Chapter 19

Abiquiu, Ancient cemetery of 111 Acaxers and Yaquis, cairn burial 143 “Adjedatig” 197 Aerial burial in canoes, Chinooks 171 ---- sepulture, 152 Alaric’s burial 181 Alaska cave burial 129 Alaskan mummies 134, 135 Alden, E. H., Scaffold burial 161 Aleutian Islanders, embalmment 135, 136 Algonkins, Burial fires of the 198 Alibamans, Aquatic burial of suicides by 180 Allen, Miss A. J., Burial sacrifice 189 Ancient burial customs of barbaric tribes 152 ---- cemetery of Abiquiu 111 ---- nations, Tree burial of 165, 166 Ancients, Curious mourning observances 165, 166 Antiquity of cremation 143 Apingi burial 125, 126 Aquatic burial, Alibamans, of suicides 180 ---- Cherokees 180 ---- Chinooks 180 ---- Gosh-Utes 181 ---- Hyperboreans 180 ---- Ichthyophagi 180 ---- Itzas 180 ---- Kavague 180 ---- Lotophagians 180 ---- Obongo 180 Ascena or Timber Indians 103 Atwater, Caleb, Burial mounds 117 Australian scaffold burial 167 Aztecs and Taracos, Burial sacrifice 190 Baldwin, C. C., Pottawatomie surface burial 141 Balearic Islanders, Cairn burial 143 Bancroft, H. H., Burial sacrifice 190 ----, Canoe burial in ground 112 ----, Costa Rica hut burial 154 ----, Doracho cist burial 115 ----, Esquimaux burial boxes 155 ----, Mourning, Central Americans 185 ----, Pima burial 98 ----, Superstitions regarding dead 201 Barbaric tribes, Ancient burial customs of 152 Barber, E. A., Burial urns 138 ----, Partial cremation 151 Bari of Africa, burial 125 Bartram, John, Cabin burial 122 ----, Choctaw ossuary 120 ----, Partial scaffold burial 169 Bechuana burial 126 Beckwourth, James, Crow mourning 183 Beechey, Capt. F. W., Lodge burial 154 Beltrami, J. C., Burial feast 190 ----, Burial posts 197 Benson, H. C., Choctaw burial 186 Bessels, Dr. Emil, Esquimaux superstition 198 Beverly, Robert, Virginia mummies 131 Birgan, Meaning of word 93 Blackbird’s burial 139 Blackfeet burial lodges 154 ---- cairn burial 143 ---- tree burial 161 Bonaks, Cremation 144 Bone cleaning of the dead 168 Boner, J. H., Moravian mourning 166 Bossu, M., Burial denied to suicides 180 Boteler, Dr. W. C., Oto burial ceremonies 96 Box burial, Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee 155 ----, Esquimaux 155, 156 ----, Indians of Talomeco River 155 ----, Innuits and Ingaliks 156, 158 ----, Kalosh 156 Bransford, Dr. J. C., U.S.N., Burial urns discovered by 138 Brebeuf, Pere de, Burial feast 191 Brice, W. A., Surface burial 141 Brinton, Dr. D. G., Burial of collected bones 170 Bruhier, J. J., Corsican customs 147 ---- Persian burial 103 Brule Sioux, tree and scaffold burial 158, 160 Burchard, J. L., Pit burial 124 Butterfield, H., Shoshone cairn burial 143 Burial, Apingi 125, 126 ----, Aquatic 180 ---- canoes and houses 177-179 ----, Bari of Africa 125 ----, Bechuanas 126 ---- beneath or in cabins, wigwams, or houses 122 ----, Box 155 ----, Carolina tribes 93 ----, Caddos 103 ----, Cairn 142 ----, Cairn, Ute 142 ---- case, Cheyenne 162, 163 ----, Cave 126 ----, Chieftain, of the 110, 111 ----, Classification of 92-93 ----, Damara 126 ---- dance, Yo-kaí-a 192, 194 ---- dances 193 ---- feast, Description of, by Beltrami 190, 191 ---- ----, Hurons, of the 191 ---- feasts 190 ---- ----, superstitions regarding 191 ---- fires, Algonkins 198 ---- ----, Yurok 198 ---- ----, Esquimaux 198 ---- food 192 ---- games 195 ----, Grave 101 ----, Ground, in canoes 112 ---- in logs 138, 139 ---- in mounds 115 ---- in standing posture 151, 152 ----, Indians of Virginia 125 ----, Iroquois 140 ----, Kaffir 126 ----, Klamath and Trinity Indians 106, 107 ----, Latookas 126 ----, Lodge 152 ---- lodges, Blackfeet 154 ---- ----, Cheyenne 154 ---- ----, Shoshone 153, 154 ----, Muscogulges 122, 123 ----, Meaning and derivation of word 93 ----, Moquis, 114 ----, Navajo, 123 ----, Obongo, 139, 140 ---- of Alaric, 181 ---- of Blackbird, 139 ---- of De Soto, 181 ---- of Long Horse, 153 ---- of Ouray, 128 ----, Parsee, 105, 106 ----, Pit, 93 ----, Pitt River Indians, 151 ---- posts, Sioux and Chippewa, 197, 198 ----, Round Valley Indians, 124 ---- sacrifice, Aztecs and Tarascos, 190 ---- ----, Indians of Northwest, 180 ---- ----, Indians of Panama, 180 ---- ----, Natchez, 187, 189 ---- ----, Tsinūk, 179 ---- ----, Wascopums, 189, 190 ----, Sacs and Foxes, 94, 95 ---- scaffolds, 162 ---- song, Schiller’s, 110, 111 ---- ---- of Basques and others, 195 ---- superstitions, Chippewas, 199, 200 ---- ----, Indians of Washington Territory, 201 ---- ----, Karok, 200 ---- ----, Kelta, 200 ---- ----, Modocs, 200, 201 ---- ----, Mosquito Indians, 201 ---- ----, Tlascaltecs, 201 ---- ----, Tolowa, 200 ----, Surface, 138, 139 ----, Urn, 137 ---- ---- and cover, Georgia, 138 ---- ----, New Mexico, 138

Cabins, wigwams, or houses, Burial beneath or in, 122 Caddos, Burial, 103 Cairn burial, Acaxers and Yaquis, 143 ----, Balearic Islanders, 143 ----, Blackfeet, 143 ----, Esquimaux, 143 ----, Kiowas and Comanches, 142, 143 ----, Pi-Utes, 143 ----, Reasons for, 143 ----, Shoshonis, 143 Calaveras Cave, 128, 129 California steatite burial urn, 138 Campbell, John, Burial songs, 195 Canes sepulchrales, 104 Canoe burial in ground, 112 ---- ----, Mosquito Indians, 112, 113 ---- ----, Santa Barbara, 112 ----, Clallam, 173, 174 ----, Twana, 171, 173 Canoes and houses, Burial, 177-179 Canoes, Superterrene and aerial burial in, 171 Caraibs, Verification of death, 146 Carolina tribes, Burial among, 93 Catlin, George, Burial of Blackbird, 139 ----, Golgotha of Mandans, 170 ----, Mourning cradle, 181 Cave burial, 126 ----, Alaska, 129 ----, Calaveras, 128, 129 ----, Utes, 127, 128 Cherokee aquatic burial, 180 Cheyenne burial case, 162, 163 ---- lodges, 154 Chillicothe mound, 117, 118 Chinook aerial burial in canoes, 171 ---- aquatic burial, 180 ---- mourning cradle, 181, 182 Chippewa burial superstitions, 199, 200 ---- mourning, 184 ---- scaffold burial, 161, 162 ---- widow, 184, 185 Choctaw mound burial, 120 ---- scaffold burial, 169 Choctaws funeral ceremonies, 186 Cist burial, Doracho, 115 ---- graves, Kentucky, 114, 115 ---- ----, Indians of Illinois, 114 Cists or stone graves, 113 ----, Solutré, 113 ----, Tennessee, 113 Clallam canoe burial, 173, 174 ---- house burial, 175 Classification of burial, 92 Cleveland, Wm. J., Tree and scaffold burial, 158 Collected bones, Interment of, 170 Comanche inhumation, 99, 100 Congaree and Santee Indians, embalmment 132, 133 Corsican funeral custom 147 Cox, Ross, Cremation 144 Coyotero Apaches, Inhumation 111, 112 Cradle, mourning, Illustration of 181 Crock, Choctaw, and Cherokee box burial 155 Creeks and Seminoles, Inhumation 95, 96 ----, “Hallelujah” of the 195 Cremation, Antiquity of 143 ----, Bonaks 144 ---- furnace 149 ----, Indians of Clear Lake 147 ----, Indians of Southern Utah 149 ---- mound, Florida 148, 149 ----, Nishinams 144 ----, Partial 150, 151 ----, Se-nél 147, 148 ----, Tolkotins 144-146 Crow lodge burial 153 ---- mourning 183, 184 Curious mourning observances of ancients 165, 166 Curtiss, E., Exploration by 115, 116

Dakhnias 104 Dall, W. H., Burial boxes 156 ----, Cave burial 129 ----, Mummies 134 Damara burial 126 Dance for the dead 192 Dances, Burial 192 Danish burial logs 139 Dead, Dance for the 192 Delano, A., Tree burial 161 Description of burial feast 190, 191 De Soto’s burial 181 Devouring the dead, Fans of Africa 182 ----, Indians of South America 182, 183 ----, Massageties, Padæns, and others 182 Dolmens in Japan 115 Doracho cist burial 115 Drew, Benjamin, Schiller’s burial song 110 Dumont, M. Butel de, House burial 124

Eells, Rev. M., Canoe burial 171 Embalmment, Aleutian Islanders 135, 136 ----, Congaree and Santee Indians 132, 133 ----, or mummification 130 Engelhardt, Prof. C. 139 Esquimaux box burial 155, 156 ---- burial fires 198 ---- cairn burial 143 ---- lodge burial 154 European ossuaries 191 Excavation of Indian mound, North Carolina 120-122

Fans of Africa devour the dead 182 Feasts, Burial 190 Fires, Burial 198 Fiske, Moses, Cists 113 Florida cremation mound 148, 149 ---- mound burial 119, 120 Food, Burial 192 Ford, Lieut. Geo. E., U.S.A., Cabin burial 123 Foreman, Dr. E., Burial urns 138 ---- Cremation 149 Foster, J. W., Urn burial 137 ---- Cremation 150 Funeral ceremonies, Choctaws 186 ----, Twanas and Clallams 176 ---- custom, Corsican 147 Furnace, Cremation 149

Gageby, Capt. J. H., U.S.A., Box burial 155 Games, Burial 195 Gardner, Dr. W., U.S.A., Theory of scaffold burial 167 Ghost gamble 195-197 Gianque, Florian, Mound burial 120 Gibbs, George 106 ----, Burial canoes and houses 177 Gilbert, G. K., Klamath burial 147 ---- Moquis burial 114 Gillman, Henry, Exploration of mound 148 Given, Dr. O. G., Cairn burial 142 “Golgothas,” Mandans 170 Gosh-Utes, Aquatic burial amongst 181 Grave burial 101 Gregg, Dr. P., Surface burial 140 Grinnell, Dr. Fordyce, Comanche inhumation 99 ---- Wichita burial customs 102 Grossman, Capt. F. E., Pima burial 98 Gros Ventres and Mandans, Scaffold burial 161

“Hallelujah” of the Creeks 195 Hammond, Dr. J. F., Burial lodges 154 Hardisty, W. L., Log burial in trees 166 Hidatsa superstitions 199 Hind, Henry Youle, Burial feast 191 Hoffman, Dr. W. J. 99 ---- Drawing of Pima burial 111, 153 Holbrook, W. C., Burial mounds 118 Holmes, W. H., Drawings by 106, 203 Hough, Franklin B., Canoe burial in the ground 112 House burial, Clallams 175 ----, Paskagoulas and Billoxis 124, 125 Hurons, Burial feast of 191 Hyperboreans, aquatic burial 180

Ichthyophagi, aquatic burial 180 Illinois mounds 118 Indian mound in North Carolina, Excavation of 120-122 Indians of Bellingham Bay, lodge burial 154 ---- of Clear Lake, cremation 147 ---- of Costa Rica, lodge burial 154 ---- of Illinois, cist burial 114 ---- of Northwest, burial sacrifice 180 ---- of Panama, burial sacrifice 180 ---- of South America devour the dead 182, 183 ---- of Southern Utah, cremation 149 ---- of Talomeco River, box burial 155 ---- of Taos, inhumation 101, 102 ---- of Virginia, burial 125 ---- of Washington Territory, burial superstition 201 Inhumation 93 ----, Comanches 99, 100 ----, Coyotero Apaches 111, 112 ----, Creeks and Seminoles 95, 96 ----, Indians of Taos 101, 102 ----, Mohawks 93 ----, Otoe and Missouri Indians. 96, 97, 98 ----, Pimas 98, 99 ----, Wah-peton and Sisseton Sioux 107-110 ----, Wichitas 102, 103 ----, Yuki 99 Innuit and Ingalik box burial 156-158 Interment of collected bones 170 Iroquois scaffold burial 169, 170 ---- surface burial 140 Itzas, Aquatic burial 180

Japan dolmens 115 Jenkes, Col. C. W., Partial cremation 150 Johnston, Adam, Cremation myth 144 Jones, Dr. Charles C., Stone graves of Tennessee 114 ---- Natchez burial 169 Joseph, Judge Anthony, Inhumation of Taos Indians 101

Kaffir burial 126 Kalosh box burial 156 Kavague aquatic burial 180 Kaw-a-wāh 142 Keating, William H., Burial scaffolds 162 ----, Burial superstitions 199 “Keeping the Ghost” 160 Kent, M. B., Sac and Fox burial 94 Kentucky cist graves 114, 115 ---- mummies 133 Kiowa and Comanche cairn burial 142, 143 Kitty-ka-tats 102 Klamath and Trinity Indians, burial 106, 107 Klingbeil, William, Partial cremation 151

Lafitau, J. F. 182 “Last cry” 186 Latookas burial 126 Lawson, John, Partial embalmment 132 ----, Pit burial 93 List of illustrations, Burial customs 87 Living sepulchers 182 Lodge burial 152 ----, Crow 153 ----, Esquimaux 154 ----, Indians of Bellingham Bay 154 ----, Indians of Costa Rica 154 ----, Sioux 152, 153 Log burial 138, 139 ----, Danish 139 ---- in trees, Loucheux 166 Long Horse, burial of 153 Lotophagians, Aquatic burial 180 Loucheux, log burial in trees 166

McChesney, Dr. Charles E. 107-111 ----, “Ghost gamble” 195 McDonald, Dr. A. J., Rock fissure burial 127 McKenney, Thomas L., Scaffold burial 161 ----, Chippewa widow 184 Macrobrian Ethiopians, Preservation of the dead 136, 137 Mahan, I. L., Chippewa mourning 184 Mandan “Golgothas” 170 Matthews, Dr. Washington, U.S.A., Hidatsa superstition 199 ----, Tree burial 161 Menard, Dr. John, Navajo burial 123 Miami Valley mound burial 120 Midawan, a ceremony of initiation 122 Miller, Dr. C. C., Assistance from 197 Mitchell, Dr. Samuel L., Kentucky mummies 133, 134 Mohawks, Inhumation 93 Monotheism defined 30, 32, 142 Moquis burial 114 Moravian mourning 166 Morgan, Lewis H., Burial dance 192 ----, Partial scaffold burial 169 Morse, E. S., Dolmens in Japan 115 Mortuary customs of Parthians, Medes, etc. 104 ---- Persians 103, 104 Mosquito Indians, Burial superstition of 201 ----, canoe burial in ground 112, 113 Mound burial 115 ----, Choctaws 120 ----, Florida 119, 120 ----, Miami Valley 120 ----, Ohio 117, 118 Mounds, Illinois 118, 119 ---- of stone 118 Mourning ceremonies, Sioux 109, 110 ----, Chippewa 184 ---- cradle, Chinook 181, 182 ---- ----, engraving of 181 ---- Crows 183, 184 ---- customs of widows 185, 186 ----, Indians of Northwest 179 ---- Moravian 166 ---- observances, Twana and Clallams 176 ---- sacrifice, feasts, food, etc 183 Mummies, Alaskan 134, 135 ----, Kentucky 133 ----, Northwest coast 135 ----, Virginia 131, 132 Mummification or embalmment 130 Mummification, Theories regarding 130 Muret, Pierre, Living sepulchres 182 ----, Persian mortuary customs 103 Muscogulge burial 122, 123 Natchez burial sacrifice 187-189 ---- scaffold burial 169 Navajo burial 123 Norm 142 New Mexico burial urn 138 Nishinams, Cremation among the 144 Norris, P. W., lodge burial 153 North Carolina Indians, Partial cremation 150, 151 Northwest coast mummies 135 ----, Indians of, mourning 179

Obongo aquatic burial 180 ---- surface burial 139, 140 Observers, Queries for, regarding burial 202, 203 Ohio mound burial 117 Oh-sah-ke-uck 94 Ojibwa and Cree surface burial 141 Ossuaries, European 191 Otis, Dr. George A., U.S.A., Burial case 162 Oto and Missouri Indians, Inhumation 96-98 Ouray, Burial of 128 Owsley, Dr. W. J., Cist graves 114

Partial cremation 150 ---- ----, North Carolina Indians 150, 151 ---- scaffold burial and ossuaries 168 Parsee burial 105, 106 Paskagoulas and Billoxis, House burial 124, 125 Persians, Mortuary customs of the 103, 104 Pimas, Inhumation among 98, 99 Pinart, M. Alphonse, Pima burial 98 Pinkerton, John, Virginia mummies 131 Piros 101 Pit burial 93 Pitt River Indians, Burial and cremation 151 Pi-Ute cairn burial 143 Posts, Burial 197 Potherie, De la M., Surface burial 140 Powell, J. W., Stone graves or cists 113 Powers, Stephen, Burial dance 192 ----, Burial song 194 ----, Origin of cremation 144 ----, Se-nél cremation 147 ----, Yuki burial 99 Preparation of dead, ---- Similarity of, between Comanches and African tribes 100 Preservation of dead, Macrobrian Ethiopians 136, 137 ----, Werowance of Virginia 131, 132 Priest, Josiah, Box burial 155 Putnam, F. W., Stone graves or cists 115, 116

Queries for observers regarding burial 202, 203 Quiogozon or ossuary 94

Reason for cairn burial 143 Remarks, Final 203 Review of Turner’s narrative 165 Robertson, R. S., Surface burial 139 Roman, Bernard, Choctaw hone houses 168 ----, Funeral customs of Chickasaws 123 Round Valley Indians, burial among 124

Sacrifice 187 Sacs and Foxes, burial among 94, 95 ----, surface burial 140, 141 Sauer, Martin, Aleutian mummies 135 Sauks, Foxes, and Pottawatomies, surface burial among 151 Scaffold burial, Australia 167 ---- ----, Chippewas 161, 162 ---- ----, Choctaw 169 ---- ----, Gros-Ventres and Mandans 161 ---- ----, Iroquois 169, 170 ---- ----, Natchez 169 ---- ----, Sioux 163, 164 ----, Tent burial on 174 Scaffolds, Theory regarding 167, 168 Schiller’s burial song 110 Schoolcraft, Henry R., Burial posts 197 ----, Cremation myth 144 ----, Mohawk burial 93, 95 ----, Partial embalmment 132 Seechaugas 158 Sellers, George Escoll, Cist burial 114 Se-nél, Cremation among the 147, 148 Sepulture, Aerial 152 Sheldon, William, Caraib burial customs 146 Shoshone burial lodges 153, 154 ---- cairn burial 143 Sicaugu 158 Simpson, Capt. J. H., U.S.A., Aquatic burial 181 Sioux and Chippewa burial posts 197, 198 ---- lodge burial 152, 153 ---- mourning ceremonies 109, 110 Sioux, scaffold burial of the 163, 164 ----, tree burial of the 161 Solutré cists 113 Songs, Burial 194 ---- ----, of Basques and others 195 Southern Indians, Urn burial among 137 Spainhour, Dr. J. Mason, Curious burial 120 Spencer, J. W., Partial surface burial 140 Standing posture, Burial in 151, 152 Stansbury, Capt. H., U.S.A., Lodge burial 152 Steatite burial urn, California 138 Sternberg, Dr. George M., U.S.A., Grave mounds 119 ----, Burial case discovered 162 Stone graves or cists 113 ---- mounds 118 Superstition, Hidatsa 199 ---- regarding burial feasts 191 Superstitions, Burial 199 Superterrene and aerial burial in canoes 171 Surface burial 138, 139 ----, Ojibways and Crees 141 ----, Sacs and Foxes 140, 141 ----, Sauks, Foxes, and Pottawatomies 141 Swan, James G., Canoe burial 171 ----, Klamath burial 106 ----, Superstitions 201

Tāh-zee 142 Tegg, William, Antiquity of cremation 143 ----, Towers of silence 104 Tennessee cists 113 Tent burial on scaffold 174 Theories regarding mummification or embalmment 130 ---- regarding use of scaffolds 176, 168 Tiffany, A. S., Cremation furnace 149 Timberlake, H., Aquatic burial 180 Tolkotin cremation 144, 146 Tompkins, Gen. Chas. H., U.S.A., Partial cremation 151 Towers of silence, Description of 104-106 Tree and scaffold burial 158 ---- ----, Brulé Sioux 158, 160 ---- burial, ancient nations 165, 166 ---- ----, Blackfeet 101 ---- ----, Sioux 101 Tsinūk burial sacrifice 179 Turner, Dr. L. S., Scaffold burial 163 Turner’s narrative, Review of 165 Twana and Clallam mourning observances 176 ---- canoe burial 171-173 Twanas and Clallams, funeral ceremonies 176

Urn burial by Southern Indians 137 Ute cairn burial 142 ---- cave burial 127, 128

Van Camper, Moses. Mode of burial of Indians inhabiting Pennsylvania 112 Van Vliet, Gen. Stewart, U.S.A., Tree and scaffold burial 153 Verification of death, Caraibs 146 Virginia mummies 131, 132

Wah-peton and Sisseton Sioux, Inhumation among 107-110 Wascopums, Burial sacrifice of 189, 190 Wee-ka-nahs 101 Welch, H., Surface burial 141 Werowance of Virginia, preservation of the dead 131, 132 Whitney, J. D., burial cave, Description of a 128 Whymper, Frederic, Burial boxes 156 Wichitas, Inhumation among the 102, 103 Widow, Chippewa 184, 185 Widows, Mourning customs of 185, 186 Wilcox, E., Partial cremation 150 Wilkins, Charles, Kentucky mummies 133 Williams, Monier, Parsee burial 104 Wood, Rev. J. G., African surface burial 139 ----, Bari burial 125 ----, Fans of Africa devour the dead 182 ----, Obongo aquatic burial 180 Wright, Dr. S. G., Superstitions regarding burial feasts 191

Yo-kaí-a burial dance 192-194 Young, John, Tree burial 161 Yuki inhumation 99 Yurok burial fires 198

* * * * * * * * *

_Errata_

Unless otherwise noted, spelling and punctuation are unchanged. Differences in punctuation or hyphenization between the List of Illustrations and the captions themselves are not noted.

[List of Illustrations] 1.--Quiogozon or dead house [Quiogozeon]

two small arroyas [_spelling “arroya” consistent throughout the quoted passage_] chanting the following chorous: [_spelling in quoted passage unchanged_] the Colchians enveloped their dead [Colchiens] these are considered apochryphal [_spelling unchanged_] Horace and Tertullian both affirm [Tertulian] cum grana salis [_error unchanged: correct form is “grano”_] the same _Dodem_ [_sic_] (family mark) of her husband. [_bracketed “sic” in original_] Fröebel states that among the Woolwas [_spelling unchanged: probably error for “Froebel” (two letters) or “Fröbel” (o-umlaut alone)_] tear myself from you (_sic_) arms [_error unchanged; parenthetical “sic” in original_]

[Footnote 54] Amer. Naturalist, November, 1878, p. 753. [1878.]

[Index] [Missing commas within entries or before sub-entries have been silently supplied.] McKenney, Thomas L., Scaffold burial [Scafford]