CHAPTER XXVI.

THE HIEROGLYPHIC INSCRIPTIONS.

I have left to the last the subject of the hieroglyphic inscriptions. For those of my readers who have not previously paid any attention to the subject it is necessary to begin at the beginning and to say that there is a very considerable difference between the Mexican picture-writing and the Maya hieroglyphics, although not so very long ago they were all classed under the same head and called Mexican. The Maya writing may again be divided into two classes--the Inscriptions carved in stone or moulded in stucco, and the Codices or Manuscripts. Of these Codices there are four only known to students preserved in the museums and libraries of Paris, Dresden, and Madrid, and all four are in a more or less damaged condition. Between the glyphs of the carved inscriptions and the codices it may be stated roughly that there is not more difference than might naturally be looked for between a carved and written script.

Up to the present time more efforts have been made to interpret the codices than the carved inscriptions. It seems to be generally admitted that the former bear a hieratic character and deal for the most part with religious rites and festivals and the fixing of the times and seasons of their occurrence; but whether under a clothing of myth and fable, ceremonial observance, or cryptic puzzle, the probable object of these writings was the establishment with something like accuracy of the position of the solar year, a knowledge of which, from our very familiarity with it, we are wont to overlook as one of the first necessities of civilization. Both codices and carved inscriptions are thickly studded with numerals and signs for periods of time, and it is in dealing with these time-computations and the arrangement of the calendar that students of Maya writings have up to the present met with their chief success. It seems doubtful if more than a mere trace of phoneticism has as yet been established, and more than doubtful if the inscriptions when fully deciphered will yield us much direct information of a historical nature.

The principal and earliest authority for the divisions of time and the signs by which they were represented is a document preserved in the Royal Academy of History at Madrid, believed to have been written in 1566 by Diego de Landa, Bishop of Yucatan. The signs for the days and months given by Landa, although carelessly drawn, have proved of inestimable value, and a facsimile of them is here given:--

An attempt was also made by Landa to construct an alphabet and to give a short example of phonetic writing; but in this he was not successful, for whatever phonetic value the glyphs may possess was probably of a syllabic and not of an alphabetic character, and Landa's alphabet has proved to be to students almost as great a puzzle as the hieroglyphics themselves.

It may, however, be taken as clearly established:--

1. That the Mayas wrote their numerals from 1 to 19 in bars and dots, thus:

It was not, however, usual to leave blank spaces when carving the numerals in stone, and the numbers 1, 2, 6, 7, 11, 12, 16, 17 were carved thus:

The sign [Illustration] is possibly the sign for twenty, but it is very generally used as a sign for a "full count." (See examples on page 261.)

2. That the Mayas made use of a year of 360 days divided into 18 months of 20 days each.

3. That the Mayas also made use of a year of 365 days divided into 18 months of 20 days each, with the addition of 5 intercalated days which follow the last regular month of the year.

4. That each of the 18 months and each day of the month was named as shown in the Tables on page 255.

5. That each of the twenty days of the month was numbered, but that the numbers did not run consecutively from 1 to 20, but from 1 to 13, and then commenced again, so that a calendar for the year of 365 days may be figured thus:--

Key:

A - Pop. D - Zotz. G - Yaxkin. B - Uo. E - Tzec. H - Mol. C - Zip. F - Xul. I - Chen.

+-----------+---+-------+---+---+---+---+---+---+--------+ | Names of | | | | | | | | | | Numbers| |the months:| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | of | +-----------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ the | |Numbers of | | | | | | | | | | days. | |the months:| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | | +-----------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+--------+ |_Names of | | | | | | | | | | | |the days._ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Kan | 1| 8| 2| 9| 3| 10| 4| 11| 5| 1 | | Chicchan | 2| 9| 3| 10| 4| 11| 5| 12| 6| 2 | | Cimi | 3| 10| 4| 11| 5| 12| 6| 13| 7| 3 | | Manik | 4| 11| 5| 12| 6| 13| 7| 1| 8| 4 | | Lamat | 5| 12| 6| 13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 5 | | Muluc | 6| 13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3| 10| 6 | | Oc | 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3| 10| 4| 11| 7 | | Chuen | 8| 2| 9| 3| 10| 4| 11| 5| 12| 8 | | Eb | 9| 3| 10| 4| 11| 5| 12| 6| 13| 9 | | Ben | 10| 4| 11| 5| 12| 6| 13| 7| 1| 10 | | Ix | 11| 5| 12| 6| 13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 11 | | Men | 12| 6| 13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3| 12 | | Cib | 13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3| 10| 4| 13 | | Caban | 1| 8| 2| 9| 3| 10| 4| 11| 5| 14 | | Ezenab | 2| 9| 3| 10| 4| 11| 5| 12| 6| 15 | | Cauac | 3| 10| 4| 11| 5| 12| 6| 13| 7| 16 | | Ahau | 4| 11| 5| 12| 6| 13| 7| 1| 8| 17 | | Ymix | 5| 12| 6| 13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 18 | | Ik | 6| 13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3| 10| 19 | | Akbal | 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3| 10| 4| 11| 20 | +-----------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+--------+

Key (continued):

J - Yax. M - Mac. P - Pax. K - Zac. N - Kankin. Q - Kayab. L - Ceh. O - Muan. R - Cumhu.

+-----------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+--------+ | Names of | | | | | | | | | | Numbers| |the months:| J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | of | +-----------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ the | |Numbers of | | | | | | | | | | days. | |the months:| 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| 15| 16| 17| 18| | +-----------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+--------+ |_Names of | | | | | | | | | | | |the days._ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Kan | 12| 6| 13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3| 1 | | Chicchan | 13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3| 10| 4| 2 | | Cimi | 1| 8| 2| 9| 3| 10| 4| 11| 5| 3 | | Manik | 2| 9| 3| 10| 4| 11| 5| 12| 6| 4 | | Lamat | 3| 10| 4| 11| 5| 12| 6| 13| 7| 5 | | Muluc | 4| 11| 5| 12| 6| 13| 7| 1| 8| 6 | | Oc | 5| 12| 6| 13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 7 | | Chuen | 6| 13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3| 10| 8 | | Eb | 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3| 10| 4| 11| 9 | | Ben | 8| 2| 9| 3| 10| 4| 11| 5| 12| 10 | | Ix | 9| 3| 10| 4| 11| 5| 12| 6| 13| 11 | | Men | 10| 4| 11| 5| 12| 6| 13| 7| 1| 12 | | Cib | 11| 5| 12| 6| 13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 3 | | Caban | 12| 6| 13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3| 14 | | Ezenab | 13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3| 10| 4| 15 | | Cauac | 1| 8| 2| 9| 3| 10| 4| 11| 5| 16 | | Ahau | 2| 9| 3| 10| 4| 11| 5| 12| 6| 17 | | Ymix | 3| 10| 4| 11| 5| 12| 6| 13| 7| 18 | | Ik | 4| 11| 5| 12| 6| 13| 7| 1| 8| 19 | | Akbal | 5| 12| 6| 13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 20 | +-----------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+--------+ | Intercalated | Kan | 10| | days. | Chicchan | 11| | | Cimi | 12| | | Manik | 13| | | Lamat | 1| +---------------+---------------+---+

If the year begins with 1 Kan, the first day of the month Pop, the last day of that month will be 7 Akbal, the twentieth day of the month Pop; and the next day following will be 8 Akbal, the first day of the month Uo, and so on. The last day of the eighteenth month would be 9 Akbal, the twentieth day of the month Cumhu; then follow the five intercalated days, 10 Kan, 11 Chicchan, 12 Cimi, 13 Manik, 1 Lamat, so that the first day of the next year would be 2 Muluc. If the Table were drawn out in full it would be seen that the third year would commence with 3 Ix, the fourth year with 4 Cauac, the fifth year with 5 Kan, and so on through fifty-two years, and the fifty-third year would commence with 1 Kan again. From this it will be seen that the Maya year could commence on four only out of the twenty days of the month, and these four days are commonly called the "year-bearers."

In the Annual Calendar given above, which begins with 1 Kan, the first day of the month Pop, it will be noticed that after a period of thirteen months the next month again commences with 1 Kan, but in this case 1 Kan falls on the first day of the 14th month Kankin.

This period of 260 days (20 × 13), that is to say the period of time which must elapse before a day can recur in the same position in the month with the same day-numeral attached to it, appears to have been of special importance in the arrangement of the religious ritual, but how far this period of 260 days enters into the actual computation of time is at present difficult to determine.

It is also claimed for the Mayas by some writers that they had an almost exact knowledge of the length of the solar year, and that there was some arrangement of their calendar by which leap years could be counted.

The foregoing account of the Maya calendar has been derived from the writings of students who, after making a careful examination of the early Spanish writers, have devoted their attention almost exclusively to the study of the codices. All mention has been avoided of Katuns and Ahaukatuns (the longer time-periods spoken of by Landa and others), about the length of which there has been much disputation, as I have wished to confine myself to statements which are generally accepted as correct.

In the concluding pages of this chapter I propose to give some examples of the inscriptions carved on the Monolithic Stelæ and on the walls of the ancient temples, and then to examine them, and to some extent explain them, with the aid of the notes and tables prepared by my friend Mr. J. T. Goodman, of California, whose essay on the subject has been published as an Appendix to the Archæological Section of the 'Biologia Centrali-Americana.'

As the subject is one about which controversy is already rife, it is not likely that Mr. Goodman's methods will escape hostile criticism, and however favourable my own views may be of their merits, his method is applied here not with a view of claiming for it either priority or exclusive originality, but (as it is the method with which I am most familiar) as a means of showing to the general reader the way in which such a difficult problem has been attacked and to some extent conquered.

According to Mr. Goodman the Mayas, although understanding and using the year of 365 days, based their calendar on the Ahau of 360 days, and made all their computations in Ahaus, Katuns, &c., according to the following table:--

20 days 1 Chuen. 18 Chuens 1 Ahau[10] (360 days). 20 Ahaus 1 Katun. 20 Katuns 1 Cycle. 13 Cycles 1 Great Cycle. 72 Great Cycles 1 Grand Era.

The following signs are employed in the inscriptions to denote these periods of time:--

and it will be seen from the following tables that the signs for the days and months found on the carved stelæ do not differ materially from those given by Landa. A number of alternative signs is given for the day Ahau, and one named Uayeb is added to the list of eighteen months. This month Uayeb consists of the five intercalated days only.

All the dates on the monuments which have as yet been examined fall within the three Great Cycles numbered, according to Mr. Goodman, the 53rd, 54th, and 55th.

Mr. Goodman has prepared and published full tables of these three Great Cycles which he calls the "Chronological Calendar," as well as a "Yearly Calendar" extending over the complete calendar round of 52 years.

On the following plate is given the first half of an inscription carved on the sides of stela B from Copan[11].

The Great Cycle sign is in this instance the 54th Great Cycle.

No. 1. The Cycle sign with one bar and four dots (5+4=9) above it.

No. 2. The Katun sign with three bars (5+5+5=15).

No. 3. The Ahau sign with the sign for a "full count" in front of it.

No. 4. The Chuen sign with "full count."

No. 5. The Day sign with "full count."

No. 6. The day named Ahau with four dots.

No. 7. The month named Yax with two bars and three dots (5+5+3=13).

The Initial date of this inscription therefore reads as follows:--

54th Great Cycle. (1) 9th Cycle. (2) 15th Katun. (3) "Full count" Ahaus. (4) "Full count" Chuens. (5) "Full count" Days. (6) 4 Ahau (day). (7) 13 Yax (month).

As a "full count" of days (twenty) is a Chuen, a "full count" of Chuens (eighteen) is an Ahau, and a "full count" of Ahaus (twenty) is a Katun. The foregoing inscription may be read thus:--

The 15th Katun of the 9th Cycle with no Ahaus, Chuens, or days added, begins with 4 Ahau 13 Yax.

A reference to Mr. Goodman's Chronological Calendar shows that the 15th Katun of the 9th Cycle of the 54th Great Cycle commences with the day 4 Ahau, the 13th day of the month Yax, the date which is here given in the inscription. The combination 4 Ahau 13 Yax can only occur once in a period of fifty-two years.

The second example on the plate gives the commencement of an inscription from the east side of Stela F at Quirigua.

The Great Cycle sign (54th) extends over the two columns of glyphs.

The signs for the Cycle, Katun, &c. are not in this case preceded by bar and dot numerals, but by grotesque human faces; Mr. Goodman has discovered that these faces are also numerals, and, although the whole series has not yet been satisfactorily established, the inscription may with some confidence be read as follows:--

The 54th Great Cycle. (1) The 9th Cycle. (2) The 16th Katun. (3) The 10th Ahau. (4) "Full count" Chuens. (5) "Full count" Days. (6) 1 Ahau (day).

The five following glyphs are not yet satisfactorily deciphered, and it is not until the 12th glyph that the month sign is arrived at.

(12) 3 Zip (month).

A reference to Mr. Goodman's Chronological Calendar would show that 1 Ahau 3 Zip is the first day of the 10th Ahau of the 16th Katun of the 9th Cycle of the 54th Great Cycle.

The third example of an inscription given on the plate shows four squares of picture-writing from Stela D at Quirigua[12]. It seems probable that in these pictures, which are found only on two monuments at Quirigua and on one at Copan[13], we have a survival of a form of writing which antedated the more conventional hieroglyphs. Both numerals and time periods are expressed by human and grotesque figures instead of by the heads alone, as in the preceding examples. The time periods in the example here figured take the form of grotesque birds.

These three squares following the Great Cycle sign denote the Cycle, Katun, and Ahau count, and may probably be written:--

(1) 9th Cycle. (2) 16th Katun. (3) 15th Ahau.

So far I have dealt only with the Initial dates on the Inscriptions. I now propose to examine a complete inscription with the help of Goodman's notes and tables, and for this purpose have selected one which was discovered by Mr. Teobert Maler amongst the ruins of Piedras Negras on the Usumacinta.

This inscription was known neither to Mr. Goodman nor myself until his essay and tables were already issuing from the press, and it therefore affords a fair field on which to test the value of his methods. The following partial explanation of the inscription is taken from a paper on the subject published in the 'Proceedings of the Royal Society'[14]:--

"The glyph A 1 is the initial glyph indicating the Great Cycle. It has more the appearance of the sign for the 53rd than for that of the 54th Great Cycle; but the signs for the different Great Cycles are still in need of elucidation, and the subsequent reckoning shows clearly that the dates fall within the table given by Mr. Goodman as that of the 54th Great Cycle.

"The next glyph B 1 is the Cycle sign with the numeral 9 in front of it (one bar =5 and four dots =4).

"A 2 is the Katun sign with the numeral 12 in front of it (two bars =10, and two dots =2; the hollow curve between the two round dots is merely used to fill up the space, and does not count).

"B 2 is the Ahau sign with the numeral 2.

"Turning to the tables of Mr. Goodman's Chronological Calendar, of which an extract showing the 10th to the 14th Katuns of the 9th Cycle is given on page 265, we find that the first day of the--

2nd Ahau, 12th Katun, 9th Cycle, 54th Great Cycle,

falls on the day 2 Ahau, the 18th day of the month Xul (which is underlined in the table).

"This is as far as the Chronological Calendar can guide us. We have next to find the position of this date in the Annual Calendar. The date can only occur once in the fifty-two years which constitute a calendar round, and an examination of the tables shows that it falls in the first year of the annual calendar (see page 266, where it is marked with a square).

"The next glyph in the inscription, A 3, is the Chuen sign with the sign which signifies a 'full count' of Chuens, in front of it. As a full count of Chuens is 18 and equals 1 Ahau, and as the number of Ahaus has already been recorded, the glyph A 3 means that no odd Chuens are to be added to the date already expressed.

"The glyph B 3 is the sign for a day (of twenty-four hours) preceded by the numeral 16.

"Turning to the first year of the annual calendar, we now add these 16 days to 2 _Ahau_ 18 _Xul_, the date already arrived at, and it will be found to bring us to 5 _Cib_ 14 _Yaxkin_ (marked with a circle).

"That this reckoning is correct is shown by the inscription itself, where the result is expressed: A 4 being 5 _Cib_, and B 7 14 _Yaxkin_. The six glyphs in the inscription intermediate between the sign of the day Cib, and the sign of the month Yaxkin, have not yet been thoroughly deciphered, but there is reason to suppose that they contain a parallel reckoning differently expressed.

"The next three glyphs are undeciphered; then comes another reckoning:--

"C 1 is the Chuen sign with the numeral 10 (two bars =10) above it, and a 'full count' sign at the side. Whether the 10 applies to the Chuens or days can only be determined by experiment, and such experiment in this case shows that the reckoning intended to be expressed is 10 Chuens and a 'full count' of days, that is for practical purposes 10 Chuens only, for as in the last reckoning when the full count of Chuens was expressed in the Ahaus, so here the full count of days is expressed in the Chuens.

"The next glyph D 1 is an Ahau sign, preceded by the numeral 12.

"This gives us--

12 Ahaus (12 × 360) = 4320 days. 10 Chuens (10 × 20) = 200 " ---------- 4520 days. 4380 " = 12 years. ---------- 140 days.

"Adding 4520 days, or 12 years and 140 days, to the date 5 _Cib_ 14 _Kankin_, it brings us to the date 1 _Cib_ 14 _Kankin_ in the thirteenth year of the annual calendar.

"Turning to the inscription we find at C 2 (passing over the first half of the glyph), 1 _Cib_ followed by (the first half of D 2) 14 _Kankin_, the date at which we have already arrived by computation.

"Passing over the next three glyphs we arrive at another reckoning: D 4 gives 10 days, 11 Chuens, 1 Ahau; and the first half of C 5 gives 1 Katun.

1 Katun 7200 days. 1 Ahau 360 " 11 Chuens (11 × 20) 220 " 10 Days 10 " ---------- 7790 days. 7665 " = 21 years. ---------- 125 days.

"Adding 7790 days or 21 years and 125 days to the previous date, 1 _Cib_ 14 _Kankin_, it will bring us to 4 _Cimi_ 14 _Uo_ in the thirty-fifth year of the annual calendar, and we find this date expressed in the inscription in the glyphs D 5 and C 6.

"Passing over the next three glyphs we arrive at another reckoning (E 1), 3 Ahaus, 8 Chuens, 15 days:--

3 Ahaus 1080 days. 8 Chuens 160 " 15 Days 15 " ---------- 1255 days. 1095 " = 3 years. ---------- 160 days.

"Adding 3 years and 160 days to the last date, 4 _Cimi_ 14 _Uo_, brings us to 11 _Ymix_ 14 _Yax_ in the thirty-eighth year of the annual calendar; this is the date we find expressed in the glyphs E 2 and F 2 of the inscription.

"It is true that the sign in the glyph E 2 is not the sign usually employed for the day Ymix, but that it is a day-sign we know from the fact that it is included in a cartouche, and I am inclined to think that the more usual Ymix sign (something like an open hand with the fingers extended) was inclosed in the oval on the top of the grotesque head, but it is too much worn for identification.

"Passing over seven glyphs, the next reckoning occurs at F 6, which gives:--

4 Chuens 80 days. 19 Days 19 " --------- 99 days.

"Adding 99 days to the last date, 11 _Ymix_ 14 _Yax_, brings us to 6 _Ahan_ 13 _Muan_ in the same year, and we find this date expressed in F 7 and F 8.

"The last glyph in the inscription is a Katun sign with the numeral 14 above it, and a sign for 'beginning' in front of it, and indicates that the last date is the beginning of a 14th Katun. If we turn to the Table for the 9th Cycle of the 54th Great Cycle, from which we started, it will be seen that the 14th Katun of that cycle does commence with the date 6 _Ahan_ 13 _Muan_."

FIFTY-FOURTH GREAT CYCLE.

Ninth Cycle.

+--------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+ |Nos. of the Katuns. _10_ | _11_ | _12_ | +-----+-----+------+-------+-----+------+-------+-----+------+-------+ |No. |No. |Day |Name |No. |Day |Name |No. |Day |Name | |of |of |of |of |of |of |of |of |of |of | |the |the |the |month. |the |the |month. |the |the |month. | |Ahau.|day |month.| |day |month.| |day |month.| | | |Ahau.| | |Ahau.| | |Ahau.| | | +-----+-----+------+-------+-----+------+-------+-----+------+-------+ | _20_| =1= | 8 | Kayab.|=12= | 8 | Ceh. |=10= | 8 |Yaxkin.| | _1_|=10= | 3 | " | =8= | 3 | " | =6= | 3 | " | | _2_| =6= | 18 | Pax. | =4= | 18 | Zac. | =2= | 18 | Xul. | | | | | | | | +-----+------+-------+ | _3_| =2= | 13 | " |=13= | 13 | " |=11= | 13 | " | | _4_|=11= | 8 | " | =9= | 8 | " | =7= | 8 | " | | _5_| =7= | 3 | " | =5= | 3 | " | =3= | 3 | " | | _6_| =3= | 18 | Muan.| =1= | 18 | Yax. |=12= | 18 | Tzec. | | _7_|=12= | 13 | " |=10= | 13 | " | =8= | 13 | " | | _8_| =8= | 8 | " | =6= | 8 | " | =4= | 8 | " | | _9_| =4= | 3 | " | =2= | 3 | " |=13= | 3 | " | | _10_|=13= | 18 |Kankin.|=11= | 18 | Chen. | =9= | 18 | Zotz. | | _11_| =9= | 13 | " | =7= | 13 | " | =5= | 13 | " | | _12_| =5= | 8 | " | =3= | 8 | " | =1= | 8 | " | | _13_| =1= | 3 | " |=12= | 3 | " |=10= | 3 | " | | _14_|=10= | 18 | Mac. | =8= | 18 | Mol. | =6= | 18 | Zip. | | _15_| =6= | 13 | " | =4= | 13 | " | =2= | 13 | " | | _16_| =2= | 8 | " |=13= | 8 | " |=11= | 8 | " | | _17_|=11= | 3 | " | =9= | 3 | " | =7= | 3 | " | | _18_| =7= | 18 | Ceh. | =5= | 18 |Yaxkin.| =3= | 18 | Uo. | | _19_| =3= | 13 | " | =1= | 13 | " |=12= | 13 | " | +-----+-----+------+-------+-----+------+-------+-----+------+-------+

Ninth Cycle (continued).

+-----------------------------+----------------------+------+ |Nos. of the Katuns. _13_ | _14_ | | +------+------+------+--------+------+------+--------+ | |No. |No. |Day |Name |No. |Day |Name |No. | |of |of |of |of |of |of |of |of | |the |the |the |month. |the |the |month. |the | |Ahau. |day |month.| |day |month.| |Ahau. | | |Ahau. | | |Ahau. | | | | +------+------+------+--------+------+------+--------+------+ | _20_ | =8= | 8 | Uo. | =6= | 13 | Muan. | _20_ | | | | | +------+------+--------+ | | _1_ | =4= | 3 | " | =2= | 8 | " | _1_ | | _2_ | =13= | 18 | Pop. | =11= | 3 | " | _2_ | | _3_ | =9= | 13 | " | =7= | 18 | Kankin.| _3_ | | _4_ | =5= | 8 | " | =3= | 13 | " | _4_ | | _5_ | =1= | 3 | " | =12= | 8 | " | _5_ | | _6_ | =10= | 3 | Uayeb. | =8= | 3 | " | _6_ | | _7_ | =6= | 18 | Cumhu. | =4= | 18 | Mac. | _7_ | | _8_ | =2= | 13 | " | =13= | 13 | " | _8_ | | _9_ | =11= | 8 | " | =9= | 8 | " | _9_ | | _10_ | =7= | 3 | " | =5= | 3 | " | _10_ | | _11_ | =3= | 18 | Kayab. | =1= | 18 | Ceb. | _11_ | | _12_ | =12= | 13 | " | =10= | 13 | " | _12_ | | _13_ | =8= | 8 | " | =6= | 8 | " | _13_ | | _14_ | =4= | 3 | " | =2= | 3 | " | _14_ | | _15_ | =13= | 18 | Pax. | =11= | 18 | Zac. | _15_ | | _16_ | =9= | 13 | " | =7= | 13 | " | _16_ | | _17_ | =5= | 8 | " | =3= | 8 | " | _17_ | | _18_ | =1= | 3 | " | =12= | 3 | " | _18_ | | _19_ | =10= | 18 | Muan. | =8= | 18 | Yax. | _19_ | +------+------+------+--------+------+------+--------+------+

ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR.

1st Year.

+----+--------+----+-----+----+-----+-----+----+-------+----+-----+ | |Names | | | | | | | | | | | |of the |Pop.| Uo. |Zip.|Zotz.|Tzec.|Xul.|Yaxkin.|Mol.|Chen.| | |months: | | | | | | | | | | | +--------+----+-----+----+-----+-----+----+-------+----+-----+ | |_Names | | | | | | | | | | | |of the | | | | | | | | | | | |days._ | | | | | | | | | | |_20_|Ik | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | | _1_|Akbal | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | | _2_|Kan | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | | _3_|Chicchan| 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | | _4_|Cimi | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | | _5_|Manik | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | | _6_|Lamat | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | | _7_|Muluc | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | | _8_|Oc | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | | _9_|Chuen | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | |_10_|Eb | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | |_11_|Ben | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | |_12_|Ix | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | |_13_|Men | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | |_14_|Cib | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | (5) | 12 | 6 | |_15_|Caban | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | |_16_|Ezenab | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | |_17_|Cauac | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | |_18_|Ahau | =6=| =13=| =7=| =1=| =8=| [2]| =9= | =3=| =10=| |_19_|Ymix | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | +----+--------+----+-----+----+-----+-----+----+-------+----+-----+

1st Year (continued).

+--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+------+----+ |Names | |Zac.| | |Kankin. | |Kayab. | | | |of the | | |Ceh.| | |Muan. | |Cumhu. | | |months: |Yax.| | |Mac.| | |Pax.| | |Uayeb.| | +--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+------+----+ |_Names | | | | | | | | | | | | |of the | | | | | | | | | | | | |days._ | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ik | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 |_20_| |Akbal | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | _1_| |Kan | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | _2_| |Chicchan| 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | _3_| |Cimi | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | _4_| |Manik | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | .. | _5_| |Lamat | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | .. | _6_| |Muluc | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | .. | _7_| |Oc | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | .. | _8_| |Chuen | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | .. | _9_| |Eb | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | .. |_10_| |Ben | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | .. |_11_| |Ix | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | .. |_12_| |Men | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | .. |_13_| |Cib | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | .. |_14_| |Caban | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | .. |_15_| |Ezenab | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | .. |_16_| |Cauac | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | .. |_17_| |Ahau | =4=|=11=| =5=|=12=| =6=|=13=| =7=| =1=| =8=| .. |_18_| |Ymix | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | .. |_19_| +--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+------+----+

13th Year.

+----+--------+----+-----+----+-----+-----+----+-------+----+-----+ | |Names | | | | | | | | | | | |of the |Pop.| Uo. |Zip.|Zotz.|Tzec.|Xul.|Yaxkin.|Mol.|Chen.| | |months: | | | | | | | | | | | +--------+----+-----+----+-----+-----+----+-------+----+-----+ | |_Names | | | | | | | | | | | |of the | | | | | | | | | | | |days._ | | | | | | | | | | |_20_|Ik | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | | _1_|Akbal | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | | _2_|Kan | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | | _3_|Chicchan| 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | | _4_|Cimi | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | | _5_|Manik | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | | _6_|Lamat | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | | _7_|Muluc | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | | _8_|Oc | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | | _9_|Chuen | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | |_10_|Eb | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | |_11_|Ben | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | |_12_|Ix | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | |_13_|Men | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | |_14_|Cib | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | |_15_|Caban | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | |_16_|Ezenab | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | |_17_|Cauac | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | |_18_|Ahau | =5=| =12=| =6=| =13=| =7=| =1=| =8=| =2=| =9=| |_19_|Ymix | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | +----+--------+----+-----+----+-----+-----+----+-------+----+-----+

13th Year (continued).

+--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+------+----+ |Names | |Zac.| | |Kankin. | |Kayab. | | | |of the | | |Ceh.| | |Muan. | |Cumhu. | | |months: |Yax.| | |Mac.| | |Pax.| | |Uayeb.| | +--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+------+----+ |_Names | | | | | | | | | | | | |of the | | | | | | | | | | | | |days._ | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ik | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 |_20_| |Akbal | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | _1_| |Kan | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | _2_| |Chicchan| 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | _3_| |Cimi | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | _4_| |Manik | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | .. | _5_| |Lamat | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | .. | _6_| |Muluc | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | .. | _7_| |Oc | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | .. | _8_| |Chuen | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | .. | _9_| |Eb | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | .. |_10_| |Ben | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | .. |_11_| |Ix | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | .. |_12_| |Men | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | .. |_13_| |Cib | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | (1)| 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | .. |_14_| |Caban | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | .. |_15_| |Ezenab | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | .. |_16_| |Cauac | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | .. |_17_| |Ahau | =3=|=10=| =4=|=11=| =5=|=12=| =6=|=13=| =7=| .. |_18_| |Ymix | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | .. |_19_| +--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+------+----+

35th Year.

+----+--------+----+-----+----+-----+-----+----+-------+----+-----+ | |Names | | | | | | | | | | | |of the |Pop.| Uo. |Zip.|Zotz.|Tzec.|Xul.|Yaxkin.|Mol.|Chen.| | |months: | | | | | | | | | | | +--------+----+-----+----+-----+-----+----+-------+----+-----+ | |_Names | | | | | | | | | | | |of the | | | | | | | | | | | |days._ | | | | | | | | | | |_20_|Eb | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | | _1_|Ben | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | | _2_|Ix | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | | _3_|Men | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | | _4_|Cib | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | | _5_|Caban | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | | _6_|Ezenab | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | | _7_|Cauac | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | | _8_|Ahau | =4=| =11=| =5=| =12=| =6=|=13=| =7= | =1=| =8=| | _9_|Ymix | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | |_10_|Ik | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | |_11_|Akbal | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | |_12_|Kan | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | |_13_|Chicchan| 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | |_14_|Cimi | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | |_15_|Manik | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | |_16_|Lamat | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | |_17_|Muluc | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | |_18_|Oc | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | |_19_|Chuen | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | +----+--------+----+-----+----+-----+-----+----+-------+----+-----+

35th Year (continued).

+--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+------+----+ |Names | |Zac.| | |Kankin. | |Kayab. | | | |of the | | |Ceh.| | |Muan. | |Cumhu. | | |months: |Yax.| | |Mac.| | |Pax.| | |Uayeb.| | +--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+------+----+ |_Names | | | | | | | | | | | | |of the | | | | | | | | | | | | |days._ | | | | | | | | | | | | |Eb | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 |_20_| |Ben | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | _1_| |Ix | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | _2_| |Men | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | _3_| |Cib | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 |(13)| 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | _4_| |Caban | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | .. | _5_| |Ezenab | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | .. | _6_| |Cauac | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | .. | _7_| |Ahau | =2=| =9=| =3=|=10=| =4=|=11=| =5=|=12=| =6=| .. | _8_| |Ymix | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | .. | _9_| |Ik | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | .. |_10_| |Akbal | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | .. |_11_| |Kan | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | .. |_12_| |Chicchan| 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | .. |_13_| |Cimi | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | .. |_14_| |Manik | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | .. |_15_| |Lamat | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | .. |_16_| |Muluc | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | .. |_17_| |Oc | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | .. |_18_| |Chuen | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | .. |_19_| +--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+------+----+

38th Year.

+----+--------+----+-----+----+-----+-----+----+-------+----+-----+ | |Names | | | | | | | | | | | |of the |Pop.| Uo. |Zip.|Zotz.|Tzec.|Xul.|Yaxkin.|Mol.|Chen.| | |months: | | | | | | | | | | | +--------+----+-----+----+-----+-----+----+-------+----+-----+ | |_Names | | | | | | | | | | | |of the | | | | | | | | | | | |days._ | | | | | | | | | | |_20_|Manik | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | | _1_|Lamat | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | | _2_|Muluc | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | | _3_|Oc | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | | _4_|Chuen | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | | _5_|Eb | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | | _6_|Ben | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | | _7_|Ix | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | | _8_|Men | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | | _9_|Cib | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | |_10_|Caban | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | |_11_|Ezenab | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | |_12_|Cauac | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | |_13_|Ahau |=12=| =6=|=13=| =7=| =1=| =8=| =2= | =9=| =3=| |_14_|Ymix | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | |_15_|Ik | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | |_16_|Akbal | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | |_17_|Kan | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | |_18_|Chicchan| 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | |_19_|Cimi | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | +----+--------+----+-----+----+-----+-----+----+-------+----+-----+

38th Year (continued).

+--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+------+----+ |Names | |Zac.| | |Kankin. | |Kayab. | | | |of the | | |Ceh.| | |Muan. | |Cumhu. | | |months: |Yax.| | |Mac.| | |Pax.| | |Uayeb.| | +--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+------+----+ |_Names | | | | | | | | | | | | |of the | | | | | | | | | | | | |days._ | | | | | | | | | | | | |Manik | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 |_20_| |Lamat | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | _1_| |Muluc | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | _2_| |Oc | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | _3_| |Chuen | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | _4_| |Eb | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | .. | _5_| |Ben | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | .. | _6_| |Ix | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | .. | _7_| |Men | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | .. | _8_| |Cib | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | .. | _9_| |Caban | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | .. |_10_| |Ezenab | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | .. |_11_| |Cauac | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | .. |_12_| |Ahau |=10=| =4=|=11=| =5=|=12=| =6=|=13=| =7=| =1=| .. |_13_| |Ymix |(11)| 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | .. |_14_| |Ik | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | .. |_15_| |Akbal | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | .. |_16_| |Kan | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | .. |_17_| |Chicchan| 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | .. |_18_| |Cimi | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | .. |_19_| +--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+------+----+

It is beyond the limits of possibility that the identity of the dates and intervals found in this inscription with those shown in the Calendars is the result of chance, and we may now fairly assume that the essential features of the dates and computations of time found on the carved inscriptions have passed from the region of mystery into that of established fact. This is, indeed, only one step in the elucidation of the meaning of the inscriptions, but it is one of the greatest importance. The next step, it is to be hoped, will be the collation of the dates on the Maya monuments with those of our own system of reckoning time. And although this step is beset with many difficulties, it should not be looked upon as impossible.

I regret to say that I am frequently asked, What is the good of labouring at the collection and interpretation of inscriptions which promise to add little or nothing to our historical knowledge and have no connection with the development of our own civilization? This question seems to me to imply a narrow view both of Anthropology and History. If the study of Egyptology and Assyriology possesses an especial interest to us through its connection with our ideas of religion, philosophy, and art filtered through Palestine, Greece, and Rome, surely it has as well a more general value, which American Archæology shares with it, in showing the evolution of human intelligence. The civilizations of the East are known to have acted and reacted on one another, so that it is often difficult to trace things to their original source; whereas in the civilization of America the culture must to a great extent have arisen and developed on the soil, free from extraneous influence, and on this account may furnish facts of the greatest importance which the East cannot supply. It is, indeed, possible that accidental drifts from Asia may occasionally have influenced American culture, but such drifts across a great ocean must have been few and far between, and cannot be compared to the influence exercised by one civilization on another in Asia and Africa. If, as is generally believed, the population of America came originally from the Asiatic continent, such an original migration must have taken place so early in the history of the human race that it antedated the use of bronze, iron, or domestic animals in the land from which the migrants came. Should further proof be needed to show the antiquity of the American races, it may be seen in the diversity of types amongst the races themselves, all, however, more nearly related to one another than to any types outside the American continent, and in the hundreds of distinct languages all bearing a similar relation to one another. Moreover, in the development of the maize-plant from an unknown wild stock into the numerous varieties yielding the magnificent grain which formed the staple food of the country, and has since the discovery of America become one of the most valuable food-stuffs of the world, we have evidence that the settlement of some of the American people as agriculturists must date from a remote past.

It is therefore with no regret that I look back on the years spent in the collection of materials for the study of Central-American Archæology; and I shall feel more than contented if the present volume helps to direct attention to the stores of material already accumulated, and to lead others to continue the interesting search for relics of the past amongst surroundings which it has been our desire to show in the pages of this book are neither wanting in human interest nor natural beauty.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] This statement may need further consideration.

[2] An inverted C or 'C is frequently used in Maya to indicate the sound "tz."

[3] See plan of court with closed ends on page 104.

[4] Historia general, Dec. II. lib. vii. cap. viii.

[5] The Castillo.

[6] See Cogolludo, 'Hist. de la Provincia de Yucathan,' Lib. ii. cap. vii.

[7] See photographs on pages 241 & 243.

[8] See Plate facing page 176.

[9] Cogolludo's 'History of Yucatan,' 1688.

[10] It is unfortunate that the _ahau_, or period of 360 days, bears the same name as one of the twenty days of the Maya month, and that the _chuen_, or twenty-day period, bears the name of another day of the month.

[11] A photograph of this monument is given on the plate facing page 120.

[12] See plate facing page 148.

[13] Fragments of two other series of picture-glyphs are to be found at Copan amongst the disjointed remains of the Hieroglyphic Stairway.

[14] The principal difference in Mr. Goodman's Annual Calendar from that given on page 257, is that he commences his Calendar with the day Ik instead of Kan, and consequently the "year bearers" are the days Ik, Manik, Eb, and Caban, instead of Kan, Muluc, Ix, and Cauac. The twenty days of the month are numbered on the margin of the table 20, 1, 2, 3, &c., up to 19. In the extract from the Chronological Calendar it will be seen that the Ahaus are numbered in the same way. If we should nowadays wish to use a similar notation, we should probably number the series 0, 1, 2, &c., 19; but it seems as though the Mayas, having no sign for 0, wrote the sign for 20 or a "full count" of Ahaus in the first place.

The eighteen Chuens are in like manner numbered 18, 1, 2, 3, &c., to 17, the same sign being used for a "full count" of Chuens as is used for a "full count" of Ahaus.

INDEX.

Acacia trees, 109.

Acalá, 245, 252.

Acapulco, Port of, 5.

Acatenango, Peak of, 39.

Achiote, 94.

Agave rigida, 197.

Agua, Volcano, _see_ Volcan.

Agua Blanca, 89.

Aguacate fruit, or alligator pears, 10, 58.

Aguardiente made at San Gerónimo, 107.

Ak at 'cib, building, Chichén Itzá, 203.

Alcaldes, engage carriers, 21, 105; their dress described, 28.

Alcaldes, of Antigua, 31.

---- of Belehú, 87, 88.

---- -- Cachapa, 115.

---- -- Chiché, 106.

---- -- Coban, 105.

---- -- Comitan, 115.

---- -- Copan, 139.

---- -- Godines, 46.

---- -- Ixkun, 174.

---- -- San Antonio, 54.

---- -- San Luis, 173.

---- -- Uspantan, 83.

Alguacils of Belehú, 88.

Alligator meat as Lenten fare, 41.

Alligators, near Yaxché, 181, in the Rio Makál, 185, in the Rio Usumacinta, 215, at Monte Cristo, 216-17.

Almolonga Plain, 25.

Alotenango, 37, 40.

Alotepeque Mines, 49.

Alta Vera Paz, tableland, 89.

Altars, ancient and modern, at Belehú, 87, 88, at Campeche, 195, at Chichén Itzá, 207, at Coban, 92, at Copan, 116, 118, in Ermitas, 158, at Quirigua, 149, at Rabinal, 103, in Stephen's house, 201, at Uspantan, 85, at Utatlan, 67.

Altos, the, cultivation in, 44, journey across, 71, exhilarating atmosphere on, 86, 89, pine-trees of, 116.

Alvarado, Doña Beatrix, the unfortunate, widow of Pedro Alvarado, elected governor of Santiago, 25, her death, 26.

---- Pedro de, founder of Santiago city, 25, his expedition to Peru and death, _ib._, his expedition to Guatemala, 60-66.

Alvarez, Saturnina, her kindness to men and animals, 190.

Amatitlan, Lake of, 8, 35.

American Archæology, 272.

---- work among the ruins of Copan, 142.

Angulo, Pedro de, Dominican missionary, 96, his journey through Tuzulutlan, 98.

Animals:-- Bats, 48, 78. Dogs, Maya, kept for eating, 251. ----, modern Indian, 79, 236-7. Gophers (Geomys hispidius), 33. Jaguars, skulls of, 236. Monkey, a pet, 179-81. Monkeys, howling, or Monos (Mycetes villosus), 145, 147, 148. Mules, 15, 16. Pigs, Indian, 79. Tapirs, 184.

Aniseed, 51.

Anonas, 10.

Antigua, (_see_ Ciudad Vieja, Guatemala, _and_ Santiago), coffee-plantations near, 23, the Hotel Rojas at, 24, Alvarado and his wife associated with, 25, ruined by floods, 25-6, rebuilt, and destroyed by earthquakes, 26; at present day, 27, bees of, _ib._, cochineal trade of, replaced by coffee-culture, _ib._, Fiesta de Reyes at, 28, Indian costumes seen near, 28-9, charm of the place, 29.

Ants, 109, marching army of, 122; Parasol-ants, curious habits of, 148.

Archers, Maya, mentioned, 67.

Arinchnak, 181.

Arms, absence of, in carvings at Ixkun, 170, and Quirigua, 150, shown at Chichén Itzá, 207, 210.

---- used in the present day, 237.

Arrieros and Mule-trains, 23, an uncivil individual, 219.

Astronomical theories as to the use of Maya temples, 234.

Atalaya, Castle, Utatlan, 66.

Atitlan, Lake of, 45, 46, 47, animal life near, 48, native travellers near, _ib._, attempts to photograph Indians of district, 49, returning pilgrims near, 49, 50, canoes on, and fish in, 57.

Atitlan, Volcano, _see_ Volcan.

Atlatl, Mexican throwing-stick, in sculpture, Chichén Itzá, 207, 210.

Aurora, or yellow-breasted trogon (Trogon caligatus), 120.

Avendaño, Padre Fray Antonio de, his embassy to the Itzá chief at Tayasal, 248-9.

Avila, Gil Gonzales de, lost with his party on the Rio Dulce, 250-1.

Babies, Indian, 10, 29, 31, 134, 166.

Bacalar, Spanish station at, 189.

Ball Court (Tlachtli) at Chichén Itzá, 204-6, at Rabinal, 104.

Bananas, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 23, 31, 76, 78, 108, 118, 156, uses of fibre of, 197.

Baptism the only rite considered vital by Indians, 186.

Barbas de viejo, flower (Bromelia), 58.

Barbasco, 145.

Barlee, Sir Frederick, Governor of British Honduras, 187.

Barrancas, or ravines, near Guatemala city, 8, 12, 17, 22, near Godines, 44, in the Motagua Valley, 76, near Uspantan, 88, near Utatlan, 63, 68.

Barrios, the, or wards of Cohan, how managed, 92.

----, General J.M. Reina, visits Champerico, 7.

----, General J. Rufino, his railway scheme, 173, his death, 133.

----, Puerto, railway from, in construction, 145.

Bats, 48, 78.

Bees, destructive work of, at Antigua, 27.

---- wild, at Quirigua, 147.

Beetles, 122.

Belehú, road to, 86, writer's quarters at, 87, scarcity of water at, 88, no road from, _ib._, departure from, and crossing of the Chixoy river, 89.

Belize, English merchants of, 49, writer's journey to by land, 187, and by river, 188; town of, and inhabitants described, _ib._, its history as a British colony, 189; Santa Cruz Indians at, 190, Dr. X. at, 190-2.

---- river, (_see also_ Makál), 181, 182, mangrove-swamp and bridge near, 187, divide in mountains near, 176.

Bennett, Mr., estate of, 107.

Benque Viejo, 181, ruins near, 182.

Bernouilli, Dr., results of his visit to Tikál, 235.

Bignonia (flowers), 23.

'Biologia Centrali-Americana,' 126, 127, 198, 258.

Birds:-- Aurora, or yellow-breasted Trogon (Trogon caligatus), 120. Blackbirds (Quiscalus), 110, 121. Cardinal bird, scarlet, 203. Chocolateras, spoonbills, 216. Cuckoos, ground, 110. Divers, 216. Ducks and coots, 57, 216. Egrets, 216. Flycatchers, 110. Geese, 67. Ground-doves, 110. Guarda-barrancas, 13, 119. Humming-birds, 110. Jays, blue and grey, 48, 110, 120. Macaws (Ara macao), 147. Mocking-birds or sensontes, 93, 106, 110, 203. Mot-mots, 110, 121, 203. Orioles (Icterus), _see also_ Oropendula, 110, 120. Oropendulas (Ostinops Montezumæ-Waglerii), 120, 147. Owls, 121. Parras, 216. Parroquets, 110, 119. Parrots, 81, 110, 118, 147. Partridges, 251. Pelicans, 4. Pheasants, 251. Pito-reales, 93. Puhuyak, or Night-jar, 121. Quetzal (Pharomacrus mociuno), 120. Sensontes, _see_ Mocking-birds, _supra_. Spoonbills, _see_ Chocolateras, 216. Teal, _ib._ Toucans (Rhamphastos carinatus), 120. Turkeys, Peten (Meleagris ocellata), 178. Whip-poor-will, 48, 121. Woodpeckers, 110, 121. Wrens, 110. Zopilotes (Cathartes atratus), 13, 90, 111, 121.

Blackbirds (Quiscalus), 110, 121.

Black Christ, shrine of, at Esquipulas, festival of, and pilgrims to, 49, 50, 58.

Blancancaux, Mr., 179, 182.

Blockley, Mr., 149, 151.

Blue Mountains, 183.

Boats: Canoes, 57, 193, 236, 239, Cayueos, 239, Doreys, 188, Pit-pans, 186.

Boca del Cerro, 236.

Bogran, General, President of the Republic of Honduras, 128, 129.

Bonacca, landing of Columbus at, 193.

Bottle-brush flowers, 110.

Bowditch, Mr. Charles, 142.

Bows and arrows used by the Mayas, but never found in sculptures, 207, 211.

British Honduras, a journey into, 182, mural painting found in, 122.

---- ---- Governor of, _see_ Barloe.

---- Museum, sculptures presented to, 241.

Bromelias, 92.

Brown seed-necklaces worn by Indians, 236-7.

Brujeria (witchcraft), 49, 135.

Brujo, Indian name for wizard, 172.

Buildings, _see_ Indian.

Burial-places, (_see_ Indian), at Ixkun, 178.

Burnes, Mr., 107.

Cabildos: of Atitlan, 60, of Belehú, 87, of Copan, 128.

Cacao, (_see also_ Madro de Cacao), first seen by the Spaniards, 194, 251; wild, 217.

Cachapa, 115, 116.

Cachil, Cumbre de, 106.

Cachiquel Indians, (_see_ Quiché Indians), Chronicles of, 61.

Cacique, an Indian, at the court of Charles V., 74.

Caciques of Bonacca, 193, of Sacapulas and Coban, 96-7.

Cacti, 112.

---- Nopal, 27.

---- Organ-pipe, 117.

Cajabon, track from, to Coban mapped, 157, Ermita _en route_ to, 158, hammock bridge near, 159, the Lopez family at (_see also_ Lopez), _ib._; the Dutch Padre of, 160-2, the Convento at, _ib._, forest journey from, 163.

Calabash trees, 237.

Calceolarias, 76.

Calvario, the, at Coban, (_ill._), 100.

Camalote, or high reeds, 182-3.

Campeche, 195, landing of Cordova at, and Maya temple of, _ib._, harbour of, 196, ruins near, and need of further exploration of, 252.

Cancer, Luis, Dominican missionary, his visit to Coban, 99.

Cancuén River, 167-8.

Canna-leaves, use of, 92.

Cannibalism attributed to Englishmen, 157.

Canoes at Santa Catarina, 57, 193, 236, 239.

Canoes of the Mayas of Bonacca, 193.

Capulin tree, bark of, 113.

Caracol, the, at Chichén Itzá, 203.

Caralampio, son of Gorgonio Lopez, _see_ Lopez.

Cardinal bird, scarlet, 203.

Cargadores, _see_ Indian carriers.

Caribal, or village, of untamed Indians, 236-7.

Caribes, _see_ Lacandon Indians.

Caribs, 236, of Belize, 188-9, 190.

---- of Livingston, their fish-trade, 155.

---- women, pictures of, 192.

Carmen, Isla de, 212.

Carrera, the Dictator, and the priests, 11.

Castillo, the, at Chichén Itzá, 204, 209.

Catherwood, cited on the ruins of Chichén Itzá, 198, of Copan, 127, his plan of buildings at Utatlan, 69.

Catoche, Cape, landing of Cordova at, 195.

Caves, near the Rio Lanquin, 159.

Cayo, El, writer's arrival at, 182, men despatched from, to Tikál, _ib._, mozos paid off, 185, others become homesick at, 176, boat used at, 186; the stone lintel packed at, 240.

Cedars, 2, 140, 146.

Cedron nut, its uses, 170.

Ceiba tree, 121-2.

Ceniza, La, shooting affray at, 144.

'Cenotes, 196, 203, 207.

----, sacred, at Chichén Itzá, 208, 209.

Centipedes, 23, 122.

Cerro del Carmen, church of, 13, 14.

Chacujál, (_see also_ Pueblo Viejo), ruins at, 104, 248; Cortés's expedition to, 250-1.

Chajmaic River, 167-8.

Chaltunes, or underground cisterns, 235.

Chambon, M., joins writer at Laguna, 215, and at Palenque, 219; dances a Zapateado, 221.

Champerico, port of, 7.

Champoton, landing of Cordova at, 195.

Charles V., and the cacique, 74.

Charms, Indian, against fevers, 59.

---- against Snake-bite, 171.

Charnay, M. Desiré, and his travels, 239-40, his work on Central America and Mexico, _ib._

Cheirostemon platanoides tree, 33.

Chiapas, 61, Indians of, 236.

Chicha, an Indian drink, 31.

Chichajác, alleged idols at and search for, 168, 172.

Chiché, village of and mounds at, 75, obsidian knives etc. found at, _ib._, writer's quarters at, _ib._, precipitous track from to Uspantan, 76-7, writer's boxes detained at, 106.

Chichén Itzá, (_see also_ Stephens), ruins of, 193, writer's visit to, 199, and quarters in, 200, 202, visited by officials, 200; Mr. Sweet joins writer, 202, arrangement and descriptions of the ruins, 202 _et seq._; wall-painting of a human sacrifice found at, 207; difficulties of taking mouldings at, 207-8; Landa cited on the sortilege of the 'cenote at, 208-9; comparison of ruins at with those of Copan and Quirigua, 210; constant difficulties in getting workmen, 200, 211, success of work at, largely due to Mr. Sweet, 244.

Chichicaste trees, or tree-nettles, 72, use of their leaves, 73.

Chichicastenango (Santo Tomas), town of, 72, Indian costumes at, 73, Indian church-function at, _ib._, funeral procession at, 74.

Chico-sapote wood, 233.

Chilapa, 245.

Chili-peppers, 124, 237, 251.

Chimaltenango, hotel at, 41, hills and plains of, 72.

Chinic village, fruit-culture at, 76.

Chiquimula village, doctor at, 125.

Chixoy River or Rio Negro (_q. v._), 87, bridge across, 88-9, 167-8.

Chocolateras (birds), 216.

Chol Indians, missionary effort amongst, 248.

Christmas market, Guatemala city, 10.

Chronicles, the, of the Cachiquel Indians, 61.

Chuaca, old Spanish settlement at, 196.

Chuntuchí, 248, 250.

Churches in Guatemala city, 12.

Chute fern, use made of, 91.

Cicadas, 77.

Ciguatecpan, 245.

Cimientos, or foundation mounds, 169, _see_ Mounds.

Cinder ridge, on Fuego mountain, 40.

'Citas, 198.

Ciudad Vieja near Antigua, the former capital, 24.

Clergy, celibacy of, past, 90, and present, 25.

Coban, Indians of, 87, 158; bad road to, 90; welcome of Mr. and Mrs. Thomac, _ib._, cottages and gardens of the natives, 91, their family saints and family settlements, 92, divisions of the town, _ib._, religious ceremonies at, 93, curious dances at, 94-5; decline of ecclesiastical power in, 94; market at, 95; Spanish missionaries to, 95-99; foreigners in at present time, 99, the Calvario at, _ib._, track from to Cujabon, mapped, 157.

---- river, 105.

Cochineal trade, formerly the staple of Antigua, 27.

Cockroaches, 123.

Cockscomb Mountains, 183.

Cocoanuts, 10.

Coco-palms, 3, 4, 7, 8, 23, 107, 109.

Coffee bushes, 23, 27, 30, 53, 57, 91, 108.

---- trees, San Cristóbal, 89.

Cofradias, the, of Coban, organization of, 92, and suppression, 95.

Colima, Devil-fish at, 5.

"Colima" steamship, wreck of, 3.

Coloradillo insect, 122.

Colorado Casa, Chichén Itzá, 199-202.

Columbus meets the Mayas at Bonacco, 193-4.

Comitan village, Gorgonio's passport demanded at, 115, 198.

Commandante, the, at Monte Cristo, 222.

Cooking at high altitudes, 34-5.

Conventos at Cajabon, 160-2, at San Andrés Sacabajá, 78, at San Gerónimo, 197, at Uspantan, 84.

Copal used in sacrifice, 75, 168-9, 177, 209, 238.

Copan, 61, 70; road to, 105, writer's start for, 114, fording the river, 115; greeted at by the Niña Chica, 116; monumental remains at, 70, 117; writer's quarters at, 117, 118, 128, duties of the party at, 118, 119, birds at, 119-121, vegetation at, 122, insects of, 122, marching army of ants at, 122-3, snakes and wild animals of, 123, villagers, interested and interesting, 124, 125, 134-6, women of, _ib._, results of writer's work at, published in the 'Biologia Centrali-Americana,' 126-7; imposing plazas at, 126; earliest description of ruins at, 127; necessary outfit for the explorations at, and difficulties of transport, 128; site and condition of ruins at, 129, remains of temples among, 129, 130, calendar glyphs on stola at, 263, carved monoliths at, 70; visit of a general of the Honduras army to, 13, hindrances to work at, 132, generosity of the Niña Chica, _ib._, precautions against marauders, 133, a case of brujeria or witchcraft, 135, evening chats with the villagers of, 126, religion of villagers, 136-7, the Novena of San Antonio, 137, Easter celebrations at, 138; a case of goma or drunkenness-disease at, 138-9, honesty of the natives at, _ib._, the one exception, _ib._; lessons in cleanliness to the natives at, 140; difficulties of packing and despatching moulds, _ib._; changes at the ruins since date of visit, and important work on by Americans, 142; thunderstorms at, 143; writer leaves, for Quirigua, 143.

Copileo, 245.

Cordova, Hernandez de, his expedition to Yucatan, 194-5.

Corn, Indian, 32, 44, 108.

Coroza palms, 145, 147, 152.

Cortés, Hornando de, his expedition to Mexico, and conquest thereof, 195, 204; his march to Honduras, 183, 244-6, 250, 251.

Costa Grande, low lands of, 51.

Costumes seen in Guatemala, 28.

---- of Alcaldes, 20.

---- Indian, 23, 84, seen in Antigua, 29.

---- ---- in Chimaltenango, 43.

---- ---- Palenque, 58.

---- ---- Patzun, 42-3.

---- ---- San Tomas, 73.

---- ---- Sololá, 71-2.

---- ---- worn by Lacandon Indians, 237.

----, Ladino, at San Miguel, 84.

---- ---- Servants' at Guatemala, 10.

---- ---- Women's, 29, riding _do._, 48.

---- Mestiza Women's, Laguna, 213.

Cozumel, Island of, 195.

Craters, of Agua, 26, 34-6.

---- of Fuego, 40.

Creoles, (_see also_ Caribs), 188.

Crickets, 48.

Cu (Indian name for a temple), at Chichén Itzá, 209, at Ixkun, 177, at Tayasal, 246, at Uspanlan, 80, at Utatlan, 67.

Cuba, 195.

Cubulco, 102.

Cuckoos, ground, 110.

Cuesta de Santa Maria, 62.

Cultivation, Indian methods of, 44, 46.

Culúa, city, 251-2.

Custom House, exorbitant charges of at Guatemala, 8, 11, 15, irritating methods at Laguna, 214.

Cuzcatlán (Salvador), reached by Alvarado, 65.

Cypress, 85.

Dances, 94-5, 214, 220-1.

Delgado, Padre Diego, his missionary expedition to Tayasal and its fate, 247.

Devil-fish, 5.

Diaz, Bernal, 194, cited on Cordova's expedition, 195, 244-5.

----, Porfirio, President of Mexico, 190.

Dieseldorff, Mr. Erwin, archæologist, 119, 126.

Distilleries at San Gerónimo, 108.

Divers (birds), 216.

Dogs, Indian, ravenous, 79, 236-7.

Dolores, village, 174, 176.

---- de las Lacandones, settlement founded, 247.

Dolphins, 4.

Domingo, his tale of stone Idols, 164-5, and search for, 168, he propitiates the hill-spirit, 169, his vast appetite, 164.

Dominican missionaries at Coban, 95, at Santiago, 95, 96, in Sacapulas, 97, at Tuzulutlan, 98.

Drunkenness, _see_ Goma.

Ducks and coots, 57, 216.

Dulce, Golfo, 128, 152, 251.

---- river, 246, gorge of, 155, 251.

Dutch padre at Coban, his reminiscences, 161-2, he reads a novel, 162.

Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions at Antigua, 26.

Easter and Holy Week, holidays kept by Indians, 138, 143.

Ecclesiastical influence, decline of in Coban, 94, in Guatemala, 11.

Educational difficulties, 54-5.

Egrets, 216.

Elder trees and flowers, 22, 32.

Embroidery of Sololá, fame of, 71.

Enaguas, part of women's dress, 23, 29, 42-3, 84.

Encuentros, Los, elevation of, 72.

Epiphytes, 58.

Equipment of a native traveller, 20.

---- necessary for exploring ruined cities, and difficulties of transporting it, 128, 141, 150.

Erezuma, Don Adolfo, 215, 217, 222, 223.

Ermitas described, 158.

Escuintla, ice trade of, 34.

Esquipulas, shrine of the Black Christ at, and religious festival of, 49, view of, 50.

Estancos (public-houses), 53, as pawn-shops, 72.

Euphorbiæ, 111.

Family Saint, Indian, 92.

---- settlement, _ib._

Ferns:-- Chute fern, 91. Maidenhair, 22. Tree-, 91, 105, 155.

Ficus trees, 30, 119.

Fiestas, (_see_ Easter &c.) of the Hija de Maria, 12.

---- Indian, 73, 220.

---- de Reyes, 28.

Fighting scene in wall-paintings at Chichén Itzá, 207.

Fireflies, 77.

Fire Peak, Volcan de Fuego (_ill._), 39.

Fish:-- Devil-fish, 5, Dolphins, 4, Flying-fish, 4, Mojarra, 57, Triponcito or Pepesca, in the lake of Atitlan, 57.

---- in the Rio Usumacinta, 216.

Fish-fence, 217.

Flores, (_see also_ Tayasal), 232, 235, 245.

Flowers:-- Barbas de viejo (Bromelia), 58. Bignonia, 23. Bottle-brush, 110. Bromelias, 58, 92. Cacti, 112. Nopal cactus, 27. Organ-pipe cactus, 112. Calceolarias, 76. Cannas, 92. Cranes' bills, 33. Dahlias, 1, 22. Elder, 22, 32. Epiphytes, 58. Euphorbiæ, 112. Frangipani, 83, 106. Geraniums, 33. Heliotrope, 1, 22. Hibiscus, crimson, 23, 140. Jasmin, yellow, 23. Madre de Cacao, 106. Mimosa, 80. Mistletoe, 83. Morning glories, 8. Musæ, 92. Orchids, 58, 78, 83. Pointsettia, 23. Roses, 1, 22, 23, 91. Salvias, scarlet, 32. Sunflowers, 8, 22, 32, 33. Tillandsias, 83. Violets, 102. Wigandia, 22.

Flycatchers, 110.

Flying-fish, 4.

Foreigners in Coban, 9, in Guatemala, 11.

Forest life, animal and vegetable, 147.

Forests, lowland and mountain, difference of vegetation in, 122.

Foundation-mounds, _see_ Cimientos.

Frangipani, 83, 106.

Frijoles, 19, 174.

Frogs, 48.

Frontera, town of, 212, 215.

Fruit and Fruit-trees:-- Aguacates or Alligator-pears, 10, 58. Aniseed, 51. Anonas, 10. Bananas, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 23, 31, 76, 78, 108, 118, 150. fibre of, or Manilla hemp, 197. Cacao, 194. wild, 217, 251. Cedron nut, 170. Chili-peppers, 124, 237, 251. Cocoanuts, 10. Cocoanut-palms, 3, 4, 7, 8, 23, 107, 109. Coffee-bushes, 23, 27, 30, 53, 57, 91, 108. trees, 89. Ficus trees, 30, 119. Matapalo (parasitic fig), 147. Gourds, 237. Jocotes, 10. ---- trees, 31, 57. Lemons, sweet, 10. Limes, 10. Oranges, 10, 57, 76, 108. Peach-trees, 23, 32. Peppers, 251, _see_ Chili-peppers. Pimiento, 10. Pine-apples, 10. Plantains, 23, 237. Sugar-cane, 107, 117. Tomatoes, 10, 237. Yams, 237.

Fuchsias, 33.

Fuego, Volcano, _see_ Volcan.

Fuensalida, Padre Bartolomé de, his expedition to Tayasal, 246-7.

Fuentes y Guzman, Francisco Antonio, author of the Recordacion Florida, 66, his description of Utatlan, _ib._, 69, 253.

Gambling, 213.

Games, of the Mayas, 205-6.

Gann, Dr., mural paintings found by, in British Honduras, 252.

Garrapata insects (ticks), 122.

Gaumer, Dr. and Mrs., work for the 'Biologia Centrali-Americana,' 198.

German traders in Guatemala, 11.

Giuntini, Mr., plaster-moulder, 128, 130, _passim_.

God of Thunder (Idol), 246, 247.

Godines, road to, 43, great barranca of, _ib._, writer's arrival at and meeting with Mr. Audley Gosling, 45, view from camp at, 46, ride through, 51.

Golfete, the, 154.

Goodman, Mr. J. T., his notes and tables of Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions, 258 _et seq._

Goma disease, the, 138.

Gophers or Taltusas (Geomys hispidius), 33.

Gorgonio, _see_ Lopez.

Gosling, Mr. Audley, 45, 51.

Gourds, 237.

Gracias á Dios, falls of, 165.

Great Cycles of the Mayas, _see_ Hieroglyphics.

---- Southern Pine Ridge, _see_ Pine Ridge.

Grijalva, Juan de, his expedition discovers Mexico, 195.

---- River, 245.

Ground cuckoos, 110.

---- doves, _ib._

Guacacualcos town, 244-5.

Guarda-barrancas (birds), 13, 119.

Guatemala city, (_see_ Antigua, Ciudad Vieja, Iximché, _and_ Santiago), 8, 15, barrancas near, _ib._, 12, situation and surroundings of, 9, the market-place of, 10, exorbitant Customs duties at, 11; decay of ecclesiastical influence at, _ib._; churches, vesper service at, 12; German merchants at, 11; evening promenade, 13; Hotels at, 14; British legation at, _ib._; foundation of city, 25-6; strongholds of, 70.

Guzman, _see_ Fuentes y Guzman.

Hammock bridge, 159-60.

Harris, Mr., and Mr. Burns, hospitality of, 106-7.

Heliotrope, 1, 22.

Henequen cultivation, 197.

Herrera, Don Carlos, his cattle-rancho at Quirigua, 146.

---- the historian, his account of Tlachtli, 205.

Heyde, Father, his excavations in the plain near Rio Negro, 80.

Hibiscus, crimson, 23, 40.

Hieroglyphic inscriptions of the Mayas, (_see_ Copan _etc._); the Codices, 254; month and day signs, 255; numerals, 256, and annual calendar, 256, 257, 258; signs for the periods of time (Chuen, Ahau, _etc._), 259-61; Great cycles, 261; Archaic Annual Calendar, 264, 266-271; collection and interpretation of inscriptions, use of the work, 271; antiquity of the American races evidenced by, retrospect, 272.

Hijas de Maria, fiesta de, 12.

Hill spirits, Indian belief in, 168-9.

Holmes, Mr. W. H., 229.

Hondo river, 235, 246.

Honduras, (_see_ British Honduras), march of Cortés to, 196. gulf of, 75. republic of, President of, 128. army of, how occupied in time of peace, 131. war of with neighbouring states, 132.

Horse, the, of Cortés, treated as a god, an idol of made, 246-7.

Huipils, part of women's dress, 23, 29, 42, 43.

Human faces in sculpture, 80, 203, 263.

Human sacrifice, a representation of, in the paintings at Chichén Itzá, 207; by drowning at, 208.

Humming-birds, 110.

Ice, 33, 34.

Idols, 15, 69; reported existence of, 164, 168, 203; the Trinquete idol, 205, Tzimin Chac idol, 246-7.

Iglesia, la, at Chichén Itzá, 203.

Iguana lizards, Rio Makál, 185.

---- village of, 145.

Indian and Indians:-- Babies, 10, 29, 31, 134, 166. Baptism, importance of to, 106. Belief in hill spirits, 168-9. Birth customs, 136. Burial-places, (_see_ Ermitas), 158. burial of a child, 167. Carriers (_called also_ cargadores _and_ mozos), engaged by the Alcaldes, 21, cost of, 32, appearance when loaded, 48, difficulty in obtaining, 105-6, laziness of, 87, refuse to proceed, 71, difficulties with, 76-7, 105, 163-4, 217, inhumanity of, 166; catering for, 164; discourse to, 172, dismissal of, 185, home-sickness among, 186. Charms, 50, 171. Costumes, _see_ Costumes, Indian. Courtesy, 48. Dances of, 92-5. Drinks, 31, 92, 194. Dulness when civilized, 237. Easter customs and Holy Week, 138, 143. Family organization, 92. ---- Saints, _ib._ Food, 10, 19, 48, 164, 174, 224. Habit of firing rockets, 74. Holidays, (_see also_ Easter, _supra_). Hostility to excavations, 86. Houses, 51. ---- and gardens, 91. Ice collection by, 33, 34. Labour, difficulties connected with, (_see_ Carriers, _supra_), 107, 211, at Rabinal, 105. Methods of digging, introduction of wheelbarrows, 200-1. Music, 49, 59, 94, 96. Objection to being photographed, and reasons, 49. Pilgrims, ceremonies of, 58, at prayer, 88, journey of, to the Black Christ at Esquipulas, 49. Religion, 58, 88, 136-7, 186. Reverence for localities, 168. Saints, 92. School-boys and school-masters, 55. Small communities, sanitary advantages of, 98, 102. Sunday-night customs, San Antonio, 53-4. Washerwomen, 10, 20. Weapons, present day, 237. Wedding ceremonies at Coban bridge (pre-Christian), 97-8. Women of Santa Maria, 31. dress of, _see_ Costumes, Enaguas, _and_ Huipils. dulness of their life, 58. unattractiveness of, 31. weaving of, 56. Worship, _see_ Baptism, Pilgrims, &c.

Indians of British Honduras and Yucatan, 189-90, of Guatemala, 10, of Santa Cruz, Yucatan, their status akin to slavery, 198.

Indigo trade, 49.

Insects, troublesome, at Copan, 122, at Laguna, 214, on the river Usumacinta, 215, at Yaxché, 178.

Insects:-- Ants, 102, 109, 122. Parasol, 148. Bees, 27, 147. Centipedes, 123. Cockroaches, _ib._ Coloradillos, 122. Fireflies, 77. Flies, _passim_. Garrapatas (Ticks), 122. Mosquitos, 147, 150, 215, 226. Scorpions, 123, 150. Spiders, 123. Wasps, 109.

Irrigation at Panajachél, 57, at San Gerónimo, 107.

Irving, Washington, cited on Columbus and the Maya Indians, 193.

Itzá Indians, 70, their former headquarters, 245, missionary effort among, 246-9, buildings of, 249, migration and decay of, _ib._

Iximehé or Guatemala, 60, 66, 67, 69, 70.

Ixkun, ruins at, 174-7, cués or temples at, 177, carved stela at, 243.

Izalco, Volcano, _see_ Volcan.

Izamal, _see_ Yzamal.

Jaguars, use made of skulls of, 236.

Jamet y Sastre, Messrs., 168, 215, 235.

Jasmin, yellow, 23.

Jays, blue and grey, 48, 110, 118, 120.

Jesuit missions and Caribs, 188.

Jicacques, _see_ Lacandones.

Jícaro, El, visit of the Jefe Político, 111, writer's journey resumed through parched and waterless ground, 112.

Jocotan, 115.

Joyabaj, 80.

Juan, Don, cacique of Coban, _see_ Caciques.

Juarros, Domingo, his description of Utatlan, 66.

Labná, ruins at, 198.

Lacandon river, 236, 240, 241, writer's journey on, 167, Spanish explorations of, 247.

Lacandones, Indians, 236, an untamed tribe, 83, lake stronghold of, 70, their copal offerings at Menché, 238.

Ladino church function, a, 12, 43. Costumes, 10, 29, 48, 84, 213. indifference to Indian customs, 73. inhabitants of Guatemala, 10. of San Antonio, 53. servants, 10. soldiers, 51. travellers, 48.

Ladrada, Rodrigo de, 96.

Laguna, La, 115.

Laguna, wood-shipping season at, 212; principal inhabitants and pastimes, 213-4, Mestiza women at, _ib._, houses of the Mestizos at, 214, surroundings of, _ib._, writer joined at, by Mr. Price and M. Chambon, 215, the start from, _ib._, alligators and mosquitos of, _ib._

Lake of Amatitlan, _see_ Amatitlan.

---- of Atitlan, _see_ Atitlan.

---- strongholds in days of Spanish discovery, 70.

Landa, Diego de (Bishop of Yucatan), his description of the sacred 'cenote at Chichén Itzá, 208; cited on Maya divisions of time, 254-5.

Lanquin river and places near, 159, 163.

Las Casas, Bartolomé, (Apostle of the Indies) undertakes the conversion of the Indians of Tuzulutlan, 95, 96, 98, 99, and those of Sacapulas, 97.

Lenten fare, alligator meat, 41.

Leopard, painting of, at Utatlan, 69.

Lianes, use of, 78, 113, 174.

Lick Observatory, visit to, 2.

Lightning-stones, _i. e._ stone axes, 114.

Lignum-Vitæ trees, 110.

Lintels, carved, 206, 235, 238, 239, one taken home, 240.

Livingston, port of, 128, 155-6, 246.

Llano de la Fragua, waterless plain, writer's journey across, 112, river forded in, 113.

Localities, Indian reverence for, 168.

Loom, Indian, 56.

Lopez family, the home of, 159. Caralampio, son of Gorgonio, 16, 17, 33, 84, 224. Carlos, brother of Gorgonio, 119, 140, 157, 163, 185. Gorgonio, a faithful companion, 16-19, his kindness to animals, 20, his patience, 105, his bathes an object-lesson to Indians, 140, 151; prostrate with fever, 154, 159; loses his way in forest, 171, 187; at Palenque, 224, at Menché, 240. José Domingo, 140, 163, 171, 182, 224.

Lovemaking, native ways of, 114, 213.

Lycopodium, 83.

Macaws (Ara macao), 147.

Machaquilá river, 167, 174, 183.

Madre, Sierra, 9.

Mahogany trees and trade, 146, 168, 188, 239, 241.

Maidenhair fern, 22.

Maize, 28, drink made from, 31, 51, 237, 251, (_see also_ Corn).

Majares, Don Carlos, 215, 223.

Makál river, 183, rafting over, 184, old settlements along, 185, Monkey Fall on, 182.

Maldonado, Alonzo, and the Dominican missionaries, 96.

Maler, Mr. Teobert, hieroglyph found by at Piedras Negras, 263.

Mangrove-trees, 121, 122, swamps of, 187-8.

Manikin sceptres in sculptures at Quirigua, 176.

Manila, ruin of its hemp trade, 176.

Manzanilla, port of Colima, 5.

Marauders, precautions against, 133.

Marimon, Dr. Sebastian, 244.

Market-places, _see_ Plazas.

Matapalo, or parasitic fig, 147.

Mayas, first historical notice of, 193; attempts to subdue, 196; human faces in sculpture of, 203, 263; civilization of, 128, its evolution, 242; hieroglyphic inscriptions of, 254-72, limited range of these, 242; principal cities of, 211; probably original inhabitants of Yucatan, 213, peoples who dispossessed them, _ib._, 244; Cortés's march through regions where Maya remains are still found, 244-6; Temples and ruins, (_see under various places_), 249, 252-3.

Maya-Quiché language, area in which spoken, 60.

Melchor Alfaro de Santa Cruz, map of Tabasco by, 244.

Menché Tinamit, ruins of, 168, 215, 230, 235, 245, writer's journey to, 236; inhabitants of the forests near, _ib._, their houses, cultivation, and likeness to figures in sculptures, 16, 237; writer's arrival at ruins, _ib._, and description of them, 238 _et seq._, arrival of M. Charnay at, 239; carved lintel found at and removed, 239-40; return from, up the river, 240; Menché becomes a Mexican possession, 241.

Mendoza, Baltasar de, 64.

Mercer, Mr. Henry, his deductions from examination of the caves of Yucatan cited, 211, his opinions on the Maya race cited, 211, 245.

Meseta, the, or cinder ridge, Volcan de Fuego, 38-40.

Mestiza women, of Laguna, their costume, 213, and houses, 214; of Monte Cristo, their fine hair, 220.

Mexico, discovered by Grijalva, 195, conquered by Cortés, 244; death of Alvarado at, 25; Maya migrations from, 242; Prescott's glowing account of, 253.

Mico, Sierra del, (_see also_ Minas), 145, 152.

Milson, Mr., 182, 186.

Mimosa, 80.

Minas, Sierra de las, (_see also_ Mico), 104, 145, 250.

Missionaries, (_see_ Dominican), Indian traders as, 96.

Mistletoe, 83.

Mixco, stone figures on the road to, 15 (_ill._), ruins near, 17; washerwomen of, 20.

Mocking-birds or Sensontes, at fiestas, 93; 106, 110, 203.

Mojarru, fish, 57.

Monkey, infant, as pet, 179-81.

---- Falls, Rio Makál, 182.

Monkeys, howling, or Monos, (Mycetos villosus), 145, 147, 148.

Monoliths at Copan, 117.

Monte Cristo, 215, climate, river, birds, and fish of, 216; writer's start for Palenque from, 217; revisited, 220; Shrove Tuesday carnival at, _ib._, surly muleteer at, 219-223.

Montejo, Francisco de, at Chichén Itzá, 210; his expedition to Yucatan, 196.

Mopan river, 181.

Mopanes, tribe, missionaries sent to, 248.

Morazan, or Tocoy, writer puts up in the school-house at, 109; his journey from, _ib._, vegetation at, _ib._, birds at, 110.

Morning glories (flowers), 8.

Moros and Christianos, dance so-called, 94-5.

Mosquitos, 147, 150, 215, 226.

Motagua river, 72, 75, 76; ford of, 111, ferry across, 145; fever-haunted forest near, 156; valley deserted by Mayas, 242, their migrations to and from, 242-3.

Mot-mots (birds), 110, 121, 203.

Moulds of sculptures, (_see_ Equipment), packing and transport of, 140, disasters in transit, condition on reaching England, 151.

Mounds, or Cimientos, 169, near Chiché, 75, near Uspantan, 80, believed to contain treasure, 86.

Mozos, _see_ Indian carriers.

Mugeres Island, ruined temple on, 197.

Mules, purchase of, 15, strange adventures of Gorgonio's, 17.

Muleteers, _see_ Arrieros.

Musæ, 92.

Music of the Vera Paz Indians, 93, 94, 96.

Nahua Indians, invasions of, 211; 242.

Names of frontier towns, comments on, 181.

Narwhal's tooth, _see_ Snake-bite.

Negro, Rio, or Chixoy (_q. v._), 15, mounds near, 80, fine views along, 81, writer's camp, _ib._, tedious tracks along, 82, vegetation along, 83, course of and magnificent scenery, 87, a bend of, 88, rafts used to cross, 89.

New Orleans, 154.

Night-jar (bird), _see_ Puhuyak.

Niña Chica, of Copan, 116, her generosity, 132, as show-woman, 136, her saint, 136, and his Novena, 137.

Nopal cactus, 27.

Norfolk Island pine, 100.

Oaks, 83, 122, 182.

Obsidian eyes of figures at Ixkun, 177.

---- and stone implements and knives, at Chiché, 75, at Copan, 126, at Rabinal, 104.

Ocote pines, 80, 83, 85.

Onions, 58.

Orange-trees and fruit, 10, 57, 75, 108.

Orbita, Padre Juan de, missionary expedition of to Tayasal, 246-7.

Orchids, 58, 78, 83.

Orioles (Icterus), 110, 120.

Oropeudula (Ostinops Montezumæ-Waglerii), 120, 147.

Outfit, _see_ Equipment.

Owens, Mr. J. G., death of, 142.

Owls, 121.

Pacaya, peaks of, 9.

Pacheco, Don Francisco Tamayo, his expedition to Acalá, 245.

Palacio, Diego Garcia de, 127.

Palenque, 61, 146, 215, 244; ruins of, 70, 215, 218, savannah near, 217-8, preparations for work at, 219, carnival hindrances, 220-1, muleteers and guide to, 219, 221-2 progress of work at, 224, dense vegetation at, cleared, 225, principal buildings, 225-8, first historic accounts of, 228-9, travellers who have visited and described the ruins at, 226, work remaining to be done at, _ib._

Palisada, village, 215.

Palms, _see_ Cocoanut-palms _and_ Coroza palms. leaves of as food for horses and mules, 171.

Palmilla, 145.

Panajachél, irrigation at, 57; comfortable inn at, 57, vegetation and fruits of, 57-8, pilgrims at, 58-9, road from, to Sololá, 71.

Pan dulce, 10, 19.

Panuco, Rio, need for further exploration of, 252.

Panzos, port of, export of coffee from, 241.

Parasol-ants, 148.

Parras (birds), 216.

Parrera, Pablo, overseer, 199, 220.

Parroquets, 110, 119.

Parrots, 81, 110, 119, 147.

Partridges, 251.

Pasion, Rio de la, and its branches, 157, 167, 169, forest along, 173, divide near, 176, 235; Spanish expedition to, 247.

Paso Real, 168, 230, 235, 240.

Patál, El, pastures of, 106.

Patients at Coban, 124, 134.

Patinamit, 60.

Patzun, poor accommodation at, 42, dress of inhabitants, 42-3; religious procession at, 43, plain of, 72.

Peabody Institute of Massachusetts acquires control of the ruins of Copan, 141-2.

Peaks, _see_ Craters _and_ Volcan.

Pedernales, Sierra de los, in which Cortés lost his way, 183.

Pelicans, 4.

Peru, expedition of Alvarado to, 25.

Peten, missionary expedition to, 246, 248. Province, inhabitants, of, 231, savannahs of, 163, need of further exploration in, 252.

Peten Itzá, Lake, 182, strongholds in, (_see_ Tayasal), 70, 232, visit of Cortés to, 245.

Peten Turkey (Meleagris ocellata), the, its abundance, 178.

Pheasants, 251.

Philip II. of Spain, 127.

Photographing Indians, 49, 55.

"Piedras do rayo," native name for stone axes found in ruins, 114.

Piedras Negras, 245, hieroglyphic inscriptions from, 263.

Pigs, Indian, 79.

Pilgrims, _see_ Indians.

Pine-needles used for covering floors, 83, 87, 119.

Pine Ridge, the Great Northern, (_see also_ Makál, Rio), writer's journey in, 182, 183, thicket on fire, 84, possibilities of locality as a sanatorium, 188.

Pine trees, 33, 38, 39, 51, 76, 80, 83, 86, 87, 100, 116, 118, 122, 129, 143, and woods, 152, 174, 182, 184.

Pines, white, 85.

Pisté village, 198, 199.

Pit-pan, a kind of canoe, 186.

Pito-reale birds at fiestas, 93.

Pizarro, successes of, 25.

Plantains, 23, 237.

Plazas, or market-places, at Antigua, 27-8, at Coban, 95, at Copan, 126, at Guatemala, 10, at Panajachél, 58, at Santa Maria, 31.

Poctum savannah, 174.

Pointsettia, 23.

Polochic river, 104, 105, 251, 252.

Popul Vuh, the sacred book of the Quichés, 61.

Potts, Mr. and Mrs., their kindness to travellers, 151.

Prescott's Conquest of America referred to, 253.

Price, Mr. Hugh, 146, 151, 154, 215, 219.

Priests, (_see also_ Dominican missionaries _and_ Ecclesiastical influence), 11, 80, 160.

Processions, 43, 53, 74.

Progreso, roadstead of, 196, 197, 212.

Puchutla, island stronghold in lake, 70.

Pueblo Viejo, (_see also_ Chacujál), 252.

Puhuyak or night-jar bird, legend concerning, 121.

Punta Gorda, 173.

Puro de San Gerónimo, 107-8.

Putnam, Prof., 142.

Pyramids at Chichén Itzá, 203, of Tikál, possible astronomical use of, 234.

Quekchi, a modern Indian dialect, 172.

Quetzal bird (Pharomacrus mocinno), 120.

Quezaltenango or Xelahú, battle fought near by Alvarado, 60, 62; 72, 79 (_ill._).

Quiché (& Cachiquel) tribes, (_see_ Uspantan _and_ Utatlan), history of, 60-66, 251, sacred book of, 61, subdued by Alvarado, 25, 60-66, 95.

Quirigua, 179, 228, 251, ruins at, 12, 128, 146 _et seq._, journey to, 143-6, camp at ruins, 146, roaming cattle at, _ib._, climate, vegetation and birds of, 147, animals and insects at, 148, parasol-ants, _ib._; previous visits to ruins (1881-83), 148-151, description of them, 149, and survey, 151, result of bad packing to moulds taken at, _ib._; baby squirrel acquired at, 152; quitted for Yzabal, _ib._; carvings of sceptres at, 176, carvings on stele of, 265, absence of weapons of war in carvings at, 210, the Great Stone Turtle of, 151, 238.

Rabinal and Cubulco, ruins near, 70, 76, 101-4, town founded by Las Casas, 98, the ball-court at, 104, 106.

Rafts, built by writer, 184, crossing Rio Negro on, 89, Indian, stranded, 165.

Railway, from Puerto Barrios, 145. from San José to Guatemala, 8.

Ramon tree, leaves of used as fodder, 163, 171.

Rastrojos (stubbles), 80.

Rattle-snakes, 123. in stone carvings at Chichén Itzá, 206.

Reforma, La, village, 112.

Religious functions, _see also_ Fiestas; at Coban, 93, at Copan, 137, at Panajachél, 93, at Patzun, 43.

Remate, El, 232.

Remedies for snake-bite, 170-1.

Remesal, Antonio de, historian, cited, 70.

Reptiles:-- Alligators, 181, 185, 215, 216-7. Frogs, 48. Snakes, _see_ Rattle-snakes, _supra_. Tamagás, 123, 170.

Rio, Antonio del, his report on Palenque, cited, 229.

Rock, Mr. Miles, additions made by to map of religion, 84.

Rockets, Indian habit of firing, 74.

Rockstroh, Prof., survey expeditions of, 84, 163, 235-6.

Roof of vaulted stone, at Utatlan, 69.

Roof-construction at Sacabajá, 78, at Zacapa, 113.

Roses, 1, 22, 23, 91.

Roza, Indian method of cultivation, 44.

Ruatan Islands, landing of Columbus on one of, 193.

Ruins:--_see_ Benque Viejo, Chacujál (Rio Tinaja), Chiché, Chichén Itzá, Iximché, Ixkun, Labná, Menché, Mixco, Palenque, Piedras Negras, Quirigua, Rabinal, Salísipuede, Takinsakún, Teotihuacan (Mexico), Tikál, Uspantan, Utatlan, Uxmal, Yaxché.

Sacapulas, Las Casas and the Dominicans at, 96-8.

Sacluc, condition of Indians of, 230-1, wood-cutters of, 231; Englishman at, 231-2; 240.

Sacrificatorio, El, at Utatlan, 68.

Sahagun, Padre, 206.

St. Vincent, Island of, Carib negroes from, at Belize, 188, at Livingston, 155.

Salamá, 101, dried-up plain of, 106, writer at, 106-7.

Salinas, river, 240-1.

Salísipuede, ruins near, 181.

Salvias, scarlet, 32.

San Andrés, Sacabajá, approach to, 77; foraging expedition and writer's quarters at, 78.

San Antonio, Niña Chica's Saint, 136, his Novena, 137.

---- ---- village, road to, 51, views of, 52-3; Cabildo and school-house at, _ib._, costumes at, 51-3, 56; Ladino inhabitants of, 53, Sunday-night custom at, _ib._, school-boys and master at, 54; Indians photographed at, 55-6; looms at, 56.

---- ---- village, founded by refugees from San Luis, 173.

San Antonio village, 182.

---- Blas, roadstead of, 4.

---- Cristóbal (Vera Paz), coffee-culture at, 89.

---- ---- (Chiapas), 218.

San Felipe, Castle of, 154.

San Francisco, 1.

San Gerónimo, ruins near, 104; writer's welcome at, 107, Hacienda of built by the Dominicans, _ib._, and bought by Mr. Bennett, _ib._, aguardiente and distilleries at, 108, troubles in connection with Mr. Bennett's estate, 107-8; inhabitants of, 108.

---- José, port of, landing at, 7.

---- Juan, river, 167, 176.

---- Luis, (_see_ San Antonio _supra_), 178; writer's arrival at, 173, disturbances at, on account of the railway tax, _ib._, church-bells of, seized, _ib._

---- Miguel, _see_ Uspantan.

---- Pedro Carchá, Indian headquarters at, 158.

---- ---- Peak of, 46-7.

---- ---- River, 245.

---- Rafael, winter vegetation at, 22.

---- Ramon, river, source of, 183.

Santa Catarina, canoes at, 57. Melchor Alfaro de (Santa Cruz), Map of Tabasco by, 244.

---- Cruz (near Uspantan), 87.

---- ---- (Vera Paz), 90, 105.

---- ---- (Yucatan), Indians of, 189, 196, their chiefs in Belize, 190.

---- ---- del Quiché, 60, padre of, 253.

---- Isabel or Sepusilhá river, (_see_ Pasion _and_ Usumacinta), 107, 173.

---- Maria, village, 30, 37, the Secretario of, 31; writer's quarters at, _ib._

---- Rosa, rancho, 106, 240.

Santiago, (_see_ Antigua, Ciudad Vieja, Guatemala, _and_ Iximché), the capital of Guatemala, foundation of, 25, and destruction, 26.

Santo Domingo, 216, writer's quarters at, 218; inhabitants of, _ib._, visits to ruins from, _ib._, 218.

---- Tomas Chichicastenango, 72.

Sarstoon river, headwaters of, 165; crossed by Cortés, 246.

School-boys at San Antonio, 54.

Schoolmaster, at San Antonio, 52-4; illiterate, 55; drunken, 111.

Schulte, Mr., 168, 235-6, 240.

Scorpions, 123.

Secretario, the, at, Santa Maria, 31, 32, 53, at Sacabajá, 75, at Cajabon, 159.

Sensontes, _see_ Mocking-birds.

Sepusilhá river, (_see also_ Santa Maria _and_ Usumacinta rivers), 167.

Serpents' heads in sculpture, 80.

Shrove Tuesday carnival at Monte Cristo, 220.

Sierra, La, valley of, 42.

Smallpox, near Copan, 132.

Snake-bite, 90, remedy for, _ib._, charm against, 171.

Snakes at Copan, 123, at Quirigua, 150; Indian reason for not killing, 168.

---- Rattle-snakes, 123, in carvings, 206.

---- Tamagás, 123, 170.

Soconusco, province, 61.

Sololá, 71, embroidery at, _ib._, weaving industry at, 71-2.

Sortilege by drowning at Chichén Itzá, 208-10.

Spoonbills, 216.

Squirrel, purchase of, 152, his adventures, 153-4.

Steamer, disaster to, 141.

Stephen, village judge at Pisté, 199, death of his little son, 201.

Stephens' account of the ruins at Chichén Itzá, 198, at Copan, 127, at Utatlan, 68, of others, 253.

Stoll, Dr. Otto, 37, writer's ascent of Fuego with, 49.

Stone figure at Menché, 238.

Stone idols, near Mixco, 15, 253.

Stone implements (axes etc.) and Obsidian loaves, at Chiché, 75, at Copan, 126, at Ixkun, 178, axes how best procured, 114.

Stones as tests of wives' fidelity, 50-1.

Strongholds of tribes encountered by Spaniards, 70.

Stuart, Col., 8.

Sugar-cane, cultivation of, 107, use of leaves of, 117.

Sunday-night custom at San Antonio, 104. worship at Belehú, 88.

Sunflowers, 8, 22, 32, 33.

Sweet, Mr., joins writer at Chichén Itzá, his valuable help, 202, 208, 211.

Tabasco, province, old map of, 244, ruins in, 252-3. river, 61, 212. Cortés at, 195-6, 244.

Tacaná, volcano, 7.

Tactic, hamlet, 105.

Tajamulco, Volcano, 7.

Takinsakún, ruins near, 181.

Taltusas or gophers (Geomys hispidius), 33.

Tamagás, poisonous snakes, 123, 170.

Tanuh and his descendants, caciques of Utatlan, 67.

Tapir, 174.

Tayasal, island stronghold, 70, 232, headquarters of the Itzá tribe, 245, visited by Cortés, _ib._, missionary expeditions to, 245-8, betrayed, 248; Ursua's expedition to, _ib._, buildings at, 249; becomes an insignificant village, _ib._

Teal, 216.

Tecpan, 60.

Tecum, cacique of Utatlan, 67.

Tehuantepec, gulf of, heavy seas of, 6. Isthmus, Maya settlements east of, 242-3.

Temples, at Menché, 238. at Palonque, Temple of the Cross, 227-8, 238. Temple of the Foliated Cross, 227-8. Temple of Inscriptions, _ib._ at Tikál, 233.

Tenosique, falls above, 168; 215, 240, 245.

Teotihuacan, Mexico, ruins at, 242, 252.

Tepititan, 245.

Thomas, Mr. and Mrs., their hospitality, 90, 105.

Thompson, Mr. E., his work at the ruins of Labná, 198, 202.

Tierra de guerra, Tuzulutlan, 96.

Tiger, altar carved in shape of, at Chichén Itzá, 207.

Tikál, 244, 246, 249, pyramidal ruins at, 129, 182, 185, 230, scarcity of water at, 235, Indian attempt to form a settlement at, _ib._

Tillandsias, 83.

Timber-trees, reckless felling of, 44.

Tinaja, Rio, ruins on, 252, (_see_ Chacujál).

Tipu, 246, 247, 248.

Tlachtli, Mexican Ball-game, court for, at Chichén Itzá, 205, description of, 205, court for at Rabinal, 104.

Tobacco-plant, 237.

Tocoy, _see_ Morazan.

Toltecs and Mayas, originally the same stock, 242.

Tomatos, 10, 237.

Tonalá, battle fought by Alvarado at, 61.

Tortillas, 19, 224.

Totoposte, corn-cakes, 164, 174.

Toucans (Rhamphastos carinatus), 120.

Transport difficulties, _see_ Equipment.

Trapos (woven fabrics), search for, 71.

Treasure, mounds believed to contain, 86.

Trees:--_see_ Fruit and Fruit-trees. Acacias, 109. tree similar to, 106. Calabash, 237. Capulin, 113. Cedars, 2, 140, 146. Ceiba, 121-2. Cheirostemon platanoides, 33. Chichicaste, 72-3. Coroza palms, 145, 147, 152. Cypresses, 85. Elders, 22. Euphorbiæ, 112. Lignum Vitæ, 110. Mahogany, 146, 188. Mangroves, 121, 187, 188. Palm, 23. Pine, 33, 38, 51, 59, 76, 82, 85, 86, 87, 100, 116, 118, 122, 129, 145, 152, 182, 184. White, 85. Ramon, 163, 171. Tree-ferns, 91, 105, 155.

Trinquete Idol, the, 205-6.

Triponcito or pepesca, fish, 57.

Trogons (birds), _see_ Aurora _and_ Quetzal.

Troncoso, Señor, his researches at Florence, 206.

Tulija river, 245.

Turkey, Peten (Meleagris ocellata), 179.

Turtles, 4; the Great Stone Turtle of Quirigua, 151.

Tuzulutlan (tierra de guerra), missionary work in, 95-8; named Vera Paz, 99.

Tzimin Chae, idol, origin of, 246-7.

Tzutuhil tribe, 60-1, Alvarado's expedition against, 64.

Unicorn's horn, uses of, 171.

Ursua, Don Martin, his expedition to Tayasal, 248.

Uspantan, 70, 76, 249; artificial mounds and ruins near, 80-1; writer's arrival at, 83, and quarters in the Convento, 84; preparations for the Jefe's visit, 84, 86, cooking a turkey, 85; search for ruins at, _ib._, suspicion among the villagers, in consequence of search, 86.

Usumacinta river, (_see also_ Sepusilhá _and_ Pasion), legend of, 121; 167, 212, 215, 241; insects and reptiles on, 215. Valley of, Maya migrations to and from, 243, Cortés loses himself near, 245.

Utatlan, capital of the Quiché tribe, 60, 61, 62, 249; described by Fuentes and Juarros, 66, 69, by Stephens, 68, sketch and plan of, by Catherwood, 69, a former stronghold, 70.

Uxmal, ruins at, 198.

Valladolid, early settlement at, 196, 198.

Vegetations, (_see_ Flowers, Fruits, Trees, _also_ Forests), 22, 23, 33, 44, 57, 58, 76, 83, 110, 112, 122, 146, 229.

Vehicles, 198, 240.

Velasco, Capt. Juan Dias de, annihilated with his force, 248.

Vera Cruz, landing of Cortés on Isle of, 244.

Vera Paz, (_see_ Tuzulutlan), music of Indians of, 93; why so named, 99.

Vico, Padre, his martyrdom, 99.

Villagutierrez, ---- historian, 245, 250.

Violets, 102.

Volcan de Agua, ascent of, 32, region of frost on, 33, camp, 34, crater, 26, 34-6, view from, 35, sunrise on, 35, highest point, 36, frozen coffee on, _ib._, descent, _ib._; previous ascent of, 37; 71.

---- Acatenango, 39.

---- Atitlan, 39, 46-7.

---- Fuego, ascent of, 36-8, camp on and intense cold, 38, sunset and sunrise seen from, _ib._, the Meseta and Fire-peak of, 39; crater, 40; 71.

---- Izalco, 35.

---- Tacaná, 7.

---- Tajmulco, 7.

Volcanoes, various, 71.

Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes at Antigua, 26.

Voyage, incidents of the, 1-8.

Wallis, a buccaneer connected with Belize, 189.

Wars in Central America, 132.

Wasps, 109.

Watercress, 45.

Weaving, Indian methods, 56, 71.

Wheelbarrows and spades introduced at Chichén Itzá, 200.

Whip-poor-will, bird, 48, legend of, 121.

White pine-trees, 85.

Wigandia, 22.

Witchcraft, _see_ Brujeria.

Women in sculptures and paintings, 150, 210.

Woodpeckers, 121.

Wrens, 110.

X., Dr., story of, 190-2.

Xace Venie, mongrel population of, 231.

Xelahú, _see_ Quezaltenango.

Xibalba, abode of departed spirits, 121.

Yalchilan, Paso do, 239-40.

Yams, 237.

Yaxché, village, 176, ruined town near, 176-8, flies at, 178; Peten turkeys at, _ib._, pet infant monkey bought at, 179.

Yucatan, (_see_ Landa), 61, politics of, 189, 196; Montejo's expedition to, 196, geology and topography of, _ib._, Stephens on, 253, Indian raids, and status of Indians in, 198; caves and 'cenotes of, 211, chaltunes of, 235, Maya inhabitants of, 243; 244, 246.

----, Great Bank of, 141, 197.

Yuccas, 73.

Yzabal, port, 128, 250; arrival of writer at, 153, farewells at, 154.

Yzamal, hospitality of Dr. and Mrs. Gaumer at, 198; 199.

Zacapa, road to, 105, difficulty in finding carriers, 105, writer's lodgings in, 113, the hotel described, _ib._, 114, the start from to Copan, 114, parched track traversed, 115.

Zaguatan, 245.

Zapateado, an Indian dance, 220-2.

Zapotitlán, battle fought by Alvarado near, 62.

Zaragoza, its manufactures, and curious tastes of its inhabitants, 41.

Zenotes, _see_ 'Cenotes.

Zon, dance of the Elders, 94.

Zopilote vultures (Cathartes stratus), 13, 90, 111, 121.

THE END.

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