Part 8

CALCAREOUS, (_calx_, lime.) A term applied to a shell or to its operculum which is composed principally of lime or shelly matter, as is usually the case, in distinction from one which is of an horny, membranaceous texture. The greater number of shells are calcareous, but it forms an important point of distinction with regard to the operculum. The only difference between the genera Trochus and Turbo, as at present established, depends upon the calcareous or shelly, and the corneus or horny texture of the operculum.

CALCEOLA. _Fam._ Rudistes, Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ Equilateral, inequivalve, triangular; umbones separated by a large triangular disc in the lower valve; cardinal margin straight, linear, dentated; lower valve large, deep; upper valve flat, semi-orbicular, forming a kind of operculum to the lower.--_Obs._ This singular shell, known only in a fossil state, in the Palæozöic beds, is placed by Linnæus in the genus Anomia. Lamarck places it among his Rudistes, but Mr. Sowerby in his genera of Shells, states that it should be added to the family of Brachiopoda. Fig. 194, 195. C. Sandalina.

CALLANTICA. Gray. POLLICIPES hispidus, Leach.

CALLIA. Gray? A genus described as having a peculiarly polished shell like Pupina, but wanting the notch.

CALLISOSTOMA. Sw. A genus of shells separated from TROCHUS, and thus described, "Imperforate; spire elevated, acute; aperture broader than high, transversely ovate, hardly sinuated at the base, and slightly oblique; shells always smooth, and often polished." C. zizyphina is mentioned as an example.

CALLIRHOE. Montf. p. 362, vol. 2. Appears to be figured from the nut or inner portion of a large Belemnite.

CALLISCAPHA. Gray? IRIDINA Nilotica, Sow. Zool. Journ. 1. pl. 2. Separated from Iridina on account of the hinge margin being smooth.

CALLITHEA. Sw. A sub-genus of Mitræ, consisting of those species, which like M. sanguisuga, have the "spire and aperture of nearly equal length; internal channel nearly obsolete; shell with longitudinal linear ribs, crossed by transverse striæ and bands; base contracted." Swainson Mallac. Lard. Cyclop.

CALLOSITY. A term used in general zoology to express those hard horny tumidities formed in the skin of some animals, (such as the Dromedary, for instance) in those parts which are most frequently used. It is not used in this sense by Conchologists, who apply it to those undefined tumidities or bumps which appear on the inner surface and hinge of some bivalve shells, and to the thickening over the umbilicus of Naticæ. Glycimeris, fig. 67. Natica, fig. 327, 328.

CALPURNUS. Montf. OVULUM _verrucosum_, Auct. Distinguished by the small circular tubercle at the back of each extremity of the shell. Fig. 441.

CALYPTRACEA. Lam. A family belonging to the first section of the order Gasteropoda, Lam., the shells of which are described as always external, covering the animal, and having no operculum. The genera contained in this family may be thus distinguished.

1. CALYPTRÆA. Conical; apex central, septum spiral, cup-shaped, or forked; including _Infundibulum_. Fig. 234 to 238.

2. CREPIDULA. Apex terminal; septum flat, reaching half across the aperture. Fig. 239.

3. CAPULUS. Conical; apex obliquely curved, no septum. Fig. 240.

4. EMARGINULA. Apex curved backwards; a notch in the anterior margin; including _Parmophorus_. Fig. 241, 242.

5. CEMORIA. A slit _near_ the apex. Fig. 244.

6. FISSURELLA. A slit _upon_ the apex. Fig. 245.

7. RIMULA. A slit near the margin. Fig. 243.

8. ANCYLUS. Apex curved sidewise. Fig. 246.

CALYPTRACEA. Bl. The second family of the order Scutibranchiata. Bl. thus described: "Shell more or less conical, not spiral, or very slightly so; aperture large and entire." The genera included in this family are Crepidula, Calyptræa, Capulus, Hipponyx, and Notrêma.

CALYPTRÆA. Lam. _Fam._ Calyptracea, Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ Conical, patelliform, irregular, with an internal, lateral, salient plate or septum, varying in form.--_Obs._ The internal appendage is in some species cup-shaped, in some it juts out of the centre in a double point; in others it is only a small flap; and in others a spiral disc. These last, which are shaped like Trochus, are separated by De Montfort under the appellation INFUNDIBULUM; TROCHATELLA, Sw. The Calyptræa may be known from Crepidula by the septum, which in the latter is a flat plate reaching half way across the cavity. Fig. 234, 5, 6.

CAMERINA. Brug. NUMMULITES, Auct.

CAMILLUS. Montf. A genus founded upon a minute spiral shell, with a triangular aperture, turned over the back of the last whorl. It is figured in Soldani's Testacea Microscopica.

CAMPULOTUS. Guettard. MAGILUS, Auct.

CANAL. A groove which characterizes some spiral univalves, where the inner and outer lips unite at the front part of the aperture. This canal is drawn out in some shells to a considerable length, in others it is turned abruptly over the back. The family Canaliferæ, Lam. (fig. 372 to 401), are all provided with this canal.

CANALICULATED. Applied generally to any distinct groove or canal.

CANALIFERA. (_Canalifères_, Lam.) A family belonging to the order Trachelipoda, Lam. nearly corresponding with the family Entomostomata in De Blainville's system, and described as having a canal of greater or less extent at the anterior part of the aperture. This canal is sometimes straight, sometimes tortuous, and in some genera it is recurved over the back of the shell. All the shells have an operculum, and the thickness of the perfectly formed outer lip does not increase with age. The Canalifera are characterized by having a canal, in distinction from the Purpurifera, which have only a notch. This family contains the following genera,

1. CERITHIUM. Club-shaped. Fig. 372.

2. POTAMIS. The same, fresh water. Fig. 377.

3. NERINEA. The same, with internal folds. Fig. 374.

4. TRIPHORA. Anterior and posterior canals closed so as to present three openings. Fig. 375, 376.

5. TELESCOPIUM. Pyramidal, trochiform. Fig. 378.

6. PLEUROTOMA. A slit on the upper part of the outer lip; including _Clavatula_. Fig. 379, 381.

7. TURBINELLA. Three horizontal folds on the columella. Fig. 382, 383.

8. SPIRILLUS. Spire papillary; one fold on the columella. Fig. 384.

9. CANCELLARIA. Three folds, and internal costæ. Fig. 385.

10. FASCIOLARIA. Oblique folds, the lowest the largest. Fig. 386.

11. FUSUS. Fusiform; no folds on the columella. Fig. 387.

12. PYRULA. Pear-shaped. Fig. 388 to 390.

13. STRUTHIOLARIA. Outer lip thickened; sinuated. Fig. 391.

14. RANELLA. Two rows of varices; a canal at each extremity of the aperture. Fig. 393, 394.

15. MUREX. Three or more rows of varices; only one distinct canal. Fig. 395, 396.

16. TYPHIS. A tubular perforation between each varix. Fig. 397.

17. TRITON. Varices not in rows. Fig. 398 to 401.

CANCELLARIA. Auct. (From _Cancellatus_, cross-barred, like window frames or net work.) _Fam._ Canalifera, Lam. Entomostomata, Bl.--Descr. Oval, thick, cancellated; spire generally short, pointed; aperture sub-ovate, emarginated anteriorly, pointed at the posterior extremity; outer lip marked within by transverse ridges; inner lip spread over part of the body whorl, terminating in a straight, thick, obtuse columella, with several strong oblique folds. _Hab._ Indian Ocean, Coast of Africa, America, and West Indies. Fossils found in London Clay and Calc-grossier of Paris. Differing from Turbinellus in form and in the transversely ribbed inside of the outer lip. Fig. 315. C. reticulata.--_Obs._ The latest enumeration of the species of this genus is contained in a catalogue published by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, senior, accompanying the author's figures of the new species, amounting to 38, in parts 9 to 13 of the Conchological Illustrations. The greater part of these new species were brought to this country by Mr. Cuming.

CANCELLATED. (From _Cancellatus_, cross-barred.) Applied generally to any shells which are marked by ridges crossing each other as Cancellaria, fig. 385.

CANCILLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Mitræ, described as having "the whorls crossed by transverse linear ribs; inner canal wanting, plates very oblique; form slender; outer lip thin." _Ex._ M. Isabella, M. sulcata.

CANCRIS. Montf. CREPIDULINA, Bl. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

CANOPUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

CANTHAPLEURA. Guild. A genus composed of those species of Chiton, which have the mantle rough, with moveable spines, prickles, or hairs. _Ex._ C. spinosus, fig. 227.

CANTHARIDUS. Montf. TROCHUS IRIS, Auct. and analogous species. Elenchus, Humph.

CANTHARUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

CANTHIDOMUS. Sw. A sub-genus of Melanopsis, thus described: "spire generally short; whorls coronated with spines, or marked with longitudinal ribs; base obtuse. C. costata, Sow. Gen. f. 3." Melanopsis costata, plates, fig. 315.

CANTHORBIS. Sw. A sub-genus of the sub-family Trochinæ, Sw. Described as being "nearly disc-shaped: spire but slightly raised; the margin of the body-whorl flattened, and serrated with flat spines; inner lip united to the outer; pillar and aperture as in the last. (Tubicanthus.) C. imperialis. Mart. 173. f. 1714." This sub-genus appears to include those species of which De Montfort's genera Imperator and Calcar are formed.

CANTHROPES. Montf. Described as resembling a Nautilus, with the whorls increasing so gradually, that the dorsal edge of the aperture advances but little beyond the last whorl. This genus is not mentioned by Blainville or Lamarck.

CAPITULUM. Klein. POLLICIPES Mitellus, Lam. fig. 37*.

CAPRELLA. ----? PLEKOCHEILUS, Guild. AURICULA Caprella, Lam.

CAPRINA. D'Orb. DICERAS. Auct.?

CAPRINUS. Montf. (Conch. Syst. t. 2. p. 143.) The figure appears to be intended to represent Helix Nux-denticulata.

CAPSA. Brug. _Fam._ Nymphacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Equivalve transverse, subequilateral, subtrigonal; cardinal teeth, two in one valve, one notched in the other; lateral teeth remote, obsolete; an external ligament; two muscular impressions in each valve; a large sinus in the muscular impression of the mantle.--_Obs._ This genus is so nearly related to Donax, that it is difficult to distinguish it at first sight. The Capsæ, however, have not the short, plain, straight, posterior side, the distinct lateral teeth, nor the crenulated margins which characterize nearly all the Donaces. They are found in the British Channel, Brazil, and coast of Pacific Ocean. They are known from Erycina by not having the pit in the hinge for the ligament. Fig. 109. C. Braziliensis.

CAPULUS. Montf. _Fam._ Calyptracea, Lam.--_Descr._ Obliquely conical, posteriorly recurved; apex pointed, sub-spiral; aperture large, rounded, oval; with two muscular impressions, lateral, meeting behind; epidermis horny, rather velvetty. Britain, Mediterranean, West Indies, California, Australia.

CARDIACEA. (Cardiacées, Lam.) A family of the order Conchifera Dimyaria, Lam. Most of the genera of shells contained in this family are included in the very extensive family of Conchacea, in the system of De Blainville. They are described as having irregularly formed cardinal teeth, generally accompanied by one or two elongated lateral teeth. Most of the species are ventricose, and have regular radiating ribs. This family contains the genera Cardium, Cardita, Cypricardia, Hiatella, Isocardia, and others enumerated in the explanation of figures 122 to 130. Their characters may be thus explained.

1. CARDIUM. Two cardinal and two lateral teeth in each valve, including _Hemicardium_, _Papyridea_ and _Aphrodita_, in the last of which the teeth are nearly obsolete. Fig. 122, 123, 123*, 123**.

2. VENERICARDIA. Two oblique cardinal teeth, one elongated; including _Cardita_, which has the umbones nearly terminal. _Pachymya_ may probably be included, but the hinge is not known. Fig. 121, 124, and 130.

3. HIPPOPODIUM. One elongated cardinal tooth. Fig. 129.

4. MEGALODON. Hinge broad, septiform, with a large tooth in the centre of one valve. Fig. 127.

5. ISOCARDIA. Teeth laminar; umbones spiral. Fig. 126.

6. CARDILIA. The same, with a septiform posterior laminar tooth.

7. HIPPAGUS. Shaped like Isocardia, without teeth. Fig. 128.

CARDILIA. Desh. _Fam._ Cardiacea, Lam. A genus formed for the reception of Isocardia semi-sulcata, Lam. and a small fossil shell, which Deshayes had formerly named Hemi-cyclonosta Michelini; thus described, (translation) "shell oval, oblong, longitudinal, white, heart-shaped, ventricose, with large prominent umbones; hinge with a small cardinal tooth and a pit at the side; a spoon-shaped projection for the reception of the internal ligament; anterior muscular impression rounded, not deep; the posterior being upon a thin, horizontal lamina, projecting in the anterior." Deshayes further remarks that although the animal is unknown, the relations of the genus may be established by means of the shell alone. Two families contain all the shells which have the internal ligament inserted in a spoon-shaped projection; in the one, that of the Anatinæ, the ligament is supported upon a little bone, which is not soldered to the hinge; in the other, that of the Mactraceæ, this little bone has no existence. In the former, all the shells are inequivalve; in the latter equivalve. And M. Deshayes, considering that the valves are equal, and that there is no separate bone to the hinge, is of opinion that the genus ought to be placed near the Lutrariæ, and not far from the Anatinæ. C. semisulcata, fig. 501, 2.

CARDINAL MARGIN. The edge of a bivalve shell on which the teeth is placed.

CARDINAL TEETH. The teeth upon the hinge directly beneath the umbones of a bivalve shell, as distinguished from the lateral teeth, which are placed at a distance on each side. In Venus, fig. 119, the cardinal teeth, are marked by the letter c.

CARDIOCARDITES. Bl. A genus separated from CARDITA, Auct. Thus described (translation) "oval species, with the inferior margin nearly straight, or a very little inflated, crenulated and completely closed. _Ex._ La C. Ajar, Adans Seneg. pl. 16. fig. 2."

CARDISSA. _Sw._ A genus composed of those species of CARDIUM _Auct._ which are heart-shaped. _Ex._ C. dionæum, fig. 122. And C. Cardissa.

CARDITA. Brug. _Fam._ Cardiacea, _Lam._ Submytilacea, Bl.--_Descr._ Equivalve, inequilateral, ovate, subquadrate or oblong, marked externally by ribs radiating from the umbones and terminating in a crenulated margin on the inner surface; cardinal teeth in one valve, one long, thick, oblique; another short, more straight; in the other valve one long, oblique, thick. Muscular impressions two in each valve, rather oval; palleal impression not sinuated.--_Obs._ This description includes Lamarck's genus Venericardia, which, although consisting of the more oblong species, is not considered sufficiently distinct to justify the separation. Cypricardia is distinguished from this genus by a remote lateral tooth. Mediterranean, Africa, East Indies, &c. Cardita calyculata, fig. 124.

CARDIUM. Auct. _Fam._ Cardiacea, Lam. Conchacea, Bl.--_Descr._ Equivalve, sub-equilateral, sometimes gaping posteriorly, ornamented on the outside by ribs radiating from the umbones; cardinal teeth, two in each valve, locked into each other crosswise, lateral teeth, two in each valve, remote; muscular impressions, two in each valve; palleal impression entire. Ligament external, inflated.--_Obs._ Although this genus includes many remarkable forms, the characters are so easily defined that there is no difficulty in distinguishing it from any other genus. C. angulatum, fig. 123. C. Groenlandicum, fig. 123*. APHRODITA, Lea. C. Hemicardium, fig. 123**. fig. 122. C. Dionæum. It is somewhat surprising that this genus, which contains some of the most beautiful forms of bivalve Testacea, should have been left till quite lately without any attempt to revise the species and settle the synonyms. The author of this Manual has endeavoured to remedy this defect by publishing a catalogue of all the species hitherto known, which amount to 97, including many new species described by him in the "Proceedings of the Zoological Society," in 1840. Parts 46 to 51, 149 and 150, and 177 to 184 of his Conchological Illustrations contain figures of 60 species. Cardia are frequent in all climates.

CARINARIA. Auct. _Class_, Cephalopoda. _Division_, Monothalamia, Lam. _Fam._ Nectopoda, Bl.--_Descr._ Symmetrical or nearly so, conical, thin, glassy, fragile, patelliform; with a fimbriated dorsal keel; apex convolute, bent forwards; aperture oval, pointed at the dorsal extremity. _Hab._ Amboyna, Indian Ocean, and Mediterranean Sea.--_Obs._ A most singular and beautiful shell, remarkable for its transparency, its fragile structure, and the dorsal keel, whence it derives its name. It was once so rare that a single specimen was known to realize one hundred guineas. Fig. 488. C. Mediterranea.

CARINATED. (From _Carina_, a keel.) Applied to any shell having a raised, thin ledge, passing round a whorl or any other part of a shell, as in Carinaria, fig. 488.

CARINEA. Sw. A genus formed for the reception of OVULUM gibbosum, Auct. and similar species, fig. 443.

CARINELLA. Adanson. LUTRARIA papyracea, Lam. LIGULA, Leach. _Fam._ Mactracea, Lam. Fig. 77.

CARINIDEA. Sw. A sub-genus of the genus Canthorbis, Sw. (Turbo.) thus described, "Imperforate; spire pyramidal, acute; basal whorl concave beneath, and carinated round its circumference; aperture oval, entire, slightly angulated at the base of the pillar, which turns inwards. C. concavus, Martini, 168, fig. 1620, brevispinosus? Sow. Gen. (Turbo,) fig. 1."

CAROCOLLA. Auct. _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Orbicular, depressed, with the outer sides of the whorls angulated or keeled, whorls few; peritreme reflected; columella contiguous to the axis; epidermis thin.--_Obs._ This genus differing from Helix only in the whorls being angulated, is hardly distinct enough from the latter to justify the separation. In De Ferrusac's system these species constitute the division Helicigona, of the genus Helix. C. Lamarckii, fig. 277. East and West Indies, Philippines, South America and Europe.

CARTILAGE. See LIGAMENT.

CARYCHIUM. Müll. _Fam._ Auriculacea, Bl. Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Oblong or cylindrical, with gradually increasing whorls, few in number; aperture straight, short, with a fold on the columella.--_Obs._ This genus of minute land shells differs from Auricula chiefly in the soft parts. De Furrusac enumerates three species, C. Lineatum, C. Corticaria, (_Odostomia_, Flem.) and C. Minimum, fig. 301. De Blainville places it in his genus Auricula, as "species with two folds and a posterior tooth on the columella," giving a figure of A. Mysotis as his example, and quoting the name Phitia, Gray. Europe.

CASSIDARIA. Lam. (From Cassis) _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam. Entomostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Oval, ventricose, spirally grooved and tuberculated, with a short turrited spire and a large aperture, terminating anteriorly in a recurved canal; outer lip thickened, reflected, undulated or denticulated; inner lip expanded over a part of the body whorl and the columella, with part of its lower edge free.--_Obs._ The recent species of this genus are not numerous; the few fossil species occur in the tertiary strata. C. carinata is found in Calc-grossier and London Clay. In general form this resembles CASSIS, but is at once distinguished by the canal, which does not turn abruptly back, but is slightly curved upwards. ONISCIA (C. Oniscus, &c. Lam.) is distinguished by the shortness of the canal, and the granulated surface of the inner lip. Fig. 407. C. Echinophora. Mediterranean.

CASSIDEA. Sw. (from Cassis.) A genus composed of those species of the genus CASSIS, Auct. which have the "aperture wide; outer lip never broad or flattened, but sometimes slightly inflected; inner lip spreading, but never dilated or detached beyond the base into a prominent rim." East Indies. Ex. C. Glauca, fig. 411.

CASSIDULA. Humph. PYRULA, Auct.

CASSIDULINA. D'Orbigny. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

CASSIS. (A helmet.) _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam. Entomostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Oval or triangular, ventricose, thick, generally tuberculated, with a short varicose spire; aperture long, sometimes narrow, with the outer lip thickened and reflected, generally denticulated; the inner lip spread over the surface of the body whorl, indented and incrassated at its inner edge; canal turned suddenly over the back of the shell. _Hab._ Seas of tropical climates. The fossil species are rare, occurring in the tertiary strata.--_Obs._ The large, common species of this well known genus are used for shell cameos and as ornaments on chimney pieces, grottos, &c. and are remarkable for the triangular disc, presented by the inner lip, which, in many species, is thickened and spread over the front of the body whorl and the angulated outer lip. The smaller, more rounded species, which have widened apertures, have been separated by Swainson, under the generic name CASSIDEA. The C. rufa, coarctata, &c. are formed by Mr. Stutchbury into a new genus under the name CYPRÆCASSIS, for reasons which will be stated under the word. Cassidaria is distinguished by the gradual curve of the canal. Fig. 410 is Cassis tuberosa, diminished.

CASTALIA. Lam. _Fam._ Trigonées, Lam.--_Descr._ Fluviatile, equivalve, inequilateral, trigonal, with corroded umbones; hinge with two laminar, transversely striated teeth, one of which is posterior, remote from the umbones, short, divided, the other anterior, elongated; epidermis thick; internal surface pearly. Lamarck, in describing this shell, states, that he regards it as intermediate between Trigonia and Unio. It should, however, certainly have been placed in the family of "Nayades," and perhaps should form a part of the genus UNIO itself. C. ambigua, Lam. fig. 140. South America.

CATILLUS. Brong. (A little dish.) INOCERAMUS, Sow.

CATOPHRAGMUS. Sow. (From [Greek: Katô], _beneath_; [Greek: phragmos] _a place_ _paled in_.) _Order_, Sessile Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ Light principal valves, cemented side by side in a circle; eight small pointed valves beneath, covering the joints of the upper circle, and numerous still smaller valves forming the base of the shell; operculum, four valves.--_Obs._ This is the only genus of Sessile Cirripedes, consisting of eight principal valves, excepting Octomeris, which is destitute of the accessary pieces from which the genus derives its name. Fig. 23. C. imbricatus. South Africa.

CAUDAL CANAL. The elongated hollow process which terminates the aperture anteriorly of some univalve shells. For instance, Murex Haustellum, fig. 396, has an elongated caudal canal.

CELLANTHUS. Montf. VORTICIALIS, Bl. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.