Chapter 18

How well and truly the Karok reverence the memory of the dead is shown by the fact that the highest crime one can commit is the _pet-chi-é-ri_ the mere mention of the dead relative’s name. It is a deadly insult to the survivors, and can be atoned for only by the same amount of blood-money paid for willful murder. In default of that they will have the villain’s blood. * * * At the mention of his name the mouldering skeleton turns in his grave and groans. They do not like stragglers even to inspect the burial place. * * * They believe that the soul of a good Karok goes to the “happy western land” beyond the great ocean. That they have a well-grounded assurance of an immortality beyond the grave is proven, if not otherwise, by their beautiful and poetical custom of whispering a message in the ear of the dead. * * * Believe that dancing will liberate some relative’s soul from bonds of death, and restore him to earth.

According to the same author, when a Kelta dies a little bird flies away with his soul to the spirit land. If he was a bad Indian a hawk will catch the little bird and eat him up, soul and feathers, but if he was good he will reach the spirit land. Mr. Powers also states that--

The Tolowa share in the superstitious observance for the memory of the dead which is common to the Northern Californian tribes. When I asked the chief Tahhokolli to tell me the Indian words for “father” and “mother” and certain others similar, he shook his head mournfully and said, “All dead,” “All dead,” “No good.” They are forbidden to mention the name of the dead, as it is a deadly insult to the relatives, * * * and that the Mat-tóal hold that the good depart to a happy region somewhere southward in the great ocean, but the soul of a bad Indian transmigrates into a grizzly bear, which they consider, of all animals, the cousin-german of sin.

The same author who has been so freely quoted states as follows regarding some of the superstitions and beliefs of the Modocs:

* * * It has always been one of the most passionate desires among the Modok, as well as their neighbors, the Shastika, to live, die, and be buried where they were born. Some of their usages in regard to the dead and their burial may be gathered from an incident that occurred while the captives of 1873 were on their way from the Lava Beds to Fort Klamath, as it was described by an eye-witness. Curly-headed Jack, a prominent warrior, committed suicide with a pistol. His mother and female friends gathered about him and set up a dismal wailing; they besmeared themselves with his blood and endeavored by other Indian customs to restore his life. The mother took his head in her lap and scooped the blood from his ear, another old woman placed her hand upon his heart, and a third blew in his face. The sight of the group--these poor old women, whose grief was unfeigned, and the dying man--was terrible in its sadness. Outside the tent stood Bogus-Charley, Huka Jim, Shucknasty Jim, Steamboat Frank, Curly-headed Doctor, and others who had been the dying man’s companions from childhood, all affected to tears. When he was lowered into the grave, before the soldiers began to cover the body, Huka Jim was seen running eagerly about the camp trying to exchange a two-dollar bill of currency for silver. He owed the dead warrior that amount of money, and he had grave doubts whether the currency would be of any use to him in the other world--sad commentary on our national currency!--and desired to have the coin instead. Procuring it from one of the soldiers he cast it in and seemed greatly relieved. All the dead man’s other effects, consisting of clothing, trinkets, and a half dollar, were interred with him, together with some root-flour as victual for the journey to the spirit land.

The superstitious fear Indians have of the dead or spirit of the dead may be observed from the following narrative by Swan.[106] It regards the natives of Washington Territory:

My opinion about the cause of these deserted villages is this: It is the universal custom with these Indians never to live in a lodge where a person has died. If a person of importance dies, the lodge is usually burned down, or taken down and removed to some other part of the bay; and it can be readily seen that in the case of the Palux Indians, who had been attacked by the Chehalis people, as before stated, their relatives chose at once to leave for some other place. This objection to living in a lodge where a person has died is the reason why their sick slaves are invariably carried out into the woods, where they remain either to recover or die. There is, however, no disputing the fact that an immense mortality has occurred among these people, and they are now reduced to a mere handful.

The great superstitious dread these Indians have for a dead person, and their horror of touching a corpse, oftentimes give rise to a difficulty as to who shall perform the funeral ceremonies; for any person who handles a dead body must not eat of salmon or sturgeon for thirty days. Sometimes, in cases of small-pox, I have known them leave the corpse in the lodge, and all remove elsewhere; and in two instances that came to my knowledge, the whites had to burn the lodges, with the bodies in them, to prevent infection.

So, in the instances I have before mentioned, where we had buried Indians, not one of their friends or relatives could be seen. All kept in their lodges, singing and drumming to keep away the spirits of the dead.

According to Bancroft[107]--

The Tlascaltecs supposed that the common people were after death transformed into beetles and disgusting objects, while the nobler became stars and beautiful birds.

The Mosquito Indians of Central America studiously and superstitiously avoid mentioning the name of the dead, in this regard resembling those of our own country.

Enough of illustrative examples have now been given, it is thought, to enable observers to thoroughly comprehend the scope of the proposed final volume on the mortuary customs of North American Indians, and while much more might have been added from the stored-up material on hand, it has not been deemed advisable at this time to yield to a desire for amplification. The reader will notice, as in the previous paper, that discussion has been avoided as foreign to the present purpose of the volume, which is intended, as has been already stated, simply to induce further investigation and contribution from careful and conscientious observers. From a perusal of the excerpts from books and correspondence given will be seen what facts are useful and needed; in short, most of them may serve as copies for preparation of similar material.

To assist observers, the queries published in the former volume are also given.

_1st._ NAME OF THE TRIBE; present appellation; former, if differing any; and that used by the Indians themselves.

_2d._ LOCALITY, PRESENT AND FORMER.--The response should give the range of the tribe and be full and geographically accurate.

_3d._ DEATHS AND FUNERAL CEREMONIES; what are the important and characteristic facts connected with these subjects? How is the corpse prepared after death and disposed of? How long is it retained? Is it spoken to after death as if alive? when and where? What is the character of the addresses? What articles are deposited with it; and why? Is food put in the grave, or in or near it afterwards? Is this said to be an ancient custom? Are persons of the same gens buried together; and is the clan distinction obsolete, or did it ever prevail?

_4th._ MANNER OF BURIAL, ANCIENT AND MODERN; STRUCTURE AND POSITION OF THE GRAVES; CREMATION.--Are burials usually made in high and dry grounds? Have mounds or tumuli been erected in modern times over the dead? How is the grave prepared and finished? What position are bodies placed in? Give reasons therefor if possible. If cremation is or was practiced, describe the process, disposal of the ashes, and origin of custom or traditions relating thereto. Are the dead ever eaten by the survivors? Are bodies deposited in springs or in any body of water? Are scaffolds or trees used as burial places; if so, describe construction of the former and how the corpse is prepared, and whether placed in skins or boxes. Are bodies placed in canoes? State whether they are suspended from trees, put on scaffolds or posts, allowed to float on the water or sunk beneath it, or buried in the ground. Can any reasons be given for the prevalence of any one or all of the methods? Are burial posts or slabs used, plain, or marked, with flags or other insignia of position of deceased. Describe embalmment, mummification, desiccation, or if antiseptic precautions are taken, and subsequent disposal of remains. Are bones collected and reinterred; describe ceremonies, if any, whether modern or ancient. If charnel houses exist or have been used, describe them.

_5th._ MOURNING OBSERVANCES.--Is scarification practiced, or personal mutilation? What is the garb or sign of mourning? How are the dead lamented? Are periodical visits made to the grave? Do widows carry symbols of their deceased children or husbands, and for how long? Are sacrifices, human or otherwise, voluntary or involuntary, offered? Are fires kindled on graves; why, and at what time, and for how long?

_6th._ BURIAL TRADITIONS AND SUPERSTITIONS.--Give in full all that can be learned on these subjects, as they are full of interest and very important.

In short, every fact bearing on the disposal of the dead; and correlative customs are needed, and details should be as succinct and full as possible.

One of the most important matters upon which information is needed is the “why” and “wherefore” for every rite and custom; for, as a rule, observers are content to simply state a certain occurrence as a fact, but take very little trouble to inquire the reason for it.

Any material the result of careful observation will be most gratefully received and acknowledged in the final volume; but the writer must here confess the lasting obligation he is under to those who have already contributed, a number so large that limited space precludes a mention of their individual names.

Criticism and comments are earnestly invited from all those interested in the special subject of this paper and anthropology in general. Contributions are also requested from persons acquainted with curious forms of burial prevailing among other tribes of savage men.

The lithographs which illustrate this paper have been made by Thos. Sinclair & Son, of Philadelphia, Pa., after original drawings made by Mr. W. H. Holmes, who has with great kindness superintended their preparation.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: Hist. Ind. Tribes of U.S., 1853, pt. 3, p. 193.]

[Footnote 2: Antiq. of Southern Indians, 1873, pp. 108-110.]

[Footnote 3: Hist. of Carolina, 1714, p. 181.]

[Footnote 4: Hist. Ind. Tribes of U.S., 1855, pt. 5, p. 270.]

[Footnote 5: Rep. Smithsonian Institution, 1871, p. 407.]

[Footnote 6: Voy. dans l’Arizona, in Bull. Soc. de Géographie, 1877.]

[Footnote 7: Nat. Races Pacif. States 1874, vol. 1, p. 555.]

[Footnote 8: Cont. to N. A. Ethnol., 1877, vol. iii, p. 133.]

[Footnote 9: L’incertitude des Signes de la Mort, 1749, t. 1, p. 439.]

[Footnote 10: Rites of Funeral, Ancient and Modern, 1683, p. 45.]

[Footnote 11: Schoolcraft Hist. Ind. Tribes of the United States, 1853, Pt. 3, p. 140.]

[Footnote 12: U.S. Geol. Surv. of Terr. 1876, p. 473.]

[Footnote 13: Life and adventures of Moses Van Campen, 1841, p. 252.]

[Footnote 14: Trans. Amer. Antiq. Soc., 1830, vol i, p. 302.]

[Footnote 15: Antiquities of Tennessee. Smith. Inst. Cont. to Knowledge. No. 259, 1876. Pp. 1, 8, 37, 52, 55, 82.]

[Footnote 16: Pop. Sc. Month., Sept., 1877, p. 577.]

[Footnote 17: Nat. Races of the Pacific States, 1874, vol. i, p. 780.]

[Footnote 18: A detailed account of this exploration, with many illustrations, will be found in the Eleventh Annual Report of the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, 1878.]

[Footnote 19: Trans. Amer. Antiq. Soc., 1820, vol. i, p. 174 _et seq._]

[Footnote 20: American Naturalist, 1877, xi, No. 11, p. 688.]

[Footnote 21: Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. of Science, 1875, p. 288.]

[Footnote 22: Bartram’s Travels, 1791, p. 513.]

[Footnote 23: Bartram’s Travels, 1791, p. 515.]

[Footnote 24: A Concise Nat. Hist. of East and West Florida, 1775.]

[Footnote 25: Mem. Hist. sur la Louisiane, 1753, vol. i, pp. 241-243.]

[Footnote 26: Uncivilized Races of the World, 1870, vol i, p. 464.]

[Footnote 27: Rep. Smithsonian Inst., 1867, p. 406.]

[Footnote 28: Contrib. to N. A. Ethnol., 1877, vol. 1, p. 62.]

[Footnote 29: Hist. of Virginia, 1722, p. 185.]

[Footnote 30: Collection of Voyages, 1812, vol. xiii, p. 39.]

[Footnote 31: Hist. Ind. Tribes United States, 1854, Part IV, pp. 155 _et seq._]

[Footnote 32: Trans. Amer. Antiq. Soc., 1820, vol. 1, p. 360.]

[Footnote 33: Letter to Samuel M. Burnside, in Trans. and Coll. Amer. Antiq. Soc., 1820, vol. 1, p. 318.]

[Footnote 34: A mummy of this kind, of a person of mature age, discovered in Kentucky, is now in the cabinet of the American Antiquarian Society. It is a female. Several human bodies were found enwrapped carefully in skins and cloths. They were inhumed below the floor of the cave; _inhumed_, and not lodged in catacombs.]

[Footnote 35: Cont. to N. A. Ethnol., 1877, vol. i, p. 89.]

[Footnote 36: Billings’ Exped., 1802, p. 161.]

[Footnote 37: Pre-historic Races, 1873, p. 199.]

[Footnote 38: Rawlinson’s Herodotus, Book i, chap. 198, _note_.]

[Footnote 39: Amer. Naturalist, 1876, vol. x, p. 455 et seq.]

[Footnote 40: Manners, Customs, &c., of North American Indians, 1844, vol. ii, p. 5.]

[Footnote 41: Uncivilized Races of the World, 1870, vol. i, p. 483.]

[Footnote 42: Hist. de l’Amérique Septentrionale, 1753, tome ii, p. 43.]

[Footnote 43: Pioneer Life, 1872.]

[Footnote 44: I saw the body of this woman in the tree. It was undoubtedly an exceptional case. When I came here (Rock Island) the bluffs on the peninsula between Mississippi and Rock River (three miles distant) were thickly studded with Indian grave mounds, showing conclusively that subterranean was the usual mode of burial. In making roads, streets, and digging foundations, skulls, bones, trinkets, beads, etc., in great numbers, were exhumed, proving that many things (according to the wealth or station of survivors) were deposited in the graves. In 1836 I witnessed the burial of two chiefs in the manner stated. --P. GREGG.]

[Footnote 45: Tract No. 50, West. Reserve and North. Ohio Hist. Soc. (1879?), p. 107.]

[Footnote 46: Hist. of Ft. Wayne, 1868, p. 284.]

[Footnote 47: The Last Act, 1876.]

[Footnote 48: Cont. to N. A. Ethnol., 1877, vol. iii, p. 341.]

[Footnote 49: Hist. Indian Tribes of the United States, 1854, part IV, p. 224.]

[Footnote 50: Adventures on the Columbia River, 1831, vol. ii, p. 387.]

[Footnote 51: Trans. Am. Antiq. Soc., 1820, vol. i, p. 377.]

[Footnote 52: Hist. Indian Tribes of the United States, 1853, part iii, p. 112.]

[Footnote 53: Contrib. to N. A. Ethnol., 1877, vol iii, p. 169.]

[Footnote 54: Amer. Naturalist, November, 1878, p. 753.]

[Footnote 55: Proc. Dav. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1867-’76, p. 64.]

[Footnote 56: Pre-historic Races, 1873, p. 149.]

[Footnote 57: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Nov. 1874, p. 168.]

[Footnote 58: Amer. Naturalist, Sept., 1878, p. 629.]

[Footnote 59: Explorations of the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah, 1852, p. 43.]

[Footnote 60: Narrative of a Voyage to the Pacific, 1831, vol. i, p. 332.]

[Footnote 61: Nat. Races of Pac. States, 1871, vol. i, p. 780.]

[Footnote 62: Am. Antiq. and Discov., 1838, p. 286.]

[Footnote 63: Nat. Races of Pac. States, 1874 vol. i, p. 69.]

[Footnote 64: Travels in Alaska, 1869, p. 100.]

[Footnote 65: Alaska and its Resources, 1870, pp. 19, 132, 145.]

[Footnote 66: Life on the Plains, 1854, p. 68.]

[Footnote 67: Tour to the Lakes, 1827, p. 305.]

[Footnote 68: Long’s Exped. to the St. Peter’s River, 1824, p. 332.]

[Footnote 69: L’incertitude des signes de la Mort, 1742, tome i, p. 475, _et seq._]

[Footnote 70: The writer is informed by Mr. John Henry Boner that the custom still prevails not only in Pennsylvania, but at the Moravian settlement of Salem, N.C.]

[Footnote 71: Rep. Smithsonian Inst., 1866, p. 319.]

[Footnote 72: Uncivilized Races of the World, 1874, v. ii, p. 774, _et seq._]

[Footnote 73: Hist. of Florida, 1775, p. 88.]

[Footnote 74: Antiquities of the Southern Indians, 1873, p. 105.]

[Footnote 75: Bartram’s Travels, 1791, p. 516.]

[Footnote 76: “Some ingenious men whom I have conversed with have given it as their opinion that all those pyramidal artificial hills, usually called Indian mounds, were raised on this occasion, and are generally sepulchers. However, I am of different opinion.”]

[Footnote 77: League of the Iroquois, 1851, p. 173.]

[Footnote 78: Myths of the New World, 1868, p. 255.]

[Footnote 79: Hist. N. A. Indians, 1844, i, p. 90.]

[Footnote 80: Northwest Coast, 1857, p. 185.]

[Footnote 81: Cont. N. A. Ethnol., 1877, i., p. 200.]

[Footnote 82: Uncivilized Races of the World, 1870, vol. i, p. 483.]

[Footnote 83: Exploration Great Salt Lake Valley, Utah, 1859, p. 48.]

[Footnote 84: Hist. North American Indians, 1844, vol. ii, p. 141.]

[Footnote 85: Mœurs des Sauvages, 1724, tome ii, p. 406.]

[Footnote 86: Autobiography of James Beckwourth, 1856, p. 269.]

[Footnote 87: Tour to the Lakes, 1827, p. 292.]

[Footnote 88: Nat. Races of Pacific States, 1874, vol. i, pp. 731, 744.]

[Footnote 89: Life Among the Choctaws, 1860, p. 294.]

[Footnote 90: Bossu’s Travels (Forster’s translation), 1771, p. 38.]

[Footnote 91: At the hour intended for the ceremony, they made the victims swallow little balls or pills of tobacco, in order to make them giddy, and as it were to take the sensation of pain from them; after that they were all strangled and put upon mats, the favorite on the right, the other wife on the left, and the others according to their rank.]

[Footnote 92: The established distinctions among these Indians were as follows: The Suns, relatives of the Great Sun, held the highest rank; next come the Nobles; after them the Honorables; and last of all the common people, who were very much despised. As the nobility was propagated by the women, this contributed much to multiply it.]

[Footnote 93: The Great Sun had given orders to put out all the fires, which is only done at the death of the sovereign.]

[Footnote 94: Ten Years in Oregon, 1850, p. 261.]

[Footnote 95: Nat. Races of Pacif. States, 1875, vol iii, p. 513.]

[Footnote 96: Pilgrimage, 1828, vol. ii, p. 443.]

[Footnote 97: Canadian Red River Exploring Expedition, 1860, ii, p. 164.]

[Footnote 98: League of the Iroquois, 1851, p. 287.]

[Footnote 99: Cont. to North American Ethnol., 1878, iii, p. 164.]

[Footnote 100: Am. Antiq., April, May, June, 1879, p. 251.]

[Footnote 101: Pilgrimage, 1828, ii, p. 308.]

[Footnote 102: Hist. Indian Tribes of the United States, 1851, part i, p. 356.]

[Footnote 103: Cont. to N. A. Ethnol., 1877, vol. ii., p. 58.]

[Footnote 104: Ethnol. and Philol. of the Hidatsa Indians. U.S. Geol. Surv. of Terr., 1877, p. 409.]

[Footnote 105: Long’s Exped., 1824, vol. ii, p. 158.]

[Footnote 106: Northwest Coast, 1857, p. 212.]

[Footnote 107: Nat. Races Pacif. States, 1875, vol. iii, p. 512.]

INDEX.