Part 2

=Halftone Illustrations.=--Halftone illustrations can be made satisfactorily only from photographs or wash drawings. Photographs on a high-finish or glossy paper produce the best results. We cannot produce good results by making a halftone from a halftone print. A halftone engraving is photographed through a screen, and when we undertake to reproduce a halftone from a halftone print we throw one screen upon the other. In rare cases passable results can be obtained in this way, but such copy should be used most sparingly.

If photographs are unmounted, they should not be mounted or pasted on sheets of paper. Smoothly mounted photographs present no difficulties to the engraver.

Numbers, letters or marks should not be placed on the face of photographic prints or wash drawings. If numbers or letters are called for, they should be indicated in pencil at the proper point on the back of unmounted prints. This can be done easily by holding the print against a window facing a strong light. In the case of mounted photographs, a fly leaf of thin paper pasted on the back of the photograph at the top and folded over the face of the photograph, can be used for the numbers or letters. In both cases the engraver adds the numbers or letters on the print in the manner best suited to reproduction.

Manufacturers' cuts can sometimes be used when the nature of the text calls for them. If possible the manufacturer should be asked to supply the original photograph or drawing. If this is not available, then the original cut--not an electrotype--should be secured. Electrotypes can often be used, but the results are not of the standard which we like to maintain.

=Wax Cuts.=--Formerly many textbooks were illustrated by engravings made by the wax process. This is the process ordinarily used for the production of maps. The cost of these engravings has risen, however, to a point which makes them now practically out of the question for the average book. They may be used in special cases. Their chief advantage is that they can be made from rough pen or pencil sketches and do not call either for finished lines or careful lettering.

=In General.=--Wherever possible illustrations to occupy a full page should stand vertically on the page. This is, we think, obviously more satisfactory to the user of the book.

Folded plates and charts should be avoided as far as possible, not only because they involve an unreasonable expense, but because American readers, at least, do not like them. Furthermore any considerable number of inserted charts weakens the binding of the book.

Color plates and maps in color are prohibitively expensive for most technical books, but systems of shading and cross-hatching can be employed as a substitute for colors in many forms of illustration.

=The Number of Illustrations.=--The cost of engravings of all types has risen out of all proportion to the costs of other details of book manufacture, and there is no present prospect of a reduction in the scale of prices. This proves to be especially burdensome to the publishers of technical and scientific books where the texts generally contain a large number of illustrations. Accordingly we ask authors to consider carefully the possibilities of reducing the number of illustrations. In books of the character of ours illustrations are essential, and wherever they aid the reader in grasping the subject or are essential to the understanding of the subject, they cannot be eliminated. But we do not believe in illustrations that are merely "pictures" and are not essential to the understanding of the text. Wherever they can be dispensed with, without injury to the text, they should be eliminated in order that the retail price of the book may be kept within reasonable limits.

IV

MANUFACTURING THE BOOK

=Sample Galleys.=--When the manuscript has been prepared in our offices for the printer, and the time has come to undertake the manufacture of the book, we ask the printer, first, to set a few pages of the manuscript and submit them to us in galley proofs. These are in turn submitted to the author in order that he may study the typography and inform us if we have in any way misunderstood his manuscript and the marks on it. This step is, of course, dispensed with if a definite agreement has been reached in advance as to the typographical details of the book.

When the author has looked over these first galleys, not with the idea of proof-reading but of determining upon the style, we instruct the printer to proceed with the typesetting.

=Galley Proofs.=--These proofs in duplicate (one set is for the author's files) are first submitted to the author, and accompanying these is a cut dummy which shows the illustrations reproduced as they will appear in the book.

Galley proofs should be read with extreme care, and wherever possible the author should call in some associate or assistant to read them as well, for it is our experience that the author who has spent a great deal of time in the preparation of a manuscript often reads with his memory rather than his eyes and passes the most obvious errors.

When the author returns the galleys with his corrections marked thereon, he should at the same time return the original manuscript. At this time also figure numbers and captions should be added to the illustrations, and an indication should be made by number in the margin of the galleys of the approximate location of the illustrations.

Illustrations are inserted in the pages by the printer as near the point of reference as the limitations of make-up will permit. If, as happens in rare cases, an illustration must be inserted in a given paragraph, this should be clearly indicated on the galley proof.

=Page Proofs.=--The printer then proceeds to make the book up into pages, and duplicate page proofs are forwarded to the author. These again should be read carefully to make sure that all corrections which were indicated in the galleys have been properly made, and returned to us for final casting into plates. Changes, and additions other than typographical corrections, which involve the overrunning and rearranging of lines or pages, often mean the remake-up of many pages of type and an expense that is usually out of all proportion to the good accomplished. Corrections and changes should, therefore, always be made in the galley proofs, to avoid the difficult question of author's corrections, which is discussed on page 18.

The duplicate set of page proofs should be retained by the author for use in preparing his index, in order that the copy for the index may be forwarded as soon after the final shipment of page proofs as possible.

=Answering Queries.=--Frequently the proof-readers query certain points in the manuscript on the galley or page proofs. It is important that the author note these queries in all cases and indicate his decision regarding the questions so raised.

=Proof-reading.=--In technical books especially, good proof-reading is essential. We use every effort to submit proofs which follow closely the original copy, but the experienced author knows that he himself cannot exercise too much care in proof-reading. The amount of damage which has been done to the reputation and sales of many otherwise excellent technical books, by carelessness in proof-reading, would astound the inexperienced author.

One set of galley and one set of page proofs which the author receives are marked with the printer's corrections, generally in green or red ink. The set containing the printer's marks should be returned with the author's corrections added. The duplicate set the author should keep for his own files.

For the guidance of those who are inexperienced in proof-reading, we give herewith a reproduction of a sheet showing the ordinary proof-reading marks. It is helpful if the author follows this general system in marking his proofs. It is essential that the corrections be clearly marked.

PROOFREADER'S MARKS

[symbol] Insert the letter, word or punctuation mark indicated. [symbol] Insert or substitute a period at the place indicated. [symbol] Insert an apostrophe. [symbol] Insert quotation marks. [symbol] Insert a hyphen. [symbol] Make a space at the point indicated. [symbol] Close up or join separated letters or words. [symbol] Delete or take out. [l.c.] Change from capital to small letter. [Cap.] Change to capital letter. [s.c.] Change to small caps. [ital.] Change to italics. [rom.] Change to roman type. [w.f.] Wrong font letter. [tr] Transpose. [symbol] Words or letters inclosed by line should change places. [¶] Paragraph here. [No ¶] No paragraph here. [Stet or ... ] Restore word or sentence mistakenly marked out. [? or Qy.] Is this right? [X] Broken letter. [symbol] Move to left. [symbol] Move to right. [symbol] Push down space.

In preparing copy for the printer the writer should underline:

_One line_, words to be put in italics. _Two lines_, words to be put in small caps. _Three lines_, words to be put in large caps. _Wave line_ (~~~~~~), words to be put in heavy face type.

=Author's Corrections.=--No problem in the publishing of technical books gives the publisher and the author more trouble than the question of author's corrections. The term "author's corrections" covers, technically, changes made in content, arrangement or typographical style, or additions to the manuscript, after the type has been set.

The publisher, to protect himself against the author who practically rewrites his manuscript after it has been set up in type, usually provides in his contract that corrections in excess of a certain percentage of the cost of composition shall be charged to and paid for by the author. The printer makes a careful distinction between printer's corrections and author's corrections. Corrections marked in galley and page proofs of a book where the printer has not followed copy are printer's corrections. Author's corrections are changes and additions made in the proof. Obviously, where these changes make a distinct improvement in the text--that is, a better book--the publisher takes a sympathetic attitude; but when the item of author's corrections runs to a total of twenty-five or fifty per cent or more of the cost of setting up the book, there is clear indication that the author did not complete his book in the manuscript but in the proof.

For a general rule it should be kept in mind that corrections in the galley proofs cost much less than corrections in the page proofs where remake-up of pages involving a large expense may result from the addition of a single line, or even a few words. But it is most important of all for the author to realize that every correction made after the manuscript has been set up in type is time-consuming and expensive, and that such delay and expense are reduced to a minimum when the author submits a clean, carefully prepared manuscript which embodies his final judgment of content and style.

V

WHEN THE BOOK IS PUBLISHED

Within a short period after the author returns the proofs of the index, the book is ready for publication. The author's work is then practically done.

Immediately upon the arrival of the bound books from the bindery, the publisher places the work upon the market, copyrights it in this country and abroad, and undertakes campaigns for its distribution.

This section of the _Suggestions_ is intended to show the author how he can help in this work and to answer certain questions which are asked constantly.

=Marketing a Book.=--We take pride in the thoroughness with which we seek the market for all books bearing our imprint. The spirit of the agreement which we make with the author is that each book is a separate business venture into which we have entered as a partner of the author.

In marketing his book the author can be of material assistance to us. He knows the subject better than we can ever know it, and he knows the type of man to which he intends his book to appeal. For these reasons we always welcome the assistance and suggestions of the author.

At the time when the author begins to receive page proofs of the book, we are outlining our campaign for its distribution. At that time we like to receive from the author, first, a brief but exact definition of the scope and purpose of the book. This we use, not for our advertising, but as the basis of our advertising. Second, we find distinctly helpful a list of points to emphasize in our circular and periodical advertising, and for such a list we look to the author. A cut-and-dried table of contents often fails to give as good a picture of a book as do a few well-selected points.

At the same time the author's suggestions of special periodicals to which copies should be sent for review, and of special lists which may well be circularized, will also be helpful. These we generally know about, but sometimes we overlook obvious points of attack in our campaigns.

=Corrections and Revisions.=--In practically every instance our books are printed from electrotype plates. Consequently the first printings are rarely large, because we are able to produce further copies, from our electrotype plates, as needed.

Before a book is reprinted the author is given an opportunity to send in corrections of typographical and other errors which have escaped notice in the earlier printing or printings. Such reprints, however, are not called new editions nor is the title page date of the book changed. We follow strictly the policy of designating as new editions only books which have been more or less thoroughly revised, and the title page date of one of our books is an indication of the date of the text--not of the reprint.

When, in the author's opinion or our own, the text requires revision, we discuss the details with the author and arrange for as complete a revision as the condition of the text calls for. Since the printings of our books are rarely large, we are able to arrange for the production of a new edition in normal cases as soon as the author feels that it is required and can complete his portion of the work.

=Translations.=--We arrange, where possible, for translations of books into foreign languages, dividing the proceeds with the author. The underlying theory of this division is that, with the publication of a translation, both the author and the publisher suffer from the loss of sales of the edition in English.

The foreign publisher generally has to pay to his translator about the royalties usually paid to an author, and accordingly the amount which can be charged to a foreign publisher for rights of translation is, except in rare cases, small. Translations must be regarded as a by-product.

Our attempts to market books in foreign languages from New York, or from one of our foreign agencies, have not been encouraging. Accordingly, the first question, when we are endeavoring to arrange for a translation, is for us to find a publisher in the country selected who will undertake the work of securing a translator and publishing the book. When a translator offers his services, we find it necessary to ask him first to interest a publisher in his own country in the venture.

=Prompt Publication.=--From the standpoint of both the author and the publisher it is desirable that a book should be put on the market as soon as possible after the manuscript is completed.

From the moment the publisher undertakes to manufacture a book he has an investment which grows rapidly and yields nothing until the sales of the book begin.

The production of technical books is delayed, generally, by one of the following causes:

(1) The author wishes to submit his material to his associates or to specialists in the field. Except for purposes of proof-reading such submission should be made in manuscript.

(2) The author fails to return his proofs and manuscript copy promptly. The prompt reading and return of proofs is of the greatest importance.

(3) The copy for the index does not follow closely upon the return of the final batch of page proofs.

The printer, the engraver, the paper manufacturer, the binder or the publisher may also interfere with prompt publication; but if the author's end of the work is handled systematically and promptly, we are generally able to control the manufacturing details.

* * * * *

Transcriber's Note

_ _ indicates italic script;

= = indicates bold script;

[sq] indicates a hollow square.

Sundry missing or damaged punctuation has been repaired.

Page 6, etc.: 'sub-headings', and 'subheadings' both appear in this book, as do 'Proof-reader' and 'Proofreader', and some other instances of hyphenated and non-hyphenated words.

As it is a book of suggestions on layout and style from a respected publishing house, it can be assumed they knew what they intended, so both hyphenated and non-hyphenated words have been retained.

Page 9: 'instalments'.

From Webster's Dictionary, 1913 Edition (http: //www. bibliomania.com/2/3/257/frameset.html):

Installment (In*stall"ment) n. [Written also instalment.]

'instalments' has therefore been retained.