A dictionary of American authors

Part 15

Chapter 153,437 wordsPublic domain

=Curtis, Thomas F.= _E._, 1815-1872. A Baptist divine who was for some years president of Lewisburg University, Pennsylvania. Progress of Baptist Principles in the Last Hundred Years (1857); The Human Element in the Inspiration of the Sacred Scriptures, a work which occupies the Colenso position on the subject and is in places more advanced.

=Curtis, William Eleroy.= _O._, 1850- ----. A prominent Washington journalist. The United States and Foreign Powers; Life of Zachariah Chandler; The Capitals of Spanish America; The Land of the Nihilist; Venezuela; The Yankees of the East: Japan Sketches; The True Thomas Jefferson. _Har. St._

=Curtiss, Mrs. Abby [Allin].= _Ct._, 1820- ----. A verse-writer of Madison, Wisconsin, who published Home Ballads (1850).

=Curwen, Samuel.= _Ms._, 1715-1802. A loyalist who lived in England during the American Revolution, but returned after its close to his native town of Salem. While an exile he kept a journal which contains much valuable information concerning loyalist exiles. It was first published in 1842, with the title Journal and Letters of the Late Samuel Curwen, Judge of Admiralty, an American Refugee in England, 1775-1884.

=Cushing, Caleb.= _Ms._, 1800-1879. A Massachusetts statesman and diplomatist, who was attorney-general of the United States, 1853-57. Historical and Political Review of the Late Revolution in France, 1833; Practical Principles of Political Economy; Life of William Henry Harrison; Growth and Territorial Progress of the United States, 1837; Reminiscences of Spain; History of Newburyport; The Treaty of Washington. _See Appleton’s American Biography._ _Har._

=Cushing, Luther Stearns.= _Ms._, 1803-1856. A well-known authority on parliamentary practice and a Massachusetts jurist who was lecturer on Roman Law in Harvard University, 1848-56. Massachusetts Reports, 1848-53; Manual of Parliamentary Practice; Trustee Process; Remedial Law; Reports of Controverted Election Cases in Massachusetts; Introduction to the study of Roman Civil Law; Elements of the Law and Practice of Legislative Assemblies in the United States; Lex Parliamentaria Americana; Rules of Proceeding and Debates in the Deliberative Assemblies. _Lit._

=Cushing, William.= _Ms._, 1811-1895. Brother of L. S. Cushing, _supra_. A Unitarian clergyman of Massachusetts who, after retiring from the ministry, devoted himself to literary research, and published Anonyms; Initials and Pseudonyms, useful guide-books of literary information. _Cr._

=Custer, Mrs. Elizabeth [Bacon].= _Mch._, 184- - ----. Wife of G. A. Custer, _infra_. Boots and Saddles, or Life in Dakota with General Custer; Tenting on the Plains, or General Custer in Kansas and Texas; Following the Guidon; The Boy General. _Har. Scr._

=Custer, George Armstrong.= _O._, 1839-1876. A famous general in the Federal army during the Civil War, who afterwards became noted in campaigns against the Indians, and was killed with his entire command in a battle with the Sioux in the Black Hills. My Life on the Plains was his only publication.

=Custis, George Washington Parke.= _Va._, 1781-1857. An adopted son of General Washington. He published Recollections of Washington.

=Cuthbert, James Hazard.= _S. C._, 1822- ----. A Baptist divine of Washington. Our Mission as Baptists; Life of Richard Fuller, _infra_.

=Cutler, Elbridge Jefferson.= _Ms._, 1831-1870. A professor of modern languages at Harvard University, 1865-1870. War Poems; Stella. _See Memoir by A. P. Peabody, infra, 1872._

=Cutler, Mrs. Hannah Maria [Tracy] [Conant].= _Ms._, 1815-1896. A prominent woman-suffragist who became a physician in 1879, and practiced in Cobden, Illinois. Woman as She Was, Is, and Should Be; Phillipia, or A Woman’s Question; The Fortunes of Michael Doyle, or Home Rule for Ireland.

=Cutler, Jervis.= _Ms._, 1768-1844. A Western pioneer who published Topographical Description of the Western Country (1812). _See Life and Times of Ephraim Cutler._

=Cutler, Mrs. Lizzie [Petit].= _Va._, 1836- ----. A novelist of New York City. Light and Darkness; Household Mysteries, a romance of Southern life; The Stars of the Crowd, or Men and Women of the Day.

=Cutter, George Washington.= _Ms._, 1801-1865. A verse-writer of Washington. Buena Vista, and Other Poems; Song of Steam; Poems National and Patriotic.

=Cutting, Hiram Adolphus.= _Vt._, 1832-1892. A State geologist of Vermont. Mining in Vermont; Climatology of Vermont; Microscopic Revelations; Farm Pests; Notes on Building Stones; Lectures on Plants, Fertilization, etc.; Lectures on Milk, etc.; Farm Lectures; Vermont Agricultural Reports.

=Cutting, Sewall Sylvester.= _Vt._, 1813-1882. A Baptist clergyman and religious journalist. Historical Vindications; Struggles and Triumphs of Religious Liberty; Ancient Baptistries.

=Cuyler= [ky´ler], =Theodore Ledyard.= _N. Y._, 1822- ----. A Presbyterian clergyman of note, formerly pastor of Lafayette Avenue Church of Brooklyn. Stray Arrows; Cedar Christian; The Empty Crib; Wayside Springs; Right to the Point; Thought Hives; God’s Light on Dark Clouds; Pointed Papers; Heart Life; From the Nile to Norway; Newly Enlisted, or Talks to Young Converts; The Young Preacher; Stirring the Eagle’s Nest; How To Be a Pastor; Christianity in the Home, comprise the greater number of his works. _Rev._

D

=Dabney, Richard.= _Va._, 1787-1825. A once noted instructor in Richmond, Virginia, whose Poems, Original and Translated, contain scholarly translations from Euripides, Alcæus, and other classic poets.

=Dabney, Richard Heath.= _Va._, 1859- ----. The Causes of the French Revolution. _Ho._

=Dabney, Robert Lewis.= _Va._, 1820-1898. Nephew of R. Dabney, _supra_. A Presbyterian clergyman, from 1882 professor of moral philosophy in the University of Texas. Life of T. S. Sampson; Life and Campaigns of General Stonewall Jackson; Sacred Rhetoric, or Lectures on Preaching; Defence of Virginia and the South; The Sensualistic Philosophy of the 19th Century; A Course of Systematic and Polemic Theology; The Christian Sabbath; Collected Discussions. _Ran._

=Dabney, Virginius.= _Va._, 1835-1894. A staff officer in the Confederate service during the Civil War, who published Don Miff, a Symphony of Life; Gold That Did Not Glitter. _Lip._

=Daboll= [da´bŏl], =Nathan.= 1750-1818. A once famous instructor of Connecticut. He prepared The Schoolmaster’s Assistant, long a standard text-book on arithmetic, and The Practical Navigator.

=Daboll, Nathan.= _Ct._, 1782-1863. Son of N. Daboll, _supra_. A probate judge of Connecticut. The author, with his son, of Daboll’s New Arithmetic, and compiler of the New England Almanac, begun by the father in 1773. The second of the name continued its preparation from 1818 to the year of his own death.

=Da Costa, Jacob Mandes.= _W. I._, 1833-1900. A Philadelphia physician connected with Jefferson Medical College since 1864, and a specialist in diseases of the throat and lungs. Epithelial Tumours and Cancers of the Skin; The Pathological Anatomy of Acute Pneumonia; The Physicians of the Last Century; Serous Apoplexy; Medical Diagnosis; Inhalation in Treatment of Diseases of the Respiratory Passages; Strain and Over-action of the Heart; Harvey and his Discovery. _Lip._

=Dadd, George H.= _E._, _c._ 1813- ----. A veterinary surgeon who has published The Modern Horse Doctor; Manual of Veterinary Science; Anatomy and Physiology of the Horse; The American Cattle Doctor.

=Dagg, John Leadley.= _Va._, 1794-1884. A Baptist clergyman who retired from the ministry in 1833, and was president of Mercer University, Georgia, 1844-56. Manual of Theology; Elements of Moral Science; Evidences of Christianity; English Grammar. _Bap._

=Dahlgren, John Adolph.= _Pa._, 1809-1870. A famous United States naval officer, made admiral in 1863, who invented the cannon bearing his name, and conducted the siege of Charleston during the Civil War. Thirty-Two Pounder Practice for Rangers; System of Boat Armament in the United States Navy; Naval Percussion Locks and Primers; Ordnance Memoranda; Shells and Shell Guns; Memoir of Ulric Dahlgren; Notes on Maritime International Law, edited by Charles Cowley, _supra_. _See Memoir by Mrs. Dahlgren, infra._

=Dahlgren, Mrs. Madeleine [Vinton] [Goddard].= _O._, 1835-1898. Second wife of J. A. Dahlgren, _supra_, to whom she was married in 1865. A novelist of Washington. Idealities; Thoughts on Female Suffrage; South Sea Sketches; Etiquette of Social Life in Washington; Memoir of Admiral Dahlgren; South Mountain Magic, a Narrative; A Washington Winter, a Society Novel; The Lost Name; Divorced; Lights and Shadows of a Life. _Lip._

=Dalcho, Frederick.= _E._, 1777-1836. An Episcopal clergyman of Charleston, rector of St. Michael’s Church there, 1819-36, but in earlier life successively a physician and journalist. The Evidence of the Divinity of Our Saviour. Historic Account of the Episcopal Church in South Carolina; Ahiman Rezon, a work for freemasons.

=Dale, James Wilkinson.= _Del._, 1812-1881. A clergyman of eastern Pennsylvania. The Cup and the Cross, or the Baptism of Calvary; Classic Baptism; Judaic Baptism; Johannic Baptism; Christic and Patristic Baptism.

=Dales, John Blakely.= _N. Y._, 1815-1893. A United Presbyterian clergyman of Philadelphia, whose principal writings include Roman Catholicism; Dangers and Duties of Young Men; The Gospel Minister.

=Dall, Mrs. Caroline Wells [Healey].= _Ms._, 1822- ----. Wife of C. H. A. Dall, _infra_. A Washington writer whose early efforts were mainly in the line of social reforms, while her later works were concerned with general literature. Essays and Sketches; Historical Pictures Retouched; Life of Dr. Marie Zakrzewski; Woman’s Rights under the Law; The Romance of the Association, or one Last Glimpse of Charlotte Temple and Eliza Wharton; What we Really Know about Shakespeare; Woman’s Place in History; Life of Dr. Anandabai Joshee; College, Market and Court; Woman’s Right to Labor; Essays on Confucius; Patty Gray’s Journey to the Cotton Islands; My First Holiday, or Letters from Colorado; Egypt’s Place in History, include her principal works. _Le. Rob._

=Dall, Charles Henry Appleton.= _Md._, 1816-1886. A Unitarian missionary to Calcutta. The Temperance Movement in Modern Times; Theism, in Questions and Answers.

=Dall, William Healey.= _Ms._, 1845- ----. Son of C. H. and C. W. Dall, _supra_. A naturalist of distinction who has been connected with the United States Coast Survey and the Geological Survey. Alaska and its Resources (1870); Tribes of the Extreme Northwest; Scientific Results of the Exploration of Alaska; Coast Pilot of Alaska; Pacific Coast Pilot; Reports on the Mollusca of the Blake Expedition. _Le._

=Dallas, Alexander James.= _F._, 1759-1817. A noted statesman who was secretary of state, 1796-1801, and secretary of the treasury under Madison. Features of Jay’s Treaty; Speeches on the Trial of Blount; Address to Constitutional Republicans; Causes and Character of the Late War (1815); Reports of Cases. =See Life and Writings of, by G. M. Dallas, infra.=

=Dallas, George Mifflin.= _Pa._, 1792-1864. Son of A. J. Dallas, _supra_. A statesman who was minister to Russia, 1837-39, vice-president of the United States, 1845-49, minister to England, 1856-61. Series of Letters from London; Eulogy on Andrew Jackson, as well as many single speeches and addresses. _Lip._

=Dalton= [dawl´ton], =John Call.= _Ms._, 1825-1889. A physician of note who was a professor in various medical colleges. Observations on Trichina Spiralis; The Experimental Method in Medical Science; Doctrines of the Circulation; Topographical Anatomy of the Brain; History of the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York city; Treatise on Human Physiology; Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene.

=Daly, Charles Patrick.= _N. Y._, 1816-1899. A prominent jurist of New York City. Historical Sketch of the Judicial Tribunals of New York, 1823-46; Reports of Cases in Court of Common Pleas, City and County of New York; First Settlement of Jews in North America; What we Knew of Maps and Map Drawing before Mercator.

=Daly, John Augustin.= _N. C._, 1838-1899. A dramatist and theatrical manager of New York city who, besides adapting many plays from the German and the French, wrote Divorce; Pique; Horizon; Under the Gaslight, and other plays, as well as Peg Woffington, a Tribute to the Actress and the Woman.

=Damon, Howard Franklin.= _Ms._, 1833-1884. A hospital physician of Boston. Leucocythæmia; Neurosis of the Skin; General Remarks on the Frequency of Skin Diseases. _Lip._

=Dana, Alexander Hamilton.= _E._, 1807-1887. A lawyer of New York State. Ethical and Physiological Inquiries; Inductive Inquiries in Physiology; Ethics and Ethnology; Enigmas of Life, Death, and the Future State.

=Dana, Charles Anderson.= _N. H._, 1819-1897. A distinguished journalist of New York City. He was assistant secretary of war 1863-65, and since 1868 the editor of The New York Sun. His political writing is noted for its bitter partisanship, but the literary quality of his work is admirable. With J. G. Wilson, _infra_, he prepared a Life of General Grant, and was co-editor with George Ripley, _infra_, of the American Cyclopædia. The Household Book of Poetry was edited by him. _Ap._

=Dana, Charles Louis.= _Vt._, 1852- ----. A physician of note as a neurologist, who has published a Text-Book on Nervous Diseases.

=Dana, Edward Salisbury.= _Ct._, 1849- ----. Son of J. D. Dana, _infra_, assistant professor of natural philosophy at Yale University since 1879, and curator of the mineral cabinet in the Peabody Museum there. Since 1875 he has been one of the editors of Silliman’s Journal. Text-Book of Mineralogy; Text-Book of Elementary Mechanics; Appendix II. (1875) and Appendix III. (1883) of Dana’s System of Mineralogy. _Wil._

=Dana, James.= _Ms._, 1735-1812. A once famous Congregational clergyman of New Haven, who wrote An Examination of Edwards on the Will.

=Dana, James Dwight.= _N. Y._, 1813-1895. A celebrated geologist, professor at Yale University from 1850. System of Mineralogy; Manual of Mineralogy; Text-Book of Geology; Corals and Coral Islands; The Geological Story Briefly Told. _Am. Do. Wil._

=Dana, James Freeman.= _N. H._, 1793-1827. A chemist and physician, the first professor of chemistry at Dartmouth College. Epitome of Chemical Philosophy; Outlines of the Mineralogy and Geology of Boston and its Vicinity (with S. L. Dana, _infra_).

=Dana, Mrs. Katharine [Floyd].= _L. I._, 1835-1886. A writer of New York City. Our Phil and Other Stories. _Hou_.

=Dana, Mrs. Mary.= _See Shindler, Mrs._

=Dana, Richard Henry.= _Ms._, 1787-1879. A poet and critic who was one of the founders of the North American Review in 1815. As a critic his Lectures on Shakespeare represent him fairly, and it must not be forgotten that he was one of the earliest in America to appreciate the genius of Wordsworth. The Idle Man, a publication begun in 1821 and extending to six numbers, includes his two novels, Tom Thornton; Paul Felton. His later publications include The Buccaneer, and Other Poems; Poems and Prose Writings. His verse is both imaginative and original, but at the same time unmelodious. _See Atlantic Monthly, April, 1879; Harper’s Magazine, April, 1879; Lowell’s Fable for Critics; Bryant and his Friends._

=Dana, Richard Henry, Jr.= _Ms._, 1815-1882. Son of R. H. Dana, _supra_. A noted lawyer of Boston, best known in literature by the famous Two Years before the Mast, a narrative of personal adventure, which first appeared in 1840, and was reissued, enlarged, in 1869. His other works include The Seaman’s Friend, known in England as The Seaman’s Manual; Letters on Italian Unity; To Cuba and Back; Letters on the Somers Mutiny; Life of Major Vinton; Enemy Property and Enemy Territory. _See Life by C. F. Adams, 1891._

=Dana, Samuel Luther.= _N. H._, 1795-1868. Brother of J. F. Dana, _supra_. A noted chemist of Lowell, who made many improvements in cotton-printing, and was one of the foremost agricultural writers of his time. Chemical Changes in the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid; Muck Mineral for Manures; Essay on Manures. _See American Journal of Science, May, 1868._

=Dana, William Coombs.= _Ms._, 1810-1873. A Presbyterian clergyman of Charleston. Hymns for Public Worship; A Transatlantic Tour; Life of Samuel Dana.

=Dana, Mrs. William Starr.= _See Parsons, Mrs. Frances._

=Dandridge, Mrs. Danske [Bedinger].= _Dk._, 1858- ----. A verse-writer of Shepherdstown, West Virginia. Joy, and Other Poems.

=Dane, Nathan.= _Ms._, 1752-1835. A very prominent lawyer of Massachusetts, who founded the Dane professorship at the Harvard University Law School. He published an Abridgment and Digest of American Law [in nine volumes].

=Danenhower, John Wilson.= _Il._, 1849-1887. An Arctic explorer who was second in command of the De Long Expedition in 1879, and published The Narrative of the Jeannette, 1882.

=Danforth, John.= _Ms._, 1660-1730. Son of S. Danforth, _infra_. A once noted Congregational clergyman of Dorchester, Massachusetts, who published many single sermons and occasional poems.

=Danforth, Joshua Noble.= _Ms._, 1798-1861. A Congregational minister of Massachusetts and Virginia, who published Gleanings and Groupings from a Pastor’s Portfolio.

=Danforth, Samuel.= _E._, 1626-1674. A once famous Puritan clergyman of Roxbury, Massachusetts, 1650-74. An Astronomical Description of the Comet of 1664; An Election Sermon; The Cry of Sodom Inquired Into.

=Danforth, Samuel.= _Ms._, 1666-1727. Son of S. Danforth, _supra_. A Congregational clergyman of Taunton, Massachusetts, famous for his great learning and wide influence. Eulogy on Thomas Leonard; Essay Concerning the Singing of Psalms. The MS. of his Indian Dictionary is now the property of the Massachusetts Historical Society.

=Dangé, Henri.= _See Hammond, Mrs._

=Daniel, John Moncure.= _Va._, 1825-1865. A once noted Virginia journalist who edited The Richmond Examiner, and was minister to Italy 1853-60. _See Writings of, with Memoir by his brother, 1868._

=Daniel, John Warwick.= _Va._, 1842- ----. A prominent Virginia lawyer who was an adjutant-general in the Confederate army during the Civil War. Attachments under the Code of Virginia; Negotiable Instruments.

=Daniels, Mrs. Cora [Linn].= _Ms._, 1852- ----. A novelist of Franklin, Massachusetts. Sardia, a Story of Love; As It Is to Be. _Ban. Le._

=Daniels, William Haven.= _Ms._, 1836- ----. A Methodist clergyman, prominent as an evangelist. D. L. Moody and his Work; That Boy, who Shall Have Him?; The Temperance Reform and its Great Reformers; Moody, his Words, Work, and Workers; Illustrated History of Methodism in the United States; Graduated with Honour; Memorials of Gilbert Haven; Short History of the People called Methodists. _Meth._

=Dannelly, Mrs. Elizabeth Otis [Marshall].= _Ga._, 1838- ----. A Texas writer of verse. Cactus, or Thorns and Blossoms; Wayside Flowers.

=Da Ponte, Lorenzo.= _Iy._, 1749-1838. An Italian dramatist who furnished libretti for Mozart’s operas, Don Giovanni and Nozze di Figaro. He came to America in 1805, and after 1828 was professor of Italian in Columbia College. He published his own Life (1823); History of the Florentine Republic and the Medici (1833).

=Darby, John.= _See Garretson._

=Darby, John.= _Ms._, 1804-1877. An educator who was connected with various colleges North and South. Manual of Botany; The Botany of the Southern States; Chemistry, are some of his publications.

=Darby, William.= _Pa._, 1755-1834. A geographer who published Geographical Dictionary of Louisiana; Plan of Pittsburg and Adjacent Country; Emigrant’s Guide to the Western Country; Tour from New York to Detroit (1819); Geography and History of Florida; View of the United States (1823); Lectures on the Discovery of America; Mnemonica, a Register of Events from the Earliest Period; Geographical Dictionary.

=Darden, Mrs. Fannie [Baker].= _Al._, 1829- ----. Romances of the Texas Revolution; Poems.

=Dargan, Clara Victoria.= _See Maclean, Mrs._

=Darley, Felix Octavius Carr.= _Pa._, 1822-1888. A well-known artist and illustrator whose home was at Claymont, Delaware. His only writing is included in Sketches Abroad with Pen and Pencil.

=Darling, Mrs. Flora [Adams].= _N. H._, 1840- ----. A writer of fiction whose writings include Mrs. Darling’s Letters, or Memoirs of the Civil War; A Wayward Winning Woman; The Bourbon Lily; Was it a Just Verdict?; A Social Diplomat; From Two Points of View; The Senator’s Daughter.

=Darling, Henry.= _Pa._, 1823-1891. A Presbyterian clergyman who was president of Hamilton College, 1881-1891. The Close Walk; Slavery and the War; Conformity to the World; Not Doing but Receiving.

=Darling, Mary Greenleaf.= _Pa._, 1848- ----. Battles at Home; In the World; Gladys, a Romance. _Le. Lo._

=Darling, William.= _S._, 1815-1884. A distinguished New York physician who published Anatomography, or Graphic Anatomy; Essentials of Anatomy (with A. L. Ranney).

=Darlington, William.= _Pa._, 1782-1863. A famous botanist of West Chester, Pennsylvania, in whose honour Darlingtonia, a genus of pitcher-plants, was named. Mutual Influence of Habits and Disease; Agricultural Botany; Flora Cestrica; Memorials of John Bartram, _supra_, and Humphrey Marshall.

=D’Arusmont, Madame Frances [Wright].= _S._, 1795-1852. A very energetic and versatile Scottish reformer who came several times to America, and finally settled in Cincinnati. Her attacks on social institutions aroused much hostility, her opposition to slavery making her the object of especial dislike. Popular Lectures on Free Inquiry; Biographical Notes and Political Letters of Fanny Wright D’Arusmont (1844); Altorf: a tragedy; Views of Society and Manners in America; A Few Days in Athens, include her principal works. _See Gilbert’s The Pioneer Woman, 1855; Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 14._

=Daveiss, Mrs. Maria [Thompson].= _Ky._, 1814-1896. A Kentucky author who wrote much for agricultural journals, and published Roger Sherman, a Tale of ’76; Woman’s Love; History of Mercer and Boyle Counties, Kentucky; Cultivation and Uses of the Chinese Sugar Cane.

=Davenport, John.= _E._, 1597-1670. A famous Puritan divine who, before coming to America in 1637, was a celebrated London preacher. In 1638 he was one of the founders of New Haven, and in 1660 concealed the noted regicides, Goffe and Whalley, from their pursuers. In 1666 he became pastor of the First Church in Boston. Instructions to Elders of the English Church; Catechism containing the Chief Heads of the Christian Religion; Discourse about Civil Government in New England. _See Sprague’s Annals of the American Pulpit; Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 14._

=David, Jean Baptist.= _F._, 1761-1841. A Roman Catholic bishop of Bardstown, Kentucky. Among his many works are Vindication of Catholic Doctrine concerning Images; Address to Brethren of Other Professions; On the Rule of Faith; True Piety.

=Davidson, Charles.= _O._, 1852- ----. An instructor of Belmont, California. The Phonology of the Stressed Vowels of Beowulf; Studies in the English Mystery Plays.

=Davidson, George.= _E._, 1825- ----. An astronomer of distinction, founder of the Davidson Observatory in San Francisco. The United States Coast Survey of the Pacific Coast; Coast Pilot of Alaska; Voyages of Discovery on the Northwest Coast of America, 1539-1603.

=Davidson, James Wood.= _S. C._, 1829- ----. An educator of South Carolina and elsewhere, whose Living Writers of the South is quite wanting in discrimination and critical ability. His other works include School History of South Carolina; The Correspondent; The Poetry of the Future; Florida of To-Day. _Ap._

=Davidson, Lucretia Maria.= _N. Y._, 1808-1825. A precocious verse-writer now quite forgotten. Amir Khan and Other Poems was issued in 1829. _See Memoir by S. F. B. Morse, and Life by C. M. Sedgwick, infra._