A Complete Grammar of Esperanto
Chapter 8
prepositions, prefixes and suffixes whose meaning permits:
amikigxi, to become a friend. kunigxi, to become joined. forigxi, to go away, to disappear. ebligxi, to become possible.
VOCABULARY
apenaux = hardly, scarcely. nenial = for no reason (229). atmosfer-o = atmosphere. neniel = in no way (230). dub-i = to doubt. neniom = none, no (231). efektiv-a = effective, real. ombr-o = shadow. hel-a = clear, bright. pejzagx-o = landscape. horizont-o = horizon. radi-o = ray. krepusk-o = twilight. tropik-a = tropical.
LA KREPUSKO.
Estas tre agrable sidigxi sur la herbon, kaj rigardi la plilongigxantajn ombrojn, en la dauxro de bela somera vespero. La suno grade mallevigxas post la montetoj, la nuboj farigxas ("become") bele kolorigitaj, kaj la tuta pejzagxo pli kaj pli beligxas. Malrapide la krepusko anstatauxas la helan sunlumon, kaj fine cxie noktigxas. La krepusko estas la rebrilado de la sunlumo tra la atmosfero, post la mallevigxo de la suno mem, laux la jena maniero: la radioj suprenbriladas, en la aeron super niaj kapoj, en la okcidenta parto de la cxielo. De tie ili rebriladas tiamaniere ke la cxielo lumigxas. Kiam estas iom da nuboj sur la cxielo okcidenta, la sunradioj briladas rekte kontraux ilin, belege kolorigante tiujn nubojn. En tropikaj landoj la krepuskigxo okazas tre rapide. Gxi ne nur komencigxas subite, sed ankaux dauxras tre mallongan tempon. La noktigxo preskaux tuj sekvas la taglumon, kun rimarkinda subiteco. Apenaux komencigxas la krepusko, kiam la subiranta suno sxajnas fali preter la horizonto. Tute male ("quite on the contrary"), en landoj treege nordaj, krepuskigxas tre frue en la tago, kaj la krepusko dauxras longan tempon antaux ol la nokto venas. Efektive ("really"), en tiuj landoj la krepusko tute anstatauxas la nokton, dum ses monatoj de la jaro. Tie oni havas krepuskon dum la unua duonjaro, kaj la taglumon dum la sekvinta duonjaro. Krepusko dauxranta tiom da tempo estas tiel rimarkinda kiel tago de tia sama longeco. Mi dubas cxu tia dividado de la tempo inter tago kaj malhela nokto estas agrabla, sed oni povas neniel malhelpi gxin. Cxiu tre norda lando havas la saman travivajxon ("experience"), cxiujare, kaj efektive oni apenaux rimarkas gxin. Pri cxiu plendanto oni nur diras "Li estas nenial malkontenta."
SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
of ("pri") the two painters who, being mutually (180) jealous, arranged a competition. 2. One painted a cluster (126) of grapes, so excellently that the birds flew to it. 3. The other deceived his rival (competitor) himself, by a painting of a curtain. 4. The most famous artists, however, often show their skill by painting (222) pictures of the sunset, chiefly, I think, because of the brilliant colors. 5. In fact ("efektive"), I doubt whether there is a more beautiful sight (227, b) than the sunset. 6. It is made by the bright rays of the sun, which shine back through the atmosphere, long after the sun itself has passed below the horizon. 7. The more moisture ("malsekajxo") there is in the air, the more brilliant the colors are, and the more beautiful the entire landscape becomes. 8. In tropical lands, night falls very suddenly, and there is almost no sort of twilight. 9. In fact, a twilight scarcely occurs there. 10. In the lands far north, on the contrary, the twilight lasts six months, and the remainder of the year is the day. 11. To dwell in such a land is surely a remarkable experience. 12. It can in no way be understood by persons who have never lived there. 13. Such things increase (make greater) my desire to visit those northern lands. 14. For no reason, however, do I
LESSON L.
THE PRONOUNS ENDING IN "-O".
233. In contrast to the pronouns ending in "-u" ("tiu", "kiu", "cxiu", "iu", "neniu"), a similar series ending in "-o" refers to an object, fact or action not definitely specified (but never to a person), like English "what, anything, something, nothing," etc. Because of their somewhat vague meaning, these pronouns do not occur in the plural, nor are they ever used as pronominal adjectives:
Demonstrative: tio = that (thing, fact or action). cxi tio = this (thing, fact or action).
Interrogative and Relative: kio = what.
Distributive: cxio = everything. cxio cxi = all this.
Indefinite: io = anything, something.
Negative: nenio = nothing.
234. A pronoun (not personal) in predicate or relative relation to a pronoun ending in "-o" must itself be of the same series:
Kio estas cxi tio, kion vi diras? What is this, which you say? Sxi vidis tion, kio jxus okazis, she saw that which just occurred. Cxio cxi, kion vi vidas, estas farita de ili, everything here (all this), which you see, was done by them. Li havas ion por vi, sed nenion por mi, he has something for you, but nothing for me.
CORRELATIVE WORDS.
235. Pronouns, adjectives and adverbs, which are related to each other as corresponding demonstratives, interrogatives, relatives, etc., are called "correlatives". In Esperanto the correlative system is more complete than in any other language, and may be summarized as follows:
Demonstrative Interrogative Distributive Indefinite Negative and Relative
tio (233) kio (233) cxio (233) io (233) nenio (233) that (thing) what, which everything anything nothing
tiu (56) kiu (146) cxiu (173) iu (203) neniu (220) that (one) who, which every, each any (one) no (one)
ties (62) kies (147) cxies (174) ies (204) nenies(221) that one's whose every one's any one's no one's
tia (65) kia (150) cxia (177) ia (208) nenia (224) that kind of what kind of every kind any kind no kind of
tie (68) kie (151) cxie (182) ie (209) nenie (225) there where everywhere anywhere nowhere
tiam (73) kiam (155) cxiam (187) iam (212) neniam (226) then when always any time never
tial (78) kial (129) cxial (188) ial (213) nenial (229) therefore, wherefore, for every for any for no so why reason reason reason
tiel (88), kiel (156) cxiel (193) iel (216) neniel (230) (156) thus, so how, as every way any way in no way
tiom (104) kiom (164) cxiom (194) iom (217) neniom (231) that much, how much, all, the some, any none, no so much as whole of amount quantity
THE USE OF "AJN".
236. The word "ajn" may be placed after any interrogative-relative or indefinite correlative word, to give a generalizing sense. In order to avoid confusion with the accusative plural ending, "ajn" is "never attached" to the correlative which it follows:
kio ajn = whatever. kiam ajn = whenever. kies ajn = whosesoever. kiom ajn = however much. kie ajn = wherever. ia ajn = any kind whatever.
THE SUFFIX "-ING-".
237. The suffix "-ing-" is used to form words indicating that which holds "one" specimen of what is expressed in the root:
glavingo = scabbard. plumingo = pen-holder. lumingo = torch-holder. ingo = sheath, case, socket.
VOCABULARY
cxio = everything (233). nenio = nothing (233). Gordio = Gordius. ofer-o = offering. io = anything (233). reg-i = to rule, to govern. jug-o = yoke. sankt-a = sacred, holy. klin-i = to bend, incline (trans). templ-o = temple. kio = what (233). tio = that (thing) (233). lig-i = to tie, to bind. util-a = useful.
LA GORDIA LIGAJXO.
Unufoje en antikva tempo la regatoj de iu regxolando en Azio ne havis regxon. Ne sciante kion fari, ili demandis de la dioj. La dioj respondis, "Kiu ajn venos unue en nian sanktan templon hodiaux, por fari oferojn, estos via regxo." Okaze kamparano nomita Gordio venis al la templo, jxus post la tagigxo. La regatoj tuj rekonis la estontan regxon, kvankam li veturis sur peza malbela veturilo. Salutinte la surprizitan kamparanon, oni nomis lin regxo. Decidinte fari dankoferon al la dioj, Gordio metis en la templon la veturilon mem sur kiu li tien veturis, antaux ol li komencis regi kiel la nova regxo. La jugo estis alligita ("tied fast") per granda ligajxo el sxnurego. Post la morto de Gordio oni grade komencis kredi ion tre interesan pri tio. Oni diris ke tiu, kiu povos iel ajn malligi tiun ligajxon, farigxos reganto super cxiuj regxoj de Azio.
Post kelkaj jaroj Aleksandro Granda decidis fari grandan militadon kontraux Azio, kaj alproksimigxis al la lando kie estis reginta Gordio. Kiam li demandis, "Kio estas cxi tie la plej interesa vidindajxo?" oni rakontis al li tion, kion oni diras pri la sxnurega ligajxo sur la veturilo de Gordio. Kompreneble ("of course") Aleksandro deziris fari ion ajn utilan por venki Azion, tial li tuj venigis gvidiston por konduki lin al la templo. Alveninte tien, li zorge rigardadis la ligajxon, kaj ekzamenis la sxnuregon el kiu gxi estis farita. Tiam, elpreninte sian glavon el la glavingo, subite klinigxante li rekte tratrancxis la tutan ligajxon. "Nenio estas pli facila ol tio," li diris, "kaj nun mi ne dubas cxu mi certe regos super cxiuj regxoj de Azio." Pro tio, kion faris Aleksandro Granda, oni ankoraux nuntempe diras, kiam iu ajn superas malfacilajxon per kia ajn subita metodo, "Li trancxis la gordian ligajxon."
SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
1. One often hears the remark "I will cut the Gordian knot." 2. There is an interesting story about this. 3. A wagon whose yoke was tied to the pole by a large knot had been put in the middle of the temple. 4. It was a thank-offering to the sacred gods, by whose help Gordius had in olden time become king. 5. It was said that whoever would be able to untie that rope would no doubt become ruler over the whole of Asia. 6. Alexander the Great, having begun a campaign against Asia, approached the city where this temple was. 7. Having heard the story, he at once had a guide come, and went thither, guided by him. 8. He desired to do everything which was useful to the conquering of Asia. 9. Having examined the knot carefully, he bent over and tried for a few minutes to untie it. 10. Then he chose another method. 11. He seized his sword, and suddenly cut through the whole knot. 12. Having done this, he put the sword back into the scabbard. 13. This he did, instead of continuing ("dauxrigi") his efforts to untie the knot. 14. In fact, having no patience, he had become tired. 15. Perhaps the conquering of Asia did not in any way become possible on account of this, but at least the story is interesting, whatever actually ("efektive") happened. 16. Nothing is impossible, whenever one tries enough. 17. In a tropical country, such as part of Asia is, the landscapes are beautiful. 18. A tropical twilight is very short, however, and the shadows have scarcely become long when the sun seems to sink suddenly below the horizon, although the last bright rays continue to shine back through the atmosphere for a few minutes.
LESSON LI.
THE PRONOUN "AMBAUX".
238. The pronoun (and pronominal adjective) "ambaux", both, indicates two persons or things considered together. It is invariable in form:
Ili ambaux venis al la templo, they both came to the temple. Ambaux faris oferojn al la dioj, both made offerings to the gods. Vidante kaj la plumon kaj la plumingon, mi prenis la ambaux, seeing both the pen and the penholder, I took both.
[Footnote: This pronoun must not be confused with the use of "kaj", translated "both" in the combination "kaj ... kaj ...", "both ... and ..." (26).]
FORMATIONS WITH "-IG-" AND "-IGX-".
239. Some verbs may be used in the simple form, and also with both the suffix "-ig-" and the suffix "-igx-". Thus from one verb-root three verbs of distinct meaning may be made, and the formation with "-ig-", being transitive, may also be used in the passive:
sidi = to sit, to be sitting. sidigxi = to become sitting, to take a seat. sidigi = to cause to sit, to seat. esti sidigata = to be caused to sit. silenti = to be silent. silentigxi = to become silent. silentigi = to cause to be silent, to silence. esti silentigita = to be silenced. kusxi = to lie, to be lying. kusxigxi = to lie down, to go to bed. kusxigi = to cause to lie, to lay. esti kusxigita = to be laid. stari = to stand, to be standing. starigxi = to rise, to stand up, to become erect. starigi = to raise, to cause to stand up, to erect. esti starigita = to be raised, to be erected.
FACTUAL CONDITIONS.
240. A conditional sentence consists of two parts, an "assumption" and a "conclusion". The assumption is a clause (introduced usually by the conjunction "se", "if") which assumes something as true or realized. The conclusion is a statement whose truth or realization depends upon the truth or realization of the assumption. "Factual conditions" (conditions of fact) may deal with the present, past or future time:
Se li vidas tion, li ploras, if he sees that, he weeps (is weeping). Se li vidis tion, li ploris, if he saw that, he wept. Li ploros, se li vidos tion, he will weep, if he sees that. Se li venis hieraux, li foriros morgaux, if he came yesterday, he will go away tomorrow. Se li estas vidinta tion, li nun ploras, if he has seen that, he now is weeping. Se tio estas vidota, li estas punota, if that is going to be seen, he is going to be punished. Se li estas kaptita, li estos jam punita, if he has been captured, he will already have been punished.
VOCABULARY
ambaux = both (238). mut-a = dumb, mute. azen-o = ass, donkey. orel-o = ear. ben-i = to bless. petol-a = mischievous. dors-o = back. propr-a = own, one's own. form-o = form. se = if. halt-i = to stop (intrans.). spir-i = to breathe. monahx-o = monk. turment-i = to torment.
LA MONAHXOJ KAJ LA AZENO.
Iam du monahxoj reiris tra la arbaro al la monahxejo, dum grade krepuskigxis. Ambaux portis pezajn sakojn da terpomoj, kaj baldaux lacigxis, sed ne sciis kion fari. Okaze ili ekvidis azenon ligitan al arbo, kaj unu monahxo, haltinte, diris petole al la alia "Se vi anstatauxos la beston, mi havos portanton por miaj propraj sakoj, kaj ankaux por la viaj." Lia kunulo respondis "Nu, se la azeno portos miajn sakojn, mi mem gxoje restos en gxia loko." Jxus dirite, tuj farite ("no sooner said than done"). Malliginte la ligajxojn kiuj tenis la azenon, ili jxetis la sakojn trans la dorson de la utila besto. Unu monahxo tuj forkondukis la azenon, dum ambaux viroj lauxte ridis. Post tio, la dua monahxo sin ligis per la sama sxnurego kiu antauxe tenis la azenon. Kiam revenis la kamparano, kies azeno estis jxus sxtelita, li ekhaltis, multe mirigite, vidante homon tie ligita. La monahxo anoncis al li, "Cxar mi estis tro mangxema, Dio faris azenon el mi, antaux du jaroj. Mi jxus rericevis mian propran formon." Tuj la kredema kamparano invitis la petolan monahxon al sia hejmo. La monahxo restis tiun nokton cxe la kamparano, kaj la sekvintan tagon li foriris, beninte la kamparanon, sed kasxe ridante pri la afero. Tiam la kamparano iris vendejon, por acxeti alian azenon. Li ekvidis sian propran azenon, kiun la unua monahxo estis sendinta tien, post sia reveno al la monahxejo. La malsagxa kamparano, klinigxinte al la besto, diris "Ho, bona monahxo, mi vidas ke duan fojon vi jam estis tro mangxema!" La muta besto forte svingis la orelojn kaj skuis la kapon, pro la varma elspirajxo apud sia orelo. Tio sxajne estis respondo al la jxus diritaj vortoj, tial la malsagxa kamparano ree acxetis sian propran azenon. Cxiam poste li nek turmentis nek ecx laborigis gxin, kredante la azenon la sankta monahxo mem.
SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
ancient times, they usually asked the sacred gods about it. 2. If the gods informed ("sciigis") them that whatever man would come to the temple first would become their king, they immediately chose the first comer ("la unuan veninton") king. 3. Whoever was chosen king made the blessed gods a thank-offering, which consisted of something out of his own possessions (227, a). 4. Gordius did not offer to the gods merely the yoke of his wagon, but the whole wagon. 5. A knot of rope was tied between the yoke and the pole. 6. People soon began to say, "If any one soever can untie that knot, he will become ruler of Asia." 7. If any other men tried to untie that rope, they failed. 8. Alexander, though ("tamen"), had scarcely arrived when he drew (out) his sword from the scabbard, and cut the knot. 9. If you will take-a-seat, I will tell you about the two mischievous monks, returning to the monastery. 10. Both were breathing with difficulty, and stopped to rest. 11. Having noticed a donkey near by, they untied it. 12. One led the long-eared dumb animal away, while the other tied himself in its own place. 13. The credulous (192) peasant believed everything which was told (54) him,
LESSON LII.
THE CONDITIONAL MOOD.
241. That indication of the speaker's frame of mind which is given by the form of the verb is called the "mood" of the verb. All verbs given so far have been in the "indicative mood", which represents an act or state as a reality or fact, or in the "infinitive mood", which expresses the verbal idea in a general way, resembling that of a substantive. The "conditional mood" does not indicate whether or not the act or state mentioned is a fact, but merely expresses the speaker's idea of its likelihood or certainty, or is used in an assumption or conclusion dealing with suppositions, not with actual facts. The ending of the conditional mood is "-us". The conjugation of "vidi" in the aoristic tense of the conditional mood is as follows:
mi vidus, I should see. vi vidus, you would see. li (sxi, gxi) vidus, he (she, it) would see. ni vidus, we should see. vi vidus, you would see. ili vidus, they would see.
COMPOUND TENSES OF THE CONDITIONAL MOOD.
242. In addition to the aoristic tense, the conditional mood has three active and three passive compound tenses, formed by combining the participles with the aoristic tense of "esti" in the conditional mood. A synopsis of "vidi" in these compound tenses is as follows:
Active Voice.
Present: mi estus vidanta, I should be seeing. Past: mi estus vidinta, I should have seen. Future: mi estus vidonta, I should be about to see.
Passive Voice.
Present: mi estus vidata, I should be seen. Past: mi estus vidita, I should have been seen. Future: mi estus vidota, I should be about to be seen.
LESS VIVID CONDITIONS.
243. A conditional sentence dealing with "suppositions" concerning events in present or future time is called a "less vivid condition" ("Less vivid", in contrast to factual conditions (240), which are "vivid", because they deal with facts.), and the conditional mood is used in both the assumption and the conclusion:
Se li vidus tion, li plorus, if he should see that, he would weep. Mi gxoje helpus vin, se mi povus, I would gladly help you, if I could. Se vi metus ilin sur la dorson de la azeno, gxi portus ilin, if you should put them on the donkey's back, it would carry them. La petola junulo turmentus la monahxon, se li revenus, the mischievous youth would torment the monk, if he should return. Se li estus kaptata, li estus punata, if he should be caught, he would be punished.
INDEPENDENT USE OF THE CONDITIONAL MOOD.
244. The conditional mood may be used in a conclusion whose assumption is merely implied, serving thus to soften or make vague the statement or question in which it is used:
Mi gxoje helpus vin, I would gladly help you. Cxu vi bonvole dirus al mi? Would you kindly tell me? Kiu volus enspiri tian aeron? Who would wish to inhale such air? Estus bone reteni vian propran, it would be well to keep your own. La cxielo vin benus pro tio, Heaven would bless you for that.
THE PREFIX "DIS-".
245. The prefix "dis-" indicates separation or movement in several different directions at once:
disdoni = to distribute. disigxi = to separate (intrans.). dispeli = to dispel. disigxo = separation, schism. disigi = to separate (trans.). dissendi = to send around.
[Footnote: Cf. the English prefix "dis-" in "disperse", "disseminate", "distribute," etc.]
VOCABULARY
cxes-i = to cease, to leave off. kauxz-i = to cause. dens-a = dense. legx-o = law. difin-i = to define. natur-o = nature. ekzist-i = to exist. objekt-o = object. flu-i = to flow. plu = further, more. gravit-i = to gravitate. turn-i = to turn (trans.).
[Footnote: The adverb "plu" gives an idea of continuance to the word which it modifies. When used with "ne", the two together give an idea of cessation concerning a previous continuous act or state: "Ambaux parolos plu morgaux", both will talk further tomorrow. "Mi ne plu haltos", I shall not stop (any) more. "Li ne plu sxajnis muta", he no longer seemed mute.]
PRI LA GRAVITADO.
1. Ofte oni parolas pri la pezeco de diversaj objektoj. Tia pezeco estas kauxzata de la forto kiun oni nomas la gravitado. Pro tiu forto ne nur objektoj sur la tero, sed ankaux la tero mem, havas konatan pezecon, kiun la kleruloj jam antaux longe kalkulis. La suno kaj la luno simile havas pezecon, cxar ili ambaux, same kiel la tero, movigxas laux tiu sama gravitado kiu efektive regas cxiujn el la cxielaj korpoj. Se la gravitado cxesus ekzisti, la riveroj ne plu fluus antauxen en siaj fluejoj ("beds"). Ne fluante de altaj gxis malaltaj lokoj, la akvo disfluus, aux restus tie, kie ajn gxi okaze estus. Neniom da pluvo falus; kontrauxe, la malsekajxo en la aero ankoraux restus tie, en la formo de densaj mallumaj cxiamaj nuboj. Cxiuj vivaj estajxoj ("beings"), cxiuj konstruajxoj, efektive cxio, baldaux disflugus de la rapide turnigxanta mondo. Cxiuj cxi ("all these") nun devas resti sur la tero, tial ke la gravitado restigas ilin cxi tie. Se la gravitado ne plu ekzistus, nenio restus plu sur la tero. La aero mem ne plu cxirkauxus nin, sed gxi ankaux forlasus la mondon, tuj maldensigxinte ("having become rarefied"). La fama angla filozofo Newton estis la unua, kiu studadis la kialon ("reason") de la falado de objektoj. Li komencis, laux la rakonto, per okaza ekrigardo al falantaj pomoj en sia propra pomarbejo. Antaux tri jarcentoj, li eltrovis ke estas tia forto kia la gravitado, kaj difinis la naturajn legxojn laux kiuj la gravitado sin montras. Cxi tiu forto, kiu restigas cxion sur la tero, estas tamen la kauxzo de nia lacigxado, kiam ni marsxas aux kuras, cxar gxi faras nin pezaj, kaj tial ni ofte deziras halti kaj ripozi. Estas ankaux la malfacileco en la superado de tiu sama forto, kiu faras tiel malfacila la konstruadon de utilaj aersxipoj.
SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
1. Newton was an Englishman who lived three centuries ago. 2. One day he was walking in his orchard, and, noticing the falling apples, he stood still ("ekhaltis") and began to wonder why they fall. 3. He studied the cause of their falling, wishing to discover whatever laws of nature he could. 4. He watched various falling objects, and tried to calculate their velocity ("rapideco"). 5. Finally he recognized that force which is called gravitation. 6. Of course ("kompreneble") gravitation had always existed, but its laws were not noticed or clearly defined until Newton studied the matter. 7. If gravitation should not exist any more, no rain would fall, but instead of condensing, the moisture would remain above our heads in eternal clouds. 8. But gradually the moisture and the air itself, becoming rarefied, would fly away from the earth, being held no longer by the force of gravitation. 9. The water in the rivers would leave off flowing (cease to flow) on toward the sea, because now the water flows from high to low places only on account of gravitation. 10. Instead of gravitating toward the sea, in fact, the water would flow in every direction (245) out of the riverbeds, or would remain there, without moving at all ("tute ne movante"). 11. Nothing on earth would remain here very long, but everything would fly off the quickly moving world, and leave it entirely bare. Soon, also, the earth itself would break-into-pieces (245).
LESSON LIII.
CONDITIONS CONTRARY TO FACT.
246. A "condition contrary to fact" indicates that the opposite of what is mentioned has really taken place or is taking place. It expresses the speaker's certainty that an act or state would have been realized, if some other act or state were also realized. Such conditions cannot refer to the future, but only to present or past time. The conditional mood is used:
Se vi estus turninta vin, vi estus vidinta tion, if you had turned, you would have seen that. Se la malsekajxo ne estus densigxinta, ne estus pluvinte, if the moisture had not condensed, it would not have rained. Se li estus kaptita, li estus punita, if he had been caught, he would have been punished. Se li estus sidanta tie, mi vidus lin, if he were (if he should be) sitting there, I should see him. Se la gravitado ne ekzistus, tiu pluvo ne estus falanta, if gravitation did not (should not) exist, that rain would not be falling.
THE VERB "DEVI".
247. The verb "devi" (cf. "devo", duty) is equivalent to the verb "must" (which in English has no future, past, infinitive, etc.), and to "to have to", "to be obliged to", etc., carrying the idea of "must" into all tenses and moods. In the conditional mood its meaning is softened into a vaguer sense (of "moral" obligation), and carries the idea of "ought":
Objektoj en la aero devas fali, objects in the air have to fall. Ni devis agi laux la legxoj, we had to act according to the laws. Vi devos iri, you must (will have to) go. Sxi ne volas devi fari tion, she does not wish to have to do that. Ili devigis min iri, they compelled me to go. Vi devus iri, you should go (you ought to go). Oni devus pensi antaux ol paroli, one ought to think before speaking. Li estus devinta veni, he ought to have come. Tio devus esti farita, that ought to have been done.
THE PREPOSITION "SEN".
248. The preposition "sen", without, indicates the omission, absence or exclusion of that which is expressed by its complement. It may be used as a prefix (160), giving a sense of deprivation or exclusion (like that given by the English suffix "-less"):
Li difinis la vorton sen eraro, he defined the word without an error. La rivero sencxese fluas, the river flows without ceasing. Tio estas ne nur senutila sed ecx malutila, that is not only useless but even harmful. Li ne plu estas senmona, he is no longer penniless. Li sentime alproksimigxis al gxi, he fearlessly approached it.
[Footnote: English phrases containing "without" as in "without reading," must be changed to phrases clearly containing verbal nouns, as "without the reading of," before translating into an Esperanto phrase with "sen". Otherwise a participle with "ne" should replace the phrase ("222"): "Sen la legado de tio, mi ne komprenus", without (the) reading (of) that, I should not understand. "Ne leginte tion, mi ne komprenus", without reading (not having read) that, I should not understand.]
VOCABULARY
akuz-i = to accuse. nobl-a = noble. instru-i = to teach. pardon-i = to pardon. kondamn-i = to condemn. pek-i = to sin. konfes-i = to confess, to admit. prav-a = right, correct. konscienc-o = conscience. sen = without (248). kulp-o = guilt. So-krato = Socrates. merit-i = to deserve. venen-o = poison.
LA FILOZOFO SOKRATO.
Unu el la plej famaj grekaj filozofoj estis nomita Sokrato. Li estis malbela malalta persono, kun senhara kapo kaj dika korpo, sed malgraux tio li estis treege bona, nobla kaj sagxa. Li instruadis per interparolado kun la lernantoj. Kutime li komencis per demando pri io ajn, pri kio la auxskultanto respondos. Fine, la lernanto grade komprenis cxu liaj propraj opinioj pri la afero estas pravaj. Ankoraux nun oni nomas tiun metodon de instruado per la interparolado "la Sokrata metodo." Sokrato diradis tute sen timo cxion, kion li pensis, ecx pri la dioj kaj pri la nekredeblaj rakontoj pri la dioj. Se li ne estus tiel multe klariginta, eble li estus vivinta pli longan tempon. Sed multaj personoj malamis lin, precipe cxar li donis novajn ideojn al la junuloj, kiuj sekve komencis pensi por si mem, anstataux fari tion kion faras cxiu alia. Tial oni akuzis Sokraton en la jugxejo, nomante lin pekanto kaj malbonfaranto, unue, cxar li ne disdonas oferojn al la dioj, due, cxar li enkondukas novajn diojn (cxar li diris ke supernatura vocxo, kiu sendube estis lia nomo por la konscienco, parolis mallauxte cxe lia orelo), trie, cxar li malbonigas la junularon de la urbo. Se li estus konfesinte la kulpon kaj petinte pardonon, tiam la jugxistoj eble estus punintaj lin per nura ("mere") monpago ("fine"). Sed li fiere respondis ke efektive li multe plibonigas la junularon, kaj anstataux esti malutila, aux ecx neutila, li treege utilas al la urbo. Li diris ke oni havas nenian rajton puni lin, sed ke, kauxze de sia bonfarado al la urbo, li efektive meritas cxiutagan mangxon senpagan. Tamen, tute ne kompreninte kiel prava Sokrato estas, la jugxistoj mortkondamnis lin. Oni devigis lin trinki la venenon. Iom poste, en la malliberejo, li trankvile adiauxis siajn plorantajn amikojn, kaj akceptinte la venenan trinkajxon, sentime gxin trinkis.
SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
1. Socrates believed that if one knows about good and evil (201) he will do good, but will not do evil. 2. Therefore he wished to help mankind ("la homaron"), teaching them what the good is. 3. He also wished to discover for himself what is right and what is wrong. 4. So he asked every one whom he met (about) his opinions, and the one-talking-with [him] would also notice whether his own ideas were right or not. 5. But the fellow-citizens of Socrates were jealous, and hated him, because they did not understand him. 6. Therefore they accused him, called him a sinner, and sent around (245) false reports ("falsajn sciigojn") about him. 7. Because he said that conscience guided him (in the form of a soft voice at his ear), they accused him of ("pri") introducing (218, b) new gods. 8. They also said that he was corrupting the youth of the city. 9. If Socrates had pleaded guilty, and begged for a fine instead of the death-punishment, without doubt he would have been pardoned and fined ("monpunita"). 10. But he said "I have never in my life sinned in any way, and I do not deserve any sort of punishment." So the judges condemned him to death by the drinking of poison.
LESSON LIV.
SUMMARY OF CONDITIONS
249. The three kinds of conditional sentences, together with the moods and tenses used in them, may be tabulated as follows:
Name: Factual Less Vivid Contrary to Fact
Subject Matter: facts suppositions opposite of facts
Time: any (usually) future present or past
Mood: indicative conditional conditional
Tense: any (usually) aoristic (usually) compound
CLAUSES OF IMAGINATIVE COMPARISON.
250. Clauses of imaginative comparison are introduced by the conjunction "kvazaux", as though, as if. Sometimes the verb in the comparison may be left unexpressed or merely implied:
Li trinkas la venenon kvazaux gxi estus vino, he drinks the poison as though it were wine. La kondamnito marsxis kvazaux kun malfacileco, the condemned man walked as if with difficulty. Li konfesis kvazaux kulpulo, he confessed like a culprit.
THE USE OF "AL" TO EXPRESS REFERENCE.
251. Personal pronouns, and less frequently nouns, may be used with the preposition "al" to express "concern" or "interest" on the part of the person indicated by the complement of this preposition:
Li bruligis al si la manon, he burned his hand. Hi trancxis al li la barbon, they cut his beard (the beard for him). Sxi preparas al ni bonan mangxon, she is preparing us a good meal. Cxu vi faros servon al mi? Will you do me a service?
[Footnote: The use of "al" in this sense, approaching that of "por" but less purposeful and definite, resembles the "dative of reference" and "ethical dative" of other languages, as in French "je me suis brule la langue", I have burned my tongue, German "ich wasche mir die Haende", I wash my hands, Latin "sese Caesari ad pedes proicerunt", they threw themselves at the feet of Caesar, Greek "ti soi mathesomai", what am I to learn for you? etc.]
252. By an extension of its use in expressing reference, "al" may often be used in the place of "de" expressing separation (170), when the use of "de" might seem to indicate agency (169) or possession (49):
La luno estas kasxata al ni de la nuboj, the moon is hidden from us (to us) by the clouds. Gxi estas stelita al mi de li, it has been stolen from me by him.
[Footnote: This use resembles the "dative of separation" of other languages, as in German "es stahl mir das Leben", it stole the life from me, French "il me prend la vie", it takes my life, Latin "hunc mihi timorem eripe", remove this fear from me, Greek "dexato oi skaeptron", he took his sceptre from him, etc.]
THE SUFFIX "-ESTR-".
253. The suffix "-estr-" is used to indicate the "chief", "head", or "one in control" of that which is expressed in the root:
lernejestro = (school) principal. urbestro = mayor. monahxestro = abbot. estraro = governing body. policestro = chief of police. sxipestro = ship-captain.
VOCABULARY
Aristejd-o = Aristeides. popol-o = a people. ekzil-i = to exile. pot-o = pot. enu-i = to be wearied, bored. senc-o = meaning, sense. gxust-a = exact. signif-i = to signify. kvazaux = as though, as if (250). son-i = to sound. ostr-o = oyster. strang-a = strange. ostracism-o = ostracism. sxel-o = shell, bark, peel.
[Footnote: Care must be taken to distinguish "gxusta", exact, "gxuste", exactly, just, from "justa", upright, just, "juste", justly, and also from the adverb "jxus" just.]
LA OSTRACISMO DE ARISTEJDO.
La vorto ostracismo havas interesan devenon ("origin"). En gxia komenco oni rekonas la grekan vorton kiu signifas "sxelon de la ostro." En gxia fino oni vidas la saman "-ismon " kiu, deveninte de la greka, ankoraux estas uzata kiel vortfino en multaj diversaj lingvoj. La nuna senco de la vorto, facile trovebla en anglaj vortaroj ("dictionaries"), devenas de la jena greka kutimo:
Sepdek jarojn antaux ol vivadis Sokrato, oni faris strangan legxon en lia urbo. Laux tiu, oni povis ekzili iun ajn estron kies ideoj pri la administrado de la urbo ne sxajnis pravaj. Cxi tion oni povis fari, tute sen jugxado aux ecx akuzado, cxar oni havis la jenan metodon: se cxe popola kunveno ses mil urbanoj vocxdonis ("vote") kontraux iun ajn, tiu estis devigata foriri de la urbo, kaj forresti dek jarojn. Li povis neniel havigi ("get") al si pardonon, sed devis tuj foriri kvazaux konfesinta kulpulo. Por vocxdonoj, oni skribis la nomon de la kondamnoto sur peco da potajxo ("pottery"), aux pli ofte sur ostrosxelo. Gxuste tial oni nomas la kutimon ostracismo. Unufoje, kelkaj malamikoj proponis vocxdonadon pri la ostracismo de tre bona kaj nobla viro, nomita Aristejdo, kiu tute ne meritis tian punadon.
Antaux ol la kunveno disigxis, kamparano alproksimigxis al Aristejdo (kiu mem cxeestis), petante lian helpon, cxar la neinstruita kamparano ne povis skribi. La sagxulo diris "Kion vi volas skribi sur la sxelo?" La kamparano, ne sciante ke li parolas al la viro mem, respondis "Aristejdon." Skribinte gxin, Aristejdo demandis kun trankvila konscienco "Pro gxuste kiaj pekoj vi malamas Aristejdon?" La kamparano respondis, "Ho, mi ne kasxos al vi ke mi ecx ne konas lin! Sed mi deziras ekzili lin nur cxar min enuigas la sono de lia nomo. Mi tre enuas cxiam auxdante lin nomata Aristejdo la justa!"
SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
1. Aristeides had just arrived at the popular assembly when a peasant approached him. 2. If Aristeides had not had a pleasant countenance and musical ("belsonan") voice, doubtless the peasant would not have asked his help. 3. Ought Aristeides to have written his own name on the oyster-shell or piece of pottery which was going to be used as a vote against him? 4. Without just (exactly) this help, the peasant could not have voted. 5. Doing him the service requested, Aristeides said, as if ("250") he himself were not the man under-discussion ("205"), "Why do you hate Aristeides? 6. Could you tell me how he has sinned against the city?" 7. The silly-creature ("132") replied, "Oh, I know nothing about him, but I am weary [of] always hearing him called the just." 8. Ought such persons as that ignorant peasant have-the-right to vote about important affairs? 9. The ancient law about ostracism was a strange [one]. 10. The name of the person to-be-exiled ("199") was usually written upon an oyster-shell, and the meaning of the word signifying the custom comes from that. 11. Through ("per") ostracism, any leader could be banished, justly or unjustly, without trial of any kind, or explanation of the reasons.
LESSON LV.
THE IMPERATIVE MOOD.
254. For expressions of command, exhortation, entreaty, etc., there is an "imperative mood", as in English. The ending of the imperative mood is "-u". Beside the aoristic tense, six compound tenses are formed by combining the participles with the imperative mood "estu" of the auxiliary verb, but these tenses are seldom used. The conjugation of "vidi" in the aoristic tense of this mood, together with a synopsis in the compound tenses, is as follows:
Aoristic Tense.
mi vidu! = let me see! ni vidu! = let us see! (vi) vidu! = (you) see! (vi) vidu! = (you) see! li (sxi, gxi) vidu! = ili vidu! = let them see! let him (her, it) see!
Compound Tenses.
Active. Passive.
Present: mi estu vidanta Present: mi estu vidata Past: mi estu vidinta Past: mi estu vidita Future: mi estu vidonta Future: mi estu vidota
RESOLVE AND EXHORTATION.
255. The "first person singular" of the imperative mood is used to express the speaker's resolve concerning his own action, or an exhortation to himself concerning such action. The "first person plural" is used to express resolve or exhortation concerning the joint action of the speaker and the person or persons addressed:
Mi pensu pri tio! Let me think about that! Mi ne forgesu tion! I must not (do not let me) forget that! Ni ekzilu lin! Let us exile him! Ni ne sidigxu tie! Let us not sit down there! Ni estu grize vestitaj! Let us be dressed in gray!
[Footnote: This force is usually expressed in English by "let" with an accusative and infinitive construction.]
COMMANDS AND PROHIBITIONS.
256. The "second" and "third" persons of the imperative are used to express peremptory commands and prohibitions.
a. In the second person the pronoun is usually omitted, as in English, unless special emphasis is placed upon it:
Estu trankvila! Be calm! (One person is addressed.) Estu pretaj por akompani min! Be ready to accompany me! (Two or more persons are addressed.) Parolu kvazaux vi komprenus! Talk as though you understood! Ne fermu tiun pordon! Do not shut that door! Ne estu vidata tie! Do not be seen there!
b. In the third person a circumlocution in English is necessary in translation (as "let", "must", "are to", "is to", etc.):
Li estu zorga! Let him be careful (he must be careful)! Sxi ne faru tion! Do not let her do that (she is not to do that)! Cxio estu pardonata! Let everything be forgiven! Oni lasu min trankvila! People are to let me alone! Ili neniam revenu! Let them never (do not let them ever) return! La kulpuloj estu punataj! Let the culprits be punished!
LESS PEREMPTORY USES OF THE IMPERATIVE.
257. By an extension of its use in resolve, exhortation, command and prohibition, the imperative mood may be employed for less peremptory expressions, such as "request", "wish", "advice", etc., and in "questions of deliberation or perplexity", or "requests for instruction":
Request: Cxesu tiun bruon, mi petas! Stop that noise, I beg! Bonvolu fari tion! Please do that! Pardonu al ni niajn pekojn! Forgive us our sins! Wish: Ili estu felicxaj! May they be happy! Dio vin benu! God bless you! Vivu la regxo! (Long) live the king! Advice: Pensu antaux ol agi! Think before acting! Foriru, se vi ne estas kontenta! Go away, if you are not satisfied! Consent: Nu, parolu, sed mi ne auxskultos! Well, talk, but I shall not listen! Iru tuj, se vi volas. Go at once, if you like. Question: Cxu mi faru tion aux ne? Am I to do that or not? Cxu ni disdonu la librojn? Shall we distribute the books? Cxu li estu kondamnita? Shall he be condemned? Cxu ili venu cxi tien? Are they to (shall they) come here?
THE USE OF "MOSXTO".
258. The word "mosxto" may be used alone, or after a title, to denote respect. When used after a title, the title becomes an adjective:
Lia regxa mosxto, his majesty. Lia jugxista mosxto, his honor the judge. Sxia regxina mosxto, her majesty. Lia urbestra mosxto, his honor the mayor. Cxu via mosxto lin auxdis? Did your honor (excellency, etc.) hear him?
VOCABULARY
Afrik-o = Africa. mosxt-o = a title (see 258). barbar-o = barbarian. ordon-i = to order, to bid. Damokl-o = Damocles. permes-i = to permit. flank-o = side. placx-i = to please. imperi-o = empire. sklav-o = slave. konsent-i = to consent. sol-a = sole, only. konsil-i = to advise. volont-e = willingly.
LA GLAVO DE DAMOKLO.
Antaux pli multe ol dumil jaroj vivis en Sirakuzo, sur la insulo Sikelio, tre kruela tirano. Li diris al si "Mi estu cxiopova ("all-powerful")!" Tial li faris multe da militadoj, kaj venkis ne nur barbarajn popolojn, sed ankaux multajn urbojn en Italujo kaj norda Afriko. Detruinte cxion sen kompato, li ordonis "La logxantoj estu vendataj por sklavoj!" Li deziris fari por si, el la venkitaj kaj sklavigitaj popoloj, unu grandan imperion. Sed la urboj cxie, ecx en Grekujo, ne kasxis al li sian grandan malamon al tia tirano. Tial li cxiam timis pri sia vivo, timante ke iu subite mortigos lin. Unufoje Damoklo, amiko de la tirano, diris al li, "Se mi estus tiel ricxa kaj pova kiel via regxa mosxto, mi estus treege felicxa!" La tirano respondis, "Venu al festo cxe mi, se tio placxas al vi, kaj eltrovu cxu mi devus esti felicxa aux ne." "Mi venos tre volonte," ekkriis Damoklo, "kaj mi dankas vian mosxton pro tia afableco!" La tirano gxentile respondis "Ho, estas nenio (="you are welcome")! Nur ne forgesu la deciditan horon!" Je la gxusta horo Damoklo iris al la festo, kie oni donis al li segxon flanke de la tirano mem. "Mangxu kaj trinku kiom ajn vi volas," konsilis la tirano, "kaj poste ni parolos pri la felicxeco." Damoklo tuj konsentis al tia propono, kaj agis laux la permeso tiel afable donita al li. Mangxante bonegan mangxajxon, kaj trinkante dolcxan vinon, li tute ne enuis cxe la festo. Baldaux la tirano diris "Rigardu supren, kaj vidu gxuste kian felicxecon mi havas!" Supren rigardinte, Damoklo ekvidis akran glavon, antauxe kasxitan al li de kurteno. Subtenate de unu sola haro, la glavo sxajnis kvazaux tuj falonta sur la kapon de Damoklo. "La dioj min helpu!" li ekkriis, forsaltinte de la tablo. Pro la jxus dirita stranga rakonto, oni ankoraux nun nomas la atendadon por io timeginda, kio sxajnas cxiam okazonta sed efektive ne okazas, "la glavo de Damoklo."
SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
1. The word ostracism comes from the Greek word signifying "oyster-shell." 2. It has its present meaning because oyster-shells or pieces of pottery were used for the voting. 3. The story about Aristeides is interesting, but that about the sword of Damocles is also interesting. 4. His friend, the Syracusan tyrant, had permitted all sorts of injustices, against not only barbarians but even Greeks. 5. His only bidding usually was "Let every inhabitant be sold as a slave!" 6. He thought "Let me make one sole empire out of Africa, Italy and Sicily!" 7. Damocles said to him "Your royal highness ought to be very happy!" 8. The tyrant answered, "Come to a feast tomorrow, and find out. I will give you a seat (214, b) beside me." 9. Damocles willingly consented, and went thither. 10. The tyrant advised "Let us eat and drink until midnight, if that would be-pleasing to you. Then let us discuss the problem about happiness." 11. After a few hours Damocles heard a slight sound over his head, and the tyrant said to him, "Look up and you will see what kind of happiness mine is." 12. "Heaven defend me!" exclaimed Damocles, catching sight of a sharp sword hanging by a single (sole) hair.
LESSON LVI.
THE IMPERATIVE IN SUBORDINATE CLAUSES.
259. The imperative mood is used in a subordinate clause, with a meaning similar to that in its independent use, after a main verb expressing "command", "exhortation", "resolve", "consent", "wish", etc., or after any word or general expression of "command", "intention", "necessity", "expedience", etc. Such clauses are introduced by the conjunction ke:
Command and Prohibition.
Li diras ke vi iru, he says that you are to go. Sxi skribis al li ke li venu, she wrote him to come. Mi malpermesas ke vi restu, I forbid you to remain. Ni ordonos ke li estu punata, we shall order that he be punished.
Request and Wish.
Mi petas ke vi ne lasu min, I beg that you do not leave me. Mi petegas ke vi estu trankvilaj, I implore you to be calm. Li deziras ke ili estu sklavigitaj, he desires that they be enslaved. Ni volis ke li ne forgesu tion, we wished him not to forget that.
Advice, Consent, Permission.
Mi konsilis al li ke li iru, I advised him to go. Mi konsentis ke li restu, I consented that he remain. Ili permesos ke la barbaroj forkuru, they will permit the barbarians to escape (that the barbarians escape).
Questions.
Li demandas cxu ili foriru, he inquires whether they are to go away. Oni demandis cxu lia mosxto eniru, they asked whether his honor was to enter. Mi miras cxu mi faru tion, I wonder whether I am to do that.
Intention, Expedience, Necessity, etc.
Ni intencas ke vi estu helpata, we intend that you shall be helped. Lia propono estas ke ni ricevu la duonon, his proposal is, that we receive the half. Lia lasta ordono estis, ke vi venu, his last order was that you come. Estos bone ke vi ne plu nomu lin, it will be well for you not to (that you do not) mention him any more. Estas dezirinde ke ni havu bonan imperiestron, it is desirable that we have a good emperor. Estis necese ke cxiu starigxu, it was necessary for everyone to rise. Placxos al li ke vi iru, he will be pleased to have you go.
[Footnote: In English and some other languages an imperative idea may often be expressed by the infinitive, as "I wish you to go," but in Esperanto this must be expressed by the equivalent of "I wish that you go." The infinitive may not be used except when it can itself be the subject of the verb in such general statements as "it is necessary to go."]
THE PREPOSITION "JE".
260. Since prepositional uses are not exactly alike in any two languages, it is not always possible to translate a preposition of one language by what is its equivalent in some senses in another. In order to insure some means of translating correctly into Esperanto any prepositional phrase of the national languages, the preposition "je" is regarded as of rather indefinite meaning. In addition to its use in dates and allusions to time (89, 185), it may be employed when no other preposition gives the exact sense required, especially in protestations and exclamations, expressions of measure (see also 139), and of indefinite connection:
Je la nomo de cxielo! In the name of Heaven! Je mia honoro mi ja elfaros tion! On my honor I will accomplish that! Gxi estas longa je du mejloj, it is two miles long (long by two miles). Ili venis je grandaj nombroj, they came in great numbers. Li estas tenata de la policano, je la brako, per forta sxnurego, he is held by the policemen, by the arm, with (by) a strong rope.
The preposition "je" is used to express indefinite connection after the following words (other prepositions sometimes used are given in parentheses):
ekkrii je (pro), to cry out at. (sin) okupi je, busy (oneself) at. enui je, to be bored with. plena je (de), full of. fiera je (pri), proud of. preni je, to take by. fidi je (al), to rely upon. provizi je (per), to provide with. gxoji je (pri), to rejoice at. ricxigi je (per), to enrich with. gratuli je (pri), congratulate on. ridi je, to laugh at. honti je (pri), to be ashamed of. satigxi je, to be sated with. inda je, worthy of. senigi je, to deprive of. interesigxi je, take interest in. simila je (al), similar to. kapti je, to seize by. sopiri je (al), to yearn for. kontenta je (kun), content with. sxargxi je, to load with. kredi je, to believe in. teni je, to hold by.
[Footnote: The translation given for a preposition in any dictionary is the general one which serves in the majority of cases. The finer shades of meaning and real or apparent exceptions can merely be touched upon if mentioned at all.]
THE SUFFIX "-OP-".
261. The suffix "-op-" is used to form "collective" numerals:
duope = by twos, in pairs. milope = by thousands. kvarope = by fours. sesopigi = to form into groups of six.
VOCABULARY
cel-i = to aim. prokrast-i = to delay (trans.). Cirus-o = Cyrus. proviz-i = to provide. fidi = to rely. rezult-i = to result. gxu-i = to enjoy. sopir-i = to yearn, to sigh. honor-o = honor. spac-o = space. krom = beside, save, but. terur-a = terrible. plen-a = full. ver-o = truth.
LA MARSXADO DE LA DEKMIL GREKOJ.
Iam Ciruso, nepo de Ciruso Granda, sopiris je la imperio de sia pli maljunafrato, kiu sekvis la patron de ambaux fratoj kiel regxo, aux pli gxuste imperiestro. Decidinte forigi de la regxeco ("to dethrone") sian fraton, Ciruso petis la grekojn ke ili partoprenu ("take part") en kelkaj negravaj militadoj. Multaj tiamaj grekoj tre volonte sin okupis je la batalado, pro la granda pago ricevata. La venditaj sklavoj kaj la detruitaj konstruajxoj cxiam provizis ilin je multe da ricxajxo, kaj krom tio la militistoj sxajnis gxui ecx la militadon mem. Estis tute indiferente al ili cxu la kauxzo de la militado estas prava kaj justa aux ne. Unue Ciruso nur petis ke ili helpu liajn proprajn soldatojn kontraux iuj najbaroj. Li kasxis al ili sian veran celon, cxar se la grekoj estus suspektintaj tion, kion li intencis fari, ili neniam estus akompanintaj lin tiel malproksimen de sia patrolando. Grade li kondukis ilin trans tutan Azion, kaj fine la dekmil grekoj komprenis cxion, kaj treege kolerigxis. Paroladante al ili, Ciruso tuj diris "Mi ne permesas ke vi reiru, kaj mi petegas ke vi antauxen marsxadu kun mi, sen plua ("further") prokrasto! Se mi sukcesos kontraux mia frato, mi certigas vin je mia honoro ke cxiu el vi revenos havante sakojn plenajn je ricxajxo! Estas nur necese ke vi fidu je mi, kaj cxio estos bona!" Tiam la soldatoj hontis je sia antauxa timo, kaj kuragxe antauxen marsxadis. Fine, apud granda urbo, la frato de Ciruso elvenis havante okcentmil soldatojn, por batali kontraux la centmil de Ciruso. Per la helpo de siaj grekoj, Ciruso estis preskaux venkinta en terura batalo, kiam subite li ekvidis sian fraton, je malgranda interspaco. Ekkriante "Mi vidas la viron!" li rajdis rekte al la regxo, jxetante sian pezan lancon al li. La sola rezulto estis la morto de Ciruso mem, cxar la amikoj de la regxo, kvinope kaj sesope atakinte Ciruson, lin tuj mortigis.
SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
1. Cyrus did not desire that his brother should remain king. 2. He decided, "Let me myself become ("farigxi") king! I should much enjoy that!" 3. So he asked the Greeks to help him in some battles against nearby enemies. 4. Gradually an army (126) of a hundred thousand men, ten thousand of whom were Greeks, gathered (232, b) around him. 5. He led them farther and farther, into the middle of Asia, until finally the Greeks suspected his true aim. 6. They said to each other in terror, "He did not at first propose that we fight against the Great King. Let us return home without delay!" 7. Cyrus addressed (218) them as follows: "Must I permit you to go back? I implore you to be courageous, and I do advise you not to forget your longing for (260) honor! 8. Only be worthy of your leader, and rely upon me! Do you not wish to return home provided with wealth, beside the money which I shall pay to you?" 9. Immediately the soldiers were ashamed of their fear, and advanced by hundreds, full of courage. 10. Soon the brother of Cyrus approached, with ("havante") eight hundred thousand men. 11. By the aid of the Greeks, Cyrus won the battle, but he himself lost his life. 12. So neither he nor the Greeks could enjoy the result of their efforts.
LESSON LVII.
CLAUSES EXPRESSING PURPOSE.
262. Purpose may be expressed by a subordinate imperative clause, introduced by "por ke":
Mi faras gxin por ke li helpu vin, I do it in order that he may help you. Mi ekkriis por ke vi auxdu, I cried out in order that you should hear. Li venos por ke ni estu felicxaj, he will come that we may be happy. Mi studas por ke mi lernu, I study that I may learn. Ili restu por ke ni punu ilin, let them stay for us to punish them.
[Footnote: Cf. the expression of purpose by the infinitive with "por" (98), which however cannot be used except when the subject of the main verb is the subject of the subordinate verb, or when the object of the main verb is the subject of the subordinate verb.]
FURTHER USES OF THE ACCUSATIVE.
[Footnote: Cf. the accusative of direct object (23), direction of motion (46, 121), time (91), and measure (139).]
263. The accusative of direction of motion is used after nouns from roots expressing motion:
Lia eniro en la urbon estis subita, his entrance into the city was sudden. La irado tien estos plezuro, (the) going thither will be a pleasure. Gxia falado teren timigis min, its falling earthward terrified me.
264. a. An intransitive verb may be followed by a noun in the accusative case, if the meaning of the noun is related to that of the verb:
Li vivas agrablan vivon, he lives an agreeable life. Sxi dancis belan dancon, she danced a beautiful dance. Ili ploris maldolcxajn larmojn, they wept bitter tears.
b. Verbs of motion ("iri", "veni", "pasi", "marsxi", "veturi", etc.) compounded with prepositions or adverbs (121) indicating direction, also compounds of such verbs as "esti" and "stari" with prepositions expressing situation, may be followed by the accusative, instead of by a prepositional phrase in which the preposition is repeated:
La viro preterpasis la domon, the man passed (by) the house. Lin antauxvenis du sklavoj, there preceded (came before) him two slaves. Ni supreniru la sxtuparon, let us go up the stairs. Mi cxeestis la feston, I attended (was present at) the entertainment. Mi kontrauxstaras vian opinion, I oppose (withstand) your opinion.