li. 168, as wisely dividing his possessions among his two sons, and

warning them against those follies and that extravagance which he believed he saw rising in them.

=Caius Oppius=, a friend of Julius Cæsar, celebrated for his life of Scipio Africanus, and of Pompey the Great. In the latter he paid not much regard to historical facts, and took every opportunity to defame Pompey, to extol the character of his patron Cæsar. In the age of Suetonius, he was deemed the true author of the Alexandrian, African, and Spanish wars, which some attribute to Cæsar, and others to Aulus Hirtius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 53. ――――An officer sent by the Romans against Mithridates. He met with ill success, and was sent in chains to the king, &c.――――A Roman who saved his aged father from the dagger of the triumvirate.

=Ops= (_opis_), a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, the same as the Rhea of the Greeks, who married Saturn, and became mother of Jupiter. She was known among the ancients by the different names of _Cybele_, _Bona Dea_, _Magna Mater_, _Thya_, _Tellus_, _Proserpina_, and even of _Juno_ and _Minerva_; and the worship which was paid to these apparently several deities was offered merely to one and the same person, mother of the gods. The word _Ops_ seems to be derived from _Opus_; because the goddess, who is the same as the earth, gives nothing without _labour_. Tatius built her a temple at Rome. She was generally represented as a matron, with her right hand opened, as if offering assistance to the helpless, and holding a loaf in her left hand. Her festivals were called _Opalia_, &c. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, &c.――_Tibullus_, poem 4, li. 68.――_Pliny_, bk. 19, ch. 6.

=Optātus=, one of the fathers, whose works were edited by Du Pin, folio, Paris, 1700.

=Optĭmus Maximus=, epithets given to Jupiter to denote his greatness, omnipotence, and supreme goodness. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 25.

=Opus= (_opuntis_), a city of Locris, on the Asopus, destroyed by an earthquake. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 7.

=Ora=, a town in India, taken by Alexander.――――One of Jupiter’s mistresses.

=Oracŭlum=, an answer of the gods to the questions of men, or the place where those answers were given. Nothing is more famous than the ancient oracles of Egypt, Greece, Rome, &c. They were supposed to be the will of the gods themselves, and they were consulted, not only upon every important matter, but even in the affairs of private life. To make peace or war, to introduce a change of government, to plant a colony, to enact laws, to raise an edifice, to marry, were sufficient reasons to consult the will of the gods. Mankind, in consulting them, showed that they wished to pay implicit obedience to the command of the divinity, and, when they had been favoured with an answer, they acted with more spirit and with more vigour, conscious that the undertaking had met with the sanction and approbation of heaven. In this, therefore, it will not appear wonderful that so many places were sacred to oracular purposes. The small province of Bœotia could once boast of her 25 oracles, and Peloponnesus of the same number. Not only the chief of the gods gave oracles, but, in process of time, heroes were admitted to enjoy the same privileges; and the oracles of a Trophonius and an Antinous were soon able to rival the fame of Apollo and of Jupiter. The most celebrated oracles of antiquity were those of Dodona, Delphi, Jupiter Ammon, &c. _See:_ Dodona, Delphi, Ammon. The temple of Delphi seemed to claim a superiority over the other temples; its fame was once more extended, and its riches were so great, that not only private persons, but even kings and numerous armies, made it an object of plunder and of rapine. The manner of delivering oracles was different. A priestess at Delphi [_See:_ Pythia] was permitted to pronounce the oracles of the god, and her delivery of the answers was always attended with acts of apparent madness and desperate fury. Not only women but even doves, were the ministers of the temple of Dodona; and the suppliant votary was often startled to hear his questions readily answered by the decayed trunk or the spreading branches of a neighbouring oak. Ammon conveyed his answers in a plain and open manner; but Amphiaraus required many ablutions and preparatory ceremonies, and he generally communicated his oracles to his suppliants in dreams and visions. Sometimes the first words that were heard, after issuing from the temple, were deemed the answers of the oracles, and sometimes the nodding or shaking of the head of the statue, the motions of fishes in a neighbouring lake, or their reluctance in accepting the food which was offered to them, were as strong and valid as the most express and the minutest explanations. The answers were also sometimes given in verse, or written on tablets, but their meaning was always obscure, and often the cause of disaster to such as consulted them. Crœsus, when he consulted the oracle of Delphi, was told that, if he crossed the Halys, he should destroy a great empire; he supposed that that empire was the empire of his enemy, but unfortunately it was his own. The words of _Credo te, Æacida, Romanos vincere posse_, which Pyrrhus received when he wished to assist the Tarentines against the Romans, by a favourable interpretation for himself, proved his ruin. Nero was ordered by the oracle of Delphi to beware of 73 years; but the pleasing idea that he should live to that age, rendered him careless, and he was soon convinced of his mistake, when Galba, in his 73rd year, had the presumption to dethrone him. It is a question among the learned whether the oracles were given by the inspiration of evil spirits, or whether they proceeded from the imposture of the priests. Imposture, however, and forgery cannot long flourish, and falsehood becomes its own destroyer; and, on the contrary, it is well known how much confidence an enlightened age, therefore, much more the credulous and the superstitious, place upon dreams and romantic stories. Some have strongly believed that all the oracles of the earth ceased at the birth of Christ, but the supposition is false. It was, indeed, the beginning of their decline; but they remained in repute, and were consulted, though perhaps not so frequently, till the fourth century, when christianity began to triumph over paganism. The oracles often suffered themselves to be bribed. Alexander did it, but it is well known that Lysander failed in the attempt. Herodotus, who first mentioned the corruption which often prevailed in the oracular temples of Greece and Egypt, has been severely treated for his remarks by the historian Plutarch. Demosthenes is also a witness of the corruption, and he observed that the oracles of Greece were servilely subservient to the will and pleasure of Philip king of Macedon, as he beautifully expresses it by the word φιλιππιζειν. If some of the Greeks, and other European and Asiatic countries, paid so much attention to oracles, and were so fully persuaded of their veracity, and even divinity, many of their leading men and of their philosophers were apprised of their deceit, and paid no regard to the command of priests, whom money could corrupt, and interposition silence. The Egyptians showed themselves the most superstitious of mankind, by their blind acquiescence to the imposition of the priests, who persuaded them that the safety and happiness of their life depended upon the mere motions of an ox, or the tameness of a crocodile. _Homer_, _Iliad_; _Odyssey_, bk. 10.――_Herodotus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Xenophon_, _Memorabilia_.――_Strabo_, bks. 5, 7, &c. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.――_Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_; _Agesilaus_; _De Herodoti Malignitate_.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_ bk. 1, ch. 19.――_Justin_, bk. 24, ch. 6.――_Livy_, bk. 37. ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 6.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Lysander_. ――_Aristophanes_, _Knights_ & _Wealth_.――_Demosthenes_, _Philippics_. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1.

=Oræa=, a small country of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30. ――――Certain solemn sacrifices of fruits offered in the four seasons of the year, to obtain mild and temperate weather. They were offered to the goddesses who presided over the seasons, who attended upon the sun, and who received divine worship at Athens.

=Orasus=, a man who killed Ptolemy the son of Pyrrhus.

=Orates=, a river of European Scythia. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 47. As this river is not now known, Vossius reads Cretes, a river which is found in Scythia. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 4, li. 719. ――_Thucydides_, bk. 4.

=Orbelus=, a mountain of Thrace or Macedonia.

=Orbĭlius Pupillus=, a grammarian of Beneventum, who was the first instructor of the poet Horace. He came to Rome in the consulship of Cicero, and there, as a public teacher, acquired more fame than money. He was naturally of a severe disposition, of which his pupils often felt the effects. He lived almost to his 100th year, and lost his memory some time before his death. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_, ch. 9.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 71.

=Orbitanium=, a town of the Samnites. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 20.

=Orbōna=, a mischievous goddess at Rome, who, as it was supposed, made children die. Her temple at Rome was near that of the gods Lares. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 25.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Orcădes=, islands on the northern coasts of Britain, now called the _Orkneys_. They were unknown till Britain was discovered to be an island by Agricola, who presided there as governor. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_.――_Juvenal_ satire 2, li. 161.

=Orchālis=, an eminence of Bœotia, near Haliartus, called also Alopecos. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.

=Orchămus=, a king of Assyria, father of Leucothoe by Eurynome. He buried his daughter alive for her amours with Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 212.

=Orchia lex=, by Orchius the tribune, A.U.C. 566. It was enacted to limit the number of guests that were to be admitted at an entertainment; and it also enforced that, during supper, which was the chief meal among the Romans, the doors of every house should be left open.

=Orchomĕnus=, or =Orchomĕnum=, a town of Bœotia, at the west of the lake Copais. It was anciently called _Minyeia_, and from that circumstance the inhabitants were often called _Minyans_ of Orchomenos. There was at Orchomenos a celebrated temple, built by Eteocles son of Cephisus, sacred to the Graces, who were from thence called the Orchomenian goddesses. The inhabitants founded Teos in conjunction with the Ionians, under the sons of Codrus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 146.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 37. ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――――A town of Arcadia, at the north of Mantinea. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A town of Thessaly, with a river of the same name. _Strabo._――――A son of Lycaon king of Arcadia, who gave his name to a city of Arcadia, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 8.――――A son of Minyas king of Bœotia, who gave the name of Orchomenians to his subjects. He died without issue, and the crown devolved to Clymenus the son of Presbon, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.

=Orcus=, one of the names of the god of hell, the same as Pluto, though confounded by some with Charon. He had a temple at Rome. The word _Orcus_ is generally used to signify the infernal regions. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 29, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 502, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 116.

=Orcynia=, a place of Cappadocia, where Eumenes was defeated by Antigonus.

=Ordessus=, a river of Scythia, which falls into the Ister. _Herodotus._

=Ordovices=, the people of North Wales in Britain, mentioned by _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 53.

=Oreădes=, nymphs of the mountains (ὀρος, _mons_), daughters of Phoroneus and Hecate. Some call them Orestiades, and give them Jupiter for father. They generally attended upon Diana, and accompanied her in hunting. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 504. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 787.

=Oreas=, a son of Hercules and Chryseis.

=Orestæ=, a people of Epirus. They received their name from Orestes, who fled to Epirus when cured of his insanity. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 249.――――Of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 34.

=Orestes=, a son of ♦Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. When his father was cruelly murdered by Clytemnestra and Ægisthus, young Orestes was saved from his mother’s dagger by means of his sister Electra, called Laodicea by Homer, and he was privately conveyed to the house of Strophius, who was king of Phocis, and who had married a sister of Agamemnon. He was tenderly treated by Strophius, who educated him with his son Pylades. The two young princes soon became acquainted, and, from their familiarity, arose the most inviolable attachment and friendship. When Orestes was arrived to the years of manhood, he visited Mycenæ, and avenged his father’s death by assassinating his mother Clytemnestra, and her adulterer Ægisthus. The manner in which he committed this murder is variously reported. According to Æschylus he was commissioned by Apollo to avenge his father, and, therefore, he introduced himself, with his friend Pylades, at the court of Mycenæ, pretending to bring the news of the death of Orestes from king Strophius. He was at first received with coldness, and when he came into the presence of Ægisthus, who wished to inform himself of the particulars, he murdered him, and soon after Clytemnestra shared the adulterer’s fate. Euripides and Sophocles mention the same circumstance. Ægisthus was assassinated after Clytemnestra, according to Sophocles; and, in Euripides, Orestes is represented as murdering the adulterer, while he offers a sacrifice to the nymphs. This murder, as the poet mentions, irritates the guards, who were present, but Orestes appeases their fury by telling them who he is, and immediately he is acknowledged king of the country. Afterwards he stabs his mother, at the instigation of his sister Electra, after he has upbraided her for her infidelity and cruelty to her husband. Such meditated murders receive the punishment which, among the ancients, was always supposed to attend parricide. Orestes is tormented by the Furies, and exiles himself to Argos, where he is still pursued by the avengeful goddesses. Apollo himself purifies him, and he is acquitted by the unanimous opinion of the Areopagites, whom Minerva herself instituted on this occasion, according to the narration of the poet Æschylus, who flatters the Athenians in his tragical story, by representing them as passing judgment even upon the gods themselves. According to Pausanias, Orestes was purified of the murder, not at Delphi, but at Trœzene, where still was seen a large stone at the entrance of Diana’s temple, upon which the ceremonies of purification had been performed by nine of the principal citizens of the place. There was also, at Megalopolis in Arcadia, a temple dedicated to the Furies, near which Orestes cut off one of his fingers with his teeth in a fit of insanity. These different traditions are confuted by Euripides, who says that Orestes, after the murder of his mother, consulted the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, where he was informed that nothing could deliver him from the persecutions of the Furies, if he did not bring into Greece Diana’s statue, which was in the Taurica Chersonesus, and which, as it is reported by some, had fallen down from heaven. This was an arduous enterprise. The king of the Chersonesus always sacrificed on the altars of the goddess all such as entered the borders of his country. Orestes and his friend were both carried before Thoas the king of the place, and they were doomed to be sacrificed. Iphigenia was then priestess of Diana’s temple, and it was her office to immolate these strangers. The intelligence that they were Grecians delayed the preparations, and Iphigenia was anxious to learn something about a country which had given her birth. _See:_ Iphigenia. She even interested herself in their misfortunes, and offered to spare the life of one of them provided he would convey letters to Greece from her hand. This was a difficult trial; never was friendship more truly displayed, according to the words of Ovid, _ex Ponto_, bk. 3, poem 2:

_Ire jubet Pylades carum moriturus Orestem, Hic negat; inque vicem pugnat uterque mori._

At last Pylades gave way to the pressing entreaties of his friend, and consented to carry the letters of Iphigenia to Greece. These were addressed to Orestes himself, and, therefore, these circumstances soon led to a total discovery of the connections of the priestess with the man whom she was going to immolate. Iphigenia was convinced that he was her brother Orestes, and, when the causes of their journey had been explained, she resolved, with the two friends, to fly from Chersonesus, and to carry away the statue of Diana. Their flight was discovered, and Thoas prepared to pursue them; but Minerva interfered, and told him that all had been done by the will and approbation of the gods. Some suppose that Orestes came to Cappadocia from Chersonesus, and that there he left the statue of Diana at Comana. Others contradict this tradition, and, according to Pausanias, the statue of Diana Orthia was the same as that which had been carried away from the Chersonesus. Some also suppose that Orestes brought it to Aricia, in Italy, where Diana’s worship was established. After these celebrated adventures, Orestes ascended the throne of Argos, where he reigned in perfect security, and married Hermione the daughter of Menelaus, and gave his sister to his friend Pylades. The marriage of Orestes with Hermione is a matter of dispute among the ancients. All are agreed that she had been promised to the son of Agamemnon, but Menelaus had married her to Neoptolemus the son of Achilles, who had shown himself so truly interested in his cause during the Trojan war. The marriage of Hermione with Neoptolemus displeased Orestes; he remembered that she had been early promised to him, and therefore he resolved to recover her by force or artifice. This he effected by causing Neoptolemus to be assassinated, or assassinating him himself. According to Ovid’s epistle of Hermione to Orestes, Hermione had always been faithful to her first lover, and even it was by her persuasion that Orestes removed her from the house of Neoptolemus. Hermione was dissatisfied with the partiality of Neoptolemus for Andromache, and her attachment for Orestes was increased. Euripides, however, and others, speak differently of Hermione’s attachment to Neoptolemus: she loved him so tenderly, that she resolved to murder Andromache, who seemed to share, in a small degree, the affection of her husband. She was ready to perpetrate the horrid deed when Orestes came into Epirus, and she was easily persuaded by the foreign prince to withdraw herself, in her husband’s absence, from a country which seemed to contribute so much to her sorrows. Orestes, the better to secure the affections of Hermione, assassinated Neoptolemus [_See:_ Neoptolemus], and retired to his kingdom of Argos. His old age was crowned with peace and security, and he died in the 90th year of his age, leaving his throne to his son Tisamenes by Hermione. Three years after, the Heraclidæ recovered the Peloponnesus, and banished the descendants of Menelaus from the throne of Argos. Orestes died in Arcadia, as some suppose, by the bite of a serpent; and the Lacedæmonians, who had become his subjects at the death of Menelaus, were directed by an oracle to bring his bones to Sparta. They were some time after discovered at Tegea, and his stature appeared to be seven cubits, according to the traditions mentioned by Herodotus and others. The friendship of Orestes and of Pylades became proverbial, and the two friends received divine honours among the Scythians, and were worshipped in temples. _Pausanias_, bks. 1, 2, 4, &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 3. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Strabo_, bks. 9 & 13.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 8; _Ex Ponto_, bk. 3, poem 2; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15; _Ibis_.――_Euripides_; _Orestes_; _Andromache_, &c. _Iphigeneia_. ――_Sophocles_, _Electra_, &c.――_Aeschylus_, _Eumenides_; _Agamemnon_, &c.――_Horodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 69.――_Hyginus_, fables 120 & 261. ――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 6, &c.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, bk. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 33.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, &c.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3, li. 304; bk. 4, li. 530.――_Tzetzes_, _On Lycophron_, li. 1374.――――A son of Achelaus. _Apollodorus._――――A man sent as ambassador, by Attila king of the Huns, to the emperor Theodosius. He was highly honoured at the Roman court, and his son Augustulus was the last emperor of the western empire.――――A governor of Egypt under the Roman emperors.――――A robber of Athens who pretended madness, &c. _Aristophanes_, _Acharnians_, li. 1166.――――A general of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 108.

♦ ‘Agememnon’ replaced with ‘Agamemnon’

=Oresteum=, a town of Arcadia, about 18 miles from Sparta. It was founded by Orestheus, a son of Lycaon, and originally called _Oresthesium_, and afterwards _Oresteum_, from Orestes the son of Agamemnon, who resided there for some time after the murder of Clytemnestra. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 8.――_Euripides._

=Orestīdæ=, the descendants or subjects of Orestes the son of Agamemnon. They were driven from the Peloponnesus by the Heraclidæ, and came to settle in a country which, from them, was called _Orestida_, at the south-west of Macedonia. Some suppose that that part of Greece originally received its name from Orestes, who fled and built there a city, which gave its founder’s name to the whole province. _Thucydides_, bk. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 31.

=Aurelia Orestilla=, a mistress of Catiline. _Cicero_, ♦_Letters to his Friends_, bk. 8, ch. 7.

♦ ‘ad. Div. 7,’ replaced with ‘Letters to his Friends, bk. 8’

=Orestis=, or =Orestida=, a part of Macedonia. _Cicero_, _On the Responses of the Haruspices_, ch. 16.

=Orĕtæ=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, on the Euxine sea.

=Oretāni=, a people of Spain, whose capital was _Oretum_, now _Oreto_. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 11; bk. 35, ch. 7.

=Oretillia=, a woman who married Caligula, by whom she was soon after banished.

=Orēum=, one of the principal towns of Eubœa. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 6.

=Orga=, or =Orgas=, a river of Phrygia, falling into the Mæander. _Strabo._――_Pliny._

=Orgessum=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 27.

=Orgetŏrix=, one of the chief men of the Helvetii, while Cæsar was in Gaul. He formed a conspiracy against the Romans, and, when accused, he destroyed himself. _Cæsar._

=Orgia=, festivals in honour of Bacchus. They are the same as the _Bacchanalia_, _Dionysia_, &c., which were celebrated by the ancients to commemorate the triumph of Bacchus in India. _See:_ Dionysia.

=Oribăsus=, a celebrated physician, greatly esteemed by the emperor Julian, in whose reign he flourished. He abridged the works of Galenus, and of all the most respectable writers on physic, at the request of the emperor. He accompanied Julian into the east, but his skill proved ineffectual in attempting to cure the fatal wound which his benefactor had received. After Julian’s death, he fell into the hands of the barbarians. The best edition of his works is that of Dundas, 4to, Leiden, 1745.――――One of Actæon’s dogs, _ab_ ὀρος, _mons_, and (βαινω, _scando_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_.

=Orĭcum=, or =Orĭcus=, a town of Epirus, on the Ionian sea, founded by a colony from Colchis, according to Pliny. It was called _Dardania_, because Helenus and Andromache, natives of Troy or Dardania, reigned over the country after the Trojan war. It had a celebrated harbour, and was greatly esteemed by the Romans on account of its situation, but it was not well defended. The tree which produces the turpentine grew there in abundance. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 136.――_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 40.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 89.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 1, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 187.

=Oriens=, in ancient geography, is taken for all the most eastern parts of the world, such as Parthia, India, Assyria, &c.

=Origen=, a Greek writer, as much celebrated for the easiness of his manners, his humility, and modesty, as for his learning and the sublimity of his genius. He was surnamed _Adamantus_, from his assiduity; and became so rigid a christian that he made himself a eunuch, by following the literal sense of a passage in the Greek testament, which speaks of the voluntary eunuchs of Christ. He suffered martyrdom in his 69th year, A.D. 254. His works were excellent and numerous, and contained a number of homilies, commentaries on the Holy Scriptures, and different treatises, besides the _Hexapla_, so called from its being divided into six columns, the first of which contained the Hebrew text, the second the same text in Greek characters, the third the Greek version of the Septuagint, the fourth that of Aquila, the fifth that of Symmachus, and the sixth Theodotion’s Greek version. This famous work first gave the hint for the compilation of our Polyglot Bibles. The works of Origen have been learnedly edited by the Benedictine monks, though the whole is not yet completed, in 4 vols., folio, Paris, 1733, 1740, and 1759. The Hexapla was published in 8vo, at Lipscomb, 1769, by Carl Friedrich Bahrdt.

=Orīgo=, a courtesan in the age of Horace. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 55.

=Orinus=, a river of Sicily.

=Oriobătes=, a general of Darius at the battle of Arbela, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 4.

=Orīon=, a celebrated giant sprung from the urine of Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury. These three gods, as they travelled over Bœotia, met with great hospitality from Hyrieus, a peasant of the country, who was ignorant of their dignity and character. They were entertained with whatever the cottage afforded, and, when Hyrieus had discovered that they were gods, because Neptune told him to fill up Jupiter’s cup with wine, after he had served it before the rest, the old man welcomed them by the voluntary sacrifice of an ox. Pleased with his piety, the gods promised to grant him whatever he required, and the old man, who had lately lost his wife, to whom he had promised never to marry again, desired them that, as he was childless, they would give him a son without another marriage. The gods consented, and they ordered him to bury in the ground the skin of the victim, into which they had all three made water. Hyrieus did as they commanded, and when, nine months after, he dug for the skin, he found in it a beautiful child, whom he called _Urion, ab urinâ_. The name was changed into Orion, by the corruption of one letter, as Ovid says, _Perdidit antiquum littera prima sonum_. Orion soon rendered himself celebrated, and Diana took him among her attendants, and even became deeply enamoured of him. His gigantic stature, however, displeased Œnopion king of Chios, whose daughter Hero or Merope he demanded in marriage. The king, not to deny him openly, promised to make him his son-in-law as soon as he delivered his island from wild beasts. This task, which Œnopion deemed impracticable, was soon performed by Orion, who eagerly demanded his reward. Œnopion, on pretence of complying, intoxicated his illustrious guest, and put out his eyes on the seashore, where he had laid himself down to sleep. Orion, finding himself blind when he awoke, was conducted by the sound to a neighbouring forge, where he placed one of the workmen on his back, and by his directions, went to a place where the rising sun was seen with the greatest advantage. Here he turned his face towards the luminary, and, as it is reported, he immediately recovered his eyesight, and hastened to punish the perfidious cruelty of Œnopion. It is said that Orion was an excellent workman in iron, and that he fabricated a subterraneous palace for Vulcan. Aurora, whom Venus had inspired with love, carried him away to the island of Delos, to enjoy his company with the greater security; but Diana, who was jealous of this, destroyed Orion with her arrows. Some say that Orion had provoked Diana’s resentment, by offering violence to Opis, one of her female attendants, or, according to others, because he had attempted the virtue of the goddess herself. According to Ovid, Orion died of the bite of a scorpion, which the earth produced, to punish his vanity in boasting that there was not on earth any animal which he could not conquer. Some say that Orion was the son of Neptune and Euryale, and that he had received from his father the privilege and power of walking over the sea without wetting his feet. Others made him son of Terra, like the rest of the giants. He had married a nymph called Sida before his connection with the family of Œnopion; but Sida was the cause of her own death, by boasting herself fairer than Juno. According to Diodorus, Orion was a celebrated hunter, superior to the rest of mankind by his strength and uncommon stature. He built the port of Zancle, and fortified the coast of Sicily against the frequent inundations of the sea, by heaping a mound of earth, called Pelorum, on which he built a temple to the gods of the sea. After death, Orion was placed in heaven, where one of the constellations still bears his name. The constellation of Orion, placed near the feet of the bull, is composed of 17 stars, in the form of a man holding a sword, which has given occasion to the poets often to speak of Orion’s sword. As the constellation of Orion, which rises about the 9th day of March, and sets about the 21st of June, is generally supposed to be accompanied, at its rising, with great rains and storms, it has acquired the epithet of _aquosus_, given it by Virgil. Orion was buried in the island of Delos, and the monument which the people of Tanagra in Bœotia showed, as containing the remains of this celebrated hero, was nothing but a cenotaph. The daughters of Orion distinguished themselves as much as their father; and when the oracle had declared that Bœotia should not be delivered from a dreadful pestilence before two of Jupiter’s children were immolated on the altars, they joyfully accepted the offer, and voluntarily sacrificed themselves for the good of their country. Their names were Menippe and Metioche. They had been carefully educated by Diana, and Venus and Minerva had made them very rich and valuable presents. The deities of hell were struck at the patriotism of the two females, and immediately two stars were seen to arise from the earth, which still smoked with the blood, and they were placed in the heavens in the form of a crown. According to Ovid, their bodies were burned by the Thebans, and from their ashes arose two persons whom the gods soon after changed into constellations. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 5, li. 121; bk. 11, li. 309.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 517.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bks. 8 & 13; _Fasti_, bk. 5, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 125, & _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 44, &c.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 13. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 13; bk. 3, odes 4 & 27; _Epodes_, poem 10, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, &c.――_Catullus_, _Carmina_.――_Palæphatus_, bk. 1.――_Parthenius_, _Narrationes Amatoriae_, ch. 20.

=Orissus=, a prince of Spain, who put Hamilcar to flight, &c.

=Orisulla Livia=, a Roman matron, taken away from Piso, &c.

=Orītæ=, a people of India, who submitted to Alexander, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 15.

=Orithyia=, a daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens by Praxithea. She was courted and carried away by Boreas king of Thrace, as she crossed the Ilissus, and became mother of Cleopatra, Chione, Zetus, and Calais. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Apollonius_, bk. 3, ch. 15. ――_Orpheus._――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 706; _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 204.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 5, ch. 19.――――One of the Nereides.――――A daughter of Cecrops, who bore Europus to Macedon. ――――One of the Amazons, famous for her warlike and intrepid spirit. _Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Orĭtias=, one of the hunters of the Calydonian boar. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 8.

=Oriundus=, a river of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 31.

=Ormĕnus=, a king of Thessaly, son of Cercaphus. He built a town which was called Ormenium. He was father of Amyntor. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 448.――――A man who settled at Rhodes.――――A son of Eurypylus, &c.

=Ornea=, a town of Argolis, famous for a battle fought there between the Lacedæmonians and Argives. _Diodorus._

=Orneates=, a surname of Priapus, at Ornea.

=Orneus=, a centaur, son of Ixion and the Cloud. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 302.――――A son of Erechtheus king of Athens, who built Ornea in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 25.

=Ornithiæ=, a wind blowing from the north in the spring, and so called from the appearance of birds (ὀρνιθες, _aves_). _Columella_, bk. 11, ch. 2.

=Ornītron=, a town of Phœnicia between Tyre and Sidon.

=Ornitus=, a friend of Æneas, killed by Camilla in the Rutulian wars. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 677.

=Ornospădes=, a Parthian, driven from his country by Artabanus. He assisted Tiberius, and was made governor of Macedonia, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 37.

=Ornytion=, a son of Sisyphus king of Corinth, father of Phocus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 17.

=Ornytus=, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the Argonauts, &c. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 173.

=Oroanda=, a town of Pisidia, now Haviran. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 18.

=Orobia=, a town of Eubœa.

=Orobii=, a people of Italy, near Milan.

=Orōdes=, a prince of Parthia, who murdered his brother Mithridates, and ascended his throne. He defeated Crassus the Roman triumvir, and poured melted gold down the throat of his fallen enemy, to reproach him for his avarice and ambition. He followed the interest of Cassius and Brutus at Philippi. It is said that, when Orodes became old and infirm, his 30 children applied to him, and disputed in his presence their right to the succession. Phraates, the eldest of them, obtained the crown from his father, and to hasten him out of the world, he attempted to poison him. The poison had no effect; and Phraates, still determined on his father’s death, strangled him with his own hands, about 37 years before the christian era. Orodes had then reigned about 50 years. _Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 4.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 30.――――Another king of Parthia, murdered for his cruelty. _Josephus_, bk. 18, _Jewish Antiquities_.――――A son of Artabanus king of Armenia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 33.――――One of the friends of Æneas in Italy, killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 732, &c.

=Orœtes=, a Persian governor of Sardis, famous for his cruel murder of Polycrates. He died B.C. 521. _Herodotus._

=Oromĕdon=, a lofty mountain in the island of Cos. _Theocritus_, poem 7. ――――A giant. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 48.

=Orontas=, a relation of Artaxerxes, sent to Cyprus, where he made peace with Evagoras, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7.

♦=Orontes=, a satrap of Mysia, B.C. 385, who rebelled from Artaxerxes, &c. _Polyænus._――――A governor of Armenia. _Polyænus._――――A king of the Lycians during the Trojan war, who followed Æneas, and perished in a shipwreck. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 117; bk. 6, li. 34. ――――A river of Syria (now _Asi_), rising in Cœlosyria, and falling, after a rapid and troubled course, into the Mediterranean, below Antioch. According to Strabo, who mentions some fabulous accounts concerning it, the Orontes disappeared under ground for the space of five miles. The word _Oronteus_ is often used as Syrius. _Dionysius Periegetes._――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 248.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 20.

♦ ‘Orantes’ replaced with ‘Orontes’

=Orophernes=, a man who seized the kingdom of Cappadocia. He died B.C. 154.

=Orōpus=, a town of Bœotia, on the borders of Attica, near the Euripus, which received its name from Oropus, a son of Macedon. It was the frequent cause of quarrels between the Bœotians and the Athenians, whence some have called it one of the cities of Attica, and was at last confirmed in the possession of the Athenians by Philip king of Macedon. Amphiaraus had a temple there. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 34. ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――――A small town of Eubœa.――――Another in Macedonia.

=Orosius=, a Spanish writer, A.D. 416, who published a universal history, in seven books, from the creation to his own time, in which, though learned, diligent, and pious, he betrayed a great ignorance of the knowledge of historical facts, and of chronology. The best edition is that of Havercamp, 4to, Leiden, 1767.

=Orospeda=, a mountain of Spain. _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Orpheus=, a son of Œager by the muse Calliope. Some suppose him to be the son of Apollo, to render his birth more illustrious. He received a lyre from Apollo, or, according to some, from Mercury, upon which he played with such a masterly hand, that even the most rapid rivers ceased to flow, the savage beasts of the forest forgot their wildness, and the mountains moved to listen to his song. All nature seemed charmed and animated, and the nymphs were his constant companions. Eurydice was the only one who made a deep impression on the melodious musician, and their nuptials were celebrated. Their happiness, however, was short; Aristaeus became enamoured of Eurydice, and, as she fled from her pursuer, a serpent, that was lurking in the grass, bit her foot, and she died of the poisonous wound. Her loss was severely felt by Orpheus, and he resolved to recover her, or perish in the attempt. With his lyre in his hand, he entered the infernal regions, and gained an easy admission to the palace of Pluto. The king of hell was charmed with the melody of his strains; and, according to the beautiful expressions of the poets, the wheel of Ixion stopped, the stone of Sisyphus stood still, Tantalus forgot his perpetual thirst, and even the Furies relented. Pluto and Proserpine were moved with his sorrow, and consented to restore him Eurydice, provided he forbore looking behind till he had come to the extremest borders of hell. The conditions were gladly accepted, and Orpheus was already in sight of the upper regions of the air, when he forgot his promises, and turned back to look at his long-lost Eurydice. He saw her, but she instantly vanished from his eyes. He attempted to follow her, but he was refused admission; and the only comfort he could find, was to soothe his grief at the sound of his musical instrument, in grottoes, or on the mountains. He totally separated himself from the society of mankind; and the Thracian women, whom he had offended by his coldness to their amorous passion, or, according to others, by his unnatural gratifications and impure indulgencies, attacked him while they celebrated the orgies of Bacchus, and after they had torn his body to pieces, they threw his head into the Hebrus, which still articulated the words “Eurydice! Eurydice” as it was carried down the stream into the Ægean sea. Orpheus was one of the Argonauts, of which celebrated expedition he wrote a poetical account, still extant. This is doubted by Aristotle, who says, according to Cicero, that there never existed an Orpheus, but that the poems which pass under his name are the compositions of a Pythagorean philosopher named Cecrops. According to some of the moderns, the _Argonautica_, and the other poems attributed to Orpheus, are the production of the pen of Onomacritus, a poet who lived in the age of Pisistratus tyrant of Athens. Pausanias, however, and Diodorus Siculus, speak of Orpheus as a great poet and musician, who rendered himself equally celebrated by his knowledge of the art of war, by the extent of his understanding, and by the laws which he enacted. Some maintain that he was killed by a thunderbolt. He was buried at Pieria in Macedonia, according to Apollodorus. The inhabitants of Dion boasted that his tomb was in their city, and the people of mount Libethrus, in Thrace, claimed the same honour, and further observed, that the nightingales, which built their nests near his tomb, sang with greater melody than all other birds. Orpheus, as some report, after death received divine honours, the muses gave an honourable burial to his remains, and his lyre became one of the constellations in the heavens. The best edition of Orpheus is that of Gesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1764. _Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 38.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 645; _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 457, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 14, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 1, &c.; bk. 11, fable 1.――_Plato_, _Republic_, bk. 10.――_Horace_, bk. 1, odes 13 & 35. ――_Orpheus._

=Orphĭca=, a name by which the orgies of Bacchus were called, because they had been introduced in Europe from Egypt by Orpheus.

=Orphne=, a nymph of the infernal regions, mother of Ascalaphus by Acheron. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 542.

=Orsedĭce=, a daughter of Cinyras and Metharme. _Apollodorus._

=Orseis=, a nymph who married Hellen. _Apollodorus._

=Orsillus=, a Persian who fled to Alexander, when Bessus murdered Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Orsilŏchus=, a son of Idomeneus, killed by Ulysses in the Trojan war, &c. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 13, li. 260.――――A son of the river Alpheus.――――A Trojan killed by Camilla in the Rutulian wars, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, lis. 636 & 690.

=Orsīnes=, one of the officers of Darius at the battle of Arbela. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 1.

=Orsippus=, a man of Megara, who was prevented from obtaining a prize at the Olympic games, because his clothes were entangled as he ran. This circumstance was the cause that, for the future, all the combatants were obliged to appear naked. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.

=Marcus Ortalus=, a grandson of Hortensius, who was induced to marry by a present from Augustus, who wished that ancient family not to be extinguished. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 37.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_.

=Orthagŏras=, a man who wrote a treatise on India, &c. _Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_.――――A musician in the age of Epaminondas.――――A tyrant of Sicyon, who mingled severity with justice in his government. The sovereign authority remained upwards of 100 years in his family.

=Orthæa=, a daughter of Hyacinthus. _Apollodorus._

=Orthe=, a town of Magnesia. _Pliny._

=Orthia=, a surname of Diana at Sparta. In her sacrifices it was usual for boys to be whipped. _See:_ Diamastigosis. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_, &c.

=Orthosia=, a town of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 25.――――Of Phœnicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20.

=Orthrus=, or =Orthos=, a dog which belonged to Geryon, from which and the Chimæra sprung the Sphinx and the Nemæan lion. He had two heads, and was sprung from the union of Echidna and Typhon. He was destroyed by Hercules. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 310.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Ortōna.= _See:_ Artona.

=Ortygia=, a grove near Ephesus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 16. ――――A small island of Sicily, within the bay of Syracuse, which formed once one of the four quarters of that great city. It was in this island that the celebrated fountain Arethusa arose. Ortygia is now the only part remaining of the once famed Syracuse, about two miles in circumference, and inhabited by 18,000 souls. It has suffered, like the towns on the eastern coast, by the eruptions of Ætna. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 694.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 403.――――An ancient name of the island of Delos. Some suppose that it received this name from Latona, who fled thither when changed into a quail (ὀρτυξ) by Jupiter, to avoid the pursuit of Juno. Diana was called _Ortygia_, as being born there; as also Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 651; _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 692.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 124.

=Ortygius=, a Rutulian killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 573.

=Orus=, or =Horus=, one of the gods of the Egyptians, son of Osiris and Isis. He assisted his mother in avenging his father, who had been murdered by Typhon. Orus was skilled in medicine, he was acquainted with futurity, and he made the good and the happiness of his subjects the sole object of his government. He was the emblem of the sun among the Egyptians, and he was generally represented as an infant, swathed in variegated clothes. In one hand he held a staff, which terminated in the head of a hawk, in the other a whip with three thongs. _Herodotus_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Iside et Osiride_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――――The first king of Trœzene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Oryander=, a satrap of Persia, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7.

=Oryx=, a place of Arcadia on the Ladon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Osaces=, a Parthian general, who received a mortal wound from Cassius. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5, ltr. 20.

=Osca=, a town of Spain, now _Huesca_, in Arragon. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 10.

=Oschophŏria=, a festival observed by the Athenians. It receives its name ἀπο του φερειν τας ὀσχας, _from carrying boughs hung up with grapes_, called ὀσχαι. Its original institution is thus mentioned by _Plutarch_, _Theseus_. Theseus, at his return from Crete, forgot to hang out the white sail by which his father was to be apprised of his success. This neglect was fatal to Ægeus, who threw himself into the sea and perished. Theseus no sooner reached the land, than he sent a herald to inform his father of his safe return, and in the mean time he began to make the sacrifices which he vowed when he first set sail from Crete. The herald, on his entrance into the city, found the people in great agitation. Some lamented the king’s death, while others, elated at the sudden news of the victory of Theseus, crowned the herald with garlands in demonstration of their joy. The herald carried back the garlands on his staff to the sea-shore, and after he had waited till Theseus had finished his sacrifice, he related the melancholy story of the king’s death. Upon this, the people ran in crowds to the city, showing their grief by cries and lamentations. From that circumstance, therefore, at the feast of the Oschophoria, not the herald but his staff is crowned with garlands, and all the people that are present always exclaim ἐλελευ, ιου, ιου, the first of which expresses haste, and the other a consternation or depression of spirits. The historian further mentions that Theseus, when he went to Crete, did not take with him the usual number of virgins, but that, instead of two of them, he filled up the number with two youths of his acquaintance, whom he made pass for women, by disguising their dress, and by using them to the ointment and perfumes of women, as well as by a long and successful imitation of their voice. The imposition succeeded; their sex was not discovered in Crete, and when Theseus had triumphed over the Minotaur, he, with these two youths, led a procession with branches in their hands, in the same habit which is still used at the celebration of the Oschophoria. The branches which were carried were in honour of Bacchus or of Ariadne, or because they returned in autumn when the grapes were ripe. Besides this procession, there was also a race exhibited, in which only young men whose parents were both alive were permitted to engage. It was usual for them to run from the temple of Bacchus to that of Minerva, which was on the sea-shore. The place where they stopped was called ὀσχοφοριον, because the _boughs_ which they carried in their hands were deposited there. The reward of the conqueror was a cup called τεντα πλοα, _five-fold_, because it contained a mixture of five different things――wine, honey, cheese, meal, and oil. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Osci=, a people between Campania and the country of the Volsci, who assisted Turnus against Æneas. Some suppose that they are the same as the _Opici_, the word Osci being a diminutive or abbreviation of the other. The language, the plays, and ludicrous expressions of this nation, are often mentioned by the ancients, and from their indecent tendency some suppose the word _obscænum_ (_quasi oscenum_) is derived. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 14.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 7, ltr. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 20.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 730.

=Oscius=, a mountain, with a river of the same name, in Thrace. _Thucydides._

=Oscus=, a general of the fleet of the emperor Otho. _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Histories_, bk. 17.

=Osi=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, chs. 28 & 43.

=Osinius=, a king of Clusium, who assisted Æneas against Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 655.

=Osīris=, a great deity of the Egyptians, son of Jupiter and Niobe. All the ancients greatly differ in their opinions concerning this celebrated god, but they all agree that, as king of Egypt, he took particular care to civilize his subjects, to polish their morals, to give them good and salutary laws, and to teach them agriculture. After he had accomplished a reform at home, Osiris resolved to go and spread cultivation in the other parts of the earth. He left his kingdom to the care of his wife Isis, and of her faithful minister Hermes or Mercury. The command of his troops at home was left to the trust of Hercules, a warlike officer. In this expedition Osiris was accompanied by his brother Apollo, and by Anubis, Macedo, and Pan. His march was through Æthiopia, where his army was increased by the addition of the Satyrs, a hairy race of monsters, who made dancing and playing on musical instruments their chief study. He afterwards passed through Arabia, and visited the greatest part of the kingdoms of Asia and Europe, where he enlightened the minds of men by introducing among them the worship of the gods, and a reverence for the wisdom of a supreme being. At his return home Osiris found the minds of his subjects roused and agitated. His brother Typhon had raised seditions, and endeavoured to make himself popular. Osiris, whose sentiments were always of the most pacific nature, endeavoured to convince his brother of his ill conduct, but he fell a sacrifice to the attempt. Typhon murdered him in a secret apartment and cut his body to pieces, which were divided among the associates of his guilt. Typhon, according to Plutarch, shut up his brother in a coffer and threw him into the Nile. The inquiries of Isis discovered the body of her husband on the coast of Phœnicia, where it had been conveyed by the waves, but Typhon stole it as it was being carried into Memphis, and he divided it amongst his companions, as was before observed. This cruelty incensed Isis; she revenged her husband’s death, and, with her son Orus, she defeated Typhon and the partisans of his conspiracy. She recovered the mangled pieces of her husband’s body, the genitals excepted, which the murderer had thrown into the sea; and to render him all the honour which his humanity deserved, she made as many statues of wax as there were mangled pieces of his body. Each statue contained a piece of the flesh of the dead monarch; and Isis, after she had summoned in her presence, one by one, the priests of all the different deities in her dominions, gave them each a statue, intimating that in doing that she had preferred them to all the other communities of Egypt, and she bound them by a solemn oath that they would keep secret that mark of her favour, and endeavour to show their sense of it by establishing a form of worship and paying divine honours to their prince. They were further directed to choose whatever animals they pleased to represent the person and the divinity of Osiris, and they were enjoined to pay the greatest reverence to that representative of divinity, and to bury it when dead with the greatest solemnity. To render their establishment more popular, each sacerdotal body had a certain portion of land allotted to them to maintain them, and to defray the expenses which necessarily attended their sacrifices and ceremonial rites. That part of the body of Osiris which had not been recovered was treated with more particular attention by Isis, and she ordered that it should receive honours more solemn, and at the same time more mysterious, than the other members. _See:_ Phallica. As Osiris had particularly instructed his subjects in cultivating the ground, the priests chose the ox to represent him, and paid the most superstitious veneration to that animal. _See:_ Apis. Osiris, according to the opinion of some mythologists, is the same as the sun, and the adoration which is paid by different nations to an Anubis, a Bacchus, a Dionysius, a Jupiter, a Pan, &c., is the same as that which Osiris received in the Egyptian temples. Isis also after death received divine honours as well as her husband, and as the ox was the symbol of the sun, or Osiris, so the cow was the emblem of the moon, or of Isis. Nothing can give a clearer idea of the power and greatness of Osiris than this inscription, which has been found on some ancient monuments: _Saturn, the youngest of all the gods, was my father: I am Osiris, who conducted a large and numerous army as far as the deserts of India, and travelled over the greatest part of the world, and visited the streams of the Ister, and the remote shores of the ocean, diffusing benevolence to all the inhabitants of the earth_. Osiris was generally represented with a cap on his head like a mitre, with two horns; he held a stick in his left hand, and in his right a whip with three thongs. Sometimes he appears with the head of a hawk, as that bird, from its quick and piercing eyes, is a proper emblem of the sun. _Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 144. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12, li. 323.――_Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 3.――_Lucian_, _de Syria Dea_.――_Pliny_, bk. 8.――――A Persian general, who lived 450 B.C.――――A friend of Turnus, killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 458.

=Osismii=, a people of Gaul in Britany. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 34.

=Osphăgus=, a river of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 39.

=Osrhoēne=, a country of Mesopotamia, which received this name from one of its kings called Osrhoes.

=Ossa=, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once the residence of the Centaurs. It was formerly joined to mount Olympus, but Hercules, as some report, separated them, and made between them the celebrated valley of Tempe. This separation of the two mountains was more probably effected by an earthquake, which happened, as fabulous accounts represent, about 1885 years before the christian era. Ossa was one of those mountains which the giants, in their wars against the gods, heaped up one on the other to scale the heavens with more facility. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 155; bk. 2, li. 225; bk. 7, li. 224; _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 307; bk. 3, li. 441.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Lucan_, bks. 1 & 6.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 281.――――A town of Macedonia.

=Osteōdes=, an island near the Lipari isles.

=Ostia=, a town built on the mouth of the river Tiber by Ancus Martius king of Rome, about 16 miles distant from Rome. It had a celebrated harbour, and was so pleasantly situated, that the Romans generally spent a part of the year there as in a country seat. There was a small tower in the port like the Pharos of Alexandria, built upon the wreck of a large ship which had been sunk there, and which contained the obelisks of Egypt, with which the Roman emperors intended to adorn the capital of Italy. In the age of Strabo the sand and mud deposited by the Tiber had choked the harbour, and added much to the size of the small islands, which sheltered the ships at the entrance of the river. Ostia, and her harbour called _Portus_, became gradually separated, and are now at a considerable distance from the sea. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Suetonius._――_Pliny._

=Ostorius Scapŭla=, a man made governor of Britain. He died A.D. 55. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 23.――――Another, who put himself to death when accused before Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 48.――――Sabinus, a man who accused Soranus, in Nero’s reign. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 33.

=Ostracine=, a town of Egypt on the confines of Palestine. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 12.

=Osymandyas=, a magnificent king of Egypt in a remote period.

=Otacilius=, a Roman consul sent against the Carthaginians, &c.

=Otānes=, a noble Persian, one of the seven who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. It was through him that the usurpation was first discovered. He was afterwards appointed by Darius over the sea-coast of Asia Minor, and took Byzantium. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 70, &c.

=Otho Marcus Salvius=, a Roman emperor descended from the ancient kings of Etruria. He was one of Nero’s favourites, and as such he was raised to the highest offices of the state, and made governor of Pannonia by the interest of Seneca, who wished to remove him from Rome, lest Nero’s love for Poppæa should prove his ruin. After Nero’s death Otho conciliated the favour of Galba the new emperor; but when he did not gain his point, and when Galba had refused to adopt him as his successor, he resolved to make himself absolute, without any regard to the age and dignity of his friend. The great debts which he had contracted encouraged his avarice, and he caused Galba to be assassinated, and he made himself emperor. He was acknowledged by the senate and the Roman people, but the sudden revolt of Vitellius in Germany rendered his situation precarious, and it was mutually resolved that their respective right to the empire should be decided by arms. Otho obtained three victories over his enemies, but in a general engagement near Brixellum, his forces were defeated, and he stabbed himself when all hopes of success were vanished, after a reign of about three months, on the 20th of April, A.D. 69. It has been justly observed that the last moments of Otho’s life were those of a philosopher. He comforted his soldiers who lamented his fortunes, and he expressed his concern for their safety, when they earnestly solicited to pay him the last friendly offices before he stabbed himself, and he observed that it was better that one man should die, than that all should be involved in ruin for his obstinacy. His nephew was pale and distressed, fearing the anger and haughtiness of the conqueror; but Otho comforted him, and observed that Vitellius would be kind and affectionate to the friends and relations of Otho, since Otho was not ashamed to say, that in the time of their greatest enmity the mother of Vitellius had received every friendly treatment from his hand. He also burnt the letters which, by falling into the hands of Vitellius, might provoke his resentment against those who had favoured the cause of an unfortunate general. These noble and humane sentiments of a man who was the associate of Nero’s shameful pleasures, and who stained his hand in the blood of his master, have appeared to some wonderful, and passed for the features of policy, and not of a naturally virtuous and benevolent heart. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Suetonius._――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 50, &c. ――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 90.――――Roscius, a tribune of the people, who, in Cicero’s consulship, made a regulation to permit the Roman knights at public spectacles to have the 14 first rows after the seats of the senators. This was opposed with virulence by some, but Cicero ably defended it, &c. _Horace_, epode 4, li. 10.――――The father of the Roman emperor Otho was the favourite of Claudius.

=Othryădes=, one of the 300 Spartans who fought against 300 Argives, when those two nations disputed their respective right to Thyrea. Two Argives, Alcinor and Cronius, and Othryades, survived the battle. The Argives went home to carry the news of their victory, but Othryades, who had been reckoned among the number of the slain, on account of his wounds, recovered himself and carried some of the spoils, of which he had stripped the Argives, into the camp of his countrymen; and after he had raised a trophy, and had written with his own blood, the word _vici_ on his shield, he killed himself, unwilling to survive the death of his countrymen. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela Minora_.――――A patronymic given to Pantheus the Trojan priest of Apollo, from his father Othryas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 319.

=Othryoneus=, a Thracian who came to the Trojan war in hopes of marrying Cassandra. He was killed by Idomeneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13.

=Othrys=, a mountain, or rather a chain of mountains, in Thessaly, the residence of the Centaurs. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 129.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 675.

=Otreus=, a king of Phrygia, son of Cisseus and brother to Hecuba.

=Otrœda=, a small town on the confines of Bithynia.

=Otus= and =Ephialtes=, sons of Neptune. _See:_ Aloides.

=Otys=, a prince of Paphlagonia, who revolted from the Persians to Agesilaus. _Xenophon._

=Ovia=, a Roman lady, wife of Cneaus Lollius. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 21.

=Publius Ovīdius Naso=, a celebrated Roman poet, born at Sulmo on the 20th of March, about 43 B.C. As he was intended for the bar, his father sent him early to Rome, and removed him to Athens in the 16th year of his age. The progress of Ovid in the study of eloquence was great, but the father’s expectations were frustrated; his son was born a poet, and nothing could deter him from pursuing his natural inclination, though he was often reminded that Homer lived and died in the greatest poverty. Everything he wrote was expressed in poetical numbers, as he himself says, _et quod tentabam scribere versus erat_. A lively genius and a fertile imagination soon gained him admirers; the learned became his friends; Virgil, Propertius, Tibullus, and Horace, honoured him with their correspondence, and Augustus patronized him with the most unbounded liberality. These favours, however, were but momentary, and the poet was soon after banished to Tomos, on the Euxine sea, by the emperor. The true cause of this sudden exile is unknown. Some attribute it to a shameful amour with Livia the wife of Augustus, while others support that it arose from the knowledge which Ovid had of the unpardonable incest of the emperor with his daughter Julia. These reasons are, indeed, merely conjectural; the cause was of a very private and very secret nature, of which Ovid himself is afraid to speak, as it arose from error and not from criminality. It was, however, something improper in the family and court of Augustus, as these lines seem to indicate.

_Cur aliquid vidi? Cur noxia lumina feci? Cur imprudenti cognita culpa mihi est? Inscius Actæon vidit sine veste Dianam; Præda fuit canibus non minus ille suis._

Again,

_Inscia quod crimen viderunt lumina plector, Peccatumque oculos est habuisse meum._

And in another place,

_Perdiderunt cum me duo crimina, carmen et error, Alterius facti culpa silenda mihi est._

In his banishment, Ovid betrayed his pusillanimity, and however afflicted and distressed his situation was, yet the flattery and impatience which he showed in his writings are a disgrace to his pen, and expose him more to ridicule than pity. Though he prostituted his pen and his time to adulation, yet the emperor proved deaf to all entreaties, and refused to listen to his most ardent friends at Rome who wished for the return of the poet. Ovid, who undoubtedly wished for a Brutus to deliver Rome of her tyrannical Augustus, continued his flattery even to meanness; and, when the emperor died, he was so mercenary as to consecrate a temple to the departed tyrant on the shores of the Euxine, where he regularly offered frankincense every morning. Tiberius proved as regardless as his predecessor to the entreaties which were made for Ovid, and the poet died in the seventh or eighth year of his banishment, in the 59th year of his age, A.D. 17, and was buried at Tomos. In the year 1508 of the christian era, the following epitaph was found at Stain, in the modern kingdom of Austria:

_Hic situs est vates quem Divi Cæsaris ira. Augusti patriâ cedere jussit humo. Sæpe miser voluit patriis occumbere terris, Sed frustra! Hunc illi fata dedere locum._

This, however, is an imposition, to render celebrated an obscure corner of the world, which never contained the bones of Ovid. The greatest part of Ovid’s poems are remaining. His _Metamorphoses_, in 15 books, are extremely curious, on account of the many different mythological facts and traditions which they relate, but they can have no claim to an epic poem. In composing this the poet was more indebted to the then existing traditions, and to the theogony of the ancients, than to the powers of his own imagination. His _Fasti_ were divided into 12 books, the same number as the constellations in the zodiac; but of these, six have perished, and the learned world have reason to lament the loss of a poem which must have thrown so much light upon the religious rites and ceremonies, festivals and sacrifices, of the ancient Romans, as we may judge from the six that have survived the ravages of time and barbarity. His _Tristia_, which are divided into five books, contain much elegance and softness of expression, as also his _Elegies_ on different subjects. The _Heroides_ are nervous, spirited, and diffuse, the poetry is excellent, the language varied, but the expressions are often too wanton and indelicate, a fault which is common in his compositions. His three books of _Amorum_, and the same number _de Arte Amandi_, with the other _de Remedio Amoris_, are written with great elegance, and contain many flowery descriptions; but the doctrine which they hold forth is dangerous, and they are to be read with caution, as they seem to be calculated to corrupt the heart, and sap the foundations of virtue and morality. His _Ibis_, which is written in imitation of a poem of Callimachus, of the same name, is a satirical performance. Besides these, there are extant some fragments of other poems, and among these some of a tragedy called _Medea_. The talents of Ovid as a dramatic writer have been disputed, and some have observed that he, who is so often void of sentiment, was not born to shine as a tragedian. Ovid has attempted perhaps too many sorts of poetry at once. On whatever he has written, he has totally exhausted the subject, and left nothing unsaid. He everywhere paints nature with a masterly hand, and gives strength to the most vulgar expressions. It has been judiciously observed, that his poetry, after his banishment from Rome, was destitute of that spirit and vivacity which we admire in his other compositions. His _Fasti_ are perhaps the best written of all his poems, and after them we may fairly rank his love verses, his _Heroides_, and, after all, his _Metamorphoses_, which were not totally finished when Augustus sent him into banishment. His _Epistles from Pontus_ are the language of an abject and pusillanimous flatterer. However critics may censure the indelicacy and the inaccuracies of Ovid, it is to be acknowledged that his poetry contains great sweetness and elegance, and, like that of Tibullus, charms the ear and captivates the mind. Ovid married three wives, but of the last alone he speaks with fondness and affection. He had only one daughter, but by which of his wives is unknown; and she herself became mother of two children, by two husbands. The best editions of Ovid’s works are those of Burman, 4 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1727; of Leiden, 1670, in 8vo, and of Utrecht, in 12mo, 4 vols., 1713. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bks. 3 & 4, &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2.――_Martial_, bks. 3 & 8.――――A man who accompanied his friend Cæsonius when banished from Rome by Nero. _Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 43.

=Ovinia lex= was enacted to permit the censors to elect and admit among the number of the senators the best and the worthiest of the people.

=Ovinius=, a freedman of Vatinius, the friend of Cicero, &c. _Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――Quintus, a Roman senator, punished by Augustus for disgracing his rank in the court of Cleopatra. _Eutropius_, bk. 1.

=Oxathres=, a brother of Darius, greatly honoured by Alexander, and made one of his generals. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――Another Persian, who favoured the cause of Alexander. _Curtius._

=Oxidătes=, a Persian whom Darius condemned to death. Alexander took him prisoner, and some time after made him governor of Media. He became oppressive, and was removed. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 3; bk. 9, ch. 8.

=Oximes=, a people of European Sarmatia.

=Oxionæ=, a nation of Germans, whom superstitious traditions represented as having the countenance human, and the rest of the body like that of beasts. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 46.

=Oxus=, a large river of Bactriana, now _Gihon_, falling into the east of the Caspian sea. _Pliny_, bk. 16, ch. 6.――――Another in Scythia.

=Oxyares=, a king of Bactriana, who surrendered to Alexander.

=Oxycānus=, an Indian prince in the age of Alexander, &c.

=Oxydrăcæ=, a nation of India. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 4.

=Oxy̆lus=, a leader of the Heraclidæ, when they recovered the Peloponnesus. He was rewarded with the kingdom of Elis. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――――A son of Mars and Protogenia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Oxynthes=, a king of Athens, B.C. 1149. He reigned 12 years.

=Oxypŏrus=, a son of Cinyras and Metharme. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Oxyrynchus=, a town of Egypt on the Nile. _Strabo._

=Ozīnes=, a Persian imprisoned by Craterus, because he attempted to revolt from Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 10.

=Ozŏlæ=, or =Ozŏli=, a people who inhabited the eastern parts of Ætolia, which were called _Ozolea_. This tract of territory lay at the north of the bay of Corinth, and extended about 12 miles northward. They received their name from the _bad stench_ (ὀζη) of their bodies and of their clothing, which was the raw hides of wild beasts, or from the offensive smell of the body of Nessus the Centaur, which after death was left to putrefy in the country without the honours of a burial. Some derive it with more propriety from the stench of the stagnated waters in the neighbouring lakes and marshes. According to a fabulous tradition, they received their name from a very different circumstance. During the reign of a son of Deucalion, a bitch brought into the world a stick instead of whelps. The stick was planted in the ground by the king, and it grew up to a large vine and produced grapes, from which the inhabitants of the country were called _Ozolæ_, not from ὀζειν, _to smell bad_, but from ὀζος, _a branch or sprout_. The name of Ozolæ, on account of its indelicate signification, highly displeased the inhabitants, and they exchanged it soon for that of Ætolians. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 38.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 32.

P

=Pacatianus Titus Julius=, a general of the Roman armies, who proclaimed himself emperor in Gaul, about the latter part of Philip’s reign. He was soon after defeated, A.D. 249, and put to death, &c.

=Paccius=, an insignificant poet in the age of Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 12.

=Paches=, an Athenian, who took Mitylene, &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 4.

=Păchīnus=, or =Pachynus=, now _Passaro_, a promontory of Sicily, projecting about two miles into the sea, in the form of a peninsula, at the south-east corner of the island, with a small harbour of the same name. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 699.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 25.

=Marcus Paconius=, a Roman put to death by Tiberius, &c. _Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 61.――――A stoic philosopher, son of the preceding. He was banished from Italy by Nero, and he retired from Rome with the greatest composure and indifference. _Arrian_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Pacŏrus=, the eldest of the 30 sons of Orodes king of Parthia, sent against Crassus, whose army he defeated, and whom he took prisoner. He took Syria from the Romans and supported the republican party of Pompey, and of the murderers of Julius Cæsar. He was killed in a battle by Ventidius Bassus, B.C. 39, on the same day (9th of June) that Crassus had been defeated. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 6, li. 9.――――A king of Parthia, who made a treaty of alliance with the Romans, &c.――――Another, intimate with king Decebalus.

=Pactōlus=, a celebrated river of Lydia, rising in mount Tmolus, and falling into the Hermus after it has watered the city of Sardes. It was in this river that Midas washed himself when he turned into gold whatever he touched, and from that circumstance it ever after rolled golden sands, and received the name of _Chrysorrhoas_. It is called Tmolus by Pliny. Strabo observes that it had no golden sands in his age. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 142.――_Strabo_, bk. 18.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 86.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 110. ――_Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 8.

=Pactyas=, a Lydian entrusted with the care of the treasures of Crœsus at Sardes. The immense riches which he could command, corrupted him, and, to make himself independent, he gathered a large army. He laid siege to the citadel of Sardes, but the arrival of one of the Persian generals soon put him to flight. He retired to Cumæ and afterwards to Lesbos, where he was delivered into the hands of Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 154, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 35.

=Pactye=, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus.

=Pactyes=, a mountain of Ionia, near Ephesus. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Pācŭvius Marcus=, a native of Brundusium, son of the sister of the poet Ennius, who distinguished himself by his skill in painting, and by his poetical talents. He wrote satires and tragedies which were represented at Rome, and of some of which the names are preserved, as Peribœa, Hermione, Atalanta, Ilione, Teucer, Antiope, &c. Orestes was considered as the best finished performance; the style, however, though rough and without either purity or elegance, deserved the commendation of Cicero and Quintilian, who perceived strong rays of genius and perfection frequently beaming through the clouds of the barbarity and ignorance of the times. The poet in his old age retired to Tarentum, where he died in his 90th year, about 131 years before Christ. Of all his compositions about 437 scattered lines are preserved in the collections of Latin poets. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2; _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 2, ch. 27.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 56.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 10.

=Padæi=, an Indian nation, who devoured their sick before they died. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 99.

=Padinum=, now _Bondeno_, a town on the Po, where it begins to branch into different channels. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Pădua=, a town called also _Patavium_, in the country of the Venetians, founded by Antenor immediately after the Trojan war. It was the native place of the historian Livy. The inhabitants were once so powerful, that they could levy an army of 20,000 men. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 251.

=Padus= (now called the _Po_), a river in Italy, known also by the name of _Eridanus_, which forms the northern boundary of the territories of Italy. It rises in mount Vesulus, one of the highest mountains of the Alps, and after it has collected in its course the waters of above 30 rivers, discharges itself in an eastern direction into the Adriatic sea by seven mouths, two of which only, the Plana or Volano, and the Padusa, were formed by nature. It was formerly said that it rolled gold dust in its sand, which was carefully searched by the inhabitants. The consuls Caius Flaminius Nepos and Publius Furius Philus were the first Roman generals who crossed it. The Po is famous for the death of Phaeton, who, as the poets mention, was thrown down there by the thunderbolts of Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 258, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 680.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 37, ch. 2.

=Padūsa=, the most southern mouth of the Po, considered by some writers as the Po itself. _See:_ Padus. It was said to abound in swans, and from it there was a cut to the town of Ravenna. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 455.

=Pæan=, a surname of Apollo, derived from the word _pæan_, a hymn which was sung in his honour, because he had killed the serpent Python, which had given cause to the people to exclaim _Io Pæan!_ The exclamation of Io Pæan! was made use of in speaking to the other gods, as it often was a demonstration of joy. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 171. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 358; bk. 14, li. 720.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 18.

=Pædaretus=, a Spartan who, on not being elected in the number of the 300 sent on an expedition, &c., declared that, instead of being mortified, he rejoiced that 300 men better than himself could be found in Sparta. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.

=Pædius=, a lieutenant of Julius Cæsar in Spain, who proposed a law to punish with death all such as were concerned in the murder of his patron, &c.

=Pæmāni=, a people of Belgic Gaul, supposed to have dwelt in the country at the west of Luxemburg. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Pæon=, a Greek historian. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A celebrated physician who cured the wounds which the gods received during the Trojan war. From him, physicians are sometimes called _Pæonii_, and herbs serviceable in medicinal processes, _Pæoniæ herbæ_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 769.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 535.

=Pæŏnes=, a people of Macedonia, who inhabited a small part of the country called _Pæonia_. Some believe that they were descended from a Trojan colony. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 13, &c.

♦=Pæŏnia=, a country of Macedonia at the west of the Strymon. It received its name from Pæon, a son of Endymion, who settled there. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 51; bk. 45, ch. 29.――――A small town of Attica.

♦ ‘Peŏnia’ replaced with ‘Pæŏnia’

=Pæŏnĭdes=, a name given to the daughters of Pierus, who were defeated by the Muses, because their mother was a native of Pæonia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, last fable.

=Pæos=, a small town of Arcadia.

=Pæsos=, a town of the Hellespont, called also _Apæsos_, situated at the north of Lampsacus. When it was destroyed, the inhabitants migrated to Lampsacus, where they settled. They were of Milesian origin. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Homer_ _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Pæstum=, a town of Lucania, called also _Neptunia_ and _Posidonia_ by the Greeks, where the soil produced roses which blossomed twice a year. The ancient walls of the town, about three miles in extent, are still standing, and likewise venerable remains of temples and porticoes. The _Sinus Pæstanus_ on which it stood is now called the gulf of _Salerno_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 119.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 708; _ex Ponto_, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 28.

=Pætovium=, a town of Pannonia.

=Pætus Cæcinna=, the husband of Arria. _See:_ Arria.――――A governor of Armenia, under Nero.――――A Roman who conspired with Catiline against his country.――――A man drowned as he was going to Egypt to collect money. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 5.

=Pagæ=, a town of Megaris,――――of Locris. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Păgăsæ=, or =Păgăsa=, a town of Magnesia, in Macedonia, with a harbour and a promontory of the same name. The ship Argo was built there, as some suppose, and, according to Propertius, the Argonauts set sail from that harbour. From that circumstance not only the ship Argo, but also the Argonauts themselves, were ever after distinguished by the epithet of _Pagasæus_. Pliny confounds Pagasæ with Demetrias, but they are different, and the latter was peopled by the inhabitants of the former, who preferred the situation of Demetrias for its conveniences. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 1; bk. 8, li. 349. ――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 715; bk. 6, li. 400.――_Mela_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 7. ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 20, li. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――_Apollodorus Rhodius_, bk. 1, li. 238, &c.

=Păgăsus=, a Trojan killed by Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 670.

=Pagræ=, a town of Syria, on the borders of Cilicia. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Pagus=, a mountain of Æolia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.

=Palācium=, or =Palātium=, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus.――――A small village on the Palatine hill, where Rome was afterwards built.

=Palæ=, a town at the south of Corsica, now _St. Bonifacio_.

=Palæa=, a town of Cyprus,――――of Cephallenia.

=Palæapŏlis=, a small island on the coast of Spain. _Strabo._

=Palæmon=, or =Palemon=, a sea deity, son of Athamas and Ino. His original name was _Melicerta_, and he assumed that of Palæmon, after he had been changed into a sea deity by Neptune. _See:_ Melicerta. ――――A noted grammarian at Rome in the age of Tiberius, who made himself ridiculous by his arrogance and luxury. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 451.――_Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 86.――――A son of Neptune, who was amongst the Argonauts. _Apollodorus._

=Palæpăphos=, the ancient town of Paphos in Cyprus, adjoining to the new. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Palæpharsālus=, the ancient town of Pharsalus in Thessaly. _Cæsar_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 48.

=Palæphătus=, an ancient Greek philosopher, whose age is unknown, though it can be ascertained that he flourished between the times of Aristotle and Augustus. He wrote five books _de incredibilibus_, of which only the first remains, and in it he endeavours to explain fabulous and mythological traditions by historical facts. The best edition of Palæphatus is that of Johann Friedrich Fischer, in 8vo, Lipscomb, 1773.――――An heroic poet of Athens, who wrote a poem on the creation of the world.――――A disciple of Aristotle, born at Abydos. ――――An historian of Egypt.

=Palepŏlis=, a town of Campania, built by a Greek colony, where Naples afterwards was erected. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 22.

=Palæste=, a village of Epirus near Oricus, where Cæsar first landed with his fleet. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 460.

=Palæstīna=, a province of Syria, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 105. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 606.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Palæstīnus=, an ancient name of the river Strymon.

=Palætyrus=, the ancient town of Tyre on the continent. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Pălămēdes=, a Grecian chief, son of Nauplius king of Eubœa by Clymene. He was sent by the Greek princes, who were going to the Trojan war, to bring Ulysses to the camp, who, to withdraw himself from the expedition, pretended insanity, and, the better to impose upon his friends, used to harness different animals to a plough, and to sow salt instead of barley into the furrows. The deceit was soon perceived by Palamedes; he knew that the regret to part from his wife Penelope, whom he had lately married, was the only reason of the pretended insanity of Ulysses; and to demonstrate this, Palamedes took Telemachus, whom Penelope had lately brought into the world, and put him before the plough of his father. Ulysses showed that he was not insane, by turning the plough a different way not to hurt his child. This having been discovered, Ulysses was obliged to attend the Greek princes to the war, but an immortal enmity arose between Ulysses and Palamedes. The king of Ithaca resolved to take every opportunity to distress him: and when all his expectations were frustrated, he had the meanness to bribe one of his servants, and to make him dig a hole in his master’s tent, and there conceal a large sum of money. After this Ulysses forged a letter in Phrygian characters, which king Priam was supposed to have sent to Palamedes. In the letter the Trojan king seemed to entreat Palamedes to deliver into his hands the Grecian army, according to the conditions which had been previously agreed upon, when he received the money. This forged letter was carried, by means of Ulysses, before the princes of the Grecian army. Palamedes was summoned, and he made the most solemn protestations of innocence. But all was in vain; the money that was discovered in his tent served only to corroborate the accusation, and he was found guilty by all the army, and stoned to death. Homer is silent about the miserable fate of Palamedes, and Pausanias mentions that it had been reported by some, that Ulysses and Diomedes had drowned him in the sea as he was fishing on the coast. Philostratus, who mentions the tragical story above related, adds that Achilles and Ajax buried his body with great pomp on the sea-shore, and that they raised upon it a small chapel, where sacrifices were regularly offered by the inhabitants of Troas. Palamedes was a learned man as well as a soldier, and, according to some, he completed the alphabet of Cadmus by the addition of the four letters θ, ξ, χ, φ, during the Trojan war. To him, also, is attributed the invention of dice and backgammon; and it is said he was the first who regularly ranged an army in a line of battle, and who placed sentinels round a camp, and excited their vigilance and attention by giving them a watchword. _Hyginus_, fables 95, 105, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, &c.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, lis. 56 & 308.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 31.――_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 4, li. 205.――_Philostratus_, bk. 10, ch. 6.――_Euripides_, _Phœnician Women_. ――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 75.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.

=Palantia=, a town of Spain. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Pălātīnus mons=, a celebrated hill, the largest of the seven hills on which Rome was built. It was upon it that Romulus laid the first foundation of the capital of Italy, in a quadrangular form, and there also he kept his court, as well as Tullus Hostilius and Augustus, and all the succeeding emperors, from which circumstance the word _Palatium_ has ever since been applied to the residence of a monarch or prince. The Palatine hill received its name from the goddess _Pales_, or from the _Palatini_, who originally inhabited the place, or from _balare_ or _palare_, the bleatings of sheep, which were frequent there, or perhaps from the word _palantes_, wandering, because Evander, when he came to settle in Italy, gathered all the inhabitants, and made them all one society. There were some games celebrated in honour of Augustus, and called Palatine, because kept on the hill. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 53.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 709.――_Livy_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 33.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 822.――_Juvenal_, satire 9, li. 23.――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 71. ――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――_Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, bk. 1.――――Apollo, who was worshipped on the Palatine hill, was also called _Palatinus_. His temple there had been built, or rather repaired, by Augustus, who had enriched it with a library, valuable for the various collections of Greek and Latin manuscripts which it contained, as also for the Sibylline books deposited there. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 17.

=Palantium=, a town of Arcadia.

=Palēis=, or =Palæ=, a town in the island of Cephallenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 15.

=Pales=, the goddess of sheepfolds and of pastures among the Romans. She was worshipped with great solemnity at Rome, and her festivals, called _Palilia_, were celebrated the very day that Romulus began to lay the foundation of the city of Rome. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, lis. 1 & 294.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 722, &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Palfurius Sura=, a writer, removed from the senate by Domitian, who suspected him of attachment to Vitellius, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 53.

=Palibothra=, a city of India, supposed now to be _Patna_, or, according to others, _Allahabad_. _Strabo_, bk. 15.

=Palīci=, or =Palisci=, two deities, sons of Jupiter by Thalia, whom Æschylus calls Ætna, in a tragedy which is now lost, according to the words of Macrobius. The nymph Ætna, when pregnant, entreated her lover to remove her from the pursuit of Juno. The god concealed her in the bowels of the earth, and when the time of her delivery was come, the earth opened, and brought into the world two children, who received the name of Palici, ἀπο του παλιν ἰκεσθαι, _because they came again into the world from the bowels of the earth_. These deities were worshipped with great ceremonies by the Sicilians, and near their temple were two small lakes of sulphureous water, which were supposed to have sprung out of the earth at the same time that they were born. Near these pools it was usual to take the most solemn oaths, by those who wished to decide controversies and quarrels. If any of the persons who took the oaths perjured themselves, they were immediately punished in a supernatural manner; and those whose oath, by the deities of the place, was sincere, departed unhurt. The Palici had also an oracle, which was consulted upon great emergencies, and which rendered the truest and most unequivocal answers. In a superstitious age, the altars of the Palici were stained with the blood of human sacrifices, but this barbarous custom was soon abolished, and the deities were satisfied with their usual offerings. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 585.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 506.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 219.

=Palīlia=, a festival celebrated by the Romans, in honour of the goddess Pales. The ceremony consisted in burning heaps of straw, and leaping over them. No sacrifices were offered, but the purifications were made with the smoke of horses’ blood, and with the ashes of a calf that had been taken from the belly of his mother, after it had been sacrificed, and with the ashes of beans. The purification of the flocks was also made with the smoke of sulphur, of the olive, the pine, the laurel, and the rosemary. Offerings of mild cheese, boiled wine, and cakes of millet, were afterwards made to the goddess. This festival was observed on the 21st of April, and it was during the celebration that Romulus first began to build his city. Some call this festival Parilia _quasi a pariendo_, because the sacrifices were offered to the divinity for the fecundity of the flocks. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 774; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 721, &c.; bk. 6, li. 257.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 19.――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 87.

=Pălĭnūrus=, a skilful pilot of the ship of Æneas. He fell into the sea in his sleep, and was three days exposed to the tempests and the waves of the sea, and at last came safe to the sea-shore near Velia, where the cruel inhabitants of the place murdered him to obtain his clothes. His body was left unburied on the sea-shore, and as, according to the religion of the ancient Romans, no person was suffered to cross the Stygian lake before 100 years were elapsed, if his remains had not been decently buried, we find Æneas, when he visited the infernal regions, speaking to Palinurus, and assuring him, that though his bones were deprived of a funeral, yet the place were his body was exposed should soon be adorned with a monument and bear his name, and accordingly a promontory was called Palinurus, now _Palinuro_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 513; bk. 5, li. 840, &c.; bk. 6, li. 341.――_Ovid_, _de Remedia Amoris_, li. 577.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Strabo._――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 28.

=Paliscōrum=, or =Palīcōrum stagnum=, a sulphureous pool in Sicily. _See:_ Palici.

=Paliurus=, now _Nahil_, a river of Africa, with a town of the same name at its mouth, at the west of Egypt, on the Mediterranean. _Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Pallădes=, certain virgins of illustrious parents, who were consecrated to Jupiter by the Thebans of Egypt. It was required that they should prostitute themselves, an infamous custom which was considered as a purification, during which they were publicly mourned, and afterwards they were permitted to marry. _Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Pallădium=, a celebrated statue of Pallas. It was about three cubits high, and represented the goddess as sitting and holding a pike in her right hand, and in her left a distaff and a spindle. It fell down from heaven near the tent of Ilus, as that prince was building the citadel of Ilium. Some, nevertheless, suppose that it fell at Pessinus in Phrygia, or, according to others, Dardanus received it as a present from his mother Electra. There are some authors who maintain that the Palladium was made with the bones of Pelops by Abaris; but Apollodorus seems to say that it was no more than a piece of clock-work, which moved of itself. However discordant the opinions of ancient authors be about this famous statue, it is universally agreed that on its preservation depended the safety of Troy. This fatality was well known to the Greeks during the Trojan war, and therefore Ulysses and Diomedes were commissioned to steal it away. They effected their purpose; and if we rely upon the authority of some authors, they were directed how to carry it away by Helenus the son of Priam, who proved in this unfaithful to his country, because his brother Deiphobus, at the death of Paris, had married Helen, of whom he was enamoured. Minerva was displeased with the violence which was offered to her statue, and, according to Virgil, the Palladium itself appeared to have received life and motion, and by the flashes which started from its eyes, and its sudden springs from the earth, it seemed to show the resentment of the goddess. The true Palladium, as some authors observe, was not carried away from Troy by the Greeks, but only one of the statues of similar size and shape, which were placed near it, to deceive whatever sacrilegious persons attempted to steal it. The Palladium, therefore, as they say, was conveyed safe from Troy to Italy by Æneas, and it was afterwards preserved by the Romans with the greatest secrecy and veneration, in the temple of Vesta, a circumstance which none but the vestal virgins knew. _Herodian_, bk. 1, ch. 14, &c.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 442, &c.; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 336.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, ch. 5. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 166; bk. 9, li. 151.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――_Lucan_, bk. 9.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 139.

=Palladius=, a Greek physician, whose treatise on fevers was edited 8vo, Leiden, 1745.――――A learned Roman under Adrian, &c.

=Pallantēum=, a town of Italy, or perhaps more properly a citadel built by Evander, on mount Palatine, from whence its name originates. Virgil says it was called after Pallas the grandfather of Evander; but Dionysius derives its name from Palantium, a town of Arcadia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 31.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, lis. 54 & 341.

=Pallantia=, a town of _Spain_, now _Palencia_, on the river Cea. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Pallantias=, a patronymic of Aurora, as being related to the giant Pallas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 12.

=Pallantides=, the 50 sons of Pallas the son of Pandion and the brother of Ægeus. They were all killed by Theseus the son of Ægeus, whom they opposed when he came to take possession of his father’s kingdom. This opposition they showed in hopes of succeeding to the throne, as Ægeus left no children except Theseus, whose legitimacy was even disputed, as he was born at Trœzene. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 22.

=Pallas= (ădis), a daughter of Jupiter, the same as Minerva. The goddess received this name either because she killed the giant _Pallas_, or perhaps from the spear which she seems to _brandish_ in her hands (παλλειν). For the functions, power, and character of the goddess, _See:_ Minerva.

=Pallas= (antis), a son of king Evander, sent with some troops to assist Æneas. He was killed by Turnus the king of the Rutuli, after he had made a great slaughter of the enemy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 104, &c.――――One of the giants, son of Tartarus and Terra. He was killed by Minerva, who covered herself with his skin, whence, as some suppose, she is called Pallas. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A son of Crius and Eurybia, who married the nymph Styx, by whom he had Victory, Valour, &c. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――――A son of Lycaon.――――A son of Pandion, father of Clytus and Butes. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 17.――_Apollodorus._――――A freedman of Claudius, famous for the power and the riches he obtained. He advised the emperor, his master, to marry Agrippina, and to adopt her son Nero for his successor. It was by his means, and those of Agrippina, that the death of Claudius was hastened, and that Nero was raised to the throne. Nero forgot to whom he was indebted for the crown. He discarded Pallas, and some time after caused him to be put to death, that he might make himself master of his great riches, A.D. 61. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 53.

=Pallēne=, a small peninsula of Macedonia, formerly called _Phlegra_, situate above the bay of Thermæ on the Ægean sea, and containing five cities, the principal of which is called Pallene. It was in this place, according to some of the ancients, that an engagement happened between the gods and the giants. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 45; bk. 45, ch. 30.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 391.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 357.――――A village of Attica, where Minerva had a temple, and where the Pallantides chiefly resided. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 1, 161.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Pallenses=, a people of Cephallenia, whose chief town was called Pala or Palæa. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 18.――_Polybius_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Palma=, a governor of Syria.

=Palmaria=, a small island opposite Tarracina in Latium. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Palmȳra=, the capital of _Palmyrene_, a country on the eastern boundaries of Syria, now called _Theudemor_, or _Tadmor_. It is famous for being the seat of the celebrated Zenobia and Odenatus, in the reign of the emperor Aurelian. It is now in ruins, and the splendour and magnificence of its porticoes, temples, and palaces, are now frequently examined by the curious and the learned. _Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 26 & 30.

=Palphurius=, one of the flatterers of Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 53.

=Palumbinum=, a town of Samnium. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 45.

=Pamīsos=, a river of Thessaly, falling into the Peneus. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 129.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――Another of Messenia in Peloponnesus.

=Pammēnes=, an Athenian general, sent to assist Megalopolis against the Mantineans, &c.――――An astrologer.――――A learned Grecian, who was preceptor to Brutus. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 97, _Orator_, ch. 9.

=Pammon=, a son of Priam and Hecuba. _Apollodorus._

=Pampa=, a village near Tentyra in Thrace. _Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 76.

=Pamphĭlus=, a celebrated painter of Macedonia in the age of Philip, distinguished above his rivals by a superior knowledge of literature, and the cultivation of those studies which taught him to infuse more successfully grace and dignity into his pieces. He was founder of the school for painting at Sicyon, and he made a law which was observed not only in Sicyon, but all over Greece, that none but the children of noble and dignified persons should be permitted to learn painting. Apelles was one of his pupils. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A son of Neoclides, among the pupils of Plato. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Pamphos=, a Greek poet, supposed to have lived before Hesiod’s age.

=Pamphy̆la=, a Greek woman who wrote a general history in 33 books, in Nero’s reign. This history, so much commended by the ancients, is lost.

=Pamphy̆lia=, a province of Asia Minor, anciently called _Mopsopia_, and bounded on the south by a part of the Mediterranean, called the _Pamphylian sea_, west by Lycia, north by Pisidia, and east by Cilicia. It abounded with pastures, vines, and olives, and was peopled by a Grecian colony. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Mela_, bk. 1. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 26.――_Livy_, bk. 37, chs. 23 & 40.

=Pan= was the god of shepherds, of huntsmen, and of all the inhabitants of the country. He was the son of Mercury by Dryope, according to Homer. Some give him Jupiter and Callisto for parents, others Jupiter and Ybis or Oneis. Lucian, Hyginus, &c., support that he was the son of Mercury and Penelope the daughter of Icarius, and that the god gained the affections of the princess under the form of a goat, as she tended her father’s flocks on mount Taygetus, before her marriage with the king of Ithaca. Some authors maintain that Penelope became mother of Pan during the absence of Ulysses in the Trojan war, and that he was the offspring of all the suitors that frequented the palace of Penelope, whence he received the name of _Pan_, which signifies _all_ or _everything_. Pan was a monster in appearance; he had two small horns on his head, his complexion was ruddy, his nose flat, and his legs, thighs, tail, and feet were those of a goat. The education of Pan was entrusted to a nymph of Arcadia, called Sinoe, but the nurse, according to Homer, terrified at the sight of such a monster, fled away and left him. He was wrapped up in the skin of beasts by his father, and carried to heaven, where Jupiter and the gods long entertained themselves with the oddity of his appearance. Bacchus was greatly pleased with him, and gave him the name of Pan. The god of shepherds chiefly resided in Arcadia, where the woods and the most rugged mountains were his habitation. He invented the flute with seven reeds, which he called _Syrinx_, in honour of a beautiful nymph of the same name, to whom he attempted to offer violence, and who was changed into a reed. He was continually employed in deceiving the neighbouring nymphs, and often with success. Though deformed in his shape and features, yet he had the good fortune to captivate Diana, and of gaining her favour, by transforming himself into a beautiful white goat. He was also enamoured of a nymph of the mountains called Echo, by whom he had a son called Lynx. He also paid his addresses to Omphale queen of Lydia, and it is well known in what manner he was received. _See:_ Omphale. The worship of Pan was well established, particularly in Arcadia, where he gave oracles on mount Lycæus. His festivals, called by the Greeks _Lycæa_, were brought to Italy by Evander, and they were well known at Rome by the name of the Lupercalia. _See:_ Lupercalia. The worship, and the different functions of Pan, are derived from the mythology of the ancient Egyptians. This god was one of the eight great gods of the Egyptians, who ranked before the other 12 gods, whom the Romans called _Consentes_. He was worshipped with the greatest solemnity over all Egypt. His statues represented him as a goat, not because he was really such, but this was done for mysterious reasons. He was the emblem of fecundity, and they looked upon him as the principle of all things. His horns, as some observe, represented the rays of the sun, and the brightness of the heavens was expressed by the vivacity and the ruddiness of his complexion. The star which he wore on his breast was the symbol of the firmament, and his hairy legs and feet denoted the inferior parts of the earth, such as the woods and plants. Some suppose that he appeared as a goat because, when the gods fled into Egypt, in their war against the giants, Pan transformed himself into a goat, an example which was immediately followed by all the deities. Pan, according to some, is the same as Faunus, and he is the chief of all the Satyrs. Plutarch mentions that, in the reign of Tiberius, an extraordinary voice was heard near the Echinades, in the Ionian sea, which exclaimed that the great Pan was dead. This was readily believed by the emperor, and the astrologers were consulted; but they were unable to explain the meaning of so supernatural a voice, which probably proceeded from the imposition of one of the courtiers who attempted to terrify Tiberius. In Egypt, in the town of Mendes, which word also signifies a _goat_, there was a sacred goat kept with the most ceremonious sanctity. The death of this animal was always attended with the greatest solemnities, and, like that of another Apis, became the cause of a universal mourning. As Pan usually terrified the inhabitants of the neighbouring country, that kind of fear which often seizes men, and which is only ideal and imaginary, has received from him the name of _panic fear_. This kind of terror has been exemplified not only in individuals, but in numerous armies, such as that of Brennus, which was thrown into the greatest consternation at Rome, without any cause or plausible reason. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 396; bk. 2, li. 277; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 689.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 17; _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 343; _Georgics_, ch. 3, li. 392.――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 142. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 30.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 327. ――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 5. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 46 & 145, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Orpheus_, _Hymns_, poem 10.――_Homer_, _Hymn to Pan_.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi Deorum_, Dialogue of Pan and Hermes (Mercury).――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.

=Pănăcēa=, a goddess, daughter of Æsculapius, who presided over health. _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 918.――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11, &c.

=Panætius=, a stoic philosopher of Rhodes, 138 B.C. He studied at Athens for some time, of which he refused to become a citizen, observing, that a good and modest man ought to be satisfied with one country. He came to Rome, where he reckoned among his pupils Lælius and Scipio the second Africanus. To the latter he was attached by the closest ties of friendship and partiality; he attended him in his expeditions, and partook of all his pleasures and amusements. To the interest of their countryman at Rome, the Rhodians were greatly indebted for their prosperity and the immunities which they for some time enjoyed. Panætius wrote a treatise on the duties of man, whose merit can be ascertained from the encomiums which Cicero bestows upon it. _Cicero_, _de Officiis_; _de Divinatione_, bk. 1; _Academica_, bk. 2, ch. 2; _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 46.――――A tyrant of Leontini in Sicily, B.C. 613. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.

=Panætolium=, a general assembly of the Ætolians. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 29; bk. 35, ch. 32.

=Panares=, a general of Crete, defeated by Metellus, &c.

=Panariste=, one of the waiting-women of Berenice the wife of king Antiochus. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Panathenæa=, festivals in honour of Minerva the patroness of Athens. They were first instituted by Erechtheus or Orpheus, and called _Athenæa_, but Theseus afterwards renewed them, and caused them to be celebrated and observed by all the tribes of Athens, which he had united into one, and from this reason the festivals received their name. Some suppose that they are the same as the Roman _Quinquatria_, as they are often called by that name among the Latins. In the first years of the institution, they were observed only during one day, but afterwards the time was prolonged, and the celebration was attended with greater pomp and solemnity. The festivals were two; the _great Panathenæa_ (μεγαλα), which were observed every fifth year, beginning on the 22nd of the month called _Hecatombæon_, or the 7th of July; and the _lesser Panathenæa_ (μικρα), which were kept every third year, or rather annually, beginning on the 20th or 21st of the month called _Thargelion_, corresponding to the 5th or 6th day of the month of May. In the lesser festivals there were three games conducted by 10 presidents chosen from the 10 tribes of Athens, who continued four years in office. On the evening of the first day there was a race with torches, in which men on foot, and afterwards on horseback, contended. The same was also exhibited in the greater festivals. The second combat was gymnical, and exhibited a trial of strength and bodily dexterity. The last was a musical contention, first instituted by Pericles. In the songs they celebrated the generous undertaking of Harmodius and Aristogiton, who opposed the Pisistratidæ, and of Thrasybulus, who delivered Athens from its 30 tyrants. Phrynis of Mitylene was the first who obtained the victory by playing upon the harp. There were, besides, other musical instruments, on which they played in concert, such as flutes, &c. The poets contended in four plays, called from their number τετραλογια. The last of these was a satire. There was also at Sunium an imitation of a naval fight. Whoever obtained the victory in any of these games was rewarded with a vessel of oil, which he was permitted to dispose of in whatever manner he pleased, and it was unlawful for any other person to transport that commodity. The conqueror also received a crown of the olives which grew in the groves of Academus, and were sacred to Minerva, and called μορειαι, from μορος, _death_, in remembrance of the tragical end of Hallirhotius the son of Neptune, who cut his own legs when he attempted to cut down the olive which had given the victory to Minerva in preference to his father, when these two deities contended about giving a name to Athens. Some suppose that the word is derived from μερος, _a part_, because these olives were given by contribution by all such as attended at the festivals. There was also a dance called _Pyrrhichia_, performed by young boys in armour, in imitation of Minerva, who thus expressed her triumph over the vanquished Titans. Gladiators were also introduced when Athens became tributary to the Romans. During the celebration no person was permitted to appear in dyed garments, and if any one transgressed he was punished according to the discretion of the president of the games. After these things, a sumptuous sacrifice was offered, in which every one of the Athenian boroughs contributed an ox, and the whole was concluded by an entertainment for all the company with the flesh that remained from the sacrifice. In the greater festivals, the same rites and ceremonies were usually observed, but with more solemnity and magnificence. Others were also added, particularly the procession, in which Minerva’s sacred πεπλος, or _garment_, was carried. This garment was woven by a select number of virgins, called ἐργαστικαι, from ἐργον, _work_. They were superintended by two of the ἀρρηφοροι, or young virgins, not above 17 years of age nor under 11, whose garments were white and set off with ornaments of gold. Minerva’s _peplus_ was of a white colour, without sleeves, and embroidered with gold. Upon it were described the achievements of the goddess, particularly her victories over the giants. The exploits of Jupiter and the other gods were also represented there, and from that circumstance men of courage and bravery are said to be ἀξιοι πεπλου, worthy to be portrayed on Minerva’s sacred garment. In the procession of the _peplus_, the following ceremonies were observed. In the _ceramicus_, without the city, there was an engine built in the form of a ship, upon which Minerva’s garment was hung as a sail, and the whole was conducted, not by beasts, as some have supposed, but by subterraneous machines, to the temple of Ceres Eleusinia, and from thence to the citadel, where the _peplus_ was placed upon Minerva’s statue, which was laid upon a bed woven or strewed with flowers, which was called πλακις. Persons of all ages, of every sex and quality, attended the procession, which was led by old men and women carrying olive branches in their hands, from which reason they were called θαλλοφοροι, _bearers of green boughs_. Next followed men of full age with shields and spears. They were attended by the μετοικοι, or _foreigners_, who carried small boats as a token of their foreign origin, and from that account they were called σκαφηφοροι, _boat-bearers_. After them came the women, attended by the wives of the foreigners, called ὑδριαφοροι, because they carried _water-pots_. Next to these came young men crowned with millet and singing hymns to the goddess, and after them followed select virgins of the noblest families, called κανηφοροι, _basket-bearers_, because they carried baskets, in which were certain things necessary for the celebration, with whatever utensils were also requisite. These several necessaries were generally in the possession of the chief manager of the festival called ἀρχιθεωρος, who distributed them when occasion offered. The virgins were attended by the daughters of the foreigners, who carried umbrellas and little seats, from which they were named διφρηφοροι, _seat-carriers_. The boys, called παιδαμικοι, as it may be supposed, led the rear, clothed in coats generally worn at processions. The necessaries for this and every other festival were prepared in a public hall erected for that purpose, between the Piræan gate and the temple of Ceres. The management and the care of the whole was entrusted to the ὑομοφυλακες, or people employed in seeing the rites and ceremonies properly observed. It was also usual to set all prisoners at liberty, and to present golden crowns to such as had deserved well of their country. Some persons were also chosen to sing some of Homer’s poems, a custom which was first introduced by Hipparchus the son of Pisistratus. It was also customary in this festival, and every other quinquennial festival, to pray for the prosperity of the Platæans, whose services had been so conspicuous at the battle of Marathon. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_, _Arcadia_, ch. 2.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 2. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Panchæa=, =Panchēa=, or =Panchaia=, an island of Arabia Felix, where Jupiter Triphylius had a magnificent temple.――――A part of Arabia Felix, celebrated for the myrrh, frankincense, and perfumes which it produced. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 139; bk. 4, li. 379; _The Gnat_, li. 87.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 309, &c. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Lucretius_, bk. 2, li. 417.

=Panda=, two deities at Rome, who presided, one over the openings of roads, and the other over the openings of towns. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 13, ch. 22.

=Pandama=, a girl of India favoured by Hercules, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 1.

=Pandaria=, or =Pandataria=, a small island of the Tyrrhene sea.

=Pandărus=, a son of Lycaon, who assisted the Trojans in their war against the Greeks. He went to the war without a chariot, and therefore he generally fought on foot. He broke the truce which had been agreed upon between the Greeks and Trojans, and wounded Menelaus and Diomedes, and showed himself brave and unusually courageous. He was at last killed by Diomedes; and Æneas, who then carried him in his chariot, by attempting to revenge his death, nearly perished by the hands of the furious enemy. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2, ch. 35. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2 & 5.――_Hyginus_, fable 112.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 495.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Servius_, _Aeneid_, bk. 5, li. 495 ff.――――A son of Alcanor, killed with his brother Bitias by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 735.――――A native of Crete, punished with death for being accessary to the theft of Tantalus. What this theft was is unknown. Some, however, suppose that Tantalus stole the ambrosia and the nectar from the tables of the gods to which he had been admitted, or that he carried away a dog which watched Jupiter’s temple in Crete, in which crime Pandarus was concerned, and for which he suffered. Pandarus had two daughters, Camiro and Clytia, who were also deprived of their mother by a sudden death, and left without friends or protectors. Venus had compassion upon them, and she fed them with milk, honey, and wine. The goddesses were all equally interested in their welfare. Juno gave them wisdom and beauty, Diana a handsome figure and regular features, and Minerva instructed them in whatever domestic accomplishment can recommend a wife. Venus wished to make their happiness still more complete; and when they were come to nubile years, the goddess prayed Jupiter to grant them kind and tender husbands. But in her absence the Harpies carried away the virgins and delivered them to the Eumenides, to share the punishment which their father suffered. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 30.――_Pindar._

=Pandărus=, or =Pandareus=, a man who had a daughter called Philomela. She was changed into a nightingale, after she had killed, by mistake, her son Itylus, whose death she mourned in the greatest melancholy. Some suppose him to be the same as Pandion king of Athens.

=Pandataria=, an island on the coast of Lucania, now called _Santa Maria_.

=Pandates=, a friend of Datames at the court of Artaxerxes. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.

=Pandemia=, a surname of Venus, expressive of her great power over the affections of mankind.

=Pandēmus=, one of the surnames of the god of love among the Egyptians and the Greeks, who distinguished two Cupids, one of whom was the vulgar, called Pandemus, and another of a purer and more celestial origin. _Plutarch_, _Amatorius_.

=Pandia=, a festival at Athens established by Pandion, from whom it received its name, or because it was observed in honour of Jupiter, who can τα παντα διγευειν, _move and turn all things_ as he pleases. Some suppose that it concerned the moon, because it does παντοτε ἰεναι, _moves incessantly_, by showing itself day and night, rather than the sun, which never appears but in the day-time. It was celebrated after the Dionysia, because Bacchus is sometimes taken for the Sun or Apollo, and therefore the brother, or, as some will have it, the son, of the moon.

=Pandīon=, a king of Athens, son of Erichthon and Pasithea, who succeeded his father, B.C. 1437. He became father of Procne and Philomela, Erechtheus and Butes. During his reign, there was such an abundance of corn, wine, and oil, that it was publicly reported that Bacchus and Minerva had personally visited Attica. He waged a successful war against Labdacus king of Bœotia, and gave his daughter Procne in marriage to Tereus king of Thrace, who had assisted him. The treatment which Philomela received from her brother-in-law Tereus [_See:_ Philomela] was the source of infinite grief to Pandion, and he died through excess of sorrow, after a reign of 40 years.――――There was also another Pandion, son of Cecrops II. by Metiaduca, who succeeded to his father, B.C. 1307. He was driven from his paternal dominions, and fled to Pylas king of Megara, who gave him his daughter Pelia in marriage, and resigned his crown to him. Pandion became father of four children, called from him _Pandionidæ_, Ægeus, Pallas, Nisus, and Lycus. The eldest of these children recovered his father’s kingdom. Some authors have confounded the two Pandions together in such an indiscriminate manner, that they seem to have been only one and the same person. Many believe that Philomela and Procne were the daughters, not of Pandion I., but of Pandion II. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 676.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Hyginus_, fable 48.――――A son of Phineus and Cleopatra, deprived of his eyesight by his father. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A son of Ægyptus and Hephæstina. ――――A king of the Indies in the age of Augustus.

=Pandōra=, a celebrated woman, the first mortal female that ever lived, according to the opinion of the poet Hesiod. She was made with clay by Vulcan at the request of Jupiter, who wished to punish the impiety and artifice of Prometheus, by giving him a wife. When this woman of clay had been made by the artist, and received life, all the gods vied in making her presents. Venus gave her beauty and the art of pleasing, the Graces gave her the power of captivating, Apollo taught her how to sing, Mercury instructed her in eloquence, and Minerva gave her the most rich and splendid ornaments. From all these valuable presents, which she had received from the gods, the woman was called _Pandora_, which intimates that she had received _every_ necessary _gift_, παν δωρον. Jupiter after this gave her a beautiful box, which she was ordered to present to the man who married her; and by the commission of the god, Mercury conducted her to Prometheus. The artful mortal was sensible of the deceit, and as he had always distrusted Jupiter, as well as the rest of the gods, since he had stolen fire away from the sun to animate his man of clay, he sent away Pandora without suffering himself to be captivated by her charms. His brother Epimetheus was not possessed of the same prudence and sagacity. He married Pandora, and when he opened the box which she presented to him, there issued from it a multitude of evils and distempers, which dispersed themselves all over the world, and which, from that fatal moment, have never ceased to afflict the human race. Hope was the only one who remained at the bottom of the box, and it is she alone who has the wonderful power of easing the labours of man, and of rendering his troubles and his sorrows less painful in life. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_ & _Works and Days_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――_Hyginus_, fable 14.――――A daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. She was sister to Protogenia, who sacrificed herself for her country at the beginning of the Bœotian war.

=Pandōrus=, a son of Erechtheus king of Athens.

=Pandosia=, a town in the country of the Brutii, situate on a mountain. Alexander king of the Molossi died there. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――――A town of Epirus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Pandrŏsos=, a daughter of Cecrops king of Athens, sister to Aglauros and Herse. She was the only one of the sisters who had not the fatal curiosity to open a basket which Minerva had entrusted to their care [_See:_ Erichthonius], for which sincerity a temple was raised to her near that of Minerva, and a festival instituted in her honour, called _Pandrosia_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 738.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.

=Panenus=, or =Panæus=, a celebrated painter who was for some time engaged in painting the battle of Marathon. _Pliny_, bk. 35.

=Pangæus=, a mountain of Thrace, anciently called _Mons Caraminus_, and joined to mount Rhodope near the sources of the river Nestus. It was inhabited by four different nations. It was on this mountain that Lycurgus the Thracian king was torn to pieces, and that Orpheus called the attention of the wild beasts, and of the mountains and woods, to listen to his song. It abounded in gold and silver mines. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 16, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 113.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 462.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 739. ――_Thucydides_, bk. 2.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 679; bk. 7, li. 482.

=Paniasis=, a man who wrote a poem upon Hercules, &c. _See:_ Panyasis.

=Panionium=, a place at the foot of mount Mycale, near the town of Ephesus in Asia Minor, sacred to Neptune of Helice. It was in this place that all the states of Ionia assembled, either to consult for their own safety and prosperity, or to celebrate festivals, or to offer a sacrifice for the good of all the nation, whence the name πανιωγιον, _all Ionia_. The deputies of the 12 Ionian cities which assembled there were those of Miletus, Myus, Priene, Ephesus, Lebedos, Colophon, Clazomenæ, Phocæa, Teos, Chios, Samos, and Erythræ. If the bull offered in sacrifice bellowed, it was accounted an omen of the highest favour, as the sound was particularly acceptable to the god of the sea, as in some manner it resembled the roaring of the waves of the ocean. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 148, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 14. ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.

=Panius=, a place at Cœlo-Syria, where Antiochus defeated Scopas, B.C. 198.

=Pannŏnia=, a large country of Europe, bounded on the east by Upper Mœsia, south by Dalmatia, west by Noricum, and north by the Danube. It was divided by the ancients into Lower and Upper Pannonia. The inhabitants were of Celtic origin, and were first invaded by Julius Cæsar, and conquered in the reign of Tiberius. Philip and his son Alexander some ages before had successively conquered it. Sirmium was the ancient capital of all Pannonia, which contains the modern provinces of Croatia, Carniola, Sclavonia, Bosnia, Windisch, March, with part of Servia, and of the kingdoms of Hungary and Austria. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 95; bk. 6, li. 220.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 109.――_Pliny_, bk. 3.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 49.――_Strabo_, bks. 4 & 7.――_Jornandes._――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 20.

=Panolbius=, a Greek poet, mentioned by Suidas.

=Panomphæus=, a surname of Jupiter, either because he was worshipped by every nation on earth, or because he heard the prayers and the supplications which were addressed to him, or because the rest of the gods derived from him their knowledge of futurity (πας _omnis_, ὀμφη _vox_). _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 198.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8.

=Panŏpe=, or =Panŏpēa=, one of the Nereides, whom sailors generally invoked in storms. Her name signifies, _giving every assistance, or seeing everything_. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 251.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 825.――――One of the daughters of Thespius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A town of Phocis, called also Panopeus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 19.――_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 18.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 7, li. 344.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 27; _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 580.

=Panŏpes=, a famous huntsman among the attendants of Acestes king of Sicily, who was one of those that engaged in the games exhibited by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 300.

=Panŏpeus=, a son of Phocus and Asterodia, who accompanied Amphitryon when he made war against the Teleboans. He was father to Epeus, who made the celebrated wooden horse at the siege of Troy. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A town of Phocis, between Orchomenos and the Cephisus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4. ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Panopion=, a Roman saved from death by the uncommon fidelity of his servant. When the assassins came to murder him as being proscribed, the servant exchanged clothes with his master, and let him escape by a back door. He afterwards went into his master’s bed, and suffered himself to be killed, as if Panopion himself. _Valerius Maximus._

=Panopŏlis=, _the city of Pan_, a town of Egypt, called also _Chemmis_. Pan had there a temple, where he was worshipped with great solemnity, and represented in a statue _fascino longissimo et erecto_. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Panoptes=, a name of Argus, from the power of his eyes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Panormus=, now called _Palermo_, a town of Sicily, built by the Phœnicians, on the north-west part of the island, with a good and capacious harbour. It was the strongest hold of the Carthaginians in Sicily, and it was at last taken with difficulty by the Romans. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 262.――――A town of the Thracian Chersonesus.――――A town of Ionia, near Ephesus, ――――Another in Crete,――――in Macedonia,――――Achaia,――――Samos.――――A Messenian who insulted the religion of the Lacedæmonians. _See:_ Gonippus.

=Panotii=, a people of Scythia, said to have very large ears. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Pansa Cætronianus Vibius=, a Roman consul who, with Aulus Hirtius, pursued the murderers of Julius Cæsar, and was killed in a battle near Mutina. On his death-bed he advised young Octavius to unite his interest with that of Antony, if he wished to revenge the death of Julius Cæsar, and from his friendly advice soon after rose the celebrated second triumvirate. Some suppose that Pansa was put to death by Octavius himself, or, through him, by the physician Glicon, who poured poison into the wounds of his patient. Pansa and Hirtius were the two last consuls who enjoyed the dignity of chief magistrates of Rome with full power. The authority of the consuls afterwards dwindled into a shadow. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 46.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_ bk. 3, poem 5.――_Plutarch_ & _Appian_.

=Pantagnostus=, a brother of Polycrates tyrant of Samos. _Polyænus_, bk. 1.

=Pantagyas=, a small river on the eastern coast of Sicily, which falls into the sea, after running a short space in rough cascades over rugged stones and precipices. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 689. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 232.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 471.

=Pantaleon=, a king of Pisa, who presided at the Olympic games, B.C. 664, after excluding the Eleans, who on that account expunged the Olympiad from the Fasti, and called it the second Anolympiad. They had called for the same reason the eighth the first Anolympiad, because the Pisæans presided.――――An Ætolian chief. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 15.

=Pantanus lacus=, the lake of _Lesina_, is situate in Apulia at the mouth of the Freuto. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Pantauchus=, a man appointed over Ætolia by Demetrius, &c. _Plutarch._

=Panteus=, a friend of Cleomenes king of Sparta, &c. _Plutarch._

=Panthides=, a man who married Italia the daughter of Themistocles.

=Panthea=, the wife of Abradates, celebrated for her beauty and conjugal affection. She was taken prisoner by Cyrus, who refused to visit her, not to be ensnared by the power of her personal charms. She killed herself on the body of her husband, who had been slain in a battle, &c. _See:_ Abradates. _Xenophon_, _Cyropædia_.――_Suidas._――――The mother of Eumæus the faithful servant of Ulysses.

=Pantheon=, a celebrated temple at Rome, built by Agrippa, in the reign of Augustus, and dedicated to all the gods, whence the name πας θεος. It was struck with lightning some time after, and partly destroyed. ♦Adrian repaired it, and it still remains at Rome, converted into a christian temple, the admiration of the curious. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 16, ch. 10.

♦ ‘Adarin’ replaced with ‘Adrian’

=Pantheus=, or =Panthus=, a Trojan, son of Othryas the priest of Apollo. When his country was burnt by the Greeks, he followed the fortune of Æneas, and was killed. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 429.

=Panthoĭdes=, a patronymic of Euphorbus the son of Panthous. Pythagoras is sometimes called by that name, as he asserted that he was Euphorbus during the Trojan war. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 28, li. 10. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 161.――――A Spartan general killed by Pericles at the battle of Tanagra.

=Panticăpæum=, now _Kerche_, a town of Taurica Chersonesus, built by the Milesians, and governed some time by its own laws, and afterwards subdued by the kings of Bosphorus. It was, according to Strabo, the capital of the European Bosphorus. Mithridates the Great died there. _Pliny._――_Strabo._

=Panticăpes=, a river of European Scythia, which falls into the Borysthenes, supposed to be the _Samara_ of the moderns. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 54.

=Pantilius=, a buffoon, ridiculed by _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 78.

=Panyăsis=, an ancient Greek, uncle to the historian Herodotus. He celebrated Hercules in one of his poems, and the Ionians in another, and was universally esteemed. _Athenæus_, bk. 2.

=Panyăsus=, a river of Illyricum, falling into the Adriatic, near Dyrrhachium. _Ptolemy._

=Papæus=, a name of Jupiter among the Scythians. _Herodotus_, bk. 4.

=Păphāges=, a king of Ambracia, killed by a lioness deprived of her whelps. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 502.

=Paphia=, a surname of Venus, because the goddess was worshipped at Paphos.――――An ancient name of the island of Cyprus.

=Paphlăgŏnia=, now _Penderachia_, a country of Asia Minor, situate at the west of the river Halys, by which it was separated from Cappadocia. It was divided on the west from the Bithynians, by the river Parthenius. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 72.――_Strabo_, bk. 4. ――_Mela._――_Pliny._――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_, bk. 2, chs. 2 & 9.

=Paphos=, now _Bafo_, a famous city of the island of Cyprus, founded, as some suppose, about 1184 years before Christ, by Agapenor, at the head of a colony from Arcadia. The goddess of beauty was particularly worshipped there, and all male animals were offered on her altars, which, though 100 in number, daily smoked with the profusion of Arabian frankincense. The inhabitants were very effeminate and lascivious, and the young virgins were permitted by the laws of the place to get a dowry by prostitution. _Strabo_, bk. 8, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 96.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 419, &c.; bk. 10, li. 51, &c. ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 30, li. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 62; _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Paphus=, a son of Pygmalion, by a statue which had been changed into a woman by Venus. _See:_ Pygmalion. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 297.

=Papia lex=, _de peregrinis_, by Papius the tribune, A.U.C. 688, which required that all strangers should be driven away from Rome. It was afterwards confirmed and extended by the Junian law.――――Another, called _Papia Poppæa_, because it was enacted by the tribunes Marcus Papius Mutilus and Quintus Poppæus Secundus, who had received consular power from the consuls for six months. It was called the Julian law, after it had been published by order of Augustus, who himself was of the Julian family. _See:_ Julia lex, _de Maritandis ordinibus_.――――Another, to empower the high priest to choose 20 virgins for the service of the goddess Vesta.――――Another, in the age of Augustus. It gave the patron a certain right to the property of his client, if he had left a specified sum of money, or if he had not three children.

=Papiānus=, a man who proclaimed himself emperor some time after the Gordians. He was put to death.

=Papias=, an early christian writer, who first propagated the doctrine of the Millennium. There are remaining some historical fragments of his.

=Papinianus=, a writer, A.D. 212. _See:_ Æmylius Papinianus.

=Papinius=, a tribune who conspired against Caligula.――――A man who destroyed himself, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 49.

=Pāpĭria=, the wife of Paulus Æmylius. She was divorced. _Plutarch._

=Papiria lex=, by Papirius Carbo, A.U.C. 621. It required that, in passing or rejecting laws in the _comitia_, the votes should be given on tablets.――――Another, by the tribune Papirius, which enacted that no person should consecrate any edifice, place, or thing, without the consent and permission of the people. _Cicero_, _On his House_, ch. 50.――――Another, A.U.C. 563, to diminish the weight, and increase the value of the Roman _as_.――――Another, A.U.C. 421, to give the freedom of the city to the citizens of Acerræ.――――Another, A.U.C. 623. It was proposed, but not passed. It recommended the right of choosing a man tribune of the people as often as he wished.

=Pāpĭrius=, a centurion engaged to murder Piso the proconsul of Africa. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 49.――――A patrician, chosen _rex sacrorum_, after the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome.――――A Roman who wished to gratify his unnatural desires upon the body of one of his slaves called Publilius. The slave refused, and was inhumanly treated. This called for the interference of justice, and a decree was made which forbade any person to be detained in fetters, but only for a crime that deserved such a treatment, and only till the criminal had suffered the punishment which the laws directed. Creditors also had a right to arrest the goods, and not the person, of their debtors. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 28.――――Carbo, a Roman consul who undertook the defence of Opimius, who was accused of condemning and putting to death a number of citizens on mount Aventinus, without the formalities of a trial. His client was acquitted.――――Cursor, a man who first erected a sun-dial in the temple of Quirinus at Rome, B.C. 293; from which time the days began to be divided into hours.――――A dictator who ordered his master of horse to be put to death, because he had fought and conquered the enemies of the republic without his consent. The people interfered, and the dictator pardoned him. Cursor made war against the Sabines and conquered them, and also triumphed over the Samnites. His great severity displeased the people. He flourished about 320 years before the christian era. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 14.――――One of his family surnamed _Prætextatus_, from an action of his whilst he wore the _prætexta_, a certain gown for young men. His father, of the same name, carried him to the senate-house, where affairs of the greatest importance were then in debate before the senators. The mother of young Papirius wished to know what had passed in the senate; but Papirius, unwilling to betray the secrets of that august assembly, amused his mother by telling her that it had been considered whether it would be more advantageous to the republic to give two wives to one husband, than two husbands to one wife. The mother of Papirius was alarmed, and she communicated the secret to the other Roman matrons, and, on the morrow, they assembled in the senate, petitioning that one woman might have two husbands, rather than one husband two wives. The senators were astonished at this petition, but young Papirius unravelled the whole mystery, and from that time it was made a law among the senators, that no young man should for the future be introduced into the senate-house, except Papirius. This law was carefully observed till the age of Augustus, who permitted children of all ages to hear the debates of the senators. _Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――Carbo, a friend of Cinna and Marius. He raised cabals against Sylla and Pompey, and was at last put to death by order of Pompey, after he had rendered himself odious by a tyrannical consulship, and after he had been proscribed by Sylla.――――A consul defeated by the armies of the Cimbri. ――――Crassus, a dictator who triumphed over the Samnites.――――A consul murdered by the Gauls, &c.――――A son of Papirius Cursor, who defeated the Samnites, and dedicated a temple to Romulus Quirinus.――――Maso, a consul who conquered Sardinia and Corsica, and reduced them into the form of a province. At his return to Rome, he was refused a triumph, upon which he introduced a triumphal procession, and walked with his victorious army to the capitol, wearing a crown of myrtle upon his head. His example was afterwards followed by such generals as were refused a triumph by the Roman senate. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――The family of the Papirii was patrician, and long distinguished for its services to the state. It bore the different surnames of _Crassus_, _Cursor_, _Mugillanus_, _Maso_, _Prætextatus_, and _Pætus_, of which the three first branches became the most illustrious.

=Pappia lex=, was enacted to settle the rights of husbands and wives, if they had no children.――――Another, by which a person less than 50 years old could not marry another of 60.

=Pappus=, a philosopher and mathematician of Alexandria, in the reign of Theodosius the Great.

=Papyrius.= _See:_ Papirius.

=Parabyston=, a tribunal of Athens, where causes of inferior consequences were tried by 11 judges. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40.

=Paradīsus=, a town of Syria or Phœnicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 23. ――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――――In the plains of Jericho there was a large palace, with a garden beautifully planted with trees, and called _Balsami Paradisus_.

=Parætacæ=, or =Taceni=, a people between Media and Persia, where Antigonus was defeated by Eumenes. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bks. 11 & 16.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26.

=Parætonium=, a town of Egypt at the west of Alexandria, where Isis was worshipped. The word _Parætonius_ is used to signify Egyptian, and is sometimes applied to Alexandria, which was situate in the neighbourhood. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 295; bk. 10, li. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 712; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 13, li. 7.

=Parăli=, a division of the inhabitants of Attica. They received this name from their being near the _sea coast_, παρα and ἁλς.

=Parălus=, a friend of Dion, by whose assistance he expelled Dionysius. ――――A son of Pericles. His premature death was greatly lamented by his father. _Plutarch._

=Parasia=, a country at the east of Media.

=Parasius=, a son of Philonomia by a shepherd. He was exposed on Erymanthus by his mother, with his twin brother Lycastus. Their lives were preserved.

=Parcæ=, powerful goddesses, who presided over the birth and the life of mankind. They were three in number, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, daughters of Nox and Erebus, according to Hesiod, or of Jupiter and Themis, according to the same poet in another poem. Some make them daughters of the sea. Clotho, the youngest of the sisters, presided over the moment in which we are born, and held a distaff in her hand; Lachesis spun out all the events and actions of our life; and Atropos, the eldest of the three, cut the thread of human life with a pair of scissors. Their different functions are well expressed in this ancient verse:

_Clotho colum retinet, Lachesis net, et Atropos occat._

The name of the Parcæ, according to Varro, is derived _a partu_ or _parturiendo_, because they presided over the birth of men; and by corruption the word _parca_ is formed from _parta_ or _partus_: but, according to Servius, they are called so by antiphrasis, _quod nemini parcant_. The power of the Parcæ was great and extensive. Some suppose that they were subjected to none of the gods but Jupiter, while others support that even Jupiter himself was obedient to their commands; and, indeed, we see the father of the gods, in Homer’s Iliad, unwilling to see Patroclus perish, yet obliged, by the superior power of the Fates, to abandon him to his destiny. According to the more received opinion, they were the arbiters of the life and death of mankind, and whatever good or evil befalls us in the world, immediately proceeds from the Fates or Parcæ. Some make them ministers of the king of hell, and represent them as sitting at the foot of his throne; others represent them as placed on radiant thrones, amidst the celestial spheres, clothed in robes spangled with stars, and wearing crowns on their heads. According to Pausanias, the names of the Parcæ were different from those already mentioned. The most ancient of all, as the geographer observes, was Venus Urania, who presided over the birth of men; the second was Fortune; Ilythia was the third. To these some add a fourth, Proserpina, who often disputes with Atropos the right of cutting the thread of human life. The worship of the Parcæ was well established in some cities of Greece, and though mankind were well convinced that they were inexorable, and that it was impossible to mitigate them, yet they were eager to show a proper respect to their divinity, by raising them temples and statues. They received the same worship as the Furies, and their votaries yearly sacrificed to them black sheep, during which solemnity the priests were obliged to wear garlands of flowers. The Parcæ were generally represented as three old women with chaplets made with wool, and interwoven with the flowers of the narcissus. They were covered with a white robe, and fillet of the same colour, bound with chaplets. One of them held a distaff, another the spindle, and the third was armed with scissors, with which she cut the thread which her sisters had spun. Their dress is differently represented by some authors. Clotho appears in a variegated robe, and on her head is a crown of seven stars. She holds a distaff in her hand, reaching from heaven to earth. The robe which Lachesis wore was variegated with a great number of stars, and near her were placed a variety of spindles. Atropos was clothed in black; she held scissors in her hand, with clues of thread of different sizes, according to the length and shortness of the lives, whose destinies they seemed to contain. Hyginus attributes to them the invention of these Greek letters, α, β, η, τ, υ, and others call them the secretaries of heaven, and the keepers of the archives of eternity. The Greeks call the Parcæ by the different names of μοιρα, αἰσα, κηρ, εἰμαρμενη, which are expressive of their power and of their inexorable decrees. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_ & _Shield of Heracles_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40; bk. 3, ch. 11; bk. 5, ch. 15.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20; _Odyssey_, bk. 7.――_Theocritus._――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Artemis_. ――_Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 10.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, poem 10; _Nemean_, poem 7.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.――_Plutarch_, _de Faciæ Quæ in Orbe Lunæ Apparet_.――_Hyginus_, in preface to fables & fable 277.――_Varro._――_Orpheus_, hymn 58.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1, &c. ――_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_.――_Lycophron_ & Tzetzes, &c. ――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 6, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 533.――_Lucan_, bk. 3.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 4; _Æneid_, bk. 3, &c.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Furens_.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 6.

=Parentalia=, a festival annually observed at Rome in honour of the dead. The friends and relations of the deceased assembled on the occasion, when sacrifices were offered, and banquets provided. Æneas first established it. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 544.

=Parentium=, a port and town of Istria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Păris=, the son of Priam king of Troy by Hecuba, also called _Alexander_. He was destined, even before his birth, to become the ruin of his country; and when his mother, in the first month of her pregnancy, had dreamed that she should bring forth a torch which should set fire to her palace, the soothsayers foretold the calamities which might be expected from the imprudence of her future son, and which would end in the destruction of Troy. Priam, to prevent so great and so alarming an evil, ordered his slave Archelaus to destroy the child as soon as born. The slave, either touched with humanity, or influenced by Hecuba, did not destroy him, but was satisfied to expose him on mount Ida, where the shepherds of the place found him, and educated him as their own son. Some attribute the preservation of his life, before he was found by the shepherds, to the motherly tenderness of a she-bear which suckled him. Young Paris, though educated among shepherds and peasants, gave early proofs of courage and intrepidity, and from his care in protecting the flocks of mount Ida against the rapacity of the wild beasts, he obtained the name of Alexander (_helper_ or _defender_). He gained the esteem of all the shepherds, and his graceful countenance and manly deportment recommended him to the favour of Œnone, a nymph of Ida, whom he married, and with whom he lived with the most perfect tenderness. Their conjugal peace was soon disturbed. At the marriage of Peleus and Thetis, the goddess of discord, who had not been invited to partake of the entertainment, showed her displeasure by throwing into the assembly of the gods who were at the celebration of the nuptials, a golden apple on which were written the words _Detur pulchriori_. All the goddesses claimed it as their own: the contention at first became general, but at last only three, Juno, Venus, and Minerva, wished to dispute their respective right to beauty. The gods, unwilling to become arbiters in an affair of so tender and so delicate a nature, appointed Paris to adjudge the prize of beauty to the fairest of the goddesses, and indeed the shepherd seemed properly qualified to decide so great a contest, as his wisdom was so well established, and his prudence and sagacity so well known. The goddesses appeared before their judge without any covering or ornament, and each tried by promises and entreaties to gain the attention of Paris, and to influence his judgment. Juno promised him a kingdom; Minerva, military glory; and Venus, the fairest woman in the world for his wife, as Ovid expresses it, _Heroides_, poem 17,