Part 22
RHIZORUS. Montf. A genus described from a microscopic shell, appearing to be a cylindrical Bulla.
RHODOSTOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Turbininæ," Sw. p. 344.
RHOMBOIDAL. ([Greek: rhomboeidos], _rhomboeidus_.) Having a rhombic form, i. e. four-sided; two sides meeting at acute, two at obtuse, angles. Conchologists are not very strict in the application of this term, for, indeed, a perfect rhomboidal figure could not be found among all the testaceous productions of the sea.
RHOMBOIDES. Bl. A genus described as resembling Byssomya in the shell, but differing in the animal. MYTILUS rugosus, Gmelin. HYPOGÆA barbata, Poli.
RHOMBUS. Montf. ([Greek: rhombos], _rhombos_, a rhomb.) A genus consisting of species of CONUS, having a rhomboidal or quadrilateral form and a coronated spire. _Ex._ Conus nocturnus, fig. 459.
RICINULA. Lam. (Resembling the seed-vessel of the _Ricinus_.) _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam. Entomostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Sub-ovate, thick, tuberculated; spire short; aperture narrow, terminating anteriorly in a short canal; outer-lip thickened, denticulated within, digitated without; columellar lip spread over a portion of the body whorl, and granulated.--_Obs._ This interesting genus is composed of some neat little shells allied to Purpura, from which they are distinguished by the finger-like branching of the outer lip, and the granulations of the columella. Fig. 413, R. Horrida.
RIGHT. See DEXTRAL.
RIMULA. Defr. A genus consisting of a minute species of EMARGINULA, Auct. which has a fissure near the margin, but not reaching it. R. Blainvillii, fig. 243.
RIMULINA. D'Orbigny. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
RINGICULA. Deshayes. A genus founded on Auricula ringens of Lamarck and several small fossils, resembling in some respects Pedipes of Adanson; they would belong to Tornatella, were it not for the lips being thickened and marginated, fig. 540, A. ringens.
RISSOA. Freminville. _Fam._ Ellipsostomata, Bl. Melaniana, Lam.--_Descr._ Oblong, turrited, acuminated; spire long, consisting of numerous whorls; aperture round or oval, pointed posteriorly, dilated anteriorly; outer lip slightly thickened, emarginated, operculum horny.--_Obs._ The Rissoæ are small white, marine shells, considered by some authors as resembling Melaniæ, but placed by Sowerby near the Scalariæ. They are principally from the shores of the Mediterranean, and are also very abundant on the British shores, as well as the East and West Indian. Fig. 346, R. reticulata.
ROBULUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
ROLLUS. Montf. A genus composed of CONUS Geographus, Auct. fig. 462, and other species, rather cylindrical in form, and having a coronated spire.
ROSALINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
ROSTELLARIA. (From _rostrum_, a beak.) _Fam._ Alatæ, Lam. Siphonostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Turrited, fusiform, thick, smooth or ribbed; aperture oval, terminating anteriorly in a long canal, posteriorly in a channel running up the spire; outer lip dilated, thickened, sometimes digitated, running up all or part of the spire, with a sinus near the anterior canal; inner lip smooth, spread over part of the body whorl and of the spire. The Red Sea and the Indian Ocean produce the few known species of this genus.--_Obs._ HIPPOCHRENES is the name given by De Montfort, to those fossil species which have the outer lip simple and very much dilated. R. curvirostrum, fig. 412. APORRHAIS is a name given to another proposed genus, composed of Rostellaria pes-pelecani, Auct. fig. 404. and similar species.
ROSTRATED. (From _rostrum_, a beak.) Having one or more protruding points, as Tellina rostrata.
ROTALIA. Lam. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. The same as Rotalites of De Montfort.
ROTELLA. Lam. (_A little wheel._) _Fam._ Turbinacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Orbicular, generally smooth, shining; spire conical, depressed, short; aperture subtrigonal; outer lip thin, angulated near the centre; inner lip spread over the surface of the whorls, forming a thickened disc. Operculum horny, orbicular, spiral, with numerous whorls.--_Obs._ The pretty little shells thus described are found in seas of tropical climates. They are distinguished from other genera of the family by their lenticular form and the orbicular callosity of the under surface. Fig. 357, R. vestiaria.
RUDISTES. Lam. A family of the order Conchifera Monomyaria, Lam. the shells of which are described as irregular, very inequivalve, without distinct umbones; the ligament, hinge and animal entirely unknown. The shells contained in this family may be thus distinguished.
1. CALCEOLA. Large valve conical; attached by a flat space between the umbones, which form the extremities of the shell. Fig. 194.
2. HIPPURITES. Large valve cylindrical, with two internal lobes or varices. Fig. 198.
3. SPHÆRULITES. Large valve attached, including _Radiolites_. Birostrites is proved to be the cast of a Sphærulites. Fig. 193, 196.
4. HIPPONYX. Flat valve attached, upper valve conical. Fig. 199, 200.
RUDISTES. Bl. The second order of the class Acephalophora, Bl. containing the genera Sphærulites, Crania, Hippurites, Radiolites, Birostrites and Calceola.
RUDOLPHUS. Lam. MONOCEROS, Auct.
RUFOUS. Reddish brown.
RUGOSE. Rough, rugged.
RUPELLARIA. Fl. de Belvue. An unfigured shell placed by De Blainville in a division of the genus Venerirupis.
RUPICOLA. Fl. de Belvue. A shell described by De Blainville as an equivalve, terebrating species of ANATINA. A. rupicola, Lam.
SABINEA. A genus of shells resembling small species of LITTORINA, as L. Ulvæ, &c. of our shores.
SADDLE OYSTER. PLACUNA Sella, so called on account of a resemblance in shape to a saddle; the part near the umbones being flat, and the ventral margins being turned up in a sort of fluting or peak.
SAGITTA. (_An arrow._) An ancient name for Belemnites.
SALIENT. (_Saliens._) Jutting out, prominent.
SALPACEA. Bl. The second family of the order Heterobranchiata, Bl. containing no genera of shells.
SANDALINA. Schum. CREPIDULINA, Lam. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
SANGUINOLARIA. Lam. (_Sanguis_, blood.) _Fam._ Nymphacea, Lam. Pyloridea, Bl.--_Descr._ Equivalve, inequilateral, transverse, sub-ovate, rounded anteriorly, sub-rostrate posteriorly, compressed, thin, covered with a shining epidermis, gaping at the sides; hinge with two cardinal teeth in each valve, and an external ligament supported upon a prominent fulcrum; muscular impressions two in each valve, lateral, irregular, palleal impressions with a large sinus.--_Obs._ This description is made to exclude some of Lamarck's species of Sanguinolaria, such as S. occidens, S. rugosa, which are Psammobiæ; and to include others which he has left out. The Sanguinolariæ are sub-rostrated posteriorly, while the Psammobiæ are sub-quadrate and have a posterior angle. Fig. 98, S. rosea. Sandy shores of tropical climates.
SARACENARIA. Defr. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
SAVIGNIUM. Leach. A genus of Sessile Cirripedes, described as composed of four valves soldered together, and a convex bivalve operculum; the ventral and posterior valve on each side being soldered together, in other respects resembling PYRGOMA. Fig. 30.
SAXICAVA. Fl. de Belvue. Journ. de Ph. an. 10. (_Saxum_, a stone; _cava_, a hollow.) _Fam._ Lithophagidæ, Lam. Pyloridea, Bl.--_Descr._ Transverse, irregular, generally oblong, inequilateral, sub-equivalve, gaping anteriorly; ligament external; muscular impressions two, lateral; palleal impression interrupted, not sinuated; hinge, when young with sometimes two or three minute, obtuse, generally indistinct, cardinal teeth; which become obsolete when full grown.--_Obs._ Several genera have been founded only upon the difference between the young and old shell of the same species of this genus. The Saxicavæ are found in the little hollows of rocks; in cavities on the backs of oysters, of roots of sea-weeds, &c. in northern and temperate climates. S. rugosa, fig. 94.
SCABRICULA. Sw. A sub-genus of Mitræ, consisting of species which have a roughened external surface, &c. Sw. Malac. p. 319.
SCABROUS. Rough.
SCALA. Klein. SCALARIA, Auct.
SCALARIA. Auct. _Fam._ Scalariana, Lam. Cricostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Turrited, oval or oblong; spire long, composed of rounded, sometimes separate whorls, surrounded by regular concentric ribs; aperture oval, peristome reflected continuous, entire.--_Obs._ The typical species of this genus, commonly called the Wentletrap, (S. pretiosa) is celebrated for the beautiful appearance caused by the numerous ribs encircling the whorls, and formerly produced an immense price in the market. It is brought from China. There are many smaller species, some of which are equally elegant. Fig. 351, S. Pallasii, Kiener.
SCALARIANA. Lam. A family belonging to the first section of the order Trachelipoda, Lam. The shells belonging to it are described as having the inner and outer lips continuous, without a canal, emargination, or other division. In this respect the family is stated to differ from the Turbinacea, and is therefore separated. The genera may be distinguished as follows:--
1. VERMETUS. Irregularly twisted, like Serpula. Fig. 345.
2. EULIMA. Pyramidal; apex contorted; including _Bonellia_. Fig. 347, 348.
3. RISSOA. Pyramidal, straight, consisting of few whorls. Fig. 346.
4. SCALARIA. With external varices. Fig. 351.
5. CIRRUS. Trochiform. Fig. 349.
6. ENOMPHALUS. Orbicular. Fig. 350.
7. DELPHINULA. Few whorls, rapidly increasing. Fig. 352.
SCALLOP. The common name for shells of the genus Pecten, the larger species of which were worn by pilgrims to the Holy Land in the time of the Crusades.
SCALPELLUM. Leach. (A little knife or lancet.) _Order_, Pedunculated Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ Flat, quadrated, acuminated, composed of thirteen valves, one dorsal, arcuated; one pair apicial, acuminated; one pair ventral; two pair lateral, small, sub-quadrate; pedicle scaly.--_Obs._ This genus and _Smilium_, are the only Pedunculated Cirripedes which have thirteen valves; in the latter genus, which we think should at any rate be united to this, the valves are somewhat differently placed, and the pedicle is said to be smooth. Fig. 35, Scalpellum vulgare. British.
SCAPHA. Klein. (_A boat._) NAVICELLA, Auct.
SCAPHANDER. Montf. BULLA lignaria, Auct. Fig. 251.
SCAPHELLA. Sw. A genus of the family "Volutinæ," Sw. thus described: "Shell smooth, almost polished; outer lip thickened internally; suture enamelled; lower plaits the smallest; apex of the spire various: 1. fusiformis. Sw. Bligh. Cat. 2. undulatus. _Ex._ Conch. pl. 27. 3. Junonia, _Ex._ Conch. pl. 33. 4. stromboides. 5. papillosa. Sw. Sow. gen." Sw. Malac. p. 318.
SCAPHITES. (_A boat._) _Fam._ Ammonacea, Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ Convolute, chambered, closely related to the Ammonites, from which it differs in the last whorl being eccentrically straightened, and lengthened, and again incurved towards the extremity. Only known in a fossil state. Fig. 481, S. æqualis.
SCAPHULA. Sw. A genus of "OLIVINÆ," Sw. thus described: "Spire very short, thick, obtuse, and not defined; aperture very wide, with only two or three oblique plaits at the base. Sw. patula, _Sow._ Tank. Cat. 2331. (_b._)" (Sw. p. 322.)
SCARABUS. Montf. (_Scarabæus_, a kind of beetle.) _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam. Auriculacea, Fer.--_Descr._ Oval, somewhat compressed, smooth, with slightly raised varices; spire equal in length to the aperture, pointed, consisting of numerous whorls; aperture ovate, rounded anteriorly, pointed posteriorly, modified by the last whorl; outer lip sub-reflected, with several prominent folds on the inner edge; inner lip spread over a portion of the body whorls, with several prominent folds.--_Obs._ The shells of this genus are found like Auriculæ, in marshy places. C. imbrium is said to have been found on the tops of mountains, by Captain Freycinet. Fig. 299*, S. imbrium.
SCHIZODESMA. Gray. A genus composed of species of MACTRA, Auct. with the ligament placed in an external slit. Fig. 8, M. Spengleri.
SCISSURELLA. D'Orbigny. (_Scissus_, cut.) _Fam._ Turbinacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Sub-globose, umbilicated, with a spiral groove terminating at the margin of the outer lip in a slit; spire short; aperture oval, modified by the last whorl; outer lip sharp, with a deep slit near the spire. Recent on the coasts of Britain; fossil in the Calcaire-grossièr.--_Obs._ This genus, consisting of small shells, is known from Pleurotomaria by the shortness of the spire; the latter genus being trochiform. Fig. 340, S. elatior.
SCOLYMUS. Sw. A genus of the family "Scolyminæ." Sw. (Turbinella) thus described: "Sub-fusiform, armed with foliated spines; spire shorter; pillar with distinct plaits in the middle." The species enumerated are, "cornigerus, pugillaris, Globulus, Rhinoceros, ceramicus, Capitellum, umbilicaris, mitis." Sw. Malac. p. 304.
SCORTIMUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
SCROBICULARIA. Schum. Species of LUTRARIA, Act. of a rounded shape. LIGULA, Leach.
SCROBICULATED. (_Scrobiculus_, a little ditch or furrow.) Having small ditches or furrows marked on the surface.
SCUTELLA. Brod. (_Scutellum_, a little shield.) _Fam._ Phyllidiana, Lam.--_Descr._ Shaped like Ancylus, pearly within; apex posteriorly inclined, central, involute; muscular impressions two, oblong, ovate, lateral; aperture large, ovate.--_Obs._ This genus is intermediate between Ancylus and Patella; while in the aspect of the beak, the observer is reminded of Navicella.
SCUTIBRANCHIATA. Bl. (_Scutum_, a shield; _branchiæ_, gills.) The third order of Paracephalophora Hermaphrodita, Bl. containing animals with patelliform, but not symmetrical shells, and divided into the families Otidea and Calyptracea.
SCUTUM. Montf. (_A shield._) PARMOPHORUS ELONGATUS, Lam.
SECURIFORM. (_Securis_, an axe; _forma_, shape.) Hatchet-shaped. _Ex._ Pedum, fig. 179.
SEDENTARY ANNELIDES. Lam. The third order of the class Annelides, Lam. distinguished from the two other orders by the circumstance of the animal being enveloped by a shelly tube which it never entirely leaves. The order is divided into the families Dorsalia, Maldania, Serpulacea, and Amphitrites. Fig. 1 to 13.
SEA DATE. The common name for PHOLAS Dactylus in the market, given to it on account of its cylindrical shape. Fig. 35.
SEGMENTINA. Flem. NAUTILUS Lacustris, Montagu. Test. Brit. Planorbis nitidus, Drap. tab. 2. Fig. 17 to 19.
SEMICORDATE. Half heart-shaped.
SEMIDISCOIDAL. Forming the half of a circular disc.
SEMILUNAR. Half moon-shaped.
SENECTUS. Humph. A genus of "Senectinæ," thus described by Swainson: "Imperforate; the base produced into a broad flat lobe, spire rather elevated and pointed; the whorls convex; aperture perfectly round; not more oblique than _Helix_; inner lip entirely wanting, imperialis. Mart. 180. f. 1790. marmoratus. l. M. 448. f. 1." Sw. p. 348.
SEMIPHYLLIDIANA. Lam. The second family of the order Gasteropoda, Lam. the genera of which are distinguished as follows:--
1. UMBRELLA, round, flat; apex central, muscular impression not interrupted. Fig. 233.
2. PLEUROBRANCHUS, apex lateral, sub-spiral. Fig. 232.
SENOCLITA. Schum. CINERAS, Leach.
SEPTARIA. Lam. See TEREDO.
SEPTUM. (Lat.) An enclosure, applied to the thin plate of Crepidula, fig. 239; also to the plates dividing the chambers of multilocular shells.
SERAPHS. Montf. TEREBELLUM convolutum, Lam. Fig. 451.
SERPULA. Auct. (_A little serpent._) _Fam._ Surpulacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Tubular, narrow, pointed at the apex, gradually widening towards the aperture, attached irregularly, sometimes spirally, twisted, imbricated; keeled or plain; aperture generally round, with the edge simple, or angulated by the termination of external ribs or keels.--_Obs._ This description is intended to include the genera Serpula, Spirorbis, Vermilia, Galeolaria, &c. The Serpulæ abound in all seas, on rocky shores, at any time covered by water, attached to any kind of marine substance, whether moveable or stationary. The fossil species occur in almost all tertiary strata. Fig. 4 to 7.
SERPULACEA. Lam. The fourth family of the order Sedentary Annelides, Lam. containing the following genera of tubular, irregular shells.
1. SERPULA, attached by a small portion of the shell. Fig. 4.
2. SPIRORBIS, attached by the whole length, coiled. Fig. 5.
3. Galeolaria, with the open extremity raised, and the aperture tongue-shaped. Fig. 6.
4. VERMILIA, attached by the whole length, straight or waved. Fig. 7.
5. SPIROGLYPHUS, which hollows a bed in the body to which it is attached. Fig. 8.
Sowerby. (Genera of Shells, published at 50, Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury,) gives satisfactory reasons for re-uniting the whole of the preceding under the name SERPULA.
6. MAGILUS, which burrows in coral; outer lip reflected. Fig. 9 to 10.
7. LEPTOCONCHUS, outer lip reflected. Fig. 11.
8. STYLIFER, spiral, thin, globular, living in Starfish. Fig. 12, 13.
The three last genera should certainly find some other place in the system.
SESSILE CIRRIPEDES. Lam. (_Sessilis_, low, dwarfish.) An order of Cirripedes, consisting of those which are attached by the base of the shells, containing the genera Tubicinella, Balanus, Coronula, Acasta, Pyrgoma, Creusia. To which may be added some other genera enumerated in explanation of figures 14 to 33. The shells of the Sessile Cirripedes consist of two different sets of valves: 1st. The _parietal_ valves, or pieces arranged in a circle, side by side, around the body of the animal, (an arrangement designated _coronular_ by De Blainville.) 2nd. The _opercular_ valves, or pieces placed so as to enclose the aperture. Between those opercular valves the ciliæ protrude which characterize the class. Besides these two sets of valves, there is generally a shelly plate, serving as a sort of foundation to the rest. The Sessile Cirripedes may be thus arranged.
1. TUBICINELLA. Six parietal valves, tube-shaped, opercular valves perpendicular. Fig. 14.
2. CORONULA. Six parietal valves, opercular valves horizontal. Fig. 15, 16, 17, 18.
These two genera fix themselves in the skin of the Whale. The latter has been divided into the genera Chelonobia, Cetopirus, Diadema, and Chthalamus.
3. PLATYLEPAS. Valves divided, each having a prominent internal plate. Fig. 19.
4. CLITIA. Parietal valves four, opercular valves two, valves dove-tailed into each other. Fig. 20.
5. ELMINEUS. Parietal valves four, opercular valves four. Fig. 22.
6. CONIA. Parietal valves four, thick and porous at the base. Fig. 21.
7. OCTOMERIS. Parietal valves eight. Fig. 24.
8. CATOPHRAGMUS. Parietal valves numerous, irregular. Fig. 23.
9. BALANUS. Parietal valves six; opercular valves four, placed against each other conically in pairs. This genus has been divided into Acasta, Conoplea, Chirona, and Balanus. Fig. 25, 26, 27.
10. CREUSIA. Parietal valves four, supported on the edge of a funnel-shaped cavity. Fig. 28.
11. PYRGOMA. Paries simple, supported on a cavity. This genus has been divided into the genera Nobia, Savignium, Pyrgoma, Adna, Megatrema, and Daracia. Fig. 29 to 33.
SETIFEROUS. Hairy.
SHANK SHELL. The vulgar name for the shell designated Murex Rapa. It is used in Ceylon for ornamental purposes.
SIDEROLITES. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
SIGARETUS. Lam. _Fam._ Macrostomata, Lam.--_Descr._ Suborbicular, oblique, haliotoid, thick; spire depressed, consisting of two or three rapidly increasing whorls; aperture wide, entire, modified by the last whorl, the width exceeding the length; columella tortuous; inner lip spread thinly over part of the body whorl; epidermis thin.--_Obs._ This genus is distinguished from Natica, by the width of the aperture, and the absence of the umbilical callosity. It may be known from Stomatia, and Stomatella, by the texture, which in Sigaretus, is never pearly as in Stomatia, the former being partly an internal shell. Fig. 334, S. concavus. Mostly brought from tropical climates.
SILIQUA. Megerle. (A husk, or pod.) LEGUMINARIA, Schum. A genus composed of species of SOLEN, Auct. which have an internal rib. Fig. 51, Solen radiatus.
SILIQUARIA. Brug. _Fam._ Cricostomata, Bl. Dorsalia, Lam.--_Descr._ Tubular, rugose, spiral near the apex, irregularly twisted near the aperture, with a longitudinal fissure radiating from the apex, and proceeding through all the whorls and sinuosities of the tube.--_Obs._ This genus was included in Serpula by Linnæus, from which, however, it is distinguished by the longitudinal slit, fig. 1. S. anguina. The recent species are found in the sponges with siliceous spiculæ, in the Mediterranean; the fossils in tertiary beds.
SIMPLE. (_Simplex_, lat.) Single, entire, uninterrupted, undivided.
SIMPLEGAS. Mont. 1, 83. (_Simplex_, simple; [Greek: gastêr], _gaster_, belly.) A genus described by De Blainville, as being discoidal, and having the spire uncovered like AMMONITES, but having the chambers divided, by simple septa, like Nautilus.--_Obs._ The septa of the shell named Simplegas by De Montfort, are evidently sinuous, according to his figure. Fig. 475, S. sulcata.
SINISTRAL. (_Sinister_, left.) On the left side. A sinistral shell is a _reversed_ one. The sinistral valve of a bivalve shell may be known, by placing the shell, with its ligamentary or posterior part towards the observer; the sides of the shell will then correspond with his right and left side.
SINUOUS. Winding, serpentine. The septa of Ammonites are sinuous. The muscular impression of the mantle, or palleal impression of some bivalve shells, is sinuated near the posterior muscular impression.
SINUS. (_Sinus_, a winding, or bay.) A winding or tortuous excavation. The sinus in the outer lip of Strombus, fig. 406; and that in the muscular impression of Venus, will be indicated by the letter _s_.
SIPHON. ([Greek: Siphon], siphon.) A pipe, or tube. A shelly tube passing through the septa of chambered shells. It is said to be _dorsal_, _central_, or _ventral_, according to its situation near the outer, or inner parts of the whorl. See Introduction.
SIPHONAL SCAR. The name applied by Mr. Gray, to the opening or winding sinus in the palleal impression of a bivalve shell, in the place where the siphonal tube of the animal passes.
SIPHONARIA. Sow. ([Greek: Siphon], siphon.) _Fam._ Phyllidiana, Lam. Patelloidea, Bl.--_Descr._ Patelliform, depressed, inclining to oval, ribbed; apex nearly central, obliquely inclining towards the posterior margin; muscular impression partly encircling the central disc, but interrupted in front, where the head of the animal reposes, and at the side by a siphon, or canal passing from the apex to the margin.--_Obs._ This siphon, which is in some species very distinct, serves to distinguish this genus from Patella. S. Sipho, fig. 231*.