Chapter 46

Falten. The form falt should be taken away from this article and placed under Folden. The words _falt mi tunge_ mean ‘my tongue gives way.’ For the various meanings of this verb folden, see MD (ii. 68). This correction is due to the kindness of Prof. Napier.

For-swinken, _v._ to exhaust with toil; forswonke, _pp._, S3 (p. 364, l. 24).

Frayd, _pp._ frightened, S3; fraid, scared, S3; see Afrayen.

Habide, _v._ to abide, resist, S2; see A-biden.

Hagt. Dr. F. Holthausen suggests that this word means ‘danger, peril,’ comparing this ME. _hagt_ with Icel. _hætta_ which has the same meaning. Kluge connects this _hætta_ with Gothic _hāhan_, to hang, so that it may mean radically ‘a state of being in suspense.’ The word must have come into England in the form *_haht_, before the assimilation of _ht_ to _tt_.

Hal, _adj._ all, S2; see Al.

Ham, _1 pr. s._ am, S; see Am.

Haxede, _pt. s._ asked, S; see Asken.

Here, _adv._ before, S; see Er.

Heremyte, _sb._ hermit, S2; heremites, _pl._, P; see Ermite.

Hulpen. (To be placed more to the right.)

Ich, _adj._ each, S, S2; see Eche.

Ieden, _pt. pl._ went, S; see Eode.

Joutes. For _jutā_ read _jūta_. For other cognates of this wide-spread word, see Kluge (s.v. _jauche_). See also s.v. _käse_, where Kluge remarks that Icel. _ostr_, cheese, and Finnish _juusto_, cheese, are etymologically connected with G. _jauche_, and Latin _jus_.

Kepen. AS. _cépan_, to keep, should be kept quite distinct from AS. _cýpan_, to sell. AS. _cýpan_ is the phonetic representative of OTeut. _kaupjan_, whereas _cépan_, to keep, represents an OTeut. *_kōpjan_. Cp. E. _keen_, the representative of AS. _céne_, OTeut. *_kōni_ (G. _kühn_). See Kluge’s note in P. & B. Beiträge, viii. 538.

Mo. Add ) at the end.

Note, _sb._ nut. A better explanation of _not-heed_ is ‘with the hair of the head closely cut.’ The verb to _nott_ means to cut the hair close. ‘_Tondre_, to sheer, clip, cut, powle, _nott_’; Cotgrave.

Onond, _prep._ as regards, respecting, S; onont, S; see An-ent.

Quene. It should be noted that E. _queen_ is not precisely the same word as E. _quean_. For _queen_ is the phonetic equivalent of AS. _cwén_, Goth. _kwēns_, whereas _quean_ represents AS. _cwĕne_, Goth. _kwĭno_.

Senged, _pp._ sun-burnt, S3 (p. 364, l. 29); see Sengin.

Sisour, _sb._ juror, PP; sysour, P; see Asisour.

Stok. Prof. Napier maintains that the stokess of the Ormulum cannot be identified with AS. _stocc_, as the gemination of the consonant persists in the Ormulum. He suggests that stokess means ‘places,’ comparing the use of _stoke_ in place-names, e.g. _Wude stoke_ in Chron. (Earle, p. 249), He also cites in illustration AS. _stoc-weard_, ‘oppidanus,’ see Leo, p. 206.

Sum (1). _Dele_ ‘sumere, dat., S;’

Twichand, _pres. pt._ touching, regarding, S3 (13. 271).

Tyred, _pp._ attired, dressed, S2; see Atyren.

Urþe (written Vrþe), _sb._ earth, S2; see Erthe.

Whicche, a chest, trunk, box; whucche, PP; whyche, Prompt.; hoche, Prompt.—AS. _hwicce_; ‘Clustella, _hwicce_;’ Engl. Studien, xi. 65.

Wike, _sb. pl._ the corners of the mouth, S (4 a. 49).—Cf. Icel. _munnvik_, pl., the corners of the mouth; see CV (s.v. _munnr_). The word _wikes_ is still in use in this sense at Whitby. See Whitby Glossary (E.D.S.).

Wone, _adj._ one, S3 (7. 97); see Oon.

Wyne-grapis, _sb. pl._ vine-grapes, S3 (13. 99).

Transcriber’s Notes:

Underlining Errors Alphabetization Hyphens

Underlining in the Dictionary

All underlining was added by the transcriber. You will see the following forms:

errors noted by transcriber errors noted by author ambiguous hyphens (underlining intentionally faint) Greek words (underlining should be invisible in most browsers) text from Additions and Corrections (outlined as a block)

Errors and Inconsistencies

For errors corrected by the authors, see the Additions and Corrections section.

Typographical errors are shown in the text with mouse-hover popups. Most errors are trivial, such as missing or incorrect punctuation or misplaced italics. Variant abbreviations such as “O.H.G.” for “OHG.” have been regularized to the forms given in the Authorities and Language lists. The word “invisible” in corrections means that there is an appropriately sized blank space in the printed text.

Errors in Greek accents were silently corrected. A few minor variations were retained, including:

“hedgehog” or “hedghog” Cf. or Cp. (_n_) or (_n._) _pt. pr._ or _pt.-pr._

Alphabetization in the Dictionary

Unless otherwise noted, words are spelled and alphabetized as originally printed. Note in particular:

The letter Æ æ is alphabetized as ae.

The letter I is alphabetized according to its phonetic value, vowel before consonant. J is not used.

Thorn Þ þ and eth ð (capital Ð does not occur) are alphabetized as th.

The letters U and V are shown with the _form_ used in their source documents, but are _alphabetized_ by phonetic value. A few sequences such as initial Su- do not make this distinction.

Yogh Ȝ ȝ is alphabetized after y.

_Technical Note_

Anchors of Dictionary headwords are in the form word_entry (lower case) with these modifications:

— æ, ð, þ, ȝ have been expanded to ae, dh, th, gh

— diacritical marks and medial hyphens have been omitted

— spaces (only in phrases) have been changed to _ lines

— duplicate headwords are identified by part of speech and, if necessary, by number: word_thanne_adv; word_on_prefix_1. If the text uses numbers, as with groups of identically spelled prefixes, the anchor will use the same number.

Hyphens At Line-End

The book’s two-column format resulted in a great many line-end hyphens. Most hyphenated words were unique, so the ordinary tests (“Is this word, or a structurally similar one, hyphenated on its other occurrences?”) could seldom be used.

Line-end hyphens in cross-references (“see”, “see also”, “cf.”) were kept or omitted based on the form of the cross-referenced headword. Note that hyphenization in this situation is very inconsistent. Except in the Additions, cross-references often omit a mid-line hyphen that is present in the referenced word, or include one that is absent.

Line-end hyphens were retained in past participles in i-, y- and equivalent, and after the prefixes out- and to-; they were omitted before common endings such as -lich, -ship, -ness, -full. They were removed after Middle English un-, but retained after Anglo-Saxon un-.

The remaining line-end hyphens were omitted _unless_ they were in the same location (morphological boundary) as the hyphen in the headword, or if the hyphenated word was a compound. Within these two groups, final decisions were based on more fluid criteria such as internal consistency within an entry, or hyphenization of other words from the same source. Words printed with these types of ambiguous hyphens are lightly underlined in the e-text. The position of omitted hyphens is generally obvious, and has not been explicitly marked.