Part 6

190. Charles II. and William III. of Orange, 1660? _Obv._ Bust of King, three quarters r., hair long, in armour, &c., and wearing George. CAROLVS II. D. G. MAGNÆ BRIT. &c. _Rev._ William III. of Orange, on horseback r.; distant view of river and city. WILHELMVS III. D. G. PRINC. AVRAICÆ COM. NASS. E^{C}. Silver. Size 2·7. Repoussé and chased. By Pieter van Abeele.

In the same style as the previous medal. From the youthful appearance of William this medal could not have been executed after 1660. It was probably issued, like the following one, upon the King's leaving Holland.

191. Reward for services, 1660. _Obv._ Bust of King, facing r., wearing armour, &c. CAROLUS II. D. G. MAG. BRIT. FRAN. ET HIB. REX. _Rev._ Three crowns within branches of laurel and palm. PROPTER STRENVITATEM ET FIDELITATEM REBVS IN ADVERSIS; chain-border. Gold. Size 2·9. Cast and chased; has had ring for suspension. Dutch.

This medal is unique, and was evidently given by Charles to some faithful adherent.

192. Embarkation at Scheveningen, 1660. _Obv._ Same as No. 190. _Rev._ Fleet under sail: above, Fame with trumpet and scroll inscribed, SOLI DEO GLORIA; beneath, inscription in Dutch giving date of departure from Scheveningen, 2nd June 1660, and around, IN NOMINE MEO EXALTABITUR CORNU EIUS. PSAL. 89; on edge, PA. F. Silver. Size 2·75. Repoussé and chased. By Pieter van Abeele, whose monogram is on the edge.

Of the same fabric as No. 190. Charles sailed from Scheveningen for England 2nd June 1660 (N. S.), with his court, on board the Naseby, the name of which ship was then changed to that of the Royal Charles.

193. Landing at Dover, 1660. _Obv._ Bust of King r., wearing armour, &c., within branches of laurel; around, legend with date of arrival in London, "1660 DIE 29 MAII." _Outer legend._ CAROLUS II. D. G. MAGN. BRITANN. &c.: _I.R._ (Monogram.) _Rev._ Ship approaching shore, on which England, Scotland and Ireland, personified, with three crowns, sceptre, and sword, await its arrival: above ship, star and eye of Providence, in the distance, Dover Castle. SI DEUS EST CUSTOS QUIS MEUS HOSTIS ERIT. Silver. Size 2·25. Struck. By John Roettier.[13] It may be considered the first of the large series of medals executed by him.

[13] The head of the Roettier family "the family of Medallists" was one John Roettier a native of Antwerp and a goldsmith by profession, who had three sons, John, Joseph, and Philip. During the residence of Charles II. in Holland, John the eldest brother was presented to him as an eminent medallist, and upon his coming to England soon after the Restoration he was appointed one of the engravers to the Mint having Thomas Simon as his colleague, who retired from his post in 1664. John Roettier then became one of the Chief Engravers to the Mint, and with him was associated his brother Joseph, and somewhat later his younger brother Philip, as in 1669 we find that by letters patent July 3rd, 1669, John, Joseph, and Philip Roettier were appointed His Majesty's Engravers at the Mint with a yearly allowance of £450 during their natural lives. In 1672, through the death of Varin, Joseph Roettier by Colbert's influence, obtained the appointment of Chief Engraver at the Mint at Paris, and in 1678 Philip Roettier quitted England and went to reside in Flanders, the coinage of that country during that period showing many traces of his work, which is inferior in style to that of his elder brothers. In 1690 upon the death of G. Bower, James, the eldest son of John Roettier, was associated with his father at the Mint; but in 1694 having played tricks with a portrait of William III., which he was executing for a new copper coinage, he was dismissed, and going to France found employment at the Paris Mint. Norbert his brother, who does not appear to have been regularly employed at the London Mint, having abstracted some of the dies for fraudulent purposes, fled in the following year also to France, and like his brother obtained an appointment at the Paris Mint. He also executed a large number of medals for the Stuart family (v. Stuart Medals, p. 60). The inquiry which followed this scandal resulted in the dismissal of John Roettier, who died in 1703, and was buried in the Tower.

The King landed at Dover on the 26th of May 1660 (O. S.) and on the 29th following made his public entry into London.

194. Restoration, 1660. "Gigantomachia." _Obv._ Bust of King l., wearing robes and collar of the Garter. CAROLVS II. DEI GRATIA MAG. BR. &c. _Rev._ Jupiter, in clouds, carried by eagle, destroying with thunderbolt prostrate giants: _G. Bower F._; ornamented border. Silver. Size 2·5. Struck. By G. Bower.[14]

[14] George Bower, or Bowers, as he signs himself on his later medals, was appointed one of the engravers to the Mint after the Restoration, a post which he filled till his death in 1690. He executed a large number of medals for the Royal Family, and also for private individuals, which are characterized by skill and execution.

Charles is here represented as Jupiter demolishing his foes, a probable allusion to the execution of the Regicides.

195. Another "Felicitas Britanniæ," 1660. _Obv._ Bust of King r., wearing armour and cloak. CAROLVS SECVNDUS D. G., MAG. BRIT. &c. _Rev._ Peace laureate, with scales and fasces, and accompanied by Minerva and Hercules presenting olive-branch to Britannia seated on sea-shore; behind, Fame: above, Genius with palm. FELICITAS BRITANNIÆ. 29 MAII. 1660; _incuse_. Silver. Size 3·3. Struck. By John Roettier.

The intention of the medallist is to show that the Restoration was effected under Providence by wisdom and fortitude, and that it produced to Britain justice, plenty and peace. (See also No. 197.)

196. Another. _Obv._ Head of King r., laureate. CAROLVS SECVNDVS DEI GRATIA MAG. BRI. &c. _Rev._ Britannia holding spear and shield, seated on sea-shore, and contemplating her navies. FAVENTE DEO; in ex., BRITANNIA; on edge, CAROLVS SECVNDVS PACIS ET IMPERII RESTITVTOR AVGVSTVS. Gold. Size 2·2. Struck. By John Roettier.

This and the next medal are without date. They appear, however, to commemorate the Restoration, but were not executed till several years afterwards. It is generally supposed that they were struck at the conclusion of the treaty of Breda, 31st July, 1667; but that is not possible, for Pepys in his diary under date 26th Feb. 1667, in speaking of this medal, says: "At my goldsmith's did observe the King's new medal where in little there is Mrs. Stewart's face as well done as ever I saw any thing in my whole life, I think: and a pretty thing it is that he should choose her face to represent Brittannia by." Mrs. Stuart, afterwards Duchess of Richmond, was one of the beauties at the court of Charles II. (See No. 245.)

197. Another. _Obv._ Bust of King r., wearing armour and cloak. AVGVSTISS. CAROLO SECVNDO P. P. _I. R._ (monogram). _Rev._ Hercules, Minerva, Peace, and Mercury (with features of the King) assembled around altar, behind which stands Prudence, leaning on shield with figure of Britannia, &c.: Plenty reposes in the foreground. NVLLVM NVMEN ABEST. (_Juv. Sat._ x. 365.) BRITANNIÆ. Gold. Size 2·4. Struck. By John Roettier.

For explanation of reverse see note to No. 195. The shield held by Prudence being ornamented with a very rough copy of the reverse type of the previous medal, it may be therefore concluded that this medal was executed at the same time or shortly after that one.

198—199. Coronation, 1661. _Obv._ Bust of King r., crowned, wearing robes and collar of Garter. CAROLVS II. D. G. ANG. SCO. &c. on shoulder, T. S. _Rev._ King seated l., holding sceptre, crowned by Peace. EVERSO MISSVS SVCCVRRERE SECLO. XXIII. APR. 1661. Gold and silver. Size 1·1. Struck. By T. Simon.

This medal was made for distribution among those attending at the coronation.

200—201. Another. _Obv._ Bust of King l., laureate, wearing robes and collar of Garter. CAROLVS II. D. G. MAG. BRIT. &c. _Rev._ Oak-tree in full leaf, with three crowns among the branches; above, sun. IAM FLORESCIT. 23 APR. 1661. Gold and silver. Size 1·65. Cast and chased; with ring for suspension.

This medal is by T. Simon, and must have been hastily produced. It was probably issued for distribution to the King's servants, as there is an item in one of Simon's accounts for two in gold supplied to the King's cooks. As No. 182 expressed an expectation that the royal oak would revive, so this declares that it has.

202. Marriage, 1662. _Obv._ Bust of Catherine of Braganza l., hair drawn back, and wearing coronet, &c. INFANTA DONA CATHERINA; _engraved_. _Rev._ Two orange trees, their stems intertwined. Silver. Oval. Size 1. Cast and chased; with ring for suspension.

As Catharine here wears the Portuguese dress, which before her marriage she changed for that of the English Court, this badge must have been produced soon after her arrival in England.

203. Another. _Obv._ Busts of King and Queen facing each other; the King laureate; the Queen wearing coronet. CAROLVS II. ET CATHARINA D. G. MAG. BRIT. &c. G. B. _Rev._ Fame with trumpet and olive-branch. QVANTVM SAT ERIT HIS DICERE DIGNVM. ANO 1662. G. B. Silver-gilt. Size 2·05. Struck. By G. Bower.

Struck on the marriage of Charles with Catharine of Braganza, dau. of John IV., King of Portugal, 29th May, 1662.

204. Another. _Obv._ Busts of King and Queen jugate r.; Queen slightly draped. CAROLVS II. ET CATHARINA D. G. MAG. BRIT. &c. _Rev._ Jupiter with eagle, and Venus, behind whom Cupid; all in clouds. MAIESTAS ET AMOR. Silver. Size 1. Struck. By G. Bower.

205. Marriage Badge, 1662. _Obv._ Bust of King r., crowned, in armour, cloak, &c. CAROLVS II. D. G., MAG. BRIT. &c. _Rev._ Bust of Queen l., draped, wearing coronet, &c. CATHARINA D. G., MAG. BRIT. &c. Silver. Oval. Size 1·7. Struck. By G. Bower.

206. Charles II. and Catharine, 1662, "The Golden Medal." _Obv._ Bust of King r., laureate, in armour and cloak. CAROLVS II. DEI G. MAG. BRI. &c. _Rev._ Bust of Queen r., draped, hair ornamented with pearls. CATHARINA D. G. MAG. BRI. &c. Silver. Size 1·65. Struck.

This fine medal was executed by J. Roettier, and is probably the "Golden Medal" commemorated by the poet Waller.

Our guard upon the royal side On the reverse, our beauty's pride! Here we discern the frown and smile The force and glory of our isle.

207. Another. _Obv._ Bust of King r., laureate, in armour and cloak. CAROLVS II. D. G. MAG. BRIT. &c. G. B. _Rev._ Bust of Queen r., draped, wearing coronet. CATHARINA D. G. MAG. BRIT. &c. Silver. Size 2·2. Struck. By G. Bower.

208. Cession of Dunkirk, 1662. _Obv._ Head of Louis XIV. r. LUDOVICUS XIIII. REX CHRISTIANISSIMUS. J. MAVGER F. _Rev._ Female figure (Dunkirk) kneeling and presenting keys of the city to Louis in Roman military dress; behind, galley and shield, arms of Dunkirk, &c. DUNKERCA ACQUISITA. XXVII. OCTOBRIS. MDCLXII. Silver. Size 1·6. Struck. By J. Mauger.

Dunkirk was sold by Charles II. to Louis XIV. for the sum of four millions of livres. This is one of a large series of historical medals of the French King.

209—210. Naval Reward, 1665. _Obv._ Bust of King r., laureate, in mantle. CAROLVS SECVNDVS D. G. MAG. BRI. &c. _Rev._ King in Roman military dress viewing naval action from shore. PRO TALIBVS AVSIS. Gold and silver. Size 2·4. Struck. By J. Roettier.

This medal was specially struck to commemorate the naval victory over the Dutch, 3rd June 1665, for presentation to the officers engaged: but bearing no date it was used for a reward for other victories during the war of 1665—1667.

211. James, Duke of York. (Victory over the Dutch, 3rd June 1665.) _Obv._ Bust of the Duke of York r., in armour and cloak. IACOBVS DVX EBOR. ET ALBAN. DOM. MAGN. ADMIRALLVS ANGLIÆ, &c. _J. Roetti._ F. _Rev._ Naval engagement, English High Admiral's ship in foreground. NEC MINOR IN TERRIS. 3. IVNII. 1665. Silver. Size 3. Struck. By J. Roettier.

James, Duke of York, encountered the Dutch fleet, under Admiral Opdam off Lowestoft on 3rd June, 1665, and after a terrible battle, in which Opdam was killed, the Dutch were compelled to retreat.

212. Dominion of the Sea, 1665. _Obv._ Bust of King r., draped and laureate. CAROLVS II. D. G. M. BR. &c. _Simon._ _Rev._ King as Neptune holding trident in naval chariot l., drawn by four sea-horses: fleet in the distance. ET PONTUS SERVIET. 1665. Silver. Size 1·05. Struck.

This beautiful medal is supposed to be the last work of Thomas Simon. It commemorates the dominion of the sea obtained by England by the victory of 3rd June, 1665, over the Dutch.

213. Action at Bergen, 1665. _Obv._ View of Bergen: naval action in harbour: in foreground, G. POOL. _Rev._ Inscription in Dutch within oak-wreath. Silver. Size 2·1. Struck. By Jerian Pool.

The reverse inscription narrates that the Earl of Sandwich having entered Bergen harbour on 10th August, 1665, with 15 men of war, &c., was compelled, under the fire of the Dutch, to cut his cables and take to flight.

214. Proposed Commercial Treaty with Spain, 1666. _Obv._ Bust of King r., laureate, in fringed mantle. CAROLVS SECVNDVS DEI GRATIA MAG. BRIT. &c. _Rev._ Statue of King in Roman military dress on pedestal near sea crowded with ships. REDEANT COMMERCIA FLANDRIS. 1666. Silver. Size 2·2. Struck. By J. Roettier.

This medal expresses a wish that the preliminaries of a commercial treaty, which was being negotiated with Spain for the free passage of the Scheldt, might be brought to a successful termination.

215. Naval engagement, 11—14 June, 1666. _Obv._ Naval engagement. PVGNANDO. _Rev._ Inscription in Latin within laurel-wreath, to which are attached the shields of the Seven United Provinces alternately with their bundles of seven arrows. Silver. Size 2·75. Struck. By Jerian Pool.

The Reverse inscription states that this medal is a memorial of the successful engagement of four days, 11—14 June (N. S.), 1666, between the Dutch and English fleets, the latter being defeated with heavy losses. The engagement took place off the North Foreland, and is memorable for its long duration and the desperate courage with which it was fought on both sides. The English fleet was commanded by Monk and Prince Rupert and the Dutch by De Ruyter.

216. Plague and Fire of London, 1666. _Obv._ Shrine with crucifix between vineyard and cornfield; above, radiate name of Jehovah; in the midst, shepherd feeding sheep, a tranquil river, and in front, St. Paul shaking viper from his hand. MERA BONITAS. _Rev._ City, one half in flames, the other under storm of rain; in front, disturbed river and Death and warrior contending on horseback: above, eye of Providence, comets and wind. SIC PVNIT. MDCLXVI. Silver. Size 1·35. Struck.

On the obverse are symbolized peace and plenty, the reward of goodness, with St. Paul removing the venomous scourge of the plague by fire; and on the reverse are seen pestilence and fire, the punishment of the wicked.

217. Ships burnt in the Medway and Peace of Breda, 1667. _Obv._ Burning of ships in the Medway. Legend in Dutch stating that by order, Sir Michael, son of Adrian Ruyter, attacked the ships of war in the river near Chatham, burnt and sank them, &c. _Rev._ Peace with olive-branch and cornucopiae seated on arms between shields, arms of United Kingdom, France, Denmark, and Sweden on one side, and those of the United Provinces on the other: beneath shields, genii: above, scroll inscribed, SOLI DEO GLORIA; below, another with date of proclamation of Peace, 6 Sep., 1667, &c.: on edge, PA. Silver. Size 2·8. Repoussé. By Pieter van Abeele, whose monogram is on the edge.

In spite of conferences having been opened at Breda to negotiate a treaty of peace, De Witte despatched a fleet to the Nore, which, after burning Sheerness, advanced as far as Chatham and destroyed the shipping. Shortly afterwards a treaty with the Dutch was signed at Breda on 31st July, 1667, and proclaimed on 6th September following.

218. Peace of Breda, 1667. _Obv._ Belgia with sceptre terminating in an open eye and spear with the sheaf of arrows attached, trampling upon Discord; at her feet, lion and lamb: in the distance, ships burning, &c. MITIS ET FORTIS: in ex., PROCVL HINC MALA BESTIA REGNIS. IUN. 22. 1667. C. A. _Rev._ Peace holding sword and wreath, caduceus and cornucopiae, trampling on arms and crown: above, hand from cloud holding shields of Great Britain and Holland: in the distance, merchant vessels: on scroll, IRATO BELLUM PLACATO NUMINE PAX EST; in ex., REDIIT CONCORDIA MATER BREDÆ. IUL. 31. A^o. 1667: shield, arms of Breda: edge with inscription stating that this medal was struck by permission of the States of Holland and West Friesland, &c. Silver. Size 2·8. Struck. By C. Adolfszoon.[15]

[15] Christoffel Adolfszoon, a Dutch medallist who worked during the second half of the 17th century, is best known by a medal, which he executed of Michael de Ruyter. His work is coarse, but characteristic of Dutch medallic art of that period.

The issue of this medal by authority of the States gave great offence to Charles, who took the motto HINC MALA BESTIA to apply to himself. Remonstrances were made, a formal apology received, and the dies destroyed. This medal was however one of the grounds of offence in the declaration of War against the Dutch in 1672.

219. Another. _Obv._ Peace, holding olive-branch and cornucopiae, burning implements of war; under her feet, prostrate soldier; behind, Cupid with arrow. BELLO AB ANGLIS ILLATO A BELGIS FORTITER GESTO, &c.; with date, XXXI. IULII. CIϽDCLXVII. _Rev._ Bird's-eye view of Breda; around, inscr. commemorating treaty. Silver. Size 3·45. Cast and chased. Dutch.

220. Another. _Obv._ View of Breda from river covered with pleasure barges; above, Fame, surrounded by genii and holding scroll inscribed, SOLI DEO GLORIA. HET OUD BREDAAS KASTEEL, &c. _Rev._ Ship of Peace r., propelled by favouring gales and accompanied by Fame and Tritons: her sails decorated with the shields of contracting parties: beneath, A^o. 1667. HIER ZEIILT HET VREDESCHIP OP'T ZILUER IN DE ZEE, &c. Silver. Size 3·2. Repoussé and chased; hollow. By Müller.[16]

[16] Müller, whom Bolzenthal calls "der Meister Müller," worked in Holland during the middle of the 17th century, and executed medals of repoussé work of the same style as Pieter van Abeele.

221. Another. _Obv._ An English and Dutch ship sailing side by side with wreaths on main mastheads. _Rev._ Festoon of fruit and flowers and wreath, to which are suspended two shields, arms of Great Britain and Holland, &c. BRITAN. BATAV. PAX. 1667. C. A. Silver. Size 1·75. Struck. By C. Adolfszoon.

The arms of Great Britain are wrongly quartered, those of Scotland being in the 1st and 4th quarters. The same mistake occurs on No. 218.

222. Proclamation of Treaty of Breda, 1667. _Obv._ Neptune, in sea-chariot drawn by horses, staying with his trident the progress of a naval engagement. SIC CVNCTUS PELAGI CECIDIT FRAGOR. (Virg. Aen. I, 158.) _Rev._ View of Breda: above, genii with shields of Denmark, France, England and Holland, with Sweden in centre; beneath, BREDA Den 17 Sept. 1667, G. POOL. NULLA SALUS BELLO, PACEM TE POSCIMUS OMNES. Silver. Size 2·05. Struck. By Jerian Pool.

In the negotiations of peace between England and Holland, Sweden acted as mediator, consequently her shield is placed in the centre as uniting those of the belligerents.

223—224. British Colonization, 1670. _Obv._ Jugate busts of King in armour, and Queen draped, r. CAROLVS ET CATHARINA REX ET REGINA. _Rev._ Globe with portions of all the four continents. DIFFVSVS IN ORBE BRITANNVS. 1670. Gold and silver. Size 1·6. Struck. By one of the Roettiers.

This medal alludes to the remarkable growth of British colonization, which as early as 1670 extended over all the four quarters of the Globe. It may however specially refer to the dowry of Queen Catharine, which laid the foundation of the British Empire in India.

The reverse inscription is a play on Virgil's line, "Penitus toto divisos orbe Britannos."

(Ecl. I. 67.)

225. Charles XI. of Sweden, Knight of the Garter, 1671. _Obv._ St. George and the dragon, r. CAROLVS XI. REX SVE. EQ. NOB. ORD. PERISC. INAVG. 29 MAII. 1671. _Rev._ Within collar Garter passing through two pairs of Cs crowned; in centre, star of order. CONCORDIA REGVM SALVS POPVLORVM. Silver. Size 1·7. Struck.

Charles XI., King of Sweden, was invested with the Order of the Garter at Stockholm, 29th July, 1668, but not installed till 29th May, 1671.

226. Battle of Solebay, 1672. _Obv._ Head of Louis XIV. r. LUDOVICUS XIIII. REX CHRISTIANISSIMUS. I. MAVGER F. _Rev._ Neptune in sea-chariot threatening Holland with his trident. VICTORIA NAVALIS. MDCLXXII. Silver. Size 1·6. Struck. By J. Mauger.

One of the series of medals of Louis XIV. The Battle of Solebay was fought on the 28th May, 1672, between the combined fleets of England and France under the Duke of York and D'Estrées, and the Dutch under De Ruyter. The battle was indecisive, but the Dutch retired.

227. Christ's Hospital, Foundation of Nautical School, 1673. _Obv._ Bust of King r., in decorated armour and cloak. CAROLVS SECVNDVS D. G. MAG. BRI. &c. Blue-coat boy, surrounded by Arithmetic, Astronomy, Mathematics and Mercury with their attributes; above, genii and winds; in the distance, ships. INSTITVTOR AVGVSTVS. 1673. Silver. Size 2·8. Struck. By J. Roettier. This is described by Evelyn as a "glorious medallion."

In 1672, Charles II. founded a nautical school at Christ's Hospital to provide for the education of forty boys, ten of whom were annually to be placed in the sea-service. Each of them still wears the following badge.

228. Christ's Hospital Badge, 1673. Badge (plaque) with device similar to reverse of preceding medal. Student is surrounded by Arithmetic, Astronomy wearing petasus of Mercury, and Mathematics with their attributes; above, two genii. AVSPICIO CAROL. SECVNDI REGIS. 1673. Silver. Size 3·2. Struck. See preceding.

229. Naval engagement with the Dutch, 1673. Memorial of Captain Van Gelder. _Obv._ Shield, arms of Van Gelder and crest, &c.; beneath, in compartment, inscr. in Dutch, "In memory of Jan Paulz van Gelder, Captain, dead in the bed of honour, 21st Aug. 1673, aged 26 years." VAN GELDERS ZEEVOOGDS SOON, &c. _Rev._ Naval engagement: in ex., PVGNANDO. DE VADER WON DE SLAG DE ZOON VERLOOR ZYN BLOED, &c. Silver. Size 3·05. Cast and chased; hollow. By Jerian Pool.

A memorial of Captain van Gelder, son-in-law of Admiral de Ruyter, who was killed in the action of the 21st Aug., 1673, between the combined English and French fleets, and the Dutch.

230. Peace of London, 1674. _Obv._ William III., Prince of Orange on horseback l.: in the distance, troops bombarding town on the sea-shore; above, scroll entwined with orange-branch and inscribed, VIRES ULTRA SORTEMQUE IUVENTÆ. _Rev._ Dove with palm and olive-branch flying l., over tranquil sea; in the distance, ships and rising sun. A DOMINO VENIT PAX ET VICTORIA LÆTA; _chronogrammatic_. Silver. Size 2·35. Struck. Dutch.