PART III.

ON SYNTAX, 163–214.

{Section} 1. On Government. 163. 2. Interchange of the Parts of Speech. Adjective as Substantive. Verb as Substantive, and as Adjective, &c. 164. 3. On Government of Words in Groups. 170. 4. On Repetition. 176. 5. On Order in Groups. 181. 6. On Simple Propositions. 187. 7. On Subordinate Sentences. 196. 8. On Coordinate Sentences. 205. 9. On Antithesis. 210. 10. On Rhythmus. 212.

Appendix I. On the 文理 or higher colloquial used by literary men. 215.

II. On the Native Tables of Initials and Finals. Imitated from the Sanscrit. Geographical outline of the dialects that agree with the dictionary system. 216.

Addenda.

Errata.

RULES FOR USING THE ORTHOGRAPHY HERE ADOPTED.

1. The accent marks long vowels í, é, á, ó, ú, pronounced as the vowel in feel, fail, father, foal, fool.

2. Vowels not accented are the five short vowels corresponding to these; e.g. in fin, fen, fan, fop, fun.

3. The remaining vowels are ö, ü, au, û, eu, pronounced as in könig, une, auburn, 書, 頭.

4. The initial consonants k, t, p, f, s, are pronounced high and with the English and Scotch sound. When k, t, p, take an aspirate as in the pronunciation of some parts of Ireland and the United States, they are written k’, t’, p’. These with the vowels and h’ a strong aspirate, constitute the upper series.

5. The initials g, d, b, y, z with ng, n, m, l, rh, a soft aspirate {h}, and vowel initials form the lower series. The italic k, t, etc., are to be pronounced two full musical notes lower than the roman k, t, etc., and are counted as the same with g, d, &c.

6. The nasals m, ng, n, without a vowel are italicised.

7. Final n when italicised is pronounced very indistinctly.

8. The superior commas on the left and right of a word, mark the second and third tones. Final h, k and g, indicate the short tone. Words not thus marked are all in the first tone.

The series is known by the initial as in the native mode of spelling, 反切, Fan-t’sih. The capital letters denote dialects as—

S. Shánghái sound. M. Mandarin sound. C. Colloquial sound. R. Reading sound.

A GRAMMAR

OF THE

SHANGHAI DIALECT,