Chapter 5

prefixes and suffixes whose meaning permits:

amasigi, to amass, to heap up (from amaso, pile). kunigi, to unite, to bring together (from kun, with). forigi, to do away with (from for, away). ebligi, to render possible (-ebl-, 161).

EMPHASIS BY MEANS OF "JA".

215. The emphatic form of the verb, expressed in English by "do", "did", as in "I do study", "I did find it", "Do tell me", and by adverbs such as "certainly", "indeed", etc., is expressed in Esperanto by placing the adverb "ja", indeed, before the verb:

Vi ja mirigas min! You do astonish me! Li ja estas justa jugxisto, he is indeed an upright judge. Li ja havis tiun rajton, he did have that right.

VOCABULARY

akompan-i = to accompany. indiferent-a = indifferent. dangxer-o = danger. ja = indeed (215). gvid-i = to guide. kred-i = to believe. ial = for some reason (213). salt-i = to leap, to jump. iam = sometimes (212). tir-i = to draw, to pull.

[Cf. the difference in meaning and use between "esti indiferenta", to be indifferent, and "ne esti zorga", not to be careful, both of which may be translated "not to care for": Li estas indiferenta al la libro, he does not care about (is indifferent to) the book. Li ne zorgas pri la libro, he does not care for (take care of) the book. Estas indiferente al mi cxu li venos, aux ne, I do not care whether he is coming or not.]

CXE LA MALNOVA PONTO.

Iam logxis en nia urbeto junulo kiu havis afablan pli junan fratinon. Unu tagon en la dauxro de la bela printempa vetero la junulo invitis la fratinon veturi ien en veturilo tirata de du cxevaloj. La invito gxojigis la knabinon, kaj sxi respondis ke sxi kun plezuro akompanos la fraton. Tuj sxi pretigis sin por iri, kaj ili ekveturis. Ili pasis preter pitoreskaj kampoj kaj arbaretoj, kaj fine alvenis al ponto trans la rivero. Ili kredis gxin malnova kaj ne tre forta, kaj ial la junulino estis treege timigita ("frightened"). "Ho, kara frato," sxi ekkriis, kun eksalteto pro timo, "tiu ponto ja estas dangxera! Mi deziras marsxi trans gxin, cxar iam la pezeco de unu persono estos tiom tro multe por veturilo sur malforta ponto!" Sed la timemaj petoj de lia fratino sxajne kolerigis la junulon, kaj li respondis malafable, "Nu, vi ja mirigas min! Vi montras vin tre malsagxa, cxar la konstruintoj de tiu ponto certe faris gxin suficxe forta por tia veturilo kia la nia. Ne estos necese eksalti de gxi, kaj piede transiri la ponton." Tiamaniere li penis trankviligi la kompatindan knabinon, sed tiaj vortoj nur silentigis sxin, kaj sxi komencis mallauxte ploreti. Tamen la frato montris sin indiferenta al sxiaj timemaj sentoj, kaj tute malatentis sxiajn larmojn. Li gvidis la cxevalojn rekte trans la ponton, dum la fratino atendis la bruegon de rompigita ligno, kaj imagis ke sxi estas tuj mortigota. Tamen, la ponto estis tiel forta kiel la junulo estis klariginta, kaj tute ne estis dangxera. Sed pro la malafableco de la frato al la fratino, ili tute ne agrable pasigis la ceterajn horojn de la posttagmezo, malgraux la beleco de la vetero kaj de la kamparo.

SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.

1. Somewhere in that same town, there lived another youth, who also had an amiable sister. 2. One convenient day, she accompanied him for a ride in a vehicle drawn by a fast horse. 3. When they reached ("alvenis al") the bridge, this girl also was frightened for some reason, the same as the girl in the other story. 4. She said "I do not intend to complain, but the carriage will certainly be too heavy while we are in it. I am afraid that that bridge is dangerous, so I will jump out and walk. I will also pick ("kolektos") some sort of flowers, among the flowers growing there, near where someone's horses are grazing. I will not delay ("atendigi") you long." He replied, "That bridge is entirely safe ("nedangxera") but instead of explaining ("making-clear") to you about it, I will lead the horse across the bridge, while you walk across, for I am not indifferent to your fear." Then he helped his sister get out ("eliri") of the carriage, and guided the horse across. Then he said with a pleasant smile, "It was not necessary to cross on foot." She replied, "No, but you showed yourself a courteous brother, and were very patient." Then they rode on ("antauxen"), and talked to each other very amiably.

LESSON XLVI.

THE INDEFINITE ADVERB "IEL".

216. The indefinite adverb of manner, related to the indefinite pronoun "iu", is "iel", somehow, in any way, in some (any) manner:

Mi penis vin iel gvidi tien, I tried somehow to guide you thither. Iel ni anoncos la decidon, we shall announce the decision in some way.

THE INDEFINITE ADVERB "IOM".

217. The indefinite adverb of quantity, related to the indefinite pronoun "iu", is "iom", some, any quantity, a certain amount:

Cxu vi havas iom da tempo? Have you some time? Sxi varmigos iom da akvo, she will heat some water. Tiu metodo estas iomete dangxera, that way is a little dangerous (198). La sxnuro estas iom tro longa, the string is somewhat too long.

THE SUFFIX "-AD-".

218. The suffix "-ad-" is used to form words indicating that the action expressed in the root is continuous, habitual or repeated.

a. Verbs formed with the suffix "-ad-" are called "frequentative verbs", and may often be translated by the root meaning, preceded by "keep (on)", "used to", etc.:

frapadi, to keep knocking, to knock repeatedly. rigardadi, to keep on looking, to gaze. vizitadi, to keep visiting, visit repeatedly, frequent, haunt. Antaux du jaroj sxi tre dolcxe kantadis, two years ago she used to sing very sweetly.

b. Nouns formed with the suffix "-ad-" are often equivalent to English verbal nouns ending in "-ing", and (with the generic article, 201) may replace the infinitive as subject (130) and sometimes as object (29):

kriado, crying, shouting (from krio, cry, shout). movado, motion, movement in general (from movo, a movement). pafado, shooting, fusillade (from pafo, a shot). parolado, a speech, address (from parolo, a word spoken). pensado, thought, contemplation (from penso, a thought). La promenado donas plezuron, the taking of walks gives pleasure. Mi preferas la legadon de tiaj libroj, I prefer the reading of (to read) such books.

THE USE OF "MEM".

219. The invariable pronoun "mem", self, selves, is intensive, and lays stress upon the substantive which immediately precedes it, or which it obviously modifies. (The combination of "mem" with personal pronouns must not be confused with reflexive pronouns, 39, 40):

Mi mem akompanos vin, I myself shall accompany you. La gvidisto mem perdis la vojon, the guide himself lost the way. Mi kredos al la viro mem, I shall give credence to the man himself. La viroj mem defendis sin, the men themselves defended themselves. Gxi pendas sur la muro mem, it hangs on the very wall (the wall itself). Sxi venis mem por vidi vin, she came herself to see you. Mi ekvidis la sxteliston mem, I caught a glimpse of the thief himself.

VOCABULARY

Arhximed-o = Archimedes. jxet-i = to throw, to cast. ban-i = to bathe (trans.). kompren-i = to understand. fals-i = to debase, to forge. kron-o = crown. Hieron-o = Hiero. lev-i = to lift, to raise. honest-a = honest. lok-o = place. ide-o = idea. mem = self, selves (219). iel = somehow (216). or-o = gold. iom = some (217). Sikeli-o = Sicily.

ARHXIMEDO KAJ LA KRONOJ.

Iam bonekonata regxo, nomita Hierono, vivadis en granda urbo en Sikelio, kiu estas sudokcidenta de Italujo. Li suspektis ke iam la kronfaristoj, kiuj fabrikadis kronojn por li, ne uzis cxiom de la oro donita al ili de la regxo, sed falsadis gxin per la uzado de iu alia materialo. Tamen, Hierono ne povis per si mem eltrovi cxu oni falsadas la oron. Tial li venigis grekan klerulon, kies nomo estis Arhximedo, kaj rakontis al li sian timon pri la falsita oro. Arhximedo certigis lin ke iel li ja eltrovos pri la falsado, kaj helpos la regxon kontraux la falsintoj, kiuj estis tiel indiferentaj al la honesteco. Cxiutage li multe pensadis pri la afero, sed ju pli longe li pensadis, des malpli sukcesaj estis liaj penoj, gxis iu tago, kiam li okaze faris interesan eltrovon. Li estis jxus baninta sin, kaj subite ekrimarkis ke dum li mem restis en la akvo, ial sxajnis esti iomete pli multe da akvo en la banujo ol antauxe. Tuj li komprenis ke lia korpo estas forpusxinta iom de la akvo el gxia loko. Li komprenis ke tiom da akvo estas elpusxita, kiom antauxe estis en tiu loko kie li mem estas. Tia levado de la akvo per lia korpo donis al li sagxan ideon, kaj li prenis en la mano du aux tri orajn kronojn. Li jxetis ilin unu post la alia en la banujon, kaj zorge rimarkis al kiu alteco cxiu el ili levis la akvon. Tiam li eltiris ilin, kaj enmetis la kronon pri kiu Hierono estis plej suspektema. Li rimarkis ke cxi tiu ne tiel alten levis la akvon, tial li estis certa ke la oro en gxi estas multe falsita. Oni diras ke kiam li eltrovis cxi tiun metodon por montri la falsadon de la malhonestaj kronfaristoj, li eksaltetis pro gxojo kaj ekkriis "euxreka," kiu estas la greka vorto por "mi estas trovinta." Tiun saman vorton oni ankoraux nun uzadas en la angla lingvo.

SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.

1. Several centuries ago, a rich and powerful ("multepova") king, named Hiero, lived in Sicily. 2. Sometimes he was suspicious about the crown-makers who wrought ("faris") crowns for him, out of the gold which he himself gave them. 3. He wondered whether these men were honest. 4. He suspected that perhaps ("eble") they did not use all of the gold which was given them, but kept some of it for themselves. 5. He could not of himself ("per si mem") discover whether they were debasing the gold in his crowns, so he summoned a wise man from ("el") Greece. 6. To this well-informed man, whose name was Archimedes, he made clear his fears. 7. Archimedes assured the king that he would find out somehow about the matter. 8. He meditated several hours every day, and tried to discover a satisfactory ("kontentiga") method, but for some reason he did not succeed. 9. One day, however, when he was bathing (himself), he noticed that there seemed to be a little more water in the bathtub when he himself was in it, than before. 10. The rising of the water gave him an idea. 11. He threw the crowns one after another into the water, and noticed how much water each displaced. 12. In this manner ("tiamaniere") he understood how much each had been alloyed by the local ("lokaj") crown-makers, whom Hiero soon threw into prison ("la malliberejon").

LESSON XLVII.

THE NEGATIVE PRONOUN.

220. The negative pronoun (and pronominal adjective) is "neniu", no one, nobody, no (formed of "ne" and "iu", with a medial "n" inserted for the sake of euphony):

Neniu el vi komprenas min, no one of you understands me. Mi trovis neniun preta por iri, I found nobody ready to go. Li havis neniun honestan serviston, he had no honest servant.

221. The negative pronoun "neniu" has a possessive or genitive form, "nenies", nobody's, no one's:

Cxies afero estas nenies afero, everybody's affair is nobody's affair. Li lauxdos nenies ideojn, he will praise no one's ideas.

THE ADVERBIAL PARTICIPLE.

222. A participle may be equivalent not only to a clause describing or determining the substantive modified, as in "la parolanta viro", the man who-is-talking, "la sendota knabo", the boy who-will-be-sent, but also to an "adverbial" clause.

[Footnote: An adverbial clause modifies a verb, as in "dum vi atendis, li foriris", while you waited, he went away; "cxar mi gxojis, mi ridis", because I was happy, I laughed.]

Such a participle has for its subject the subject of the verb in the sentence (though not in attributive or predicate relation with it), and indicates some relation of time, cause, manner, situation, etc., between the action of the participle and that of the main verb in the sentence. An adverbial participle is given the ending "-e":

Gxojante, mi ridis, rejoicing, I laughed. Forironte, ni adiauxis lin, being about to depart, we bade him farewell. Baninte la infaneton, sxi dormigis gxin, after bathing (having bathed) the baby, she put it to sleep. Estante ruzaj, ili falsis la oron, being sly, they debased the gold. Tiel helpate de vi, mi sukcesos, thus helped by you, I shall succeed. Silentigite de li, ili ne plendis, (having been) silenced by him, they did not complain. Punote, li ekkriis, being about to be punished, he gave a cry. Ne parolinte, li foriris, without speaking (not having spoken), he left. Li venis, ne vokite, he came without being (came not-having-been) called.

[Footnote: The adverbial participle must not be used in rendering the English "nominative absolute" construction of a participial clause referring to something else than the subject. In such a sentence a clause must be used: "The youth being young, everyone watched him", cxar la junulo estis juna, cxiu rigardadis lin; "the work being finished, he went away", kiam la lahoro estis finita, li foriris.]

THE PREFIX "RE-".

223. The prefix "re-" indicates the repetition of an action or state, or the "return" of a person or thing to its original place or state. (Cf. English prefix "re-"; meaning either "again" or "back.")

rekapti = to recapture. rebrili = to shine back, to reflect. renovigi = to renew. reteni = to hold back, to retain. rekoni = to recognize. reveni = to come back, to return. gxis la revido = au revoir. reiri = to go back, to return. ree = again, anew. rejxeti = to throw back, to reject.

VOCABULARY

brul-i = to be in flames, to burn. masxin-o = machine. cilindr-o = cylinder. nenies = nobody's (221). detru-i = to destroy. neniu = no one (220). fam-a = famous. problem-o = problem. filozof-o = philosopher. Sirakuz-o = Syracuse. fizik-o = physics. spegul-o = mirror. insul-o = island. sxrauxb-o = screw.

LA FILOZOFO ARHXIMEDO.

Eble neniu greka klerulo estis pli fama ol la filozofo Arhximedo. Longe studadinte la problemojn de la geometrio kaj de la fiziko, li faris multe da eltrovoj. Li tiel multe komprenis pri la uzado de la levilo ("lever") ke oni rakontas la sekvantan rakonteton pri li: Li diris al la regxo Hierono "Kiam oni donos al mi lokon sur kiu mi povos stari, mi mem ekmovos la mondon per mia levilo!" Zorge ekzameninte la ecojn (202) de la sxrauxbo kaj de la cilindro, li elpensis diversajn masxinojn en kiuj sxrauxboj kaj cilindroj estas iamaniere kunigitaj. Uzante unu el tiuj masxinoj, oni povis facile pusxi al la akvo la sxipojn (necese konstruitajn sur la tero); kiujn antauxe la viroj mem enpusxis en la akvon, kun multe da laboro, aux tiris tien per cxevaloj. Uzante alian masxinon elpensitan de tiu greko, oni povis levi akvon de unu loko al alia. Ankoraux nun oni nomas tian masxinon la "sxrauxbo de Arhximedo." En la dauxro de granda militado kontraux la urbo Sirakuzo, sur la insulo Sikelio, Arhximedo elpensis diversajn masxinojn por helpi la Sirakuzanojn. Vidinte ke la sunlumo rebrilas de spegulo, li faris el speguloj masxinon per kiu li ekbruligis ("set on fire") la sxipojn de la malamikoj. Cxi tiuj, ne komprenante kiamaniere* la sxipoj ekbrulis, estis multe timigitaj. Sed ecx helpite de Arhximedo la Sirakuzanoj ne venkis. Post iom da tempo, la malamikoj kaptis kaj tute detruis la urbon Sirakuzon. Nenies domo restis netusxita, kaj centoj da personoj estis mortigataj. Oni ne scias per kia morto Arhximedo mortis, sed eble la malamikoj, iel rekoninte la elpensinton de la spegulmasxino, jxetis lin en la maron aux alimaniere lin mortigis.

[Footnote: The use of "kiamaniere" (in what manner, how) is preferable to that of "kiel" in indirect questions, as the latter might be confused with the use of "kiel", meaning "as" (156).]

SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.

1. The Greek philosopher Archimedes was not only famous long ago, among his contemporaries (167, b, 132), but even today his name is well known everywhere. 2. No one's knowledge about the problems of geometry and physics was greater. 3. No one understood better the properties of the cylinder and the screw. 4. Having studied these properties a long time, and having meditated a great deal about them, he understood them a little (217) better than any one else ("iu alia"). 5. The story about the debasing of the gold crowns has already been told. 6. There is another anecdote, namely ("nome"), that he remarked to Hiero, king of Syracuse, that with a lever he would move the world, as soon as he had a place on which he himself could stand. 7. Having discovered how ("kiamaniere") the sunlight is reflected by a mirror, and heats the wood upon which it shines, he invented a machine made out of mirrors. 8. Aided by this machine, the Syracusans were able to set on fire the wooden ships of the enemy. 9. The enemy, however, were not repulsed from the island, but at once rebuilt and repaired their ships, and sent them back to attack the city again. 10. Finally, having captured the city, they destroyed it, and killed a large number of the inhabitants ("logxantoj"), also Archimedes himself.

LESSON XLVIII.

THE NEGATIVE ADJECTIVE.

224. The negative adjective, related to the negative pronoun "neniu," is "nenia", no kind of, no sort of, expressing a negative idea concerning the quality of a person or thing:

Mi havas nenian spegulon, I have no sort of mirror. Nenia problemo estas tro malfacila por li, no sort of problem is too difficult for him.

THE NEGATIVE ADVERB OF PLACE.

225. The negative adverb of place is "nenie", nowhere. The ending "-n" may be added, as to other adverbs (121), to indicate direction:

Nenie estas pli bona masxino, nowhere is there a better machine. Mi iros nenien morgaux, I shall go nowhere tomorrow.

THE NEGATIVE TEMPORAL ADVERB.

226. The negative adverb of time is "neniam", never, at no time:

Neniam vivis pli fama filozofo, there never lived a more famous philosopher. Vi neniam trovos tiajn sxrauxbojn aux cilindrojn, you will never find that kind of screws or cylinders.

THE SUFFIX "-AJX-".

227. The suffix "-ajx-" is used to form "concrete" words. It is thus in contrast to the abstract-forming suffix "-ec-" (202).

a. A word formed from a verbal root by means of the suffix "-ajx-" expresses a concrete example of "a thing which undergoes" (or, in the case of intransitives, "results from") the action indicated in the root:

konstruajxo = a building. kreskajxo = a plant, a growth. sendajxo = consignment, thing sent. rebrilajxo = a reflection. mangxajxo = food. restajxo = remainder.

b. A word formed from an adjectival root or formation by means of the suffix "-ajx-" indicates "a thing characterized by" or "possessing the quality" expressed in the root or formation to which it is attached:

belajxo = a thing of beauty. mirindajxo = a marvel. maljustajxo = an injustice. okazintajxo = an occurrence.