterior talon. The carpus, or wrist, possesses the central (_os centrale_) bone, and the fingers have their metacarpal bones elongated. The caudal vertebræ in the species of this genus are usually numerous; even in the short-tailed species they vary from fifteen to seventeen in number, the reduction in the length of the tail being the result of a great diminution in the size, not in the number, of the vertebræ. In the tail of one species (_M. inuus_), however, they are reduced in number to two or three; in the same species the tail lacks the chevron (or V-shaped) bones on its under side, as well as the processes to which the muscles for its movement are attached. Most of the Macaques have a throat-sac, which communicates with the larynx under the thyroid cartilage, and which fills with air, acting as a resonator to their voice.

The Macaques are among the commonest Monkeys of India and the East Indian islands. They occur also in Northern Africa (Morocco), and in Gibraltar, across the Straits. Eastwards they extend into Thibet and Northern China. They are {3}also found in Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, and in Timor, this being the most eastern habitat of any of the _Anthropoidea_ except that of _Cynopithecus niger_. Dr. Blanford, in his "Mammals of British India," says that the species of the present genus resemble each other in their habits; they are found in flocks, often of considerable size, and generally composed of both sexes and of all ages. They are active animals, though less agile in their movements, whether on trees or on the ground, than the Langurs (_vide infrà_). Their food is varied, most of the species, if not all, eating insects as well as seeds, fruits, &c., and one kind feeding entirely on Crustacea. They have occasionally been known to devour Lizards, and, it is said, Frogs also. All have the habit of cramming food into their cheek-pouches for mastication at leisure.... The voice and gestures of all the species (_M. silenus_ perhaps excepted) are similar, and differ from those of both the Gibbons and Langurs. Tickell notices this in his MS. Notes, and gives the following details, which are worthy of quotation: "Anger is generally silent, or, at most, expressed by a low hoarse monotone, 'Heu,' not so gular or guttural as a growl; ennui and a desire for company by a whining 'Hom,' invitation, deprecation, entreaty, by a smacking of the lips and a display of the incisors into a regular broad grin, accompanied with a subdued grunting chuckle, highly expressive, but not to be rendered on paper; fear and alarm by a loud harsh shriek, 'Kra,' or 'Kraouh,' which serves also as a warning to the others who may be heedless of danger. Unlike the Langurs and Gibbons, they have no voice, if calling to one another."

The majority of the species are very docile when young. They thrive well, and several of them have bred in confinement. The period of gestation is about seven months, only a {4}single young one, as a rule, being produced at a birth. They become adult at the age of four or five years, but breed earlier.

In regard to the expression of emotion among these Monkeys, Mr. Darwin has recorded of different species that when pleased they draw back the corners of the mouth in a species of smile, become red in the face when angry, and pale when afraid.

The term Macaque was given to these monkeys by Buffon, who took it, however, from what is supposed to have been the native name of an _African_ species of Monkey, and misapplied it to this Indian group. _Macacus_ is therefore the Latinised form of that word, which has now been applied too long to be changed.

I. THE BARBARY MACAQUE. MACACUS INUUS.

_Simia inuus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 34 (1766).

_Simia sylvanus_, Linn., t.c. p. 35.

_Inuus ecaudatus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 100 (1812); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 32 (1870).

_Le magot_, F. Cuvier et Geoffr., Mamm., livr. ii. (1819); F. Cuv., Mammif., p. 114, pl. 41.

_Macacus inuus_, Desmar., Mamm., p. 67 (1820).

_Inuus pithecus_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth., Primates, p. 31 (1851).

_Macacus sylvanus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 115 (1876).

CHARACTERS.--Body short and thick-set, and about as big as a moderately-sized Dog. Head oblong, long, rounded, and wrinkled; face and chin naked; eyes approximated, set deep below the superciliary ridges; brow small; neck short. Ears pointed at their hind upper angle, and their margins haired; nose not prominent; nostrils two slit-like orifices converging at right angles to the partition; lips slender, extensile; upper {5}lip broad; callosities less extensive than in the Baboons; tail invisible externally; toes longer than the fingers, and both much haired. Hair on the crown short and reflexed; hairs on the cheeks forming a whisker, directed backward; hair of the fore-arms directed towards the elbow.