Chapter 2

36. _JD_: Jamieson, Scottish Dictionary, 1867.

37. Kluge: etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 1883.

38. Leo: angelsächsisches Glossar, 1877.

39. _Manip._: Manipulus Vocabulorum, Levins, ed. Wheatley, EETS, 1867.

40. _MD_: Mätzner, altenglisches Wörterbuch [A-H], 1885.

41. Minsheu: Spanish and English Dict., 1623.

42. _ND_: Nares, Glossary, 1876.

43. _NED_: New English Dictionary, ed. Murray [A-BOZ]. CP.

44. _NQ_: Notes and Queries.

45. OET: Oldest English Texts, ed. Sweet, 1885, EETS (83).

45*. _ONE_: Oliphant, The New English, 1886.

46. Otfrid: Evangelienbuch, glossar, ed. Piper, 1884.

47. _P_: Piers the Plowman (B-text), ed. Skeat. CP.

48. _Palsg._: Palsgrave, Lesclaircissement de langue francoyse, ed. 1852.

49. _PP_: Piers the Plowman, glossary by Skeat, 1885, EETS (81).

50. _PP. Notes_: by Skeat, 1877, EETS (67).

51. _Prompt._: Promptorium Parvulorum, ed. Way, Camden Soc., 1865.

52. Ps.: (after French forms), see Apfelstedt.

53. _RD_: Richardson’s English Dictionary, 1867.

54. Roland: Chanson de Roland, ed. Gautier, 1881.

55. _S_: Specimens of Early English, Part I, ed. Morris, 1885. CP.

56. _S2_: Specimens of Early English, Part II, ed. Morris and Skeat, 1873. CP.

57. _S3_: Specimens of English Literature, ed. Skeat, 1879. CP.

58. _SB_: Sinonoma Bartholomei, 14th Cent. Glossary, ed. Mowat, 1882. CP.

59. Schmid: Gesetze der Angelsachsen (glossar), 1858.

60. _SD_: Stratmann, Dict. of the Old English Language, 1878.

61. _Sh._: Shakespeare Lexicon, by Schmidt, 1875.

62. Sievers: Grammar of Old English, ed. A. S. Cook, 1885.

63. _SkD_: Skeat, Etymological Dict. of Eng. Lang., 1884. CP.

64. Skeat, English Words in Norman-French, 1882, Phil. Soc.

65. Skeat, Mœso-gothic Glossary, 1868.

66. _SPD_: Smythe Palmer, Dictionary of Folk-Etymology, 1882.

67. _Spenser_: Faery Queene, glossaries to Books I and II, 1887. CP.

68. Sweet: AS. Reader, 1884. CP.

69. Tatian: Evangelienbuch, ed. Sievers, 1872.

70. _TG_: Trench, Select Glossary, 1879.

71. _Trevisa_: version of Higden, Rolls’ Series (41).

72. _Voc._: Wright’s Vocabularies, ed. Wülcker, 1884.

73. VP: Vespasian Psalter, as printed in OET., see 45.

74. Vulg.: the Vulgate Version of the Bible.

75. _W_: Wycliffe, New Testament (Purvey’s revision), ed. Skeat, 1879. CP.

76. _W2_: Wycliffe, Job, Psalms, &c. (revised by Hereford and Purvey), ed. Skeat, 1881. CP.

77. _WA_: Wars of Alexander, ed. Skeat, 1887, EETS (Extra Series xlvii).

78. Weigand: deutsches Wörterbuch, 1878.

79. Windisch: Glossary added to Old Irish Texts, 1882.

80. _WW_: Wright, The Bible Word-Book, 1884.

81. ZRP: Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie, ed. Gröber.

ABBREVIATIONS (Languages),

WITH REFERENCES TO AUTHORITIES.

AF: Anglo-French, see 64.

AS.: Anglo-Saxon, see 10, 31, 45, 62.

Church Lat.: Ecclesiastical Latin, see 24, 74.

Goth.: Gothic, see 23, 65.

Gr.: Greek, see 9, 19, 27.

Icel.: Icelandic, see 20.

It.: Italian, see 28.

Lat.: Latin.

Late Lat.: Post-classical Latin, of Latin origin, see 24, 72, 74.

Low Lat.: Latin derived from the later European languages, see 1, 14, 24, 51, 58.

ME.: Middle English.

North.E.: Northern English, see 4, 36.

OF.: Old French, see 3, 6, 17, 18, 22, 24, 30, 48, 54.

OHG.: Old High German, see 37, 46, 69, 78.

OIr.: Old Irish, see 19, 79.

OMerc.: Old Mercian, see 2 (Rushworth version), 45, 73.

ONorth.: Old Northumbrian, see 2.

OS.: Old Saxon, see 35.

OTeut.: Old Teutonic (as restored by scholars), see 27, 43.

Sp.: Spanish, see 41.

SYMBOLS.

In the etymological part three stops are used as symbols in connexion with the cognate forms cited, namely the comma, the semi-colon, and the colon. The comma is used to connect various spellings of a word, as well as parallel forms cited from nearly connected languages; for instance, s.v. daunger, the OF. forms are so connected. The semi-colon between two forms denotes that the two forms are phonetically equivalent, and that the preceding one is directly derived from, and is historically connected with the one following this symbol; for instance, s.v. bugle, the OF. _bugle_ is the phonetic equivalent of the Lat. _buculum_, and is immediately derived therefrom. The colon between two forms denotes that the two forms are phonetically equivalent, and that the form following this symbol is an earlier, more primitive form than the one preceding, without an immediate interborrowing between the languages being asserted; for instance, s.v. demen, the Goth. _dómjan_ is an older form than the AS. _déman_, but _déman_ is not borrowed from the Gothic. The abbreviation ‘cp.’ introduces other cognate forms, and has the same value as the symbol + in Skeat’s Dictionaries.

The asterisk * at the beginning of a word denotes a theoretical form, assumed (upon scientific principles) to have formerly existed. The sign = is to be read ‘a translation of.’ ‘(_n_)’ after Prompt., Cath. and other authorities refers to foot-notes or other notes citing the form in question.

A CONCISE DICTIONARY OF MIDDLE-ENGLISH.

A.

A-, _prefix_ (1), adding _intensity_ to the notion of the verb.—AS. _á_ for _ar-_, OHG. _ar-_, Goth. _us-_. For the quantity of the _á_ see Sievers, 121. Cf. Or.

A-, _prefix_ (2), standing for A, _prep._, and for Icel. _á_; see On- (1).

A-, _prefix_ (3), standing for Of, _prep._; see Of.

A-, _prefix_ (4), standing for AS. _and-_, against, in return, toward.—AS. _and-_, _ond-_, _on-_ (proclitic). Cf. On- (2.)

A-, _prefix_ (5), standing for At, _prep._, and Icel. _at_, used with the infin. See At- (1).

A-, _prefix_ (6), standing for AS. _ge-_; see Ȝe-.

A-, _prefix_ (7), standing for OF. _a-_ and Lat. _ad-_.

A-, _prefix_ (8), standing for OF. _a-_ and Lat. _ab-_.

A-, _prefix_ (9), standing for AF. _a_, OF. _e-_, _es-_ from Lat. _ex-_, _e-_.

A-, _prefix_ (10), standing for AF. _an-_, OF. _en-_ from Lat. _in-_. See In-.

A-, _prefix_ (11), standing for Gr. α- privative.

A, _interj._ O! Ah! expressing surprise, pain, S, MD.

A, _prep._ on, in, PP, S, S2, C2; see On.

A, _prep._ of, S2, S3, PP; see Of.

A, _adv._ ever, S; aa, S; a buten, ever without, S; see O.

A-bac, _adv._ backwards, S, W2; abec, S; abak, C2, W; obak, S2.—AS. _on-bæc_. (A- 2.)

Abasshen, _v._ to abash, S3; abasshed, _pp._ abashed, ashamed, alarmed, C3, PP; abashed, S2; abasshid, S3; abasched, PP; abaisshed, PP; abaischid, W; abaischt, S2; abaissed, PP; abaist, S3; abayste, S2, C2.—OF. _esbahiss-_ stem of pr. p. of _esbahir_, to astonish; Lat. _ex_ + *_badire_ for _badare_, to open the mouth. (A- 9.)

Abate, _v._ to beat down, bring down, calm down, P, NED.—AF. _abatre_ (pr. p. _abatant_); Late Lat. *_adbatere_. (A- 7.)

Abaue, _v._ to put to confusion, to be confounded, NED, HD, JD; abawed, _pp._ HD; abaued, HD.—OF. *_abavir_: _esbahir_ (with _v_ in place of lost _h_, see Brachet, s.v. _glaive_). (A- 9). See Abasshen.

Abaye, _sb._ barking; _phr._ at þe abaie, at abaye, at bay, S2.—OF. _abai_, barking, from _abaier_; cp. F. _aboi_ in phr.: _être aux abois_.

Abbay, _sb._ abbey, C2; abbeis, pl., S2.—AF. _abbeie_ (_abeie_); Church Lat. _abbādia_, _abbātia_, from _abbātem_. See Abbod.

Abbesse, _sb._ abbess, PP.—OF. _abbesse_; Church Lat. _abbatissa_.

Abbod, _sb._ abbot, MD, S2; abbot, S, PP; abbodes, _pl._ S2.—Church Lat. _abbātem_ (pronounced _abbādem_), nom. _abbas_; Gr. ἀββάς; Syriac, _abba_, father.

Abbodesse, _sb._ abbess, PP.

Abbot-rice, _sb._ abbacy, S.—AS. _abbod-ríce_, the rule of an abbot.

A-B-C, the alphabet, P; abcy, Cath.; abce, Cath. (_n._), PP; abcee, Cotg.; abece, Cath. (_n._); apece, Prompt.—Cp. OF. _abece_, the crosse rowe (Cotg.).

Abeah, Abeh; see Abuȝen.

Abeggen, Abeien; see Abyen.

A-bernen, _v._ to burn; abernð, _pr. s._ S.—AS. _á-beornan_. (A- 1.)

Abhominacioun, _sb._ abomination, NED, C2.

Abhomynable, _adj._ abominable, S3, C3.—AF. _abhominable_; Lat. _abominabilem_.

A-biden, _v._ to abide, remain, await, endure, S, S2, W2; habide, S2; abyde, C2; abid, _imp._, S, S2; abid, _pr. s._, S; abit, S, S2, C3; abod, _pt. s._, S; abood, W2; abide, _pt. pl._, S2; abididen, W2; abide, _pp._, G.—AS. _á-bídan_. (A- 1.)

A-biding, _sb._ expectation, W2.

Abiggen; see Abyen.

Abil, _adj._ able, CM; able, C; hable, S3, MD.—OF. _able_, _hable_ (mod. F. _habile_); Lat. _habilem_.

Abilite, _sb._ ability, NED; habilitie, S3.—OF. _habilité_.

Abilȝeit, _pp._ apparelled, S3.—OF. _habiller_.

Abilȝement, _sb._ clothing, S3.—OF. _habillement_.

Abit, _sb._ dress, a monk’s clothing, habit, PP, CM, HD; abite, W.—AF. _abit_ (_habit_); Lat. _habitum_ (acc.).

A-biten, _v._ to bite, S.—AS. _á-bítan_. (A- 1.)

Abject, _pp._ and _adj._ cast out, NED.

Abjecte, _v._ to cast aside, S3.

A-blawen, _v._ to blow, MD; ableow, _pt. s._, S.—AS. _á-bláwan_. (A- 1.)

A-blenden, _v._ to blind, MD; ablent, _pr. s._, S; _pl._, S; ablende, _pt. s._, MD; ablend, _pp._ MD.—AS. _á-blendan_. (A- 1.)

A-bouten, _adv._ and _prep._ about, C2, P, MD; abuten, S; abuuten, S; abuton, S; abute, S; aboute, S, G; oboute, MD; obout, S2.—AS. _on-bútan_ (= _on-be-útan_). (A- 2.)

A-bouen, _adv._ and _prep._ above, C2, PP, MD; aboue, PP; abufen, S; abuuen, MD; abowen, MD; abone, S3, JD; oboven, MD; obowen, MD; oboune, MD. _Phr._: at here aboue, S2.—AS. _on_ + _bufan_ (= _be_ + _ufan_). (A- 2.)

Abregge, _v._ to abridge, shorten, C; abreggide, _pp._, W; breggid, W.—OF. _abreger_, _abregier_: Prov. _abrevjar_; Lat. _abbreviare_. (A- 8.)

A-breiden, _v._ to start up, to draw (sword), to thrust out, to blame, S; abreyden, NED; abraid, _pt. s._, S; abreyde, C2; abrayde, C; abroden, _pp._, S; abruden, S.—AS. _á_ + _bregdan_. (A- 1.)

A-brode, _adv._ abroad, PP; abrood, C2; abrod, widely apart, PP. (A- 2.)

Abusioun, _sb._ deceit, S2, C3.—OF. _abusion_ (Cotg.).

Abute, Abuton, Abuten; see A-bouten.

A-buȝen, _v._ to bow, MD; abuen, MD; abouwen, MD; abowe, NED; abeah, _pt. s._, MD; abeh, S.—AS. _á-bugan_. (A- 1.)

A-byen, Abye, _v._ to buy, to pay for, S3, C2, C3, PP; abygge, PP; abiggen, PP; abuggen, S, PP; abeggen, MD, G; abeien, S; abie, PP; abuiþ, _pr. s._, S; abugeð, _pr. pl._, S; abouhte, _pt. s._, S; aboughte, G; abought, _pp._ C3.—AS. _ábycgan_. (A- 1.)

Abyme, _sb._ abyss, S2, HD.—OF. _abime_, _abisme_; Low Lat. *_abyssimum_, superl. of Lat. _abyssus_; Gr. ἄβυσσος, bottomless. (A- 11.)

Ac, _conj._ but, S, S2, P; acc, S; ah, S, S2; ak, S2, PP; hac, S; ach, MD; auh, MD, S; auch, MD; oc, S; occ, S.—AS. _ac_.

Acc-; see Ac-.

Accident, _sb._ accident (a term of the schoolmen), C3.—Lat. _accidentem_.

Accidie, _sb._ sloth, indolence, S, CM, PP.—AF. _accidie_ (NED); Low Lat. _accidia_, _acedia_; Gr. ἀκηδία, heedlessness, torpor. (A- 11.)

Accompt, _sb._ account, S3; see Acounte.

Accompted, _pp._ accounted, S3; see Acounte.

Ace, _sb._ a jot, S3; see As.

A-cennen, _v._ to bring forth, to beget, MD; acenned, _pp._ MD; accenned, S; akenned, MD; akennet, S; acende (for acend), S.—AS. _á-cennan_. (A- 1.)

A-cennende, _sb._ begetting, birth, S.

A-cenneng, _sb._ birth, S.

A-chape, _v._ to escape, NED; achaped, _pt. s._, S2.—OF. _achaper_; cf. AF. _ascaper_. (A- 9.) Cf. Eschapen, Ascapie.

Achate, _v._ to purchase, NED.—OF. _achater_ (F. _acheter_, _acater_; Late Lat., _accaptare_.

Achate, _sb._ purchase, provisions purchased, NED, C; achat, HD; acate, NED; acates, _pl._, HD.—OF. _achat_, AF. _acate_. See above.

Achatour, _sb._ a purchaser of provisions, purveyor, C, NED, HD; acatour, NED.—AF. _achatour_, _acatour_; Late Lat. _accaptatorem_.

Ache, _sb._ pain, Prompt.; eche, MD; hache, HD.—AS. _æce_ (_ece_). See Aken.

Ache, _sb._ wild celery, parsley, NED, Voc.—OF. _ache_; Lat. _apium_; Gr. ἄπιον.

Achesoun, _sb._ occasion, motive, HD, MD, NED.—OF. _achoison_, _ocoison_; Lat. _occasionem_. Cf. Anchesoun, Enchesoun, Chesoun.

Achtande, _ord._ eighth, S2, NED.—Icel. _áttandi_; cp. OHG. _ahtande_. Cf. Eighte (_ord._).

A-colien, _v._ to wax cold; acolede, _pt. s._, S; acoled, _pp._, S.—AS. _á-cólian_. (A- 1.)

Acombren, _v._ to encumber, PP; acumbrid, _pp._, S2.—OF. _encombrer_. (A- 10.)

Acomplesshen, _v._ to accomplish, NED; accomplice, C; accompliced, _pp._ NED.—AF. _acomplir_ (_acomplice_, pr. s. subj.); Late Lat. _accomplere_; see Brachet. (A- 7.)

Acord, _sb._ accord, agreement, MD; accord, S2; acorde, S.—AF. _acord_.

Acordaunce, _sb._ agreement, PP.

Acorden, _v._ to reconcile, to agree, MD, S2, P; accordyng, _pr. p._, S3; accorded, _pp._, S2; _pt. s._, S3.—OF. _acorder_; Late Lat. _accordare_, from Lat. _ad_ + _cord-_, stem of _cor_, heart. (A- 7.)

Acorse; see Acursien.

Acounte, _v._ to count, to calculate, NED, C2, PP; acompte, NED, PP; accompted, _pp._, S3.—AF. _acounter_, OF. _acunter_, _aconter_; Late Lat. _accomptare_; Lat. _ad_ + _computare_. (A- 7.)

Acounte, _sb._ account, reckoning, PP; acompte, PP; accompt, S3; accomptes, _pl._, S3.—AF. _acounte_, _acunte_.

Acoupen, _v._ to accuse, NED, HD; acoupede, _pt. s._, NED, PP; acopede, NED; acoulped, NED; acouped, _pp._, S2.—OF. _acouper_, _acolper_, for _encouper_, _encolper_; Lat. _inculpare_. (A- 10.)

Acoyen, _v._ to quiet, coax, tame, NED, Palsg.; acoyed, _pt. s._, S2.—OF. _acoyer_, to calm; Lat. _ad_ + _quietare_. (A- 7.)

Acumbrid; see Acombren.

A-cursien, _v._ to curse, NED; acursi, S, NED; acorse, PP; acorsed, _pp._ MD. (A- 1.)

Acustumaunce, _sb._ customary use, NED, C2.—OF. _acostumance_. (A- 7.)

Acwenchen; see Aquenchen.

Adamant, _sb._ adamant, very hard metal, a fabulous rock or mineral, the diamond, the loadstone or magnet, NED; precious stone, Prompt.; ademaunt, C; adamounde, Prompt. (_n._); admont, NED; athamant, NED; athamaunte, C; attemant, NED; aymont, NED.—AF. _adamant_ (_aimant_); Lat. _adamantem_; Gr. ἀδάμας (-αντα), lit. invincible, untamable, from ἀ- + δαμάω, I tame. (A- 11.)

Adaunten, _v._ to subdue, NED; adauntede, _pt. s._, S2.—OF. _adanter_, _adonter_; Lat. _ad_ + _domitare_, to tame. (A- 7.)

A-dawe, out of life, NED, HD.—AS. _of dagum_, from days. (A- 3.)

A-dawen, _v._ to rise from sleep, also, to arouse, NED; adawed, _pp._ S3.—Cp. MHG. _er-tagen_, to dawn. (A- 1.)

A-day, _adv._ at morn, by day, S2, P; adai, S. (A- 2.)

Addledd, _pp._ earned, S; see Adlen.

A-diliȝen, _v._ to be lost, to perish, S; adiliȝede, _pt. s._, S; adiligde, S.—AS. _á-diligan_, to destroy. (A- 1.)

A-diȝten, _v._ to appoint, order, prepare, compose, clothe, treat, MD, S; adyȝt, _pp._, MD; adight, G; adyght, MD, HD. (A- 1.)

Adlen, _v._ to earn, MD; addle, Manip., MED; addledd, _pp._, S.—Icel. _öðla_, refl. _öðla-sk_, to acquire for oneself property, from _óðal_, property, patrimony, from *_aþal_, race, see Fick, 7. 14; cp. OHG. _uodil_, ‘praedium’ (Tatian). See Athel.

Admirald, _sb._ a Saracen commander, S; see Amirail.

Admod, _adj._ humble, gentle, S; ædmod, MD; edmod, MD.—AS. _éadmód_, _éaðmód_. See Eth.

Admoded, _pp._ as _adj._ lowly; see Eadmodien.

Admodie, _adj. pl._ humble, MD; edmodi, MD.

Admodliche, _adv._ humbly, gently, MD; ædmodliȝ, S.—AS. _éadmódlice_.

Admodnesse, _sb._ humility, gentleness, MD, S; edmodnesse, S; æddmodnesse, S.—AS. _éadmódnes_.

A-do, _sb._ fuss, trouble, difficulty, S3, Prompt., WW; = to do, PP, WW; adoe, ND, (A- 5.)

A-doun, _adv._ down, S, S2, C2, C3, G; adun, S; adune, S.—AS. _of dúne_, off the hill. (A- 3.)

A-drad, _pp._ frightened, put in dread, NED, S2, G, C, PP; adred, S; adrede, NED.—AS. _of-drad_ (A- 3). Cf. Of-dreden.

A-drawen, _v._ to draw out, S2; adroh, _pt. s._, NED; adrou, NED; adraȝe, _pp._ NED. (A- 1.)

A-dreden, _v._ to fear greatly, S, NED; adrade, _reflex._, S.—OMerc. _and-drǽdan_ (Rushw.); see NED. (A- 4.)

A-drenchen, _v._ to drown, to be drowned, MD, S, PP; adreynten, _pt. pl._, PP; adreynt, _pp._ drenched, PP; adreint, MD; adrent, S, PP; adreynched, PP.—AS. _á-drencan_. (A- 1.)

Adressen, _v._ to make straight, to direct, NED, H.—OF. _adressier_, _adrecier_ Late Lat. _addrictiare_, from Lat. _directum_, straight. (A- 7.)

A-drinken, _v._ to be drowned, MD, S; adronc, _pt. s._, MD; adronken, _pl._, MD; adrunken, _pp._, MD.—AS. _á-drincan_. (A- 1.)

A-drye, _v._ to endure, bear, HD; adriȝen, S (19. 1047), MD.—AS. _á-dréogan_. (A- 1.)

A-dun, _adv._ down, S; see Adoun.

A-dunien, _v._ to din; adunest, _2 pr. s._, adenyd, _pp._ MD. (A- 1.)

Adun-ward, _adv._ downward, NED; adonward, S2.

Adversarie, _sb._ adversary, C3.—OF. _adversarie_; Lat. _aduersarius_.

Advertence, _sb._ mental attention, C3.—Late Lat. _advertentia_.

Advocat, _sb._ advocate, intercessor, C3; vokate, PP; vokyte, _causidicus_, Voc.; vokettus, _pl._ PP.—OF. _advocat_; Lat. _aduocatum_ (acc.).

Æ, _sb._ law, MD.—AS. _ǽw_ (_ǽ_), law, divine law, the Mosaic law, marriage; Goth. _aiws_, an age, eternity; cp. OHG. _éwa_, the law of God, eternity (Otfrid). Cf. Æ-uez, Eu-bruche, Eche.

Ædmod, _adj._ humble, gentle, MD; see Admod.

Ædmodliȝ, _adv._ humbly, S; see Admodliche.

Ædmodnisse, _sb._ humility, MD; æddmodnesse, S; see Admodnesse.

Æhte, _num._ eight, MD; see Eighte.

Æhtene, _num._ eighteen, S; see Eightene.

Æn, _num._ and _indef. art._ one, S; ænne, S; see Oon.

Æness, _adv._ once, S; see Oones.

Æoure, _pron._ your, S; see Ȝoure.

Ærd, _sb._ native land, home, S; see Erd.

Ærfeð-telle, _adj._ difficult to count, S. See Arfeð.

Ærnde, _sb._ errand, MD; see Erende.

Ærnd-race, _sb._ messenger, S; Ærnd-raches, _pl._, S.—AS. _ǽrend-raca_.

Ærnen, _v._ to run, S; see Rennen.

Æ-uez, _adj._ pious, fast in the law, S.—AS. _ǽ-fest_. See Æ.

Afaiten, _v._ to affect, to prepare, array, dress, to train, tame, subdue, NED, PP; affaiten, P; fayten, S2, PP; faiten, PP.—OF. _afaiter_, _afeiter_; Lat. _affectare_, freq. of _afficere_; _ad_ + _facere_. (A- 7.)

A-fallen, _v._ to fall, MD; auallen, MD; afeol, _pt. s._, MD; afallen, _pp._, MD.—AS. _á-feallan_. (A- 1.)

A-fallen, _v._ to fell, NED; afal, _imp._, S; aual, S.

A-felde, _adv._ a-field, to the field, PP. (A- 2).

A-fellen, _v._ to fell, NED; auellen, MD.—AS. _á-fellan_, _á-fyllan_. (A- 1.)

A-fer, _adv._ afar, W, W2; afeer, NED; of feor, S (s.v. _feor_). (A- 3.) Cf. A-ferre.

Afere, _sb._, affair, bustle, appearance, demeanour, S2, NED; effere, S2; effeir, S2, S3; effer, S2; afferes, _pl._, PP.—OF. _afere_ = _a_ + _fere_; Lat. _facere_, to do. (A- 7.)

A-feren, _v._ to frighten, terrify, S, PP; afferen, MD; affeare, _2 pr. s. subj._, S; afered, _pp._ afraid, S, C, P; aferd, S, C, P, W2; afeerd, W; afert, PP; aferde, S3, P, W; afferde, S3.—AS. _á-fǽran_. (A- 1.)

A-ferre, _adv._ afar, Prompt.; oferrum, S2; onferrum, S2; onferre, NED; onferr, NED. (A- 2). Cf. Afer.

Aff-; see Af-.

Affamysit, _pp._ famished, S3, NED. Cp. OF. _afamer_; Late Lat. _affamare_.

Affectuosly, _adv._ passionately, HD, NED.

Affectuouse, _adj._ hearty, affectionate, NED, H; affectuse, NED.—Lat. _affectuosus_.

Affray, _sb._ terror, S3, C2, C3. Cf. Effray.

Affrayen, _v._ to frighten, C2; affrayed, _pp._ S2, C, C3, W; see Afrayen.

Afile, _v._ to file down, NED; affyle, C.—OF. _afiler_.

Afingret, _pp._ an-hungered, NED, HD; see Of-hungred.

A-flemen, _v._ to drive away, MD; aulem, _imp. s._, S.—AS. _á-fléman_ (_á-flýman_). (A- 1.)

Afolen, _v._ to befool; afoled, _pp._, S; afoild, NED, HD.—OF. _afoler_ (Bartsch); Low Lat. *_adfolare_, to make foolish. (A- 7.)

A-fon, _v._ to receive, S; afeoh, _imp._, S; avoþ, _pr. pl._, S; auenge, _pt. pl._, S2.—AS. _á-fón_, _on-fón_ (for _ond-fón_), see Sievers, 198, 5. 1. (A- 4.) Cf. Onfon.

Aforce, _v._ to force, constrain, NED, H; afforce, H; aforsed, _pt. pl._, H.—OF. _aforcer_, _efforcer_, _esforcier_; Late Lat. _exfortiare_, from Lat. _fortis_, strong. (A- 9.)

A-fore, _adv. prep._, before, PP, WW; affore, PP; afor, PP; affor, PP; aforn, NED.—AS. _on-foran_. (A- 2.)

A-forthen, _v._ to further, promote, to achieve, to manage to do, to manage to give, to afford; P, NED, SkD, HD; aforde, NED.—AS. _ge_ + _forðian_. (A- 6.)

A-fote, _adv._ on foot, PP; afoote, S3, W; auote, S2. (A- 2.)

Afrayen, _v._ to disturb from peace and quiet, to frighten, NED; affraye, C2 (E. 455); afreyd, _pp._ alarmed, afraid, NED; affrayed, W, S2, C, C3; affrayd, S3; affrayt, S3; frayd, S3, fraid, S3.—AF. _afrayer_, _effrayer_, OF. _esfreer_: Prov. _esfredar_; Low Lat. _ex-fridare_, from _fridum_; cp. OS. _friðu_, peace. (A- 9.) See Affrayen.

A-fright, _pp._ terrified, C; afriȝt, NED, HD; afryȝte, HD.—AS. _á-fyrht_, _á-fyrhted_. (A- 1.)

After, _prep._ and _adv._ after, according to, S, HD, S2, C3; efter, S, S2; eftir, S3; eafter, MD; aftir, S2.—_Æf-ter_ is a comp. form, see SkD.

After-clap, _sb._ an evil consequence or result, HD; after-clappys, _pl._, MD.

After-del, _sb._ disadvantage, MD; after-dele, HD.

A-fure, _adv._ on fire, S2; auere, S2; afiere, W2. (A- 2.)

Afyngred; see Ahungerd.

Afyrst, _pp._ athirst, PP; afurst, PP; afrust, PP; see Of-þurst.

A-gasten, _v._ to terrify, MD, PP; agesten, S; agaste, _pt. s._, C2, C; agast, _pp._, PP, S2, S3, C2, C3, G; agazed, S3; agaste, _pl._, S2, W.—AS. _á_ + _gǽstan_, to frighten. (A- 1.)

A-gen, _prep._ and _adv._ towards, back, again, S; see A-ȝein.

Agenes, _prep._ against, S; see Aȝeines.

Agenst, _prep._ against, NED; see A-ȝeinst.

Agenst-Christ, _sb._ Antichrist, S3.

A-gessen, _v._ to reckon, calculate, S. (A- 1.)

Aghe, _sb._ awe, H; agh, NED; see Awe.

Aghe-ful, _adj._ awful, H; aghful, H.

A-gon, _v._ to obtain, PP.—AS. _of-gangan_, to require. (A- 3.)

A-gon, _pp._ and _adv._ gone away, ago, S2, C3; agoon, C2, C3; agone, S3; agoo, PP; ago, C2.—AS. _a-gán_, pp. of _á-gán_, to go forth. (A- 1.)

A-graythen, _v._ to make ready, to dress, NED; agreþed, _pp._, S2; agrayþed, NED.—From Icel. _greiða_: Goth. _ga-raidjan_. (A- 1.)

A-graythinge, _sb._ apparel, S2, NED.

Agreable, _adj._ pleasant, NED; aggreable, favourable, S3.—AF. _agreable_. (A- 7.)

A-gref, in grief, NED; agrief, C; ogrefe, NED. _Phr._: takes not agreve, takes it not unkindly, NED. (A- 2.)

Agreggen, _v._ to make heavy, to be heavy, to aggravate, HD; agreggid, _pp._, W2.—OF. _agregier_: Prov. _agreujar_; Late Lat. _aggreuiare_, from *_greuis_ for Lat. _grauis_. (A- 7.)

Agreþed, _pp._ made ready, S2; see A-graythen.

Agreuen, _v._ to bear heavily on, to grieve, oppress, HD; agreued, _pp._, C2, PP.—OF. _agrever_; Lat. _aggrauare_; _ad_ + _grauare_, from _grauis_. (A- 7.)

Agrimony, _sb._ agrimony, Prompt.; agremoine, Voc.; egrimony, Prompt.; egremoin, C3; egremounde, NED; ogremoyne, Voc.—Lat. _agrimonia_; Gr. ἀγρεμώνη cp. F. _aigremoine_.

A-grisen, _v._ to be horrified, to terrify, to loathe, HD, MD, S; agryse, S2, C3.—AS. _á-grísan_. (A- 1.)

A-grounde, on the ground, S2, PP; on this earth, PP. (A- 2.)

Agte, _sb._ possession, S; see Auhte.

A-gulten, _v._ to sin, to offend, MD, PP, S; agilten, MD; agelten, MD; aȝulten, S; agulte, _pt. s._, PP; agult, _pp._, S; agilt, HD, PP.—AS. _á-gyltan_. (A- 1.)

Ah, _conj._ but, S, S2; see Ac.

Ah, _pr. s._ owes (as a duty), S; ahen, _pr. pl._, are obliged, S; see Owen.

A-honge, _pp._ hanged up, S. (A- 1.)

Aht, _adj._ worthy, valiant, NED; see Auht.

Aht, _sb._ aught, anything; ahte, S; ahct, S; see Ought.

Ahte, _sb._ possession, S2; ahhte, S; see Auhte.

Ahtlice, _adv._ valiantly, NED; ohtliche, NED. See Auht.

A-hungerd, _pp._ a-hungered, PP, S3; ahungred, NED; afyngred, PP.—AS. _ofhyngred_. (A- 3.) See Of-hungred.

Aihte, _sb._ property, S; ayhte, S; see Auhte.

Air, _sb._ air, S2; aire, NED; see Eyre.

Airtis, _sb. pl._ quarters of the sky, S3; see Art.

Aisille, _sb._ vinegar, S; eisil, MD; eisel, MD; eyselle, MD; esylle, Prompt.; aselle, MD; eysell, Sh.; aysel, H.—OF. _aisil_ (_eisil_), also, _aisi_, Ps. 68. 21 (Metz); Late Lat. _acitum_ (cp. OF. _azet_); Lat. _acētum_; see Schuchardt, _Vokalismus_, i. 294.

Aisliche, _adv._ timorously, S3; see Eisliche.

Ak, _conj._ but, S2, PP; see Ac.

Ak, _sb._ oak, Voc.; akis, _pl._, S3; see Ook.

A-kelen, _v._ to make cold, to grow cold, S, MD.—AS. _á-célan_. (A- 1.)

Aken, _v._ to ake, to throb with pain, C2, S2, Prompt., NED; eken, MD; ȝaik, NED; oc, _pt. s._, MD; ok, MD; oke, MD, NED; akide, NED; oken, _pt. pl._, PP.—AS. _acan_, pt. _óc_, pp. _acen_; cp. Icel. _aka_, to drive, Lat. _agere_. Cf. Ache.