li. 87,

_Mansuri oppidulo, versu quod dicere non est._

=Eracon=, an officer of Alexander, imprisoned for his cruelty. _Curtius_, bk. 10.

=Eræa=, a city of Greece, destroyed in the age of Strabo, bk. 3.

=Erana=, a small village of Cilicia on mount Amanus. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ltr. 4.

=Erăsēnus=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing for a little space under the ground, in Argolis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 275. ――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 13.

=Erasippus=, a son of Hercules and Lysippe.

=Erasistrătus=, a celebrated physician, grandson to the philosopher Aristotle. He discovered by the motion of the pulse the love which Antiochus had conceived for his mother-in-law Stratonice, and was rewarded with 100 talents for the cure by the father of Antiochus. He was a great enemy to bleeding and violent physic. He died B.C. 257. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 7.――_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.

=Erăto=, one of the muses who presided over lyric, tender, and amorous poetry. She is represented as crowned with roses and myrtle, holding in her right hand a lyre, and a lute in her left, musical instruments of which she is considered by some as the inventress. Love is sometimes placed by her side holding a lighted flambeau, while she herself appears with a thoughtful, but oftener with a gay and animated look. She was invoked by lovers, especially in the month of April, which, among the Romans, was more particularly devoted to love. _Apollodorus_, bk. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 37.――_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 425.――――One of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――One of the Dryades, wife of Arcas king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――――One of the Danaides, who married Bromius.――――A queen of the Armenians, after the death of Ariobarzanes, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Eratosthĕnes=, son of Aglaus, was a native of Cyrene, and the second entrusted with the care of the Alexandrian library. He dedicated his time to grammatical criticism and philosophy, but more particularly to poetry and mathematics. He has been called a second Plato, the cosmographer and the geometer of the world. He is supposed to be the inventor of the armillary sphere. With the instruments with which the munificence of the Ptolemies supplied the library of Alexandria, he was enabled to measure the obliquity of the ecliptic, which he called 20½ degrees. He also measured a degree of the meridian, and determined the extent and circumference of the earth with great exactness, by means adopted by the moderns. He starved himself after he had lived to his 82nd year, B.C. 194. Some few fragments remain of his compositions. He collected the annals of the Egyptian kings by order of one of the Ptolemies. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 2, ltr. 6.――_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Eratostrătus=, an Ephesian who burnt the famous temple of Diana, the same night that Alexander the Great was born. This burning, as some writers have observed, was not prevented or seen by the goddess of the place, who was then present at the labours of Olympias, and the birth of the conqueror of Persia. Eratostratus did this villainy merely to eternize his name by so uncommon an action. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 14.

=Erātus=, a son of Hercules and Dynaste. _Apollodorus._――――A king of Sicyon, who died B.C. 1671.

=Erbessus=, a town of Sicily north of Agrigentum, now _Monte Bibino_. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 30.

=Erchia=, a small village of Attica, the birthplace of Xenophon. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 2, ch. 48.

=Erĕbus=, a deity of hell, son of Chaos and Darkness. He married Night, by whom he had the light and the day. The poets often used the word Erebus to signify hell itself, and particularly that part where dwelt the souls of those who had lived a virtuous life, from whence they passed into the Elysian fields. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 26.

=Erechtheus=, son of Pandion I., was the sixth king of Athens. He was father of Cecrops II., Merion, Pandorus, and of four daughters, Creusa, Orithya, Procris, and Othonia, by Praxithea. In a war against Eleusis he sacrificed Othonia, called also Chthonia, to obtain a victory which the oracle promised for such a sacrifice. In that war he killed Eumolpus, Neptune’s son, who was the general of the enemy, for which he was struck with thunder by Jupiter at Neptune’s request. Some say that he was drowned in the sea. After death he received divine honours at Athens. He reigned 50 years, and died B.C. 1347. According to some accounts, he first introduced the mysteries of Ceres at Eleusis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 877.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 25.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15. ――_Cicero_, _For Sestius_, ch. 21; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 48; _Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Erechthĭdes=, a name given to the Athenians, from their king Erechtheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 430.

=Erembi=, a people of Arabia.

=Erēmus=, a country of Ethiopia.

=Erenēa=, a village of Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.

=Eressa=, a town of Æolia.

=Erēsus=, a town of Lesbos, where Theophrastus was born.

=Erĕtria=, a city of Eubœa on the Euripus, anciently called _Melaneis_ and _Arotria_. It was destroyed by the Persians, and the ruins were hardly visible in the age of Strabo. It received its name from Eretrius, a son of Phaeton. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 8, &c. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_, ch. 4.

=Erētum=, a town of the Sabines near the Tiber, whence came the adjective _Eretinus_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 711.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 8, li. 4.

=Eruthalion=, a man killed by Nestor in a war between the Pylians and Arcadians. _Homer_, _Iliad_.

=Ergăne=, a river whose waters intoxicated as wine.――――A surname of Minerva. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 14.

=Ergenna=, a celebrated soothsayer of Etruria. _Persius_, satire 2, li. 26.

=Ergias=, a Rhodian who wrote a history of his country.

=Ergīnus=, a king of Orchomenos, son of Clymenus. He obliged the Thebans to pay him a yearly tribute of 100 oxen, because his father had been killed by a Theban. Hercules attacked his servants, who came to raise the tribute, and mutilated them, and he afterwards killed Erginus, who attempted to avenge their death by invading Bœotia with an army. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 17.――――A river of Thrace. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――A son of Neptune.――――One of the four brothers who kept the Acrocorinth, by order of Antigonus. _Polyænus_, bk. 6.

=Erginnus=, a man made master of the ship Argo by the Argonauts, after the death of Typhis.

=Eribœa=, a surname of Juno. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5.――――The mother of Ajax Telamon. _Sophocles._

=Eribotes=, a man skilled in medicine, &c. _Orpheus._

=Erĭcētes=, a man of Lycaonia, killed by Messapus in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 749.

=Erichtho=, a Thessalian woman famous for her knowledge of poisonous herbs and medicine. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 507.――――One of the Furies. _Ovid._――_Hesiod_, bk. 2, li. 151.

=Erichthŏnius=, the fourth king of Athens, sprung from the seed of Vulcan, which fell upon the ground when that god attempted to offer violence to Minerva. He was very deformed, and had the tails of serpents instead of legs. Minerva placed him in a basket, which she gave to the daughters of Cecrops, with strict injunctions not to examine its contents. Aglauros, one of the sisters, had the curiosity to open the basket, for which the goddess punished her indiscretion by making her jealous of her sister Herse. _See:_ Herse. Erichthon was young when he ascended the throne of Athens. He reigned 50 years, and died B.C. 1437. The invention of chariots is attributed to him, and the manner of harnessing horses to draw them. He was made a constellation after death under the name of Bootes. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 553.――_Hyginus_, fable 166.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 113.――――A son of Dardanus, who reigned in Troy, and died 1374 B.C., after a long reign of about 75 years. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Ericinium=, a town of Macedonia.

=Ericūsa=, one of the Lipari isles, now _Alicudi_.

=Erĭdănus=, one of the largest rivers of Italy, rising in the Alps, and falling into the Adriatic by several mouths; now called the _Po_. It was in its neighbourhood that the Heliades, the sisters of Phaeton, were changed into poplars, according to Ovid. Virgil calls it the king of all rivers, and Lucan compares it to the Rhine and Danube. An Eridanus is mentioned in heaven. _Cicero_, _Aratus_, li. 145.――_Claudian_, _Panegyricus de Consulatu Honorii Augusti_, bk. 6, li. 175.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 409.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 482; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 659.

=Erĭgŏne=, a daughter of Icarius, who hung herself when she heard that her father had been killed by some shepherds whom he had intoxicated. She was made a constellation, now known under the name of _Virgo_. Bacchus deceived her by changing himself into a beautiful grape. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 4.――_Statius_, bk. 11, _Thebiad_, li. 644.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 33. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Hyginus_, fables 1 & 24.――――A daughter of Ægisthus and Clytemnestra, who had by her brother Orestes, Penthilus, who shared the regal power with Timasenus, the legitimate son of Orestes and Hermione. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Erigoneius=, a name applied to the Dog-star, because looking towards Erigone, &c. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 723.

=Erĭgŏnus=, a river of Thrace.――――A painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.

=Erigȳus=, a Mitylenean, one of Alexander’s officers. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 4.

=Erillus=, a philosopher of Carthage, contemporary with Zeno. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Erindes=, a river of Asia, near Parthia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 16.

=Erinna=, a poetess of Lesbos, intimate with Sappho. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Erinnys=, the Greek name of the Eumenides. The word signifies the _fury of the mind_, ἐρις νους. _See:_ Eumenides. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 337.――――A surname of Ceres, on account of her amour with Neptune under the form of a horse. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 25 & 42.

=Eriopis=, a daughter of Medea. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Eriphănis=, a Greek woman famous for her poetical compositions. She was extremely fond of the hunter Melampus, and to enjoy his company she accustomed herself to live in the woods. _Athenæus_, bk. 14.

=Eriphidas=, a Lacedæmonian, who being sent to suppress a sedition at Heraclea, assembled the people and beheaded 500 of the ringleaders. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Erĭphȳle=, a sister of Adrastus king of Argos, who married Amphiaraus. She was daughter of Talaus and Lysimache. When her husband concealed himself that he might not accompany the Argives in their expedition against Thebes, where he knew he was to perish, Eriphyle suffered herself to be bribed by Polynices with a golden necklace, which had been formerly given to Hermione by the goddess Venus, and she discovered where Amphiaraus was. This treachery of Eriphyle compelled him to go to the war; but before he departed, he charged his son Alcmæon to murder his mother as soon as he was informed of his death. Amphiaraus perished in the expedition, and his death was no sooner known than his last injunctions were obeyed, and Eriphyle was murdered by the hands of her son. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 445.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 18.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, chs. 6 & 7.――_Hyginus_, fable 73.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.

=Eris=, the goddess of discord among the Greeks. She is the same as the Discordia of the Latins. _See:_ Discordia.

=Erisichthon=, a Thessalian, son of Triops, who derided Ceres and cut down her groves. This impiety irritated the goddess, who afflicted him with continual hunger. He squandered all his possessions to gratify the cravings of his appetite, and at last he devoured his own limbs for want of food. His daughter Metra had the power of transforming herself into whatever animal she pleased, and she made use of that artifice to maintain her father, who sold her, after which she assumed another shape, and became again his property. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, fable 18.

=Erithus=, a son of Actor, killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5.

=Erixo=, a Roman knight condemned by the people for having whipped his son to death. _Seneca_, bk. 1, _de Clementia_, ch. 14.

=Erōchus=, a town of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 3.

=Erōpus= or =Æropes=, a king of Macedonia, who when in the cradle succeeded his father Philip I., B.C. 602. He made war against the Illyrians, whom he conquered. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Eros=, a servant of whom Antony demanded a sword to kill himself. Eros produced the instrument, but instead of giving it to his master, he killed himself in his presence. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――――A comedian. _Cicero_, _For Quintus Roscius the Actor_, ch. 2.――――A son of Chronos or Saturn, god of love. _See:_ Cupido.

=Erostrătus.= _See:_ Eratostratus.

=Erōtia=, a festival in honour of Eros the god of love. It was celebrated by the Thespians every fifth year with sports and games, when musicians and all others contended. If any quarrels or seditions had arisen among the people, it was then usual to offer sacrifices and prayers to the god, that he would totally remove them.

=Errūca=, a town of the Volsci of Italy.

=Erse=, a daughter of Cecrops. _See:_ Herse.

=Erxias=, a man who wrote a history of Colophon. He is perhaps the same as the person who wrote a history of Rhodes.

=Eryălus=, a Trojan chief killed by Patroclus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 411.

=Erybium=, a town at the foot of mount Parnassus.

=Erycīna=, a surname of Venus from mount Eryx, where she had a temple. She was also worshipped at Rome under this appellation. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 874.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 2, li. 33.

=Ery̆manthis=, a surname of Callisto, as an inhabitant of Erymanthus. ――――Arcadia is also known by that name.

=Erymanthus=, a mountain, river, and town of Arcadia, where Hercules killed a prodigious boar, which he carried on his shoulders to Eurystheus, who was so terrified at the sight that he hid himself in a brazen vessel. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 802.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 2, ch. 8; bk. 4, ch. 22.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 499.

=Ery̆mas=, a Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 702.

=Erymnæ=, a town of Thessaly. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――――Of Magnesia.

=Erymneus=, a peripatetic philosopher, who flourished B.C. 126.

=Ery̆mus=, a huntsman of Cyzicus.

=Erythea=, an island between Gades and Spain, where Geryon reigned. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 22.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 1.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 16, li. 195.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 649.――――A daughter of Geryon. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 37.

=Erythīni=, a town of Paphlagonia.

=Erȳthræ=, a town of Ionia opposite Chios, once the residence of a Sybil. It was built by Neleus the son of Codrus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12.――_Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 28; bk. 38, ch. 39.――――A town of Bœotia. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 21.――――One in Libya,――――another in Locris.

=Ery̆thræum mare=, a part of the ocean on the coast of Arabia. As it has a communication with the Persian gulf, and that of Arabia or the Red sea, it has often been mistaken by the ancient writers, who by the word _Erythran_, understood indiscriminately either the Red sea or the Persian gulf. It received this name either from Erythras, or from the _redness_ (ἐρυθρος, _ruber_) of its sand or waters. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 180 & 189; bk. 3, ch. 93; bk. 4, ch. 37.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Ery̆thras=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._――――A son of Perseus and Andromeda, drowned in the Red sea, which from him was called _Erythræum_. _Arrian_, _Indica_, bk. 6, ch. 10.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Erythrion=, a son of Athamas and Themistone. _Apollodorus._

=Ery̆thros=, a place of Latium.

=Eryx=, a son of Butes and Venus, who, relying upon his strength, challenged all strangers to fight with him in the combat of the cestus. Hercules accepted his challenge after many had yielded to his superior dexterity, and Eryx was killed in the combat, and buried on the mountain, where he had built a temple to Venus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 402.――――An Indian killed by his subjects for opposing Alexander, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――――A mountain of Sicily, now _Giuliano_, near Drepanum, which received its name from Eryx, who was buried there. This mountain was so steep that the houses which were built upon it seemed every moment ready to fall. Dædalus had enlarged the top, and enclosed it with a strong wall. He also consecrated there to Venus Erycina a golden heifer, which so much resembled life, that it seemed to exceed the power of art. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 478.――_Hyginus_, fables 16 & 260. ――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Eryxo=, the mother of Battus, who artfully killed the tyrant Learchus who courted her. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 160.

=Esernus=, a famous gladiator. _Cicero._

=Esquĭliæ= and =Esquilīnus mons=, one of the seven hills of Rome, which was joined to the city by king Tullus. Birds of prey generally came to devour the dead bodies of criminals who had been executed there, and thence they were called _Esquilinæ alites_. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 11.――_Horace_, epode 5, li. 100.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 32.

=Essedŏnes=, a people of Asia, above the Palus Mæotis, who ate the flesh of their parents mixed with that of cattle. They gilded the head and kept it as sacred. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Essui=, a people of Gaul.

=Estiæotis=, a district of Thessaly on the river Peneus.

=Esŭla=, a town of Italy near Tibur. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 29, li. 6.

=Estiaia=, solemn sacrifices to Vesta, of which it was unlawful to carry away anything or communicate it to anybody.

=Etearchus=, a king of Oaxus in Crete. After the death of his wife, he married a woman who made herself odious for her tyranny over her stepdaughter Phronima. Etearchus gave ear to all the accusations which were brought against his daughter, and ordered her to be thrown into the sea. She had a son called Battus, who led a colony to Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 154.

=Eteŏcles=, a son of Œdipus and Jocasta. After his father’s death, it was agreed between him and his brother Polynices, that they should both share the royalty, and reign alternately each a year. Eteocles by right of seniority first ascended the throne, but after the first year of his reign was expired, he refused to give up the crown to his brother according to their mutual agreement. Polynices, resolving to punish such an open violation of a solemn engagement, went to implore the assistance of Adrastus king of Argos. He received that king’s daughter in marriage, and was soon after assisted with a strong army, headed by seven famous generals. These hostile preparations were watched by Eteocles, who on his part did not remain inactive. He chose seven brave chiefs to oppose the seven leaders of the Argives, and stationed them at the seven gates of the city. He placed himself against his brother Polynices, and he opposed Menalippus to Tydeus, Polyphontes to Capaneus, Megareus to Eteoclus, Hyperbius to Parthenopæus, and Lasthenes to Amphiaraus. Much blood was shed in light and unavailing skirmishes, and it was at last agreed between the two brothers that the war should be decided by single combat. They both fell in an engagement conducted with the most inveterate fury on either side, and it is even said that the ashes of these two brothers, who had been so inimical one to the other, separated themselves on the burning pile, as if, even after death, sensible of resentment and hostile to reconciliation. _Statius_, _Thebiad_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.――_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.――_Euripides_, _Phœnician Women_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 9; bk. 9, ch. 6.――――A Greek, the first who raised altars to the Graces. _Pausanias._

=Eteŏclus=, one of the seven chiefs of the army of Adrastus, in his expedition against Thebes, celebrated for his valour, for his disinterestedness, and magnanimity. He was killed by Megareus the son of Creon under the walls of Thebes. _Euripides._――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――A son of Iphis.

=Eteocrētæ=, an ancient people of Crete.

=Eteones=, a town of Bœotia on the Asopus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 266.

=Eteoneus=, an officer at the court of Menelaus, when Telemachus visited Sparta. He was son of Bœthus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4, li. 22.

=Eteonīcus=, a Lacedæmonian general, who upon hearing that Callicratidas was conquered at Arginusæ, ordered the messengers of this news to be crowned, and to enter Mitylene in triumph. This so terrified Conon, who besieged the town, that he concluded that the enemy had obtained some advantageous victory, and he raised the siege. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.――_Polyænus_, bk. 1.

=Etēsiæ=, periodical northern winds of a gentle and mild nature, very common for five or six weeks in the months of spring and autumn. _Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 741.

=Ethalion=, one of the Tyrrhene sailors changed into dolphins for carrying away Bacchus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 647.

=Etheleum=, a river of Asia, the boundary of Troas and Mysia. _Strabo._

=Ethŏda=, a daughter of Amphion and Niobe.

=Ethēmon=, a person killed at the marriage of Andromeda. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 163.

=Etias=, a daughter of Æneas. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 22.

=Etis=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 22.

=Etrūria.= _See:_ Hetruria.

=Etrusci=, the inhabitants of Etruria, famous for their superstitions and enchantments. _See:_ Hetruria. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 6, ltr. 6.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 34.

=Etylus=, the father of Theocles. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 19.

=Evadne=, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles of Argos, who slighted the addresses of Apollo, and married Capancus, one of the seven chiefs who went against Thebes. When her husband had been struck with thunder by Jupiter for his blasphemies and impiety, and his ashes had been separated from those of the rest of the Argives, she threw herself on his burning pile, and perished in the flames. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 447.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 15, li. 21. ――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 12, li. 800.――――A daughter of the Strymon and Neæra. She married Argus, by whom she had four children. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Evages=, a poet, famous for his genius but not for his learning.

=Evăgŏras=, a king of Cyprus who retook Salamis, which had been taken from his father by the Persians. He made war against Artaxerxes the king of Persia, with the assistance of the Egyptians, Arabians, and Tyrians, and obtained some advantage over the fleet of his enemy. The Persians, however, soon repaired their losses, and Evagoras saw himself defeated by sea and land, and obliged to be tributary to the power of Artaxerxes, and to be stripped of all his dominions, except the town of Salamis. He was assassinated soon after this fatal change of fortune by a eunuch, 374 B.C. He left two sons, Nicocles, who succeeded him, and Protagoras, who deprived his nephew Evagoras of his possessions. Evagoras deserves to be commended for his sobriety, moderation, and magnanimity, and if he was guilty of any political error in the management of his kingdom, it may be said that his love of equity was a full compensation. His grandson bore the same name, and succeeded his father Nicocles. He showed himself oppressive, and his uncle Protagoras took advantage of his unpopularity to deprive him of his power. Evagoras fled to Artaxerxes Ochus, who gave him a government more extensive than that of Cyprus, but his oppression rendered him odious, and he was accused before his benefactor, and by his orders put to death. _Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 12, ch. 2.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Justin_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――――A man of Elis, who obtained a prize at the Olympian games. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――――A Spartan, famous for his services to the people of Elis. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10.――――A son of Neleus and Chloris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A king of Rhodes.――――An historian of Lindos.――――Another of Thasos, whose works proved serviceable to Pliny in the compilation of his natural history. _Pliny_, bk. 10.

=Evăgŏre=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._

=Evan=, a surname of Bacchus, which he received from the wild ejaculation of _Evan! Evan!_ by his priestesses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 15.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 517.

=Evander=, a son of the prophetess Carmente, king of Arcadia. An accidental murder obliged him to leave his country, and he came to Italy, where he drove the aborigines from their ancient possessions, and reigned in that part of the country where Rome was afterwards founded. He kindly received Hercules when he returned from the conquest of Geryon; and he was the first who raised him altars. He gave Æneas assistance against the Rutuli, and distinguished himself by his hospitality. It is said that he first brought the Greek alphabet into Italy, and introduced there the worship of the Greek deities. He was honoured as a god after death by his subjects, who raised him an altar on mount Aventine. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 43.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 18. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 500; bk. 5, li. 91.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 100, &c.――――A philosopher of the second academy, who flourished B.C. 215.

=Evangĕlus=, a Greek historian.――――A comic poet.

=Evangorĭdes=, a man of Elis, who wrote an account of all those who had obtained a prize at Olympia, where he himself had been victorious. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 8.

=Evanthes=, a man who planted a colony in Lucania at the head of some Locrians.――――A celebrated Greek poet.――――An historian of Miletus. ――――A philosopher of Samos.――――A writer of Cyzicus.――――A son of Œnopion of Crete, who migrated to live at Chios. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Evarchus=, a river of Asia Minor flowing into the Euxine, on the confines of Cappadocia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 102.

=Evas=, a native of Phrygia who accompanied Æneas into Italy, where he was killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 702.

=Evax=, an Arabian prince who wrote to Nero concerning jewels. _Pliny_, bk. 25, ch. 2.

=Eubages=, certain priests held in great veneration among the Gauls and Britons. _See:_ Druidæ.

=Eubātas=, an athlete of Cyrene, whom the courtesan Lais in vain endeavoured to seduce. _Pausanias_, _Elis_, bk. 1.

=Eubius=, an obscene writer, &c. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 415.

=Eubœa=, the largest island in the Ægean sea after Crete, now called _Negropont_. It is separated from the continent of Bœotia by the narrow straits of the Euripus, and was anciently known by the different names of _Macris_, _Oche_, _Ellopia_, _Chalcis_, _Abantis_, _Asopis_. It is 150 miles long, and 37 broad in its most extensive parts, and 365 in circumference. The principal town was Chalcis; and it was reported that in the neighbourhood of Chalcis the island had been formerly joined to the continent. Eubœa was subjected to the power of the Greeks; some of its cities, however, remained for some time independent. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 155.――――One of the three daughters of the river Asterion, who was one of the nurses of Juno. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――――One of Mercury’s mistresses.――――A daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A town of Sicily near Hybla.

=Euboĭcus=, belonging to Eubœa. The epithet is also applied to the country of Cumæ, because that city was built by a colony from Chalcis, a town of Eubœa. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 257.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 2; bk. 9, li. 710.

=Eubote=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Eubotes=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Eubūle=, an Athenian virgin, daughter of Leon, sacrificed with her sisters, by order of the oracle of Delphi, for the safety of her country, which laboured under a famine. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 18.

=Eubūlĭdes=, a philosopher of Miletus, pupil and successor to Euclid. Demosthenes was one of his pupils, and by his advice and encouragement to perseverance he was enabled to conquer the difficulty he felt in pronouncing the letter R. He severely attacked the doctrines of Aristotle. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An historian, who wrote an account of Socrates and of Diogenes. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A famous statuary of Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.

=Eubūlus=, an Athenian orator, rival to Demosthenes.――――A comic poet. ――――An historian, who wrote a voluminous account of Mithras.――――A philosopher of Alexandria.

=Eucērus=, a man of Alexandria, accused of adultery with Octavia, that Nero might have occasion to divorce her. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 60.

=Euchēnor=, a son of Ægyptus and Arabia. _Apollodorus._

=Euchides=, an Athenian who went to Delphi and returned the same day, a journey of about 107 miles. The object of his journey was to obtain sacred fire.

=Euclīdes=, a native of Megara, disciple of Socrates, B.C. 404. When the Athenians had forbidden all the people of Megara on pain of death to enter their city, Euclides disguised himself in women’s clothes to introduce himself into the presence of Socrates. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Socrates_.――――A mathematician of Alexandria, who flourished 300 B.C. He distinguished himself by his writings on music and geometry, but particularly by 15 books on the elements of mathematics, which consist of problems and theorems with demonstrations. This work has been greatly mutilated by commentators. Euclid was so respected in his lifetime, that king Ptolemy became one of his pupils. Euclid established a school at Alexandria, which became so famous, that from his age to the time of the Saracen conquest, no mathematician was found but what had studied at Alexandria. He was so respected that Plato, himself a mathematician, being asked concerning the building of an altar at Athens, referred his inquiries to the mathematician of Alexandria. The latest edition of Euclid’s writings is that of Gregory, folio, Oxford, 1703. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 12.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 72.

=Euclus=, a prophet of Cyprus, who foretold the birth and greatness of the poet Homer, according to some traditions. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12.

=Eucrăte=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._

=Eucrătes=, the father of Procles the historian. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 21.

=Eucritus.= _See:_ Evephenus.

=Euctēmon=, a Greek of Cumæ, exposed to great barbarities. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 5.――――An astronomer who flourished B.C. 431.

=Euctresii=, a people of Peloponnesus.

=Eudæmon=, a general of Alexander.

=Eudamĭdas=, a son of Archidamus IV., brother to Agis IV. He succeeded on the Spartan throne, after his brother’s death, B.C. 330. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A son of Archidamus king of Sparta, who succeeded B.C. 268.――――The commander of a garrison stationed at Trœzene by Craterus.

=Eudamus=, a son of Agesilaus of the Heraclidæ. He succeeded his father.――――A learned naturalist and philosopher.

=Eudēmus=, the physician of Livia the wife of Drusus, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――An orator of Megalopolis, preceptor to Philopœmen.――――An historian of Naxos.

=Eudocia=, the wife of the emperor Theodosius the younger, who gave the public some compositions. She died A.D. 460.

=Eudocĭmus=, a man who appeased a mutiny among some soldiers by telling them that a hostile army was in sight. _Polyænus._

=Eudōra=, one of the Nereides.――――One of the Atlantides.

=Eudōrus=, a son of Mercury and Polimela, who went to the Trojan war with Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16.

=Eudoxi Specŭla=, a place in Egypt.

=Eudoxia=, the wife of Arcadius, &c.――――A daughter of Theodosius the younger, who married the emperor Maximus, and invited Genseric the Vandal over into Italy.

=Eudoxus=, a son of Æschines of Cnidus, who distinguished himself by his knowledge of astrology, medicine, and geometry. He was the first who regulated the year among the Greeks, among whom he first brought from Egypt the celestial sphere and regular astronomy. He spent a great part of his life on the top of a mountain, to study the motions of the stars, by whose appearance he pretended to foretell the events of futurity. He died in his 53rd year, B.C. 352. _Lucan_, bk. 10, li. 187.――_Diogenes Laërtius._――_Petronius_, ch. 88.――――A native of Cyzicus, who sailed all around the coast of Africa from the Red sea, and entered the Mediterranean by the columns of Hercules.――――A Sicilian, son of Agathocles.――――A physician. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Evelthon=, a king of Salamis in Cyprus.

=Euemĕrĭdas=, an historian of Cnidus.

=Evemĕrus=, an ancient historian of Messenia, intimate with Cassander. He travelled over Greece and Arabia, and wrote a history of the gods, in which he proved that they all had been upon earth, as mere mortal men. Ennius translated it into Latin. It is now lost.

=Evēnor=, a painter, father to Parrhasius. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 9.

=Evēnus=, an elegiac poet of Paros.――――A river running through Ætolia, and falling into the Ionian sea. It receives its name from Evenus son of Mars and Sterope, who being unable to overcome Idas, who had promised him his daughter Marpessa in marriage, if he surpassed him in running, grew so desperate, that he threw himself into the river, which afterwards bore his name. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 104.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――――A son of Jason and Hypsipyle queen of Lemnos. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7, li. 467.

=Evephēnus=, a Pythagorean philosopher, whom Dionysius condemned to death because he had alienated the people of Metapontum from his power. The philosopher begged leave of the tyrant to go and marry his sister, and promised to return in six months. Dionysius consented by receiving Eucritus, who pledged himself to die if Evephenus did not return in time. Evephenus returned at the appointed moment, to the astonishment of Dionysius, and delivered his friend Eucritus from the death which threatened him. The tyrant was so pleased with these two friends, that he pardoned Evephenus, and begged to share their friendship and confidence. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.

=Everes=, a son of Pteralaus, the only one of his family who did not perish in a battle against Electryon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A son of Hercules and Parthenope.――――The father of Tiresias. _Apollodorus._

=Evergĕtæ=, a people of Scythia, called also Arimaspi. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Evergĕtes=, a surname signifying _benefactor_, given to Philip of Macedonia, and to Antigonus Doson, and Ptolemy of Egypt. It was also commonly given to the kings of Syria and Pontus, and we often see among the former an Alexander Evergetes, and among the latter a Mithridates Evergetes. Some of the Roman emperors also claimed that epithet, so expressive of benevolence and humanity.

=Evesperĭdes=, a people of Africa. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 171.

=Eugănei=, a people of Italy on the borders of the Adriatic, who, upon being expelled by the Trojans, seized upon a part of the Alps. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 604.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Eugeon=, an ancient historian before the Peloponnesian war.

=Eugenius=, a usurper of the imperial title after the death of Valentinian II., A.D. 392.

=Euhemerus.= _See:_ Evemerus.

=Euhydrum=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13.

=Euhyus= and =Evius=, a surname of Bacchus, given him in the war of the giants against Jupiter. _Horace_, bk. 2, Ode 11, li. 17.

=Evippe=, one of the Danaides who married and murdered Imbras. ――――Another. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――The mother of the Pierides, who were changed into magpies. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 303.

=Evippus=, a son of Thestius king of Pleuron, killed by his brother Iphiclus in the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A Trojan killed by Patroclus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 417.

=Eulimĕne=, one of the Nereides.

=Eumăchius=, a Campanian who wrote a history of Annibal.

=Eumæus=, a herdsman and steward of Ulysses, who knew his master at his return home from the Trojan war, after 20 years’ absence, and assisted him in removing Penelope’s suitors. He was originally the son of the king of Scyros, and upon being carried away by pirates, he was sold as a slave to Laertes, who rewarded his fidelity and services. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 13, li. 403; bk. 14, li. 3; bk. 15, li. 288; bks. 16 & 17.

=Eumēdes=, a Trojan, son of Dolon, who came to Italy with Æneas, where he was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 346.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 4, li. 27.

=Eumēlis=, a famous augur. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Sylvæ_, poem 8, li. 49.

=Eumēlus=, a son of Admetus king of Pheræ in Thessaly. He went to the Trojan war, and had the fleetest horses in the Grecian army. He distinguished himself in the games made in honour of Patroclus. _Homer_. _Iliad_, bks. 2 & 23.――――A man whose daughter was changed into a bird. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 390.――――A man contemporary with Triptolemus, of whom he learned the art of agriculture. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.――――One of the followers of Æneas, who first informed his friend that his fleet had been set on fire by the Trojan women. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 665.――――One of the Bacchiadæ, who wrote, among other things, a poetical history of Corinth, B.C. 750, of which a small fragment is still extant. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A king of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, who died B.C. 304.

=Eumĕnes=, a Greek officer in the army of Alexander, son of a charioteer. He was the most worthy of all the officers of Alexander to succeed after the death of his master. He conquered Paphlagonia and Cappadocia, of which he obtained the government, till the power and jealousy of Antigonus obliged him to retire. He joined his forces to those of Perdiccas, and defeated Craterus and Neoptolemus. Neoptolemus perished by the hands of Eumenes. When Craterus had been killed during the war, his remains received an honourable funeral from the hand of the conqueror; and Eumenes, after weeping over the ashes of a man who once was his dearest friend, sent his remains to his relations in Macedonia. Eumenes fought against Antipater and conquered him, and after the death of Perdiccas his ally, his arms were directed against Antigonus, by whom he was conquered, chiefly by the treacherous conduct of his officers. This fatal battle obliged him to disband the greatest part of his army to secure himself a retreat, and he fled, with only 700 faithful attendants, to Nora, a fortified place on the confines of Cappadocia, where he was soon besieged by the conqueror. He supported the siege for a year with courage and resolution, but some disadvantageous skirmishes so reduced him, that his soldiers, grown desperate, and bribed by the offers of the enemy, had the infidelity to betray him into the hands of Antigonus. The conqueror, from shame or remorse, had not the courage to visit Eumenes; but when he was asked by his officers in what manner he wished him to be kept, he answered, “Keep him as carefully as you would keep a lion.” This severe command was obeyed; but the asperity of Antigonus vanished in a few days, and Eumenes, delivered from the weight of chains, was permitted to enjoy the company of his friends. Even Antigonus hesitated whether he should not restore to his liberty a man with whom he had lived in the greatest intimacy while both were subservient to the command of Alexander, and these secret emotions of pity and humanity were not a little increased by the petitions of his son Demetrius for the release of Eumenes. But the calls of ambition prevailed; and when Antigonus recollected what an active enemy he had in his power, he ordered Eumenes to be put to death in the prison; though some imagine he was murdered without the knowledge of his conqueror. His bloody commands were executed B.C. 315. Such was the end of a man who raised himself to power by merit alone. His skill in public exercises first recommended him to the notice of Philip, and under Alexander his attachment and fidelity to the royal person, and particularly his military accomplishments, promoted him to the rank of a general. Even his enemies revered him; and Antigonus, by whose orders he perished, honoured his remains with a splendid funeral, and conveyed his ashes to his wife and family in Cappadocia. It has been observed that Eumenes had such a universal influence over the successors of Alexander, that none during his lifetime dared to assume the title of king; and it does not a little reflect to his honour to consider that the wars he carried on were not from private or interested motives, but for the good and welfare of his deceased benefactor’s children. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 19.――_Justin_, bk. 13.――_Curtius_, bk. 10.――_Arrian._――――A king of Pergamus, who succeeded his uncle Philetærus on the throne, B.C. 263. He made war against Antiochus the son of Seleucus, and enlarged his possessions by seizing upon many of the cities of the kings of Syria. He lived in alliance with the Romans, and made war against Prusias king of Bithynia. He was a great patron of learning, and given much to wine. He died of an excess in drinking, after a reign of 22 years. He was succeeded by Attalus. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――――The second of that name succeeded his father Attalus on the throne of Asia and Pergamus. His kingdom was small and poor, but he rendered it powerful and opulent, and his alliance with the Romans did not a little contribute to the increase of his dominions after the victories obtained over Antiochus the Great. He carried his arms against Prusias and Antigonus, and died B.C. 159, after a reign of 38 years, leaving the kingdom to his son Attalus II. He has been admired for his benevolence and magnanimity, and his love of learning greatly enriched the famous library of Pergamus, which had been founded by his predecessors in imitation of the Alexandrian collection of the Ptolemies. His brothers were so attached to him and devoted to his interest, that they enlisted among his bodyguards to show their fraternal fidelity. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Justin_, bks. 31 & 34.――_Polybius._――――A celebrated orator of Athens about the beginning of the fourth century. Some of his harangues and orations are extant.――――An historical writer in Alexander’s army.

=Eumenia=, a city of Phrygia, built by Attalus in honour of his brother Eumenes.――――A city of Thrace,――――of Caria. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――――Of Hyrcania.

=Eumĕnĭdes= and =Eumenes=, a man mentioned, _Ovid_, bk. 3, _Tristia_, poem 4, li. 27.

=Eumēnĭdes=, a name given to the Furies by the ancients. They sprang from the drops of blood which flowed from the wound which Cœlus received from his son Saturn. According to others they were daughters of the earth, and conceived from the blood of Saturn. Some make them daughters of Acheron and Night, or Pluto and Proserpine, or Chaos and Terra, according to Sophocles, or, as Epimenides reports, of Saturn and Evonyme. According to the most received opinions, they were three in number, Tisiphone, Megara, and Alecto, to which some add Nemesis. Plutarch mentions only one, called Adrasta, daughter of Jupiter and Necessity. They were supposed to be the ministers of the vengeance of the gods, and therefore appeared stern and inexorable; always employed in punishing the guilty upon earth, as well as in the infernal regions. They inflicted their vengeance upon earth by wars, pestilence, and dissensions, and by the secret stings of conscience; and in hell they punished the guilty by continual flagellation and torments. They were also called _Furiæ_, _Erinnyes_, and _Diræ_, and the appellation of Eumenides, which signifies benevolence and compassion, they received after they had ceased to persecute Orestes, who in gratitude offered them sacrifices, and erected a temple in honour of their divinity. Their worship was almost universal, and people presumed not to mention their names or fix their eyes upon their temples. They were honoured with sacrifices and libations, and in Achaia they had a temple, which, when entered by any one guilty of crimes, suddenly rendered him furious, and deprived him of the use of his reason. In their sacrifices, the votaries used branches of cedar and of alder, hawthorn, saffron, and juniper, and the victims were generally turtledoves and sheep, with libations of wine and honey. They were generally represented with a grim and frightful aspect, with a black and bloody garment, and serpents wreathing round their head instead of hair. They held a burning torch in one hand, and a whip of scorpions in the other, and were always attended by terror, rage, paleness, and death. In hell they were seated around Pluto’s throne, as the ministers of his vengeance. _Aeschylus_, _Eumenides_. ――_Sophocles_, _Œdipus at Colonus_.

=Eumĕnĭdia=, festivals in honour of the Eumenides, called by the Athenians σεμναι θεαι, _venerable goddesses_. They were celebrated once every year with sacrifices of pregnant ewes, with offerings of cakes made by the most eminent youths, and libations of honey and wine. At Athens none but free-born citizens were admitted, such as had led a life the most virtuous and unsullied. Such only were accepted by the goddesses, who punished all sorts of wickedness in a severe manner.

=Eumēnius=, a Trojan killed by Camilla in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 666.

=Eumolpe=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._

=Eumolpĭdæ=, the priests of Ceres at the celebration of her festivals of Eleusis. All causes relating to impiety or profanation were referred to their judgment, and their decisions, though occasionally severe, were considered as generally impartial. The Eumolpidæ were descended from Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, who was made priest of Ceres by Erechtheus king of Athens. He became so powerful after his appointment to the priesthood, that he maintained a war against Erechtheus. This war proved fatal to both; Erechtheus and Eumolpus were both killed, and peace was re-established among their descendants, on condition that the priesthood should ever remain in the family of Eumolpus, and the regal power in the house of Erechtheus. The priesthood continued in the family of Eumolpus for 1200 years; and this is still more remarkable, because he who was once appointed to the holy office, was obliged to remain in perpetual celibacy. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 14.

=Eumolpus=, a king of Thrace, son of Neptune and Chione. He was thrown into the sea by his mother, who wished to conceal her shame from her father. Neptune saved his life, and carried him into Æthiopia, where he was brought up by Amphitrite, and afterwards by a woman of the country, one of whose daughters he married. An act of violence to his sister-in-law obliged him to leave Æthiopia, and he fled to Thrace with his son Ismarus, where he married the daughter of Tegyrius the king of the country. This connection with the royal family rendered him ambitious; he conspired against his father-in-law, and fled, when the conspiracy was discovered, to Attica, where he was initiated in the mysteries of Ceres of Eleusis, and made Hierophantes or high priest. He was afterwards reconciled to Tegyrius, and inherited his kingdom. He made war against Erechtheus the king of Athens, who had appointed him to the office of high priest, and perished in battle. His descendants were also invested with the priesthood, which remained for about 1200 years in that family. _See:_ Eumolpidæ. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c. ――_Hyginus_, fable 73.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 14.

=Eumonides=, a Theban, &c. _Plutarch._

=Eunæus=, a son of Jason, by Hypsipyle daughter of Thoas. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.

=Eunapius=, a physician, sophist, and historian, born at Sardis. He flourished in the reign of Valentinian and his successors, and wrote a history of the Cæsars, of which few fragments remain. His life of the philosophers of his age is still extant. It is composed with fidelity and elegance, precision and correctness.

=Eunŏmia=, a daughter of Juno, one of the Horæ. _Apollodorus._

=Eunŏmus=, a son of Prytanes, who succeeded his father on the throne of Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36.――――A famous musician of Locris, rival to Ariston, over whom he obtained a musical prize at Delphi. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――――A man killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus._ ――――A Thracian, who advised Demosthenes not to be discouraged by his ill success in his first attempts to speak in public. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――――The father of Lycurgus, killed by a kitchen knife. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.

=Eunus=, a Syrian slave, who inflamed the minds of the servile multitude by pretended inspiration and enthusiasm. He filled a nut with sulphur in his mouth, and by artfully conveying fire to it, he breathed out flames to the astonishment of the people, who believed him to be a god, or something more than human. Oppression and misery compelled 2000 slaves to join his cause, and he soon saw himself at the head of 50,000 men. With such a force he defeated the Roman armies, till Perpenna obliged him to surrender by famine, and exposed on a cross the greatest part of his followers, B.C. 132. _Plutarch_, _Sertorius_.

=Euonymos=, one of the Lipari isles.

=Euoras=, a grove of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Eupagium=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Eupalămon=, one of the hunters of the Calydonian boar. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 360.

=Eupalămus=, the father of Dædalus and of Metiadusa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Eupător=, a son of Antiochus. The surname of _Eupator_ was given to many of the Asiatic princes, such as Mithridates, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Eupătoria=, a town of Paphlagonia, built by Mithridates, and called afterwards _Pompeiopolis_ by Pompey. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 2. ――――Another called _Magnopolis_ in Pontus, now _Tehenikeh_. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Eupeithes=, a prince of Ithaca, father to Antinous. In the former part of his life he had fled before the vengeance of the Thesprotians, whose territories he had laid waste in the pursuit of some pirates. During the absence of Ulysses he was one of the most importuning lovers of Penelope. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 16.

=Euphaes=, succeeded Androcles on the throne of Messenia, and in his reign the first Messenian war began. He died B.C. 730. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, chs. 5 & 6.

=Euphantus=, a poet and historian of Olynthus, son of Eubulides, and preceptor to Antigonus king of Macedonia. ♦_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Euclides_.

♦ ‘Diod.’ replaced with ‘Diogenes’

=Euphēme=, a woman who was nurse to the Muses, and mother of Crocus by Pan. _Pausanias._

=Euphēmus=, a son of Neptune and Europa, who was among the Argonauts, and the hunters of the Calydonian boar. He was so swift and light that he could run over the sea without scarce wetting his feet. _Pindar_, _Pythian_, poem 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――――One of the Greek captains before Troy. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 353.

=Euphorbus=, a famous Trojan, son of Panthous, the first who wounded Patroclus, whom Hector killed. He perished by the hand of Menelaus, who hung his shield in the temple of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, the founder of the doctrine of the metempsychosis, or transmigration of souls, affirmed that he had been once Euphorbus, and that his soul recollected many exploits which had been done while it animated that Trojan’s body. As a further proof of his assertion, he showed at first sight the shield of Euphorbus in the temple of Juno. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 160.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 17. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 16 & 17.――――A physician of Juba king of Mauritania.

=Euphorion=, a Greek poet of Chalcis in Eubœa, in the age of Antiochus the Great. Tiberius took him for his model for correct writing, and was so fond of him that he hung his pictures in all the public libraries. His father’s name was Polymnetus. He died in his 56th year, B.C. 220. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 64, calls him _Obscurum_.――――The father of Æschylus bore the same name.

=Euphrānor=, a famous painter and sculptor of Corinth. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――This name was common to many Greeks.

=Euphrātes=, a disciple of Plato, who governed Macedonia with absolute authority in the reign of Perdiccas, and rendered himself odious by his cruelty and pedantry. After the death of Perdiccas, he was murdered by Parmenio.――――A stoic philosopher in the age of Adrian, who destroyed himself with the emperor’s leave, to escape the miseries of old age, A. D. 118. _Dio Cassius._――――A large and celebrated river of Mesopotamia, rising from mount Taurus in Armenia, and discharging itself with the Tigris into the Persian gulf. It is very rapid in its course, and passes through the middle of the city of Babylon. It inundates the country of Mesopotamia at a certain season of the year, and, like the Nile in Egypt, happily fertilizes the adjacent fields. Cyrus dried up its ancient channel, and changed the course of the waters when he besieged Babylon. _Strabo_, bk. 11. ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 509; bk. 4, li. 560.

=Euphron=, an aspiring man of Sicyon, who enslaved his country by bribery. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Euphrŏsy̆na=, one of the Graces, sister to Aglaia and Thalia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Euplæa=, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, near Neapolis. _Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 1, li. 149.

=Eupŏlis=, a comic poet of Athens, who flourished 435 years before the christian era, and severely lashed the vices and immoralities of his age. It is said that he had composed 17 dramatical pieces at the age of 17. He had a dog so attached to him, that at his death he refused all aliments, and starved himself on his tomb. Some suppose that Alcibiades put Eupolis to death, because he had ridiculed him in a comedy which he had written against the Baptæ, the priests of the goddess Cotytto, and the impure ceremonies of their worship; but Suidas maintains that he perished in a sea-fight between the Athenians and the Lacedæmonians in the Hellespont, and that on that account his countrymen, pitying his fate, decreed that no poet should ever after go to war. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4; bk. 2, satire 10.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 6, ltr. 1.――_Ælian._

=Eupompus=, a geometrician of Macedonia.――――A painter. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Eurianassa=, a town near Chios. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Eurĭpĭdes=, a celebrated tragic poet born at Salamis the day on which the army of Xerxes was defeated by the Greeks. He studied eloquence under Prodicus, ethics under Socrates, and philosophy under Anaxagoras. He applied himself to dramatical composition, and his writings became so much the admiration of his countrymen, that the unfortunate Greeks, who had accompanied Nicias in his expedition against Syracuse, were freed from slavery, only by repeating some verses from the pieces of Euripides. The poet often retired from the society of mankind, and confined himself in a solitary cave near Salamis, where he wrote and finished his most excellent tragedies. The talents of Sophocles were looked upon by Euripides with jealousy, and the great enmity which always reigned between the two poets gave an opportunity to the comic muse of Aristophanes to ridicule them both on the stage with success and humour. During the representation of one of the tragedies of Euripides, the audience, displeased with some lines in the composition, desired the writer to strike them off. Euripides heard the reproof with indignation; he advanced forward on the stage, and told the spectators that he came there to instruct them, and not to receive instruction. Another piece, in which he called riches the _summum bonum_ and the admiration of gods and men, gave equal dissatisfaction, but the poet desired the audience to listen with silent attention, for the conclusion of the whole would show them the punishment which attended the lovers of opulence. The ridicule and envy to which he was continually exposed, obliged him at last to remove from Athens. He retired to the court of Archelaus king of Macedonia, where he received the most conspicuous marks of royal munificence and friendship. His end was as deplorable as it was uncommon. It is said that the dogs of Archelaus met him in his solitary walks, and tore his body to pieces 407 years before the christian era, in the 78th year of his age. Euripides wrote 75 tragedies, of which only 19 are extant; the most approved of which are his Phœnissæ, Orestes, Medea, Andromache, Electra, Hippolytus, Iphigenia in Aulis, Iphigenia in Tauris, Hercules, and the Troades. He is peculiarly happy in expressing the passions of love, especially the more tender and animated. To the pathos he has added sublimity, and the most common expressions have received a perfect polish from his pen. In his person, as it is reported, he was noble and majestic, and his deportment was always grave and serious. He was slow in composing, and laboured with difficulty, from which circumstance a foolish and malevolent poet once observed that he had written 100 verses in three days, while Euripides had written only three. “True,” says Euripides, “but there is this difference between your poetry and mine; yours will expire in three days, but mine shall live for ages to come.” Euripides was such an enemy to the fair sex that some have called him μισογυνης, _woman-hater_, and perhaps from this aversion arise the impure and diabolical machinations which appear in his female characters; an observation, however, which he refuted, by saying he had faithfully copied nature. In spite of all this antipathy he was married twice, but his connections were so injudicious, that he was compelled to divorce both his wives. The best editions of this great poet are that of Musgrave, 4 vols., 4to, Oxford, 1778; that of Canter apud Commelin, 12mo, 2 vols., 1597; and of Barnes, folio, Cambridge. 1694. There are also several valuable editions of detached plays. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Cicero_, _De Inventione_, bk. 1, ch. 50; _Orator_, bk. 3, ch. 7; _Academica_ bk. 1, ch. 4; _De Officiis_, bk. 3; _Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bks. 1 & 4, &c.

=Eurīpus=, a narrow strait which separates the island of Eubœa from the coast of Bœotia. Its flux and reflux, which continued regular during 18 or 19 days, and were commonly unsettled the rest of the month, was a matter of deep inquiry among the ancients; and it is said that Aristotle threw himself into it because he was unable to find out the causes of that phenomenon. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 6. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 95.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Euristhenes.= _See:_ Eurysthenes.

=Eurōmus=, a city of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 33; bk. 33, ch. 30.

=Eurōpa=, one of the three grand divisions of the earth known among the ancients, extending, according to modern surveys, about 3000 miles from north to south, and 2500 from east to west. Though inferior in extent, yet it is superior to the others in the learning, power, and abilities of its inhabitants. It is bounded on the east by the Ægean sea, Hellespont, Euxine, Palus Mæotis, and the Tanais in a northern direction. The Mediterranean divides it from Africa on the south, and on the west and north it is washed by the Atlantic and northern oceans. It is supposed to receive its name from Europa, who was carried there by Jupiter. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 1, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 275.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 222.――――A daughter of Agenor king of Phœnicia and Telephassa. She was so beautiful that Jupiter became enamoured of her, and the better to seduce her he assumed the shape of a bull and mingled with the herds of Agenor, while Europa, with her female attendants, were gathering flowers in the meadows. Europa caressed the beautiful animal, and at last had the courage to sit upon his back. The god took advantage of her situation, and with precipitate steps retired towards the shore, and crossed the sea with Europa on his back, and arrived safe in Crete. Here he assumed his original shape, and declared his love. The nymph consented, though she had once made vows of perpetual celibacy, and she became mother of Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus. After this distinguished amour with Jupiter, she married Asterius king of Crete. This monarch, seeing himself without children by Europa, adopted the fruit of her amours with Jupiter, and always esteemed Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus as his own children. Some suppose that Europa lived about 1552 years before the christian era. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 13.――_Moschus_, _Idylls_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 1.――――One of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 356.――――A part of Thrace near mount Hæmus. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.

=Eurŏpæus=, a patronymic of Minos the son of Europa. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 23.

=Europs=, a king of Sicyon, son of Ægialeus, who died B.C. 1993. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Eurōpus=, a king of Macedonia, &c. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――A town of Macedonia on the Axius. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Eurōtas=, a son of Lelex, father to Sparta, who married Lacedæmon. He was one of the first kings of Laconia, and gave his name to the river which flows near Sparta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 16. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A river of Laconia flowing by Sparta. It was called, by way of eminence, Basilipotamos, _the king of rivers_, and worshipped by the Spartans as a powerful god. Laurels, reeds, myrtles, and olives grew on its banks in great abundance. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 29. ――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li. 82.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 4.――――A river in Thessaly near mount Olympus, called also _Titaresus_. It joined the Peneus, but was not supposed to incorporate with it. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Etrōto=, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. _Apollodorus._

=Eurus=, a wind blowing from the eastern parts of the world. The Latins sometimes called it Vulturnus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 2; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, &c.

=Euryăle=, a queen of the Amazons, who assisted Æetes, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 4.――――A daughter of Minos, mother of Orion by Neptune.――――A daughter of Prœtus king of Argos.――――One of the Gorgons who was immortal. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 207.

=Euryălus=, one of the Peloponnesian chiefs who went to the Trojan war with 80 ships. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――An illegitimate son of Ulysses and Evippe. _Sophocles._――――A son of Melas, taken prisoner by Hercules, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――――A Trojan who came with Æneas into Italy, and rendered himself famous for his immortal friendship with Nisus. _See:_ Nisus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 179.――――A pleasant place of Sicily near Syracuse. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 25.――――A Lacedæmonian general in the second Messenian war.

=Erybătes=, a herald in the Trojan war, who took Briseis from Achilles by order of Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 32.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 3.――――A warrior of Argos, often victorious at the Nemean games, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 29.――――One of the Argonauts.

=Eurybia=, the mother of Lucifer and all the stars. _Hesiod._――――A daughter of Pontus and Terra, mother of Astræus, Pallas, and Perses by Crius.――――A daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Eurybiădes=, a Spartan general of the Grecian fleet, at the battles of Artemisium and Salamis against Xerxes. He has been charged with want of courage, and with ambition. He offered to strike Themistocles when he wished to speak about the manner of attacking the Persians, upon which the Athenian said, “Strike me, but hear me.” _Herodotus_, bk. 8, chs. 2, 74, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Themistocles_.

=Eurybius=, a son of Eurytus king of Argos, killed in a war between his countrymen and the Athenians. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 8.――――A son of Nereus and Chloris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Euryclēa=, a beautiful daughter of Ops of Ithaca. Laertes bought her for 20 oxen, and gave her his son Ulysses to nurse, and treated her with much tenderness and attention. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 19.

=Eurycles=, an orator of Syracuse, who proposed to put Nicias and Demosthenes to death, and to confine to hard labour all the Athenian soldiers in the quarries. _Plutarch._――――A Lacedæmonian at the battle of Actium on the side of Augustus. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_. ――――A soothsayer of Athens.

=Eurycrătes=, a king of Sparta, descended from Hercules. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204.

=Eurycrătĭdas=, a son of Anaxander, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204.

=Eurydămas=, a Trojan skilled in the interpretation of dreams. His two sons were killed by Diomedes during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 148.――――One of Penelope’s suitors. _Odyssey_, bk. 22, li. 283.――――A wrestler of Cyrene, who, in a combat, had his teeth dashed to pieces by his antagonist, which he swallowed without showing any signs of pain, or discontinuing the fight. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 10, ch. 19.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._

=Eurydăme=, the wife of Leotychides king of Sparta. _Herodotus._

=Eurydămĭdas=, a king of Lacedæmon, of the family of the Proclidæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Eury̆dĭce=, the wife of Amyntas king of Macedonia. She had by her husband, Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, and one daughter called Euryone. A criminal partiality for her daughter’s husband, to whom she offered her hand and the kingdom, made her conspire against Amyntas, who must have fallen a victim to her infidelity had not Euryone discovered it. Amyntas forgave her, Alexander ascended the throne after his father’s death, and perished by the ambition of his mother; Perdiccas, who succeeded him, shared his fate; but Philip, who was the next in succession, secured himself against all attempts from his mother, and ascended the throne with peace and universal satisfaction. Eurydice fled to Iphicrates the Athenian general for protection. The manner of her death is unknown. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Iphicrates_, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Amyntas, who married her uncle Aridæus, the illegitimate son of Philip. After the death of Alexander the Great, Aridæus ascended the throne of Macedonia, but he was totally governed by the intrigues of his wife, who called back Cassander, and joined her forces with his to march against Polyperchon and Olympias. Eurydice was forsaken by her troops. Aridæus was pierced through with arrows by order of Olympias, who commanded Eurydice to destroy herself either by poison, the sword, or the halter. She chose the latter.――――The wife of the poet Orpheus. As she fled before Aristæus, who wished to offer her violence, she was bit by a serpent in the grass, and died of the wound. Orpheus was so disconsolate that he ventured to go to hell, where, by the melody of his lyre, he obtained from Pluto the restoration of his wife to life, provided he did not look behind before he came upon earth. He violated the conditions, as his eagerness to see his wife rendered him forgetful. He looked behind, and Eurydice was for ever taken from him. _See:_ Orpheus. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 457, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 30.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 30, &c.――――A daughter of Adrastus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12. ――――One of the Danaides, who married Dyas. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――The wife of Lycurgus king of Nemæa in Peloponnesus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A daughter of Actor. _Apollodorus._ ――――A wife of Æneas. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26.――――A daughter of Amphiaraus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――――A daughter of Antipater, who married one of the Ptolemies. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A daughter of king Philip. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――――A daughter of Lacedæmon. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――――A daughter of Clymenus, who married Nestor. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.――――A wife of Demetrius, descended from Miltiades. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.

=Eurygania=, a wife of Œdipus. _Apollodorus._

=Euryleon=, a king of the Latins, called also Ascanius.

=Eury̆lŏchus=, one of the companions of Ulysses, the only one who did not taste the potions of Circe. His prudence, however, forsook him in Sicily, where he carried away the flocks sacred to Apollo, for which sacrilegious crime he was shipwrecked. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 205; bk. 12, li. 195.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 287.――――A man who broke a conduit which conveyed water into Cyrrhæ, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A man who discovered the conspiracy which was made against Alexander by Hermolaus and others. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Eury̆măchus=, a powerful Theban, who seized Platæa by treachery, &c. ――――One of Penelope’s suitors.――――A son of Antenor.――――A lover of Hippodamia. _Pausanias._

=Eury̆mĕde=, the wife of Glaucus king of Ephyra. _Apollodorus._

=Eurymĕdon=, the father of Peribœa, by whom Neptune had Nausithous. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 7.――――A river of Pamphylia, near which the Persians were defeated by the Athenians under Cimon, B.C. 470. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 41; bk. 37, ch. 23.――――A man who accused Aristotle of propagating profane doctrines in the Lyceum.

=Eurymĕnes=, a son of Neleus and Chloris. _Apollodorus._

=Eurynŏme=, one of the Oceanides, mother of the Graces. _Hesiod._――――A daughter of Apollo, mother of Adrastus and Eriphyle.――――A woman of Lemnos, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 136.――――The wife of Lycurgus son of Aleus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――The mother of Asopus by Jupiter. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――One of Penelope’s female attendants. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 17, li. 515.――――An Athenian sent with a reinforcement to Nicias in Sicily. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.

=Eurynŏmus=, one of the deities of hell. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 28.

=Euryŏne=, a daughter of Amyntas king of Macedonia by Eurydice.

=Eurypon=, a king of Sparta, son of Sous. His reign was so glorious that his descendants were called _Eurypontidæ_. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Eurypy̆le=, a daughter of Thespius.

=Eury̆py̆lus=, a son of Telephus and Astyoche, was killed in the Trojan war by Pyrrhus. He made his court to Cassandra. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.――――A Grecian at the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2. ――――A prince of Olenus, who went with Hercules against Laomedon. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 19.――――A son of Mecisteus, who signalized himself in the war of the Epigoni against Thebes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A son of Temenus king of Messenia, who conspired against his father’s life. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――A son of Neptune, killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――One of Penelope’s suitors. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A Thessalian who became delirious for looking into a box, which fell to his share after the plunder of Troy. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 19.――――A soothsayer in the Grecian camp before Troy, sent to consult the oracle of Apollo, how his countrymen could return safe home. The result of his inquiries was the injunction to offer a human sacrifice. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 114.――_Ovid._

=Eurysthĕnes=, a son of Aristodemus, who lived in perpetual dissension with his twin brother Procles, while they both sat on the Spartan throne. It was unknown which of the two was born first; the mother, who wished to see both her sons raised on the throne, refused to declare it, and they were both appointed kings of Sparta, by order of the oracle of Delphi, B.C. 1102. After the death of the two brothers, the Lacedæmonians, who knew not to what family the right of seniority and succession belonged, permitted two kings to sit on the throne, one of each family. The descendants of Eurysthenes were called _Eurysthenidæ_; and those of Procles, _Proclidæ_. It was inconsistent with the laws of Sparta for two kings of the same family to ascend the throne together, yet that law was sometimes violated by oppression and tyranny. Eurysthenes had a son called Agis, who succeeded him. His descendants were called _Agidæ_. There sat on the throne of Sparta 31 kings of the family of Eurysthenes, and only 24 of the Proclidæ. The former were the more illustrious. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 147; bk. 6, ch. 52.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus_.

=Eurysthenĭdæ.= _See:_ Eurysthenes.

=Eurystheus=, a king of Argos and Mycenæ, son of Sthenelus and Nicippe the daughter of Pelops. Juno hastened his birth by two months, that he might come into the world before Hercules the son of Alcmena, as the younger of the two was doomed by order of Jupiter to be subservient to the will of the other. _See:_ Alcmena. This natural right was cruelly exercised by Eurystheus, who was jealous of the fame of Hercules, and who, to destroy so powerful a relation, imposed upon him the most dangerous and uncommon enterprises, well known by the name of the 12 labours of Hercules. The success of Hercules in achieving those perilous labours alarmed Eurystheus in a greater degree, and he furnished himself with a brazen vessel, where he might secure himself a safe retreat in case of danger. After the death of Hercules, Eurystheus renewed his cruelties against his children, and made war against Ceyx king of Trachinia, because he had given them support, and treated them with hospitality. He was killed in the prosecution of this war by Hyllus the son of Hercules. His head was sent to Alcmena the mother of Hercules, who, mindful of the cruelties which her son had suffered, insulted it and tore out the eyes with the most inveterate fury. Eurystheus was succeeded on the throne of Argos by Atreus his nephew. _Hyginus_, fables 30 & 32. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 33; bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 6.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 292.

=Eury̆te=, a daughter of Hippodamus, who married Parthaon. _Apollodorus._ ――――The mother of Hallirhotius by Neptune. _Apollodorus._

=Euryteæ=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.

=Eury̆tĕle=, a daughter of Thespius.――――A daughter of Leucippus. _Apollodorus._

=Eurythĕmis=, the wife of Thestius. _Apollodorus._

=Eury̆thion= and =Eurytion=, a centaur whose insolence to Hippodamia was the cause of the quarrel between the Lapithæ and Centaurs, at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――――A herdsman of Geryon, killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A king of Sparta, who seized upon Mantinea by stratagem. _Polyænus_, bk. 2. ――――One of the Argonauts. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 311. ――――A son of Lycaon, who signalized himself during the funeral games exhibited in Sicily by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 495. ――――A silversmith. _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 499.――――A man of Heraclea convicted of adultery. His punishment was the cause of the abolition of the oligarchical power there. _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics._

=Eury̆tis= (idos), a patronymic of Iole daughter of Eurytus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 11.

=Eury̆tus=, a son of Mercury, among the Argonauts. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 439.――――A king of Œchalia, father to Iole. He offered his daughter to him who shot a bow better than himself. Hercules conquered him, and put him to death because he refused him his daughter as the prize of his victory. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 4 & 7.――――A son of Actor, concerned in the wars between Augias and Hercules, and killed by the hero.――――A son of Augias, killed by Hercules as he was going to Corinth to celebrate the Isthmian games. _Apollodorus._――――A person killed in hunting the Calydonian boar. ――――A son of Hippocoon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A giant killed by Hercules or Bacchus for making war against the gods.

=Eusebia=, an empress, wife to Constantius, &c. She died A.D. 360, highly and deservedly lamented.

=Eusebius=, a bishop of Cæsarea, in great favour with the emperor Constantine. He was concerned in the theological disputes of Arius and Athanasius, and distinguished himself by his writings, which consisted of an ecclesiastical history, the life of Constantine, Chronicon, Evangelical Preparations, and other numerous treatises, most of which are now lost. The best edition of his Præparatio and Demonstratio Evangelica, is by Vigerus, 2 vols., folio, Rothomagi, 1628; and of his ecclesiastical history by Reading, folio, Cambridge. 1720.

=Eusebius=, a surname of Bacchus.

=Eusepus= and =Pedasus=, the twin sons of Bucolion, killed in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.

=Eustathius=, a Greek commentator on the works of Homer. The best edition of this very valuable author is that published at Basil, 3 vols., folio, 1560. It is to be lamented that the design of Alexander Politus, begun at Florence in 1735, and published in the first five books of the Iliad, is not executed, as a Latin translation of these excellent commentaries is among the desiderata of the present day.――――A man who wrote a very foolish romance in Greek, entitled _De Ismeniæ et Ismenes amoribus_, edited by Gaulminus, 8vo, Paris, 1617.

=Eutæa=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Eutelidas=, a famous statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10.

=Euterpe=, one of the Muses, daughter to Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over music, and was looked upon as the inventress of the flute and of all wind instruments. She is represented as crowned with flowers, and holding a flute in her hands. Some mythologists attributed to her the invention of tragedy, more commonly supposed to be the production of Melpomene. _See:_ Musæ.――――The name of the mother of Themistocles according to some.

=Euthycrătes=, a sculptor of Sicyon, son of Lysippus. He was particularly happy in the proportions of his statues. Those of Hercules and Alexander were in general esteem, and particularly that of Medea, which was carried on a chariot by four horses. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――A man who betrayed Olynthus to Philip.

=Euthydēmus=, an orator and rhetorician, who greatly distinguished himself by his eloquence, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Euthȳmus=, a celebrated boxer of Locri in Italy, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 6.

=Eutrapĕlus=, a man described as artful and fallacious by _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 31.――――A hair-dresser. _Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 82.

=Eutrăpĕlus Volumnius=, a friend of Marcus Antony, &c. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 32.

=Eutropius=, a Latin historian in the age of Julian, under whom he carried arms in the fatal expedition against the Persians. His origin as well as his dignity are unknown; yet some suppose, from the epithet of _Clarissimus_ prefixed to his history, that he was a Roman senator. He wrote an epitome of the history of Rome, from the age of Romulus to the reign of the emperor Valens, to whom the work was dedicated. He wrote a treatise on medicine without being acquainted with the art. Of all his works the Roman history alone is extant. It is composed with conciseness and precision, but without elegance. The best edition of Eutropius is that of Haverkamp, _Cum notis variorum_, 8vo, _Leiden_, 1729 & 1762.――――A famous eunuch at the court of Arcadius, the son of Theodosius the Great, &c.

=Eutychĭde=, a woman who was 30 times brought to bed, and carried to the grave by 20 of her children. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Eutychĭdes=, a learned servant of Atticus, &c. _Cicero_, bk. 15, _Letters to Atticus_.――――A sculptor.

=Euxanthius=, a daughter of Minos and Dexithea. _Apollodorus._

=Euxenĭdas=, a painter, &c. _Pliny_, bk. 35.

=Euxĕnus=, a man who wrote a poetical history of the fabulous ages of Italy. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.

=Euxīnus Pontus=, a sea between Asia and Europe, partly at the north of Asia Minor, and at the west of Colchis. It was anciently called ἀξεινος, _inhospitable_, on account of the savage manners of the inhabitants on its coast. Commerce with foreign nations, and the plantation of colonies in their neighbourhood, gradually softened their roughness, and the sea was no longer called Axenus, but Euxenus, _hospitable_. The Euxine is supposed by Herodotus to be 1387 miles long and 420 broad. Strabo calls it 1100 miles long and in circumference 3125. It abounds in all varieties of fish, and receives the tribute of above 40 rivers. It is not of great depth, except in the eastern parts, where some have imagined that it has a subterraneous communication with the Caspian. It is now called the _Black_ sea, from the thick dark fogs which cover it. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 13; bk. 4, poem 4, li. 54.――_Strabo_, bk. 1, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 3.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 85.

=Euxippe=, a woman who killed herself because the ambassadors of Sparta had offered violence to her virtue, &c.

=Exadius=, one of the Lapithæ at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 264.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 266.

=Exæthes=, a Parthian who cut off the head of Crassus, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7.

=Exagŏnus=, the ambassador of a nation in Cyprus, who came to Rome and talked so much of the power of herbs, serpents, &c., that the consuls ordered him to be thrown into a vessel full of serpents. These venomous creatures, far from hurting him, caressed him and harmlessly licked him with their tongues. _Pliny_, bk. 28, ch. 3.

=Exomătræ=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 144.

F

=Fabaria=, festivals at Rome in honour of Carna wife of Janus, when beans (_fabæ_) were presented as an oblation.

=Fabăris=, now _Farfa_, a river of Italy in the territories of the Sabines, called also _Farfarus_, _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 330.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 715.

=Fabia.= _See:_ Fabius Fabricianus.

=Făbia lex=, _de ambitu_, was to circumscribe the number of _Sectatores_ or attendants which were allowed to candidates in canvassing for some high office. It was proposed, but did not pass.

=Făbia=, a tribe at Rome. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 52.――――A vestal virgin, sister to Terentia, Cicero’s wife.

=Făbiāni=, some of the Luperci at Rome, instituted in honour of the Fabian family.

=Făbii=, a noble and powerful family at Rome, who derived their name from _faba_, a bean, because some of their ancestors cultivated this pulse. They were said to be descended from Fabius, a supposed son of Hercules by an Italian nymph; and they were once so numerous that they took upon themselves to wage war against the Veientes. They came to a general engagement near the Cremera, in which all the family, consisting of 306 men, were totally slain, B.C. 477. There only remained one, whose tender age had detained him at Rome, and from him arose the noble Fabii in the following ages. The family was divided into six different branches, the _Ambusti_, the _Maximi_, the _Vibulani_, the _Buteones_, the _Dorsones_, and the _Pictores_, the three first of which are frequently mentioned in the Roman history, but the others seldom. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 9, ch. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 46, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 235.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 845.

=Făbius Maximus Rullianus=, was the first of the Fabii who obtained the surname of _Maximus_, for lessening the power of the populace at elections. He was master of horse, and his victories over the Samnites in that capacity nearly cost him his life, because he engaged the enemy without the command of the dictator. He was five times consul, twice dictator, and once censor. He triumphed over seven different nations in the neighbourhood of Rome, and rendered himself illustrious by his patriotism.――――Rusticus, an historian in the age of Claudius and Nero. He was intimate with Seneca, and the encomiums which Tacitus passes upon his style make us regret the loss of his compositions.――――Marcellinus, an historian in the second century.――――A Roman lawyer whom _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 134, ridicules as having been caught in adultery.――――Quintus Maximus, a celebrated Roman, first surnamed _Verrucosus_ from a wart on his lip, and _Agnicula_ from his inoffensive manners. From a dull and unpromising childhood he burst into deeds of valour and heroism, and was gradually raised by merit to the highest offices of the state. In his first consulship, he obtained a victory over Liguria, and the fatal battle of Thrasymenus occasioned his election to the dictatorship. In this important office he began to oppose Annibal, not by fighting him in the open field, like his predecessors, but he continually harrassed his army by countermarches and ambuscades, for which he received the surname of Cunctator, or _delayer_. Such operations for the commander of the Roman armies gave offence to some, and Fabius was even accused of cowardice. He, however, still pursued the measures which prudence and reflection seemed to dictate as most salutary to Rome, and he patiently bore to see his master of horse raised to share the dictatorial dignity with himself, by means of his enemies at home. When he had laid down his office of dictator, his successors for a while followed his plan; but the rashness of Varro, and his contempt for the operations of Fabius, occasioned the fatal battle of Cannæ. Tarentum was obliged to surrender to his arms after the battle of Cannæ, and on that occasion the Carthaginian enemy observed that Fabius was the Annibal of Rome. When he had made an agreement with Annibal for the ransom of the captives, which was totally disapproved by the Roman senate, he sold all his estates to pay the money, rather than forfeit his word to the enemy. The bold proposal of young Scipio to go and carry the war from Italy to Africa, was rejected by Fabius as chimerical and dangerous. He did not, however, live to see the success of the Roman arms under Scipio, and the conquest of Carthage, by measures which he treated with contempt and heard with indignation. He died in the 100th year of his age, after he had been five times consul, and twice honoured with a triumph. The Romans were so sensible of his great merit and services, that the expenses of his funeral were defrayed from the public treasury. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Livy._――_Polybius._――――His son bore the same name, and showed himself worthy of his noble father’s virtues. During his consulship, he received a visit from his father on horseback in the camp; the son ordered the father to dismount, and the old man cheerfully obeyed, embracing his son, and saying, “I wished to know whether you knew what it is to be consul.” He died before his father, and the Cunctator, with the moderation of a philosopher, delivered a funeral oration over the dead body of his son. _Plutarch_, _Fabius Maximus_. ――――Pictor, the first Roman who wrote an historical account of his country, from the age of Romulus to the year of Rome, 536. He flourished B.C. 225. The work which is now extant, and which is attributed to him, is a spurious composition.――――A loquacious person mentioned by _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 1, li. 14.――――A Roman consul, surnamed Ambustus, because he was struck with lightning.――――A lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul.――――Fabricianus, a Roman assassinated by his wife Fabia, that she might more freely enjoy the company of a favourite youth. His son was saved from his mother’s cruelties, and when he came of age he avenged his father’s death by murdering his mother and her adulterer. The senate took cognizance of the action, and patronized the parricide. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A chief priest at Rome when Brennus took the city. _Plutarch._――――A Roman sent to consult the oracle of Delphi while Annibal was in Italy.――――Another chosen dictator, merely to create new senators. ――――A lieutenant of Lucullus defeated by Mithridates.――――A son of Paulus Æmilius, adopted into the family of the Fabii.――――A Roman surnamed Allobrogicus from his victory over the Allobroges, &c. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――――Another chosen general against the Carthaginians in Italy. He lost all his forces in a battle, and fell wounded by the side of Annibal. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_. ――――A consul with Julius Cæsar, who conquered Pompey’s adherents in Spain.――――A high priest who wrote some annals, and made war against Viriathus in Spain. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 26.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 2. ――――Dorso. _See:_ Dorso.

=Fābrātĕria=, a colony and town of the Volsci in Latium. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 398.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 9, ltr. 24.

=Fabrĭcius=, a Latin writer in the reign of Nero, who employed his pen in satirizing and defaming the senators. His works were burnt by order of Nero.――――Caius Luscinus, a celebrated Roman who, in his first consulship, obtained several victories over the Samnites and Lucanians, and was honoured with a triumph. The riches which were acquired in those battles were immense, the soldiers were liberally rewarded by the consul, and the treasury was enriched with 400 talents. Two years after, Fabricus went as ambassador to Pyrrhus, and refused with contempt the presents, and heard with indignation the offers, which might have corrupted the ♦fidelity of a less virtuous citizen. Pyrrhus had occasion to admire the magnanimity of Fabricius; but his astonishment was more powerfully awakened when he opposed him in the field of battle, and when he saw him make a discovery of the perfidious offer of his physician, who pledged himself to the Roman general for a sum of money to poison his royal master. To this greatness of soul were added the most consummate knowledge of military affairs, and the greatest simplicity of manners. Fabricius never used rich plate at his table. A small salt-cellar, whose feet were of horn, was the only silver vessel which appeared in his house. This contempt of luxury and useless ornaments Fabricius wished to inspire among the people; and during his censorship he banished from the senate Cornelius Rufinus, who had been twice consul and dictator, because he kept in his house more than 10 pounds weight of silver plate. Such were the manners of the conqueror of Pyrrhus, who observed that he wished rather to command those that had money than possess it himself. He lived and died in the greatest poverty. His body was buried at the public charge, and the Roman people were obliged to give a dowry to his two daughters, when they had arrived to marriageable years. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 9; bk. 4, ch. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 18. ――_Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Officiis_.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 844.――――A bridge at Rome, built by the consul Fabricius, over the Tiber. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 36.

♦ ‘fidelty’ replaced with ‘fidelity’

=Fabulla=, a prostitute, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 68.

=Facelina=, a small place on the north of Sicily, where Diana had a temple. _Servius_, _Commentary on the Æneid of Vergil_, bk. 9, li. 117.――_Hyginus_, fable 261.

=Fadus=, a Rutulian killed in the night by Euryalus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 344.

=Fæsŭlæ=, now _Fiesole_, a town of Etruria, famous for its augurs. _Cicero_, _For Lucius Murena_, ch. 24.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 478.――_Sallust_, _Catilinae Coniuratio_, ch. 27.

=Falcīdia lex=, was enacted by the tribune Falcidius, A.U.C. 713, concerning wills and the right of heirs.

=Faleria=, a town of Picenum, now _Fallerona_, of which the inhabitants were called Falerienses. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Falerii= (or ium), now _Palari_, a town of Etruria, of which the inhabitants are called Falisci. The Romans borrowed some of their laws from Falerii. The place was famous for its pastures, and for a peculiar sort of sausage. _See:_ Falisci. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 46. ――_Livy_, bk. 10, chs. 12 & 16.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 84; _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 8, li. 41.――_Cato_, _De Re Rustica_, bks. 4 & 14. ――_Servius_, _Commentary on the Æneid of Vergil_, bk. 7, li. 695. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Falerina=, a tribe at Rome. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 23.

=Falernus=, a fertile mountain and plain of Campania, famous for its wine, which the Roman poets have greatly celebrated. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 14.――_Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 57.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 96.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 20, li. 10; bk. 2, satire 4, li. 15. ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.

=Fălisci=, a people of Etruria, originally a Macedonian colony. When they were besieged by Camillus, a schoolmaster went out of the gates of the city with his pupils, and betrayed them into the hands of the Roman enemy, that by such a possession he might easily oblige the place to surrender. Camillus heard the proposal with indignation, and ordered the man to be stripped naked and whipped back to the town by those whom his perfidy wished to betray. This instance of generosity operated upon the people so powerfully that they surrendered to the Romans. _Plutarch_, _Camillus_.

=Faliscus Gratius.= _See:_ Gratius.

=Fama= (_fame_), was worshipped by the ancients as a powerful goddess, and generally represented blowing a trumpet, &c. _Statius_, bk. 3, _Thebiad_, li. 427.

=Fannia=, a woman of Minturnæ, who hospitably entertained Marius in his flight, though he had formerly sat in judgment upon her, and divorced her from her husband.

=Fannia lex=, _de sumptibus_, by Fannius the consul, A.U.C. 593. It enacted that no person should spend more than 100 _asses_ a day at the great festivals, and 30 _asses_ on other days, and 10 at all other times.

=Fannii=, two orators of whom Cicero speaks in _Brutus_.

=Fannius=, an inferior poet ridiculed by Horace, because his poems and picture were consecrated in the library of Apollo, on mount Palatine at Rome, as it was then usual for such as possessed merit. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 21.――――A person who killed himself when apprehended in a conspiracy against Augustus. _Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 80.――――Caius, an author in Trajan’s reign, whose history of the cruelties of Nero is greatly regretted.

=Fanum Vacūnæ=, a village in the country of the Sabines. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 10, li. 49.

=Farfărus=, a river of the Sabines, falling into the Tiber above Capena. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 330.

=Fascelis=, a surname of Diana, because her statue was brought from Taurica by Iphigenia in a bundle of sticks (_fascis_), and placed at Aricia.

=Fascellina=, a town of Sicily near Panormus. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 261.

=Faucŭla=, a prostitute who privately conveyed food to the Roman prisoners at Capua. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 33.

=Faventia=, a town of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――Of Italy. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 597.――_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 15. ――_Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 74.

=Faveria=, a town of Istria. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 11.

=Faula=, a mistress of Hercules.

=Fauna=, a deity among the Romans, daughter of Picus, and originally called _Marica_. Her marriage with Faunus procured her the name of Fauna, and her knowledge of futurity that of _Fatua_ and _Fatidica_. It is said that she never saw a man after her marriage with Faunus, and that her uncommon chastity occasioned her being ranked among the gods after death. She is the same, according to some, as _Bona Mater_. Some mythologists accuse her of drunkenness, and say that she expired under the blows of her husband, for an immoderate use of wine. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 47, &c.――_Varro._――_Justin_, bk. 43, ch. 1.

=Faunalia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Faunus.

=Fauni=, certain deities of the country, represented as having the legs, feet, and ears of goats, and the rest of the body human. They were called satyrs by the Greeks. The peasants offered them a lamb or a kid with great solemnity. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 10. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 392.

=Faunus=, a son of Picus, who is said to have reigned in Italy about 1300 years B.C. His bravery as well as wisdom have given rise to the tradition that he was son of Mars. He raised a temple in honour of the god Pan, called by the Latins Lupercus, at the foot of the Palatine hill, and he exercised hospitality towards strangers with a liberal hand. His great popularity and his fondness for agriculture made his subjects revere him as one of their country deities after death. He was represented with all the equipage of the satyrs, and was consulted to give oracles. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 47; bk. 8, li. 314; bk. 10, li. 55.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17.

=Favo=, a Roman mimic, who at the funeral of Vespasian imitated the manners and gestures of the deceased emperor. _Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, ch. 19.

=Favorinus=, a philosopher and eunuch under Adrian, &c.

=Fausta=, a daughter of Sylla, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 64. ――――The wife of the emperor Constantine, disgraced for her cruelties and vices.

=Faustīna=, the wife of the emperor Antoninus, famous for her debaucheries. Her daughter of the same name, blessed with beauty, loveliness, and wit, became the most abandoned of her sex. She married Marcus Aurelius.――――The third wife of the emperor Heliogabalus bore that name.

=Faustĭtas=, a goddess among the Romans supposed to preside over cattle. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 5, li. 17.

=Faustŭlus=, a shepherd ordered to expose Romulus and Remus. He privately brought them up at home. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 43, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Faustus=, an obscure poet under the first Roman emperors, two of whose dramatic pieces, Thebæ and Tereus, _Juvenal_ mentions, satire 7, li. 12.

=Februus=, a god at Rome, who presided over purifications.――――The Feralia sacrifices which the Romans offered to the gods manes, were also called _Februa_, whence the name of the month of February, during which the oblations were made.

=Feciāles=, a number of priests at Rome, employed in declaring war and making peace. When the Romans thought themselves injured, one of this sacerdotal body was empowered to demand redress, and after the allowance of 33 days to consider the matter, war was declared if submissions were not made, and the Fecialis hurled a bloody spear into the territories of the enemy in proof of intended hostilities. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 4, ch. 30.

=Felginas=, a Roman knight killed by Pompey at Dyrracchium. _Cæsar_, bk. 3, _Civil War_.

=Felix Marcus Antonius=, a freedman of Claudius Cæsar, made governor of Judæa, Samaria, and Palestine. He is called by Suetonius the husband of three queens, as he married the two Drusillæ, one granddaughter of Antony and Cleopatra, and the other a Jewish princess, sister of Agrippa. The name of his third wife is unknown. _Suetonius_, _Divus Claudius_, ch. 18.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 14.

=Feltria=, a town of Italy at the north of Venice.

=Fenestella=, a Roman historian in the age of Augustus. He died at Cumæ.――――One of the gates at Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 578.

=Fenni=, or =Finni=, the inhabitants of Finningia, or Eningia, now considered as Finland. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 46.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Ferālia=, a festival in honour of the dead, observed at Rome the 17th or 21st of February. It continued for 11 days, during which time presents were carried to the graves of the deceased, marriages were forbidden, and the temples of the gods were shut. It was universally believed that the manes of their departed friends came and hovered over their graves, and feasted upon the provisions that the hand of piety and affection had procured for them. Their punishments in the infernal regions were also suspended, and during that time they enjoyed rest and liberty.

=Ferentīnum=, a town of the Hernici at the east of Rome. The inhabitants were called _Ferentinates_, or _Ferentini_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 394.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 50; bk. 9, chs. 43 & 44.

=Ferentum=, or =Forentum=, a town of Apulia, now _Forenza_. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 15.――_Livy_, bk. 9, chs. 16 & 20.

=Fĕrētrius=, a surname of _Jupiter_, _a ferendo_, because he had assisted the Romans, or _a feriendo_, because he had conquered their enemies under Romulus. He had a temple at Rome built by Romulus, where the spoils called _opima_ were always carried. Only two generals obtained these celebrated spoils after the age of Romulus. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_, ch. 20.

=Feriæ Latīnæ=, festivals at Rome instituted by Tarquin the Proud. The principal magistrates of 47 towns in Latium usually assembled on a mount near Rome, where they, together with the Roman magistrates, offered a bull to Jupiter Latialis, of which they carried home some part after the immolation, after they had sworn mutual friendship and alliance. It continued but one day originally, but in process of time four days were dedicated to its celebration. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.――_Cicero_, ltr. 6.――_Livy_, bk. 21, &c. The _feriæ_ among the Romans were certain days set apart to celebrate festivals, and during that time it was unlawful for any person to work. They were either public or private. The public were of four different kinds. The _feriæ stativæ_ were certain immovable days always marked in the calendar, and observed by the whole city with much festivity and public rejoicing. The _feriæ conceptivæ_ were movable feasts, and the day appointed for the celebration was always previously fixed by the magistrates or priests. Among these were the _feriæ Latinæ_, which were first established by Tarquin, and observed by the consuls regularly before they set out for the provinces; the _Compitalia_, &c. The _feriæ imperativæ_ were appointed only by the command of the consul, dictator, or pretor, as a public rejoicing for some important victory gained over the enemies of Rome. The _feriæ Nundinæ_ were regular days in which the people of the country and neighbouring towns assembled together and exposed their respective commodities to sale. They were called Nundinæ, because kept every ninth day. The _feriæ privatæ_ were observed only in families, in commemoration of birthdays, marriages, funerals, and the like. The days on which the _feriæ_ were observed were called by the Romans _festi dies_, because dedicated to mirth, relaxation, and festivity.

=Fērōnia=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the woods and groves. The name is derived _a ferendo_, because she gave assistance to her votaries, or perhaps from the town Feronia, near mount Soracte, where she had a temple. It was usual to make a yearly sacrifice to her, and to wash the face and hands in the waters of the sacred fountain, which flowed near her temple. It is said that those who were filled with the spirit of this goddess could walk barefooted over burning coals without receiving any injury from the flames. The goddess had a temple and a grove about three miles from Anxur, and also another in the district of Capena. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 26. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, lis. 697 & 800.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 5. ――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 24.

=Fescennia= (iorum, or ium), a town of Etruria, now _Galese_, where the _Fescennine verses_ were first invented. These verses, the name of which conveys an idea of vulgar obscenity, were a sort of rustic dialogue spoken extempore, in which the actors exposed before their audience the failings and vices of their adversaries, and by satirical humour and merriment endeavoured to raise the laughter of the company. They were often repeated at nuptials, and many lascivious expressions were used for the general diversion, as also at harvest home, when gestures were made adapted to the sense of the unpolished verses that were used. They were proscribed by Augustus as of immoral tendency. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 695.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 145.

=Fesŭlæ=, or =Fæsulæ=, a town of Etruria, where Sylla settled a colony. _Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Festus=, a friend of Domitian, who killed himself in an illness. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 79.――――Porcius, a proconsul who succeeded Felix as governor of Judæa, under Claudius.

=Fibrēnus=, a river of Italy, falling into the Liris through Cicero’s farm at Arpinum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 400.――_Cicero_, _De Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Ficana=, a town of Latium, at the south of Rome, near the Tiber. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33.

=Ficaria=, a small island on the east of Sardinia, now _Serpentera_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Ficulea=, or =Ficulnea=, a town of Latium beyond mount Sacer, at the north of Rome. Cicero had a villa there, and the road that led to the town was called _Ficulnensis_, afterwards _Nomentana Via_. _Cicero_, bk. 12, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 34.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 38; bk. 3, ch. 52.

=Fidēna=, an inland town of Latium, whose inhabitants are called _Fidenates_. The place was conquered by the Romans B.C. 435. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 773.――_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 44. ――_Livy_, bk. 1, chs. 14, 15 & 27; bk. 2, ch. 19; bk. 4, chs. 17 & 21.

=Fidentia=, a town of Gaul on the south of the Po, between Placentia and Parma. _Velleius Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 28.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Cicero_, _De Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 54.

=Fides=, the goddess of faith, oaths, and honesty, worshipped by the Romans. Numa was the first who paid her divine honours.

=Fĭdĭcŭlæ=, a place of Italy. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6.

=Fidius Dius=, a divinity by whom the Romans generally swore. He was also called Sancus, or Sanctus, and Semipater, and he was solemnly addressed in prayers the 5th of June, which was yearly consecrated to his service. Some suppose him to be Hercules. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 213.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bks. 2 & 9.

=Fimbria=, a Roman officer who besieged Mithridates in Pritaine, and failed in his attempts to take him prisoner. He was deserted by his troops for his cruelty, upon which he killed himself. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.

=Firmum=, now _Fermo_, a town of Picenum on the Adriatic, the port of which was called _Castellum Firmanum_. _Cicero_, bk. 8, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 12.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 8.――_Velleius_, bk. 1, ch. 14.

=Marcus Firmius=, a powerful native of Seleucia, who proclaimed himself emperor, and was at last conquered by Aurelian.

=Fiscellus=, a part of the Apennine mountains in Umbria, where the Nar rises. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 518.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Flacilla Antonia=, a Roman matron in Nero’s age, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 7.

=Flaccus=, a consul who marched against Sylla, and was assassinated by Fimbria. _Plutarch._――――A poet. _See:_ Valerius.――――A governor of Egypt, who died A.D. 39.――――Verrius, a grammarian, tutor to the two grandsons of Augustus, and supposed author of the Capitoline marbles. ――――A name of Horace. _See:_ Horatius.

=Ælia Flacilla=, the mother of Arcadius and Honorius, was daughter of Antonius, a prefect of Gaul.

=Flāmĭnia lex=, _agraria_, by Caius Flaminius the tribune, A.U.C. 525. It required that the lands of Picenum, from which the Gauls Senones had been expelled, should be divided among the Roman people.

=Flaminia via=, a celebrated road which led from Rome to Ariminum and Aquileia. It received its name from Flaminius, who built it, and was killed at the battle of Thrasymenus against Annibal.――――A gate of Rome opening to the same road, now _del popolo_.

=Caius Flāmĭnius=, a Roman consul of a turbulent disposition, who was drawn into a battle near the lake of Thrasymenus, by the artifice of Annibal. He was killed in the engagement, with an immense number of Romans, B.C. 217. The conqueror wished to give a burial to his body, but it was not found in the heaps of slain. While tribune of the people he proposed an agrarian law against the advice of his friends, of the senate, and of his own father. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 3, &c.――_Polybius._――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.

=Titus Quinctius Flāmĭnius=, or =Flaminīnus=, a celebrated Roman raised to the consulship, A.U.C. 556. He was trained in the art of war against Annibal, and he showed himself capable in every respect to discharge with honour the great office with which he was entrusted. He was sent at the head of the Roman troops against Philip king of Macedonia, and in his expedition he met with uncommon success. The Greeks gradually declared themselves his firmest supporters, and he totally defeated Philip on the confines of Epirus, and made all Locris, Phocis, and Thessaly tributary to the Roman power. He granted peace to the conquered monarch, and proclaimed all Greece free and independent at the Isthmian games. This celebrated action procured the name of patrons of Greece to the Romans, and insensibly paved their way to universal dominion. Flaminius behaved among them with the greatest policy, and by his ready compliance with their national customs and prejudices he gained uncommon popularity, and received the name of father and deliverer of Greece. He was afterwards sent ambassador to king Prusias, who had given refuge to Annibal, and there his prudence and artifice hastened out of the world a man who had long been the terror of the Romans. Flaminius was found dead in his bed, after a life spent in the greatest glory, in which he had imitated with success the virtues of his model Scipio. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Florus._――――Lucius, the brother of the preceding, signalized himself in the wars of Greece. He was expelled from the senate for killing a Gaul, by Cato, his brother’s colleague in the censorship, an action which was highly resented by Titus. _Plutarch_, _Flaminius_.――――Calp. Flamma, a tribune, who at the head of 300 men saved the Roman army in Sicily, B.C. 258, by engaging the Carthaginians and cutting them to pieces.

=Flanaticus sinus=, a bay of the Flanates, in Liburnia on the Adriatic, now the gulf of _Carnero_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 19 & 21.

=Flāvia lex=, _agraria_, by Lucius Flavius, A.U.C. 693, for the distribution of a certain quantity of lands among Pompey’s soldiers and the commons.

=Flāviānum=, a town of Etruria, on the Tiber, called also Flavinium. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 696.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 492.

=Flāvinia=, a town of Latium, which assisted Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 696.

=Flavius=, a senator who conspired with Piso against Nero, &c. _Tacitus._――――A tribune of the people deposed by Julius Cæsar.――――A Roman who informed Gracchus of the violent measures of the senate against him.――――A brother of Vespasian, &c.――――A tribune who wounded one of Annibal’s elephants in an engagement.――――A schoolmaster at Rome in the age of Horace. Bk. 1, satire 6, li. 72.――――One of the names of the emperor Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 37.

=Flevus=, the right branch of the Rhine, which formed a large lake on its falling into the sea called _Flevo_, now _Zuider-Zee_. It was afterwards called _Helium_, now _Ulie_, when its breadth became more contracted, and a fort erected there obtained the name of _Flevum Frisiorum_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 4, li. 72. ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Flōra=, the goddess of flowers and gardens among the Romans, the same as the Chloris of the Greeks. Some suppose that she was originally a common courtesan, who left to the Romans the immense riches which she had acquired by prostitution and lasciviousness, in remembrance of which a yearly festival was instituted in her honour. She was worshipped even among the Sabines, long before the foundation of Rome, and likewise among the Phoceans, who built Marseilles long before the existence of the capital of Italy. Tatius was the first who raised her a temple in the city of Rome. It is said that she married Zephyrus, and that she received from him the privilege of presiding over flowers, and of enjoying perpetual youth. _See:_ Floralia. She was represented as crowned with flowers, and holding in her hand the horn of plenty. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 195, &c. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1.――_Lactantius_, bk. 1, ch. 20.――――A celebrated courtesan passionately loved by Pompey the Great. She was so beautiful, that when the temple of Castor and Pollux at Rome was adorned with paintings, her picture was drawn and placed amongst the rest.――――Another courtesan, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 49.

=Florālia=, games in honour of Flora at Rome. They were instituted about the age of Romulus, but they were not celebrated with regularity and proper attention till the year ♦A.U.C. 580. They were observed yearly, and exhibited a scene of the most unbounded licentiousness. It is reported that Cato wished once to be present at the celebration, and that when he saw that the deference for his presence interrupted the feast, he retired, not choosing to be the spectator of the prostitution of naked women in a public theatre. This behaviour so captivated the degenerate Romans, that the venerable senator was treated with the most uncommon applause as he retired. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 1.――_Paterculus_, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 29.

♦ ‘U.C.’ replaced with ‘A.U.C.’

=Flōrentia=, a town of Italy on the Arnus, now _Florence_, the capital of Tuscany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 79.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Floriānus=, a man who wore the imperial purple at Rome only for two months, A.D. 276.

=Flōrus Lucius Annæus Julius=, a Latin historian of the same family which produced Seneca and Lucan, A.D. 116. He wrote an abridgment of Roman annals in four books, composed in a florid and poetical style, and rather a panegyric on many of the great actions of the Romans than a faithful and correct recital of their history. He also wrote poetry, and entered the lists against the emperor Adrian, who satirically reproached him with frequenting taverns and places of dissipation. The best editions of Florus are Duker’s, 2 vols., 8vo, Leiden, 1722 & 1744; and that of J. Frid. Fischer, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1760.――――Julius, a friend of Horace, who accompanied Claudius Nero in his military expeditions. The poet has addressed two epistles to him.

=Fluōnia=, a surname of Juno Lucina, who under that appellation was invoked by the Roman matrons to stop excessive discharges of blood. _Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_.

=Folia=, a woman of Ariminum, famous for her knowledge of poisonous herbs and for her petulance. _Horace_, epode 5, li. 42.

=Fons solis=, a fountain in the province of Cyrene, cool at mid-day, and warm at the rising and setting of the sun. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 181.

=Fontānus=, a poet mentioned by _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16.

=Fontēia=, a vestal virgin. _Cicero._

=Fontēius Capito=, an intimate friend of Horace. Bk. 1, satire 5, li. 32.――――A Roman who raised commotions in Germany after the death of Nero. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A man who conducted Cleopatra into Syria by order of Antony. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.

=Formiæ=, a maritime town of Campania at the south-east of Caieta. It was anciently the abode of the Læstrygones, and it became known for its excellent wines, and was called _Mamurrarum urbs_, from a family of consequence and opulence who lived there. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 14; bk. 38, ch. 36.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 20, li. 11; bk. 3, ode 17; bk. 1, satire 5, li. 37.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 6.

=Formiānum=, a villa of Cicero near Formiæ, near which the orator was assassinated. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 11, ltr. 27; bk. 16, ltr. 10.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 10.

=Formio=, now _Risano_, a river of Istria, the ancient boundary of Italy eastward, afterwards extended to the Arsia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 18 & 19.

=Fornax=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the baking of bread. Her festivals, called _Fornacalia_, were first instituted by Numa. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 525.

=Foro Appii=, a people of Italy, whose capital was called _Forum Appii_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Fortūna=, a powerful deity among the ancients, daughter of Oceanus according to Homer, or one of the Parcæ according to Pindar. She was the goddess of fortune, and from her hand were derived riches and poverty, pleasures and misfortunes, blessings and pains. She was worshipped in different parts of Greece, and in Achaia her statue held the horn of plenty in one hand, and had a winged Cupid at its feet. In Bœotia she had a statue which represented her as holding Plutus the god of riches in her arms, to intimate that fortune is the source whence wealth and honours flow. Bupalus was the first who made a statue of Fortune for the people of Smyrna, and he represented her with the polar star upon her head, and the horn of plenty in her hand. The Romans paid particular attention to the goddess of Fortune, and had no less than eight different temples erected to her honour in their city. Tullus Hostilius was the first who built her a temple, and from that circumstance it is easily known when her worship was first introduced among the Romans. Her most famous temple in Italy was at Antium, in Latium, where presents and offerings were regularly sent from every part of the country. Fortune has been called Pherepolis the protectress of cities, and Acrea from the temple of Corinth on an eminence, ἀκρος. She was called Prænestine at Præneste in Italy, where she had also a temple. Besides, she was worshipped among the Romans under different names, such as Female fortune, Virile fortune, Equestrian, Evil, Peaceful, Virgin, &c. On the 1st of April, which was consecrated to Venus among the Romans, the Italian widows and marriageable virgins assembled in the temple of Virile fortune, and after burning incense and stripping themselves of their garments, they entreated the goddess to hide from the eyes of their husbands whatever defects there might be on their bodies. The goddess of fortune is represented on ancient monuments with a horn of plenty, and sometimes two in her hands. She is blindfolded, and generally holds a wheel in her hands as an emblem of her inconstancy. Sometimes she appears with wings, and treads upon the prow of a ship, and holds a rudder in her hands. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 569.――_Plutarch_, _de Fortuna Romanorum_ & _Caius Marcius Coriolanus_.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 10. ――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 1.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, &c.

=Fortūnātæ insulæ=, islands at the west of Mauritania in the Atlantic sea. They are supposed to be the _Canary_ isles of the moderns, thought to be only two in number, at a little distance one from the other, and 10,000 stadia from the shores of Libya. They were represented as the seats of the blessed, where the souls of the virtuous were placed after death. The air was wholesome and temperate, and the earth produced an immense number of various fruits without the labours of men. When they had been described to Sertorius in the most enchanting colours, that celebrated general expressed a wish to retire thither, and to remove himself from the noise of the world, and the dangers of war. _Strabo_, bk. 1. ――_Plutarch_, _Sertorius_.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 8, li. 27; epode 16. ――_Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 31 & 32.

=Fŏrŭli=, a town of the Sabines, built on a stony place. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 714.

=Forum appii=, a town of Latium on the Appia Via. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 10.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 3. ――――Augustum, a place at Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 552. ――――Allieni, a town of Italy, now _Ferrara_. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――Aurelia, a town of Etruria, now _Montalto_. _Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――Claudii, another in Etruria, now _Oriolo_.――――Cornelii, another, now _Imola_, in the Pope’s dominions. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 12, ltr. 5.――――Domitii, a town of Gaul, now _Frontignan_, in Languedoc.――――Voconii, a town of Gaul, now _Gonsaron_, between Antibes and Marseilles. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 17.――――Lepidi, a town of ancient Gaul, south of the Po.――――Popilii, another at the south of Ravenna, on the Adriatic.――――Flaminii, a town of Umbria, now _San Giavane_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――Gallorum, a town of Gaul Togata, now _Castel Franco_, in the Bolognese. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 30.――――Also a town of Venice called _Forojuliensis urbs_, now _Friuli_. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 12, ltr. 26.――――Julium, a town of Gaul Narbonensis, now _Frejus_, in Provence. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 17. ――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――――Lebnorum, a town of Insubria. _Polybius._ ――――Sempronii, a town of Umbria, &c. Many other places bore the name of _Forum_ wherever there was a public market, or rather where the pretor held his court of justice (_forum vel conventus_), and thence they were called sometimes _conventus_ as well as _fora_, into which provinces were generally divided under the administration of a separate governor. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 20; bk. 4, ch. 48; bk. 5, ch. 11; _Against Vatinius_, ch. 5; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltrs. 6 & 8; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5, ltr. 21.

=Fosi=, a people of Germany near the Elbe, considered as the Saxons of Ptolemy. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 36.

=Fossa=, the straits of _Bonifacio_ between Corsica and Sardinia, called also Taphros. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――Drusi, or Drusiana, a canal eight miles in length, opened by Drusus from the Rhine to the Issel, below the separation of the Waal. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_, ch. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 23.――――Mariana, a canal cut by Marius from the Rhone to Marseilles during the Cimbrian war, and now called _Galejon_. Sometimes the word is used in the plural, _Fossæ_, as if more than one canal had been formed by Marius. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Fossæ Philistinæ=, one of the mouths of the Po. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 9.

=Franci=, a people of Germany and Gaul, whose country was called Francia. _Claudian._

=Fraus=, a divinity worshipped among the Romans, daughter of Orcus and Night. She presided over treachery, &c.

=Frĕgella=, a famous town of the Volsci, in Italy, on the Liris, destroyed for revolting from the Romans, _Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 452.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 22; bk. 27, ch. 10, &c.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 76.

=Fregēnæ=, a town of Etruria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Frentāni=, a people of Italy, near Apulia, who received their name from the river _Frento_, now _Fortore_, which runs through the eastern part of their country, and falls into the Adriatic opposite the islands of Diomede. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 45.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 520.

=Fretum= (_the sea_), is sometimes applied by eminence to the Sicilian sea, or the straits of Messina. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 29. ――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 26.――_Cicero_, bk. 2, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 1.

=Frigĭdus=, a river of Tuscany.

=Frisii=, a people of Germany near the Rhine, now the _Frisons of Friesland_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 60; _Histories_, bk. 4, chs. 15 & 72; _Germania_, ch. 36.

=Sextus Julius Frontīnus=, a celebrated geometrician, who made himself known by the books which he wrote on aqueducts and stratagems dedicated to Trajan. He ordered at his death that no monument should be raised to his memory, saying _memoria nostri durabit, si vitam meruimus_. The best edition of Frontinus is that of Oudendorp, 8vo, Leiden, 1779.

=Fronto=, a preceptor of Marcus Antoninus, by whom he was greatly esteemed.――――Julius, a learned Roman, who was so partial to the company of poets, that he lent them his house and gardens, which continually re-echoed the compositions of his numerous visitors. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 12.

=Frŭsĭno=, a small town of the Volsci on one of the branches of the Liris. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 223.――_Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 1. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 399.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 11, ltrs. 4 & 13.

=Fūcĭnus=, a lake of Italy in the country of the Marsi, at the north of the Liris, attempted to be drained by Julius Cæsar and afterwards by Claudius, by whom 30,000 men were employed for 11 years to perforate a mountain to convey the water into the Liris, but with no permanent success. The lake, surrounded by a ridge of high mountains, is now called _Celano_, and is supposed to be 47 miles in circumference, and not more than 12 feet deep on an average. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 56.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 759.

=Fufĭdius=, a wretched usurer, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2.

=Fufius Geminus=, a man greatly promoted by the interest of Livia, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 5, chs. 1 & 2.

=Fugalia=, festivals at Rome to celebrate the flight of the Tarquins.

=Fulgĭnātes= (singular, Fulginas), a people of Umbria, whose chief town was Fulginum, now _Foligno_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 462. ――_Pliny_, bk. 1, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Q. Fulgīnus=, a brave officer in Cæsar’s legions, &c. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_.

=Fulgōra=, a goddess at Rome who presided over lightning. She was addressed to save her votaries from the effects of violent storms of thunder. _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 6, ch. 10.

=Fullinum= and =Fulginum=, a small town of Umbria.

=Fulvia lex=, was proposed but rejected A.U.C. 628, by Flaccus Fulvius. It tended to make all the people of Italy citizens of Rome.

=Fulvia=, a bold and ambitious woman who married the tribune Clodius, and afterwards Curio, and at last Marcus Antony. She took a part in all the intrigues of her husband’s triumvirate, and showed herself cruel as well as revengeful. When Cicero’s head had been cut off by order of Antony, Fulvia ordered it to be brought to her, and with all the insolence of barbarity, she bored the orator’s tongue with her golden bodkin. Antony divorced her to marry Cleopatra, upon which she attempted to avenge her wrongs, by persuading Augustus to take up arms against her husband. When this scheme did not succeed, she raised a faction against Augustus, in which she engaged Lucius Antonius her brother-in-law, and when all her attempts proved fruitless, she retired into the east, where her husband received her with great coldness and indifference. This unkindness totally broke her heart, and she soon after died, about 40 years before the christian era. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_ & _Antonius_.――――A woman who discovered to Cicero the designs of Catiline upon his life. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.

=Fulvius=, a Roman senator, intimate with Augustus. He disclosed the emperor’s secrets to his wife, who made it public to all the Roman matrons, for which he received so severe a reprimand from Augustus, that he and his wife hanged themselves in despair.――――A friend of Caius Gracchus, who was killed in a sedition with his son. His body was thrown into the river, and his widow was forbidden to put on mourning for his death. _Plutarch_, _Gracchus_.――――Flaccus Censor, a Roman who plundered a marble temple of Juno, to finish the building of one which he had erected to Fortune. He was always unhappy after this sacrilege. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 2.――――Servius Nobilior, a Roman consul who went to Africa after the defeat of Regulus. After he had acquired much glory against the Carthaginians, he was shipwrecked at his return with 200 Roman ships. His grandson Marcus was sent to Spain, where he greatly signalized himself. He was afterwards rewarded with the consulship.

=Fundānus=, a lake near Fundi in Italy, which discharges itself into the Mediterranean. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 96.

=Fundi=, a town of Italy near Caieta, on the Appian road, at the bottom of a small deep bay called _Lacus Fundanus_. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 34.――_Livy_, bk. 8, chs. 14 & 19; bk. 38, ch. 36. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_, bk. 2, ch. 25.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 59.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Fŭriæ=, the three daughters of Nox and Acheron, or of Pluto and Proserpine, according to some. _See:_ Eumenides.

=Fŭrii=, a family which migrated from Medullia in Latium, and came to settle at Rome under Romulus, and was admitted among the patricians. Camillus was of this family, and it was he who first raised it to distinction. _Plutarch_, _Camillus_.

=Fŭria lex=, _de Testamentis_, by C. Furius the tribune. It forbade any person to leave as a legacy more than 1000 _asses_, except to the relations of the master who manumitted, with a few more exceptions. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _Against Verres_, ch. 42.――_Livy_, bk. 35.

=Furīna=, the goddess of robbers, worshipped at Rome. Some say that she is the same as the Furies. Her festivals were called Furinalia. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Furius=, a military tribune with Camillus. He was sent against the Tuscans by his colleague.――――A Roman slave who obtained his freedom, and applied himself with unremitted attention to cultivate a small portion of land which he had purchased. The uncommon fruits which he reaped from his labours rendered his neighbours jealous of his prosperity. He was accused before a Roman tribunal of witchcraft, but honourably acquitted.――――Marcus Bibaculus, a Latin poet of Cremona, who wrote annals in Iambic verse, and was universally celebrated for the wit and humour of his expressions. It is said that Virgil imitated his poetry, and even borrowed some of his lines. Horace, however, has not failed to ridicule his verses. _Quintilian_, bk. 8, ch. 6, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 5, li. 40.

=Furnius=, a man accused of adultery with Claudia Pulchra, and condemned, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, li. 52.――――A friend of Horace, who was consul, and distinguished himself by his elegant historical writings. Bk. 1, satire 10, li. 36.

=Aristotle Fuscus=, a friend of Horace, as conspicuous for the integrity and propriety of his manners, as for his learning and abilities. The poet addressed his 22nd Ode, bk. 1 & bk. 1, ltr. 10, to him.――――Cornelius, a pretor sent by Domitian against the Daci, where he perished. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 112.

=Fusia lex=, _de Comitiis_, A.U.C. 527, forbade any business to be transacted at the public assemblies on certain days, though among the _fasti_.――――Another, A.U.C. 690, which ordained that the votes in a public assembly should be given separately.――――Caninia, another by Camillus and C. Caninius Galbus, A.U.C. 751, to check the manumission of slaves.

=Fusius=, a Roman orator. _Cicero_, bk. 2, _On Oratory_, ch. 22.――――A Roman, killed in Gaul, while he presided there over one of the provinces. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――――A Roman actor, whom Horace ridicules, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 60. He intoxicated himself; and when on the stage he fell asleep whilst he personated Ilione, where he ought to have been roused and moved by the cries of a ghost; but in vain.

G

=Gabales=, a people of Aquitain. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 19.

=Gabaza=, a country of Asia, near Sogdiana. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 4.

=Gabellus=, now _La Secchia_, a river falling in a northern direction into the Po, opposite the Mincius. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Gabēne= and =Gabiēne=, a country of Persia. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.

=Gabia= and =Gabina=. _See:_ Gabina.

=Găbiēnus=, a friend of Augustus, beheaded by order of Sextus Pompey. It is maintained that he spoke after death.

=Găbii=, a city of the Volsci, built by the kings of Alba, but now no longer in existence. It was taken by the artifice of Sextus the son of Tarquin, who gained the confidence of the inhabitants by deserting to them, and pretending that his father had ill-treated him. Romulus and Remus were educated there, as it was the custom at that time to send there the young nobility, and Juno was the chief deity of the place. The inhabitants had a peculiar mode of tucking up their dress, whence _Gabinus cinctus_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 773; bk. 7, lis. 612 & 682.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 46; bk. 6, ch. 29; bk. 8, ch. 9; bk. 10, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 709. ――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Găbīna=, the name of Juno, worshipped at Gabii. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 682.

=Găbīnia lex=, _de Comitiis_, by Aulus Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C. 614. It required that in the public assemblies for electing magistrates, the votes should be given by tablets, and not _vivâ voce_.――――Another, for convening daily the senate, from the calends of February to those of March.――――Another, _de Comitiis_, which made it a capital punishment to convene any clandestine assembly, agreeable to the old law of the 12 tables.――――Another, _de Militiâ_, by Aulus Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C. 685. It granted Pompey the power of carrying on the war against the pirates, during three years, and of obliging all kings, governors, and states to supply him with all the necessaries he wanted, over all the Mediterranean sea, and in the maritime provinces, as far as 400 stadia from the sea.――――Another, _de Usurâ_, by Aulus Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C. 685. It ordained that no action should be granted for the recovery of any money borrowed upon small interest, to be lent upon larger. This was a usual practice at Rome, which obtained the name of _versuram facere_.――――Another, against fornication.

=Gabiniānus=, a rhetorician in the reign of Vespasian.

=Găbīnius=, a Roman historian.――――Aulus, a Roman consul, who made war in Judæa, and re-established tranquillity there. He suffered himself to be bribed, and replaced Ptolemy Auletes on the throne of Egypt. He was accused, at his return, of receiving bribes. Cicero, at the request of Pompey, ably defended him. He was banished, and died about 40 years before Christ, at Salona.――――A lieutenant of Antony. ――――A consul, who behaved with uncommon rudeness to Cicero.

=Gades= (ium), =Gadis= (is), and =Gadīra=, a small island in the Atlantic, on the Spanish coast, 25 miles from the columns of Hercules. It was some time called _Tartessus_ and _Erythia_, according to Pliny, and is now known by the name of _Cadiz_. Geryon, whom Hercules killed, fixed his residence there. Hercules, surnamed _Gaditanus_, had there a celebrated temple, in which all his labours were engraved with excellent workmanship. The inhabitants were called _Gaditani_, and their women were known for their agility of body, and their incontinency. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 2, li. 11. ――_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 1, li. 183.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 21; bk. 24, ch. 49; bk. 26, ch. 43.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 23. ――_Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Cicero_, _for Cornelius Balbus_.――_Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Gādītānus=, a surname of Hercules, from Gades. _See:_ Gades.

=Gæsātæ=, a people on the Rhone, who assisted the Senones in taking and plundering Rome under Brennus. _Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Gætūlia=, a country of Libya, near the Garamantes, which formed part of king Masinissa’s kingdom. The country was the favourite retreat of wild beasts, and is now called _Bildulgerid_. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 287.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.

=Gætūlĭcus, Cnæus Lentulus=, an officer in the age of Tiberius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 42.――――A poet who wrote some epigrams in which he displayed great genius, and more wit, though he often indulged in indelicate expressions.

=Gala=, father of Masinissa, was king of Numidia.

=Galăbrii=, a nation near Thrace.

=Galactophăgi=, a people of Asiatic Scythia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3.

=Galæsus.= _See:_ Galesus.

=Galanthis=, a servant-maid of Alcmena, whose sagacity eased the labours of her mistress. When Juno resolved to retard the birth of Hercules, and hasten the labours of the wife of Sthenelus, she solicited the aid of Lucina; who immediately repaired to the house of Alcmena, and in the form of an old woman, sat near the door with her legs crossed, and her fingers joined. In this posture she uttered some magical words, which served to prolong the labours of Alcmena, and render her state the more miserable. Alcmena had already passed some days in the most excruciating torments, when Galanthis began to suspect the jealousy of Juno; and concluded that the old woman, who continued at the door always in the same unchanged posture, was the instrument of the anger of the goddess. With such suspicions Galanthis ran out of the house, and with a countenance expressive of joy, she informed the old woman that her mistress had just brought forth. Lucina, at the words, rose from her posture, and that instant Alcmena was safely delivered. The uncommon laugh which Galanthis raised upon this, made Lucina suspect that she had been deceived. She seized Galanthis by the hair, and threw her on the ground; and while she attempted to resist, she was changed into a weasel, and condemned to bring forth her young, in the most agonizing pains, by the mouth, by which she had uttered falsehood. This transformation alludes to a vulgar notion among the ancients, who believed this of the weasel, because she carries her young in her mouth, and continually shifts from place to place. The Bœotians paid great veneration to the weasel, which, as they supposed, facilitated the labours of Alcmena. _Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 2.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 6.

=Galăta=, a town of Syria.――――An island near Sicily.――――A town of Sicily.――――A mountain of Phocis.

=Gălătæ=, the inhabitants of Galatia. _See:_ Galatia.

=Gălătæa= and =Galathæa=, a sea-nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was passionately loved by the Cyclops Polyphemus, whom she treated with coolness and disdain; while Acis, a shepherd of Sicily, enjoyed her unbounded affection. The happiness of these two lovers was disturbed by the jealousy of the Cyclops, who crushed his rival to pieces with a piece of a broken rock, while he sat in the bosom of Galatæa. Galatæa was inconsolable for the loss of Acis, and as she could not restore him to life, she changed him into a fountain. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 789.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 103.――――The daughter of a Celtic king, from whom the Gauls were called Galatæ. _Ammianus_, bk. 15.――――A country girl, &c. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 3.

=Gălătia=, or =Gallogræcia=, a country of Asia Minor, between Phrygia, the Euxine, Cappadocia, and Bithynia. It received its name from the Gauls, who migrated there under Brennus, some time after the sacking of Rome. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Justin_, bk. 37, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 38, chs. 12, 40.――_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 540.――_Cicero_, bk. 6, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 4. ――――The name of ancient Gaul among the Greeks.

=Galaxia=, a festival, in which they boiled a mixture of barley, pulse, and milk, called Γαλαξια by the Greeks.

=Galba=, a surname of the first of the Sulpicii, from the smallness of his stature. The word signifies a small worm, or according to some, it implies, in the language of Gaul, fatness, for which the founder of the Sulpician family was remarkable.――――A king among the Gauls, who made war against Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A brother of the emperor Galba, who killed himself, &c.――――A mean buffoon, in the age of Tiberius. _Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 4. ――――Servius, a lawyer at Rome, who defended the cause of adulterers with great warmth, as being one of the fraternity. Horace ridicules him, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 46.――――Servius Sulpicius, a Roman who rose gradually to the greatest offices of the state, and exercised his power in the provinces with equity and unremitted diligence. He dedicated the greatest part of his time to solitary pursuits, chiefly to avoid the suspicions of Nero. His disapprobation of the emperor’s oppressive command in the provinces, was the cause of new disturbances. Nero ordered him to be put to death, but he escaped from the hands of the executioner, and was publicly saluted emperor. When he was seated on the throne, he suffered himself to be governed by favourites, who exposed to sale the goods of the citizens to gratify their avarice. Exemptions were sold at a high price, and the crime of murder was blotted out, and impunity purchased with a large sum of money. Such irregularities in the emperor’s ministers greatly displeased the people; and when Galba refused to pay the soldiers the money which he had promised them when he was raised to the throne, they assassinated him in the 73rd year of his age, and in the eighth of his reign, and proclaimed Otho emperor in his room, January 16th, A.D. 69. The virtues which had shone so bright in Galba, when a private man, totally disappeared when he ascended the throne; and he who showed himself the most impartial judge, forgot the duties of an emperor, and of a father of his people. _Suetonius_ & _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Tacitus._――――A learned man, grandfather to the emperor of the same name. _Suetonius_, _Galba_, ch. 4. ――――Sergius, a celebrated orator before the age of Cicero. He showed his sons to the Roman people, and implored their protection by which means he saved himself from the punishment which either his guilt or the persuasive eloquence of his adversaries, Marcus Cato and Lucius Scribonius, urged as due to him. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 53; _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Galēnus Claudius=, a celebrated physician in the age of Marcus Antoninus and his successors, born at Pergamus, the son of an architect. He applied himself with unremitted labour to the study of philosophy, mathematics, and chiefly of physic. He visited the most learned seminaries of Greece and Egypt; and at last came to Rome, where he soon rendered himself famous by his profession. Many, astonished at his cures, attributed them to magic, and said that he had received all his knowledge from enchantments. He was very intimate with Marcus Aurelius the emperor, after whose death he returned to Pergamus, where he died, in his 90th year, A.D. 193. He wrote no less than 300 volumes, the greatest part of which were burnt in the temple of Peace at Rome, where they had been deposited. Galenus confessed himself greatly indebted to the writings of Hippocrates for his medical knowledge, and bestowed great encomiums upon him. To the diligence, application, and experiments of these two celebrated physicians, the moderns are indebted for many useful discoveries; yet often their opinions are ill-grounded, their conclusions hasty, and their reasoning false. What remains of the works of Galen has been published, without a Latin translation, in 5 vols., folio, Basil. 1538. Galen was likewise edited, together with Hippocrates, by Charterius, 13 vols., folio, Paris, 1679, but very incorrect.

=Galeolæ=, certain prophets in Sicily. _Cicero._

=Galeria=, one of the Roman tribes.――――The wife of Vitellius. _Cæsar._ ――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 60.――――Faustina, the wife of the emperor Antoninus Pius.

=Gălērius=, a native of Dacia, made emperor of Rome by Diocletian. _See:_ Maximianus.

=Gălēsus=, now _Galeso_, a river of Calabria, flowing into the bay of Tarentum. The poets have celebrated it for the shady groves in its neighbourhood, and the fine sheep which feed on its fertile banks, and whose fleeces were said to be rendered soft when they bathed in the stream. _Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 43; bk. 4, ltr. 28. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 126.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 6, li. 10.――――A rich person of Latium, killed as he attempted to make a reconciliation between the Trojans and Rutulians, when Ascanius had killed the favourite stag of Tyrrheus; which was the prelude to all the enmities between the hostile nations. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 335.

=Galilæa=, a celebrated country of Syria, often mentioned in Scripture.

=Galinthiadia=, a festival at Thebes, in honour of Galinthias, a daughter of Prœtus. It was celebrated before the festival of Hercules, by whose orders it was first instituted.

=Galli=, a nation of Europe, naturally fierce, and inclined to war. They were very superstitious, and in their sacrifices they often immolated human victims. In some places they had large statues made with twigs, which they filled with men, and reduced to ashes. They believed themselves descended from Pluto; and from that circumstance they always reckoned their time not by the days, as other nations, but by the nights. Their obsequies were splendid, and not only the most precious things, but even slaves and oxen, were burnt on the funeral pile. Children, among them, never appeared in the presence of their fathers, before they were able to bear arms in the defence of their country. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.――_Strabo_, bk. 4. ――_Tacitus._ _See:_ Gallia.――――The priests of Cybele, who received that name from the river Gallus, in Phrygia, where they celebrated the festivals. They mutilated themselves, before they were admitted to the priesthood, in imitation of Atys the favourite of Cybele. _See:_ Atys. The chief among them was called Archigallus, who in his dress resembled a woman, and carried suspended to his neck a large collar, with two representations of the head of Atys. _See:_ Corybantes, Dactyli, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 36.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 466.――_Lucian_, _de Deâ Syriâ_.

=Gallia=, a large country of Europe, called Galatia by the Greeks. The inhabitants were called _Galli_, _Celtiberi_, and _Celtoscythæ_, by themselves _Celtæ_, by the Greeks _Galatæ_. Ancient Gaul was divided into four different parts by the Romans, called Gallia Belgica, Narbonensis, Aquitania, and Celtica. Gallia _Belgia_ was the largest province, bounded by Germany, Gallia Narbonensis, and the German ocean; and contained the modern country of Alsace, Lorraine, Picardy with part of the Low Countries, and of Champagne, and of the isle of France. Gallia _Narbonensis_, which contained the provinces now called Languedoc, Provence, Dauphinè, Savoy, was bounded by the Alps and Pyrenean mountains, by Aquitania, Belgium, and the Mediterranean. _Aquitania_ Gallia, now called the provinces of Poitou, Santonge, Guienne, Berry, Perigord, Quercy, Limosin, Gascony, Auvergne, &c., was situate between the Garumna, the Pyrenean mountains, and the ocean. Gallia _Celtica_, or _Lugdunensis_, was bounded by Belgium, Gallia Narbonensis, the Alps, and the ocean. It contained the country at present known by the name of Lyonnais, Touraine, Franche Comté, Senenois, Switzerland, and part of Normandy. Besides these great divisions, there is often mention made of Gallia Cisalpina, or Citerior; Transalpina, or Ulterior, which refers to that part of Italy which was conquered by some of the Gauls who crossed the Alps. By Gallia _Cisalpina_, the Romans understood that part of Gaul which lies in Italy; and by _Transalpina_, that which lies beyond the Alps, in regard only to the inhabitants of Rome. Gallia _Cispadana_, and _Transpadana_, is applied to a part of Italy, conquered by some of the Gauls, and then it means the country on this side of the Po, or beyond the Po, with respect to Rome. By Gallia _Togata_, the Romans understood Cisalpine Gaul, where the Roman gowns, _togæ_, were usually worn, as the inhabitants had been admitted to the rank of citizenship at Rome. Gallia Narbonensis was called _Braccata_, on account of the peculiar covering of the inhabitants for their thighs. The epithet of _Comata_ is applied to Gallia Celtica, because the people suffered their hair to grow to an uncommon length. The inhabitants were great warriors; and their valour overcame the Roman armies, took the city of Rome, and invaded Greece, in different ages. They spread themselves over the greatest part of the world. They were very superstitious in their religious ceremonies, and revered the sacerdotal order as if they had been gods. _See:_ Druidæ. They long maintained a bloody war against the Romans; and Cæsar resided 10 years in their country before he could totally subdue them. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 5, &c.

=Gallicānus mons=, a mountain of Campania.

=Gallĭcus ager=, was applied to the country between Picenum and Ariminum, whence the Galli Senones were banished, and which was divided among the Roman citizens. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 14; bk. 39, ch. 44.――_Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, bk. 2.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 29.――――Sinus, a part of the Mediterranean on the coast of Gaul, now called the gulf of Lyons.

=Galliēnus Publius Lucinius=, a son of the emperor Valerian. He reigned conjointly with his father for seven years, and ascended the throne as sole emperor, A.D. 260. In his youth he showed his activity and military character, in an expedition against the Germans and Sarmatæ; but when he came to the purple, he delivered himself up to pleasure and indolence. His time was spent in the greatest debauchery; and he indulged himself in the grossest and most lascivious manner, and his palace displayed a scene, at once of effeminacy and shame, voluptuousness and immorality. He often appeared with his hair powdered with golden dust; and enjoyed tranquillity at home, while his provinces abroad were torn by civil quarrels and seditions. He heard of the loss of a rich province, and of the execution of a malefactor, with the same indifference; and when he was apprised that Egypt had revolted, he only observed, that he could live without the produce of Egypt. He was of a disposition naturally inclined to raillery and the ridicule of others. When his wife had been deceived by a jeweller, Gallienus ordered the malefactor to be placed in the circus, in expectation of being exposed to the ferocity of a lion. While the wretch trembled at the expectation of instant death, the executioner, by order of the emperor, let loose a capon upon him. An uncommon laugh was raised upon this, and the emperor observed, that he who had deceived others should expect to be deceived himself. In the midst of these ridiculous diversions, Gallienus was alarmed by the revolt of two of his officers, who had assumed the imperial purple. This intelligence roused him from his lethargy; he marched against his antagonists, and put all the rebels to the sword, without showing the least favour either to rank, sex, or age. These cruelties irritated the people and the army; emperors were elected, and no less than 30 tyrants aspired to the imperial purple. Gallienus resolved boldly to oppose his adversaries; but in the midst of his preparations he was assassinated at Milan by some of his officers, in the 50th year of his age, A.D. 268.

=Gallinaria sylva=, a wood near Cumæ in Italy, famous as being the retreat of robbers. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 307.

=Gallipŏlis=, a fortified town of the Salentines, on the Ionian sea.

=Gallogræcia=, a country of Asia Minor, near Bithynia and Cappadocia. It was inhabited by a colony of Gauls, who assumed the name of _Gallogræci_, because a number of Greeks had accompanied them in their emigration. _Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Caius Gallōnius=, a Roman knight appointed over Gades, &c.

=P. Gallōnius=, a luxurious Roman, who, as was observed, never dined well, because he was never hungry. _Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2, chs. 8 & 28.

=Gallus.= _See:_ Alectryon.――――A general of Otho, &c. _Plutarch._――――A lieutenant of Sylla.――――An officer of Marcus Antony, &c.――――Caius, a friend of the great Africanus, famous for his knowledge of astronomy, and his exact calculation of eclipses. _Cicero_, _de Senectute_. ――――Ælius, the third governor of Egypt in the age of Augustus. ――――Cornelius, a Roman knight, who rendered himself famous by his poetical, as well as military talents. He was passionately fond of the slave Lycoris, or Cytheris, and celebrated her beauty in his poetry. She proved ungrateful, and forsook him to follow Marcus Antony, which gave occasion to Virgil to write his tenth eclogue. Gallus, as well as the other poets of his age, was in the favour of Augustus, by whom he was appointed over Egypt. He became forgetful of the favours he received; he pillaged the province, and even conspired against his benefactor, according to some accounts, for which he was banished by the emperor. This disgrace operated so powerfully upon him, that he killed himself in despair, A.D. 26. Some few fragments remain of his poetry, and it seems that he particularly excelled in elegiac compositions. It is said that Virgil wrote a eulogium on his poetical friend, and inserted it at the end of his Georgics; but that he totally suppressed it, for fear of offending his imperial patron, of whose favours Gallus had shown himself so undeserving, and instead of that he substituted the beautiful episode about Aristæus and Eurydice. This eulogium, according to some, was suppressed at the particular desire of Augustus. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 8.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poems 6 & 10.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, poem 15, li. 29.――――Vibius Gallus, a celebrated orator of Gaul in the age of Augustus, of whose orations Seneca has preserved some fragments.――――A Roman who assassinated Decius the emperor, and raised himself to the throne. He showed himself indolent and cruel, and beheld with the greatest indifference the revolt of his provinces, and the invasion of his empire, by the barbarians. He was at last assassinated by his soldiers, A.D. 253.――――Flavius Claudius Constantinus, a brother of the emperor Julian, raised to the imperial throne under the title of Cæsar, by Constantius his relation. He conspired against his benefactor, and was publicly condemned to be beheaded, A.D. 354. ――――A small river of Phrygia, whose waters were said to be very efficacious, if drunk in moderation, in curing madness. _Pliny_, bk. 32, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 361.

=Gamaxus=, an Indian prince, brought in chains before Alexander for revolting.

=Gamelia=, a surname of Juno, as _Gamelius_ was of Jupiter, on account of their presiding over marriages.――――A festival privately observed at three different times. The first was the celebration of a marriage, the second was in commemoration of a birthday, and the third was an anniversary of the death of a person. As it was observed generally on the 1st of January, marriages on that day were considered as of a good omen, and the month was called Gemelion among the Athenians. _Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2, ch. 31.

=Gandarītæ=, an Indian nation.

=Gangama=, a place near the Palus Mæotis.

=Gangrărĭdæ=, a people near the mouths of the Ganges. They were so powerful that Alexander did not dare to attack them. Some attributed this to the weariness and indolence of his troops. They were placed by Valer. Flaccus among the deserts of Scythia. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 8.――_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 27. ――_Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 67.

=Ganges=, a large river of India, falling into the Indian ocean, said by Lucan to be the boundary of Alexander’s victories in the east. It inundates the adjacent country in the summer. Like other rivers, it was held in the greatest veneration by the inhabitants, and this superstition is said to exist still in some particular instances. The Ganges is now discovered to rise in the mountains of Thibet, and to run upwards of 2000 miles before it reaches the sea, receiving in its course the tribute of several rivers, 11 of which are superior to the Thames, and often equal to the great body of the waters of the Rhine. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 230.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 87.――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 31.

=Gannascus=, an ally of Rome, put to death by Corbulo the Roman general, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 18.

=Găny̆mēde=, a goddess, better known by the name of Hebe. She was worshipped under this name in a temple at Phlius in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 13.

=Găny̆mēdes=, a beautiful youth of Phrygia, son of Tros, and brother to Ilus and Assaracus. According to Lucan, he was son of Dardanus. He was taken up to heaven by Jupiter as he was hunting, or rather tending his father’s flocks on mount Ida, and he became the cup-bearer of the gods in the place of Hebe. Some say that he was carried away by an eagle, to satisfy the shameful and unnatural desires of Jupiter. He is generally represented sitting on the back of a flying eagle in the air. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 24.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 28, li. 231.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 252. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 155.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4.

=Garætĭcum=, a town of Africa.

=Gărămantes= (singular, Garamas), a people in the interior parts of Africa, now called the deserts of Zara. They lived in common, and acknowledged as their own only such children as resembled them, and scarce clothed themselves, on account of the warmth of their climate. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 198; bk. 6, li. 795.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 334.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 142; bk. 11, li. 181.

=Gărămantis=, a nymph who became mother of Iarbas, Phileus, and Pilumnus by Jupiter. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 198.

=Gărămas=, a king of Libya, whose daughter was mother of Ammon by Jupiter.

=Gărătas=, a river of Arcadia, near Tegea, on the banks of which Pan had a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44.

=Gareătæ=, a people of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45.

=Gareathyra=, a town of Cappadocia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Gargānus=, now _St. Angelo_, a lofty mountain of Apulia, which advances in the form of a promontory into the Adriatic sea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 257.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 880.

=Gargăphia=, a valley near Platæa, with a fountain of the same name, where Actæon was torn to pieces by his dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 156.

=Gargăris=, a king of the Curetes, who first found the manner of collecting honey. He had a son by his daughter, whom he attempted in vain to destroy. He made him his successor. _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 44.

=Gargărus= (plural, a, orum), a town and mountain of Troas, near mount Ida, famous for its fertility. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 103. ――_Macrobius_, bk. 5, ch. 20.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.

=Gargettus=, a village of Attica, the birthplace of Epicurus. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ltr. 16.

=Gargĭlius Martialis=, an historian.――――A celebrated hunter. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 57.

=Gargittius=, a dog which kept Geryon’s flocks. He was killed by Hercules.

=Garĭtes=, a people of Aquitain, in Gaul.

=Garumna=, a river of Gaul, now called _Garonne_, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, and separating Gallia Celtica from Aquitania. It falls into the bay of Biscay, and has, by the persevering labours of ♦Louis XIV., a communication with the Mediterranean by the canal of Languedoc, carried upwards of 100 miles through hills, and over valleys. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

♦ ‘Lewis’ replaced with ‘Louis’

=Gastron=, a general of Lacedæmon, &c. _Polybius_, bk. 2.

=Gatheæ=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 34.

=Gatheatas=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 34.

=Gaugramēla=, a village near Arbela, beyond the Tigris, where Alexander obtained his third victory over Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 16.

=Gaulus= and =Gauleon=, an island in the Mediterranean sea, opposite Libya. It produces no venomous creatures. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Gaurus=, a mountain of Campania, famous for its wines. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 667.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 160.――_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 5, li. 99.

=Gaus= and =Gaos=, a man who followed the interest of Artaxerxes, from whom he revolted, and by whom he was put to death. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Gaza=, a famous town of Palestine, once well fortified, as being the frontier place on the confines of Egypt. Alexander took it after a siege of two months. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Gebenna=, a town and mountain of Gaul. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 435.

=Gēdrōsia=, a barren province of Persia near India. _Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Gegănii=, a family of Alba, part of which migrated to Rome, under Romulus. One of the daughters, called Gegania, was the first of the vestals created by Numa. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.

=Gĕla=, a town on the southern parts of Sicily, about 10 miles from the sea, according to Ptolemy, which received its name from a small river in the neighbourhood, called _Gelas_. It was built by a Rhodian and Cretan colony, 713 years before the christian era. After it had continued in existence 404 years, Phintias tyrant of Agrigentum carried the inhabitants to _Phintias_, a town in the neighbourhood, which he had founded, and he employed the stones of Gela to beautify his own city. Phintias was also called Gela. The inhabitants were called _Gelenses_, _Geloi_, and _Gelani_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 702.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 46.

=Gelānor=, a king of Argos, who succeeded his father, and was deprived of his kingdom by Danaus the Egyptian. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16. _See:_ Danaus.

=Gellia Cornelia lex=, _de Civitate_, by Lucius Gellius and Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus, A.U.C. 682. It enacted that all those who had been presented with the privilege of citizens of Rome by Pompey should remain in the possession of that liberty.

=Gellias=, a native of Agrigentum, famous for his munificence and his hospitality. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Gellius=, a censor, &c. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――――A consul who defeated a party of Germans, in the interest of Spartacus. _Plutarch._

=Aulus Gellius=, a Roman grammarian in the age of Marcus Antonius, about 130 A.D. He published a work which he called _Noctes Atticæ_, because he composed it at Athens during the long nights of the winter. It is a collection of incongruous matter, which contains many fragments from the ancient writers, and often serves to explain antique monuments. It was originally composed for the improvement of his children, and abounds with many grammatical remarks. The best editions of Aulus Gellius are that of Gronovius, 4to, Leiden, 1706, and that of Conrad, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1762.

=Gelo= and =Gelon=, a son of Dinomenes, who made himself absolute at Syracuse, 491 years before the christian era. He conquered the Carthaginians at Himera, and made his oppression popular by his great equity and moderation. He reigned seven years, and his death was universally lamented at Syracuse. He was called the father of his people, and the patron of liberty, and honoured as a demigod. His brother Hiero succeeded him. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 42. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 153, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11.――――A man who attempted to poison Pyrrhus.――――A governor of Bœotia.――――A son of Hiero the younger. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 9.――――A general of Phocis, destroyed with his troops by the Thessalians. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 1.

=Geloi=, the inhabitants of _Gela_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 701.

=Gĕlōnes= and =Gĕlōni=, a people of Scythia, inured from their youth to labour and fatigue. They painted themselves to appear more terrible in battle. They were descended from Gelonus, a son of Hercules. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 15; _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 725,――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Claudian_, _Against Rufinus_, bk. 1, li. 315.

=Gelos=, a port of Caira. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16.

=Gemĭni=, a sign of the zodiac which represents Castor and Pollux, the twin sons of Leda.

=Gemĭnius=, a Roman, who acquainted Marcus Antony with the situation of his affairs at Rome, &c.――――An inveterate enemy of Marius. He seized the person of Marius, and carried him to Minturnæ. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.――――A friend of Pompey, from whom he received a favourite mistress called Flora. _Plutarch._

=Gemĭnus=, an astronomer and mathematician of Rhodes, B.C. 77.

=Gemoniæ=, a place at Rome where the carcases of criminals were thrown. _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, chs. 53 & 61.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 74.

=Genābum=, a town of Gaul, now _Orleans_, on the Loire. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 440.

=Genauni=, a people of Vindelicia. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 10.

=Gēnēva=, an ancient, populous, and well-fortified city in the country of the Allobroges on the lake Lemanus, now of Geneva.

=Genīsus=, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the Argonauts, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 45.

=Genius=, a spirit or dæmon, which, according to the ancients, presided over the birth and life of every man. _See:_ Dæmon.

=Gensĕric=, a famous Vandal prince, who passed from Spain to Africa, where he took Carthage. He laid the foundation of the Vandal kingdom in Africa, and in the course of his military expeditions invaded Italy, and sacked Rome in July, 455.

=Gentius=, a king of Illyricum, who imprisoned the Roman ambassadors at the request of Perseus king of Macedonia. This offence was highly resented by the Romans, and Gentius was conquered by Anicius, and led in triumph with his family, B.C. 169. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 19, &c.

=Genua=, now _Genoa_, a celebrated town of Liguria, which Annibal destroyed. It was rebuilt by the Romans. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 32; bk. 28, ch. 46; bk. 30, ch. 1.

=Genūcius=, a tribune of the people.――――A consul.

=Genŭsus=, now _Semno_, a river of Macedonia, falling into the Adriatic above Apollonia. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 462.

=Genutia lex=, _de magistratibus_, by Lucius Genutius the tribune, A.U.C. 411. It ordained that no person should exercise the same magistracy within 10 years, or be invested with two offices in one year.

=Georgĭca=, a poem of Virgil in four books. The first treats of ploughing the ground; the second of sowing it; the third speaks of the management of cattle, &c.; and in the fourth, the poet gives an account of bees, and of the manner of keeping them among the Romans. The word is derived from γεα _terra_, and ἐργον _opus_, because it particularly treats or husbandry. The work is dedicated to Mæcenas, the great patron of poetry in the age of Virgil. The author was seven years in writing and polishing it, and in that composition he showed how much he excelled all other writers. He imitated Hesiod, who wrote a poem nearly on the same subject, called _Works and Days_.

=Georgius Pisida.= _See:_ Pisida.

=Gephȳra=, one of the cities of the Seleucidæ in Syria. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Gephȳræi=, a people of Phœnicia, who passed with Cadmus into Bœotia, and from thence into Attica. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 57.

=Geræstus=, a port of Eubœa. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 45.

=Gerānia=, a mountain between Megara and Corinth.

=Geranthræ=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Geresticus=, a harbour of Teios in Ionia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 27.

=Gergithum=, a town near Cumæ in Æolia _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.

=Gergōvia=, a town of Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 9.

=Gerion=, an ancient augur.

=Germānia=, an extensive country of Europe, at the east of Gaul. Its inhabitants were warlike, fierce, and uncivilized, and always proved a watchful enemy against the Romans. Cæsar first entered their country, but he rather checked their fury than conquered them. His example was followed by his imperial successors or their generals, who sometimes entered the country to chastise the insolence of the inhabitants. The ancient Germans were very superstitious, and, in many instances, their religion was the same as that of their neighbours the Gauls; whence some have concluded that these two nations were of the same origin. They paid uncommon respect to their women, who, as they believed, were endowed with something more than human. They built no temples to their gods, and paid great attention to the heroes and warriors whom the country had produced. Their rude institutions gradually gave rise to the laws and manners which still prevail in the countries of Europe, which their arms invaded or conquered. Tacitus, in whose age even letters were unknown among them, observed their customs with nicety, and has delineated them with the genius of an historian and the reflection of a philosopher. _Tacitus_, _Germania_.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Germānĭcus Cæsar=, a son of Drusus and Antonia the niece of Augustus. He was adopted by his uncle Tiberius, and raised to the most important offices of the state. When his grandfather Augustus died, he was employed in a war in Germany, and the affection of the soldiers unanimously saluted him emperor. He refused the unseasonable honour, and appeased the tumult which his indifference occasioned. He continued his wars in Germany, and defeated the celebrated Arminius, and was rewarded with a triumph at his return to Rome. Tiberius declared him emperor of the east, and sent him to appease the seditions of the Armenians. But the success of Germanicus in the east was soon looked upon with an envious eye by Tiberius, and his death was meditated. He was secretly poisoned at Daphne near Antioch by Piso, A.D. 19, in the 34th year of his age. The news of his death was received with the greatest grief and the most bitter lamentations, and Tiberius seemed to be the only one who rejoiced in the fall of Germanicus. He had married Agrippina, by whom he had nine children, one of whom, Caligula, disgraced the name of his illustrious father. Germanicus has been commended not only for his military accomplishments, but also for his learning, humanity, and extensive benevolence. In the midst of war, he devoted some moments to study, and he favoured the world with two Greek comedies, some epigrams, and a translation of Aratus in Latin verse. _Suetonius._――――This name was common in the age of the emperors, not only to those who had obtained victories over the Germans, but even to those who had entered the borders of their country at the head of an army. Domitian applied the name of _Germanicus_, which he himself had vainly assumed, to the month of September, in honour of himself. _Suetonius_, _Domitian_, ch. 13.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 2, li. 4.

=Germanii=, a people of Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125.

=Geronthræ=, a town of Laconia, where a yearly festival, called _Geronthræa_, was observed in honour of Mars. The god had there a temple with a grove, into which no woman was permitted to enter during the time of the solemnity. _Pausanias_, _Laconia_.

♦=Gerrhæ=, a people of Scythia, in whose country the Borysthenes rises. The kings of Scythia were generally buried in their territories. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 71.

♦ ‘Gerhæ’ replaced with ‘Gerrhæ’

=Gersus= and =Gerrhus=, a river of Scythia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 56.

=Gēryon= and =Gēryŏnes=, a celebrated monster, born from the union of Chrysaor with Callirhoe, and represented by the poets as having three bodies and three heads. He lived in the island of Gades, where he kept numerous flocks, which were guarded by a two-headed dog, called Orthos, and by Eurythion. Hercules, by order of Eurystheus, went to Gades and destroyed Geryon, Orthos, and Eurythion, and carried away all his flocks and herds to Tirynthus. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 187.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 661; bk. 8, li. 202.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 277.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2. ――_Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 28.

=Gessătæ=, a people of Gallia Togata. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.

=Gessoriăcum=, a town of Gaul, now _Boulogne_, in Picardy.

=Gessos=, a river of Ionia.

=Geta=, a man who raised seditions at Rome in Nero’s reign, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 72.――――Septimius, a son of the emperor Severus, brother to Caracalla. In the eighth year of his age he was moved with compassion at the fate of some of the partisans of Niger and Albinus, who had been ordered to be executed; and his father, struck with his humanity, retracted his sentence. After his father’s death he reigned at Rome, conjointly with his brother; but Caracalla, who envied his virtues, and was jealous of his popularity, ordered him to be poisoned; and when this could not be effected, he murdered him in the arms of his mother Julia, who, in the attempt of defending the fatal blows from his body, received a wound in her arm from the hand of her son, the 28th of March, A.D. 212. Geta had not reached the 23rd year of his age, and the Romans had reason to lament the death of so virtuous a prince, whilst they groaned under the cruelties and oppression of Caracalla.

=Getæ= (singular, Getes), a people of European Scythia, near the Daci. Ovid, who was banished in their country, describes them as a savage and warlike nation. The word _Geticus_ is frequently used for Thracian. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_; _Tristia_, poem 5, li. 111.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li. 61; bk. 3, poem 1, li. 17.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 54; bk. 3, li. 95.

=Getulia.= _See:_ Gætulia.

=Gĭgantes=, the sons of Cœlus and Terra, who, according to Hesiod, sprang from the blood of the wound which Cœlus received from his son Saturn; whilst Hyginus calls them sons of Tartarus and Terra. They are represented as men of uncommon stature, and with strength proportioned to their gigantic size. Some of them, as Cottus, Briareus, and Gyges, had 50 heads and 100 arms, and serpents instead of legs. They were of a terrible aspect; their hair hung loose about their shoulders, and their beards were suffered to grow untouched. Pallene and its neighbourhood was the place of their residence. The defeat of the Titans, with whom they are often ignorantly confounded, and to whom they were nearly related, incensed them against Jupiter, and they all conspired to dethrone him. The god was alarmed, and called all the deities to assist him against a powerful enemy who made use of rocks, oaks, and burning woods for their weapons, and who had already heaped mount Ossa upon Pelion, to scale with more facility the walls of heaven. At the sight of such dreadful adversaries, the gods fled with the greatest consternation into Egypt, where they assumed the shape of different animals to screen themselves from their pursuers. Jupiter, however, remembered that they were not invincible, provided he called a mortal to his assistance; and by the advice of Pallas, he armed his son Hercules in his cause. With the aid of this celebrated hero, the giants were soon put to flight and defeated. Some were crushed to pieces under mountains, or buried in the sea, and others were flayed alive, or beaten to death with clubs. _See:_ Enceladus, Aloides, Porphyrion, Typhon, Otus, Titanes, &c. The existence of giants has been supported by all the writers of antiquity, and received as an undeniable truth. Homer tells us that Tityus, when extended on the ground, covered nine acres; and that Polyphemus ate two of the companions of Ulysses at once, and walked along the shores of Sicily, leaning on a staff which might have served for the mast of a ship. The Grecian heroes, during the Trojan war, and Turnus in Italy, attacked their enemies by throwing stones, which four men of the succeeding ages would have been unable to move. Plutarch also mentions, in support of the gigantic stature, that Sertorius opened the grave of Antæus in Africa, and found a skeleton which measured six cubits in length. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 151.――_Plutarch_, _Sertorius_.――_Hyginus_, fable 28, &c.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 7 & 10.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 280; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 580.

=Gigartum=, a town of Phœnicia.

=Gigis=, one of the female attendants of Parysatis, who was privy to the poisoning of Statira. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.

=Gildo=, a governor of Africa in the reign of Arcadius. He died A.D. 398.

=Gillo=, an infamous adulterer in Juvenal’s age. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 40.

=Gindanes=, a people of Libya, who fed on the leaves of the lotus. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 176.

=Gindes=, a river of Albania, flowing into the Cyrus.――――Another of Mesopotamia. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 141.

=Ginge.= _See:_ Gigis.

=Gingūnum=, a mountain of Umbria.

=Gippius=, a Roman who pretended to sleep, that his wife might indulge her adulterous propensities, &c.

=Gisco=, son of Himilcon the Carthaginian general, was banished from his country by the influence of his enemies. He was afterwards recalled, and empowered by the Carthaginians to punish in what manner he pleased those who had occasioned his banishment. He was satisfied to see them prostrate on the ground and to place his foot on their neck, showing that independence and forgiveness are two of the most brilliant virtues of a great mind. He was made a general soon after, in Sicily, against the Corinthians, about 309 years before the christian era; and by his success and intrepidity he obliged the enemies of his country to sue for peace.

=Glădiătōrii ludi=, combats originally exhibited on the grave of deceased persons at Rome. They were first introduced at Rome by the Bruti, upon the death of their father, A.U.C. 488. It was supposed that the ghosts of the dead were rendered propitious by human blood; therefore at funerals, it was usual to murder slaves in cool blood. In succeeding ages, it was reckoned less cruel to oblige them to kill one another like men, than to slaughter them like brutes, therefore the barbarity was covered by the specious show of pleasure and voluntary combat. Originally captives, criminals, or disobedient slaves were trained up for combat; but when the diversion became more frequent, and was exhibited on the smallest occasion, to procure esteem and popularity, many of the Roman citizens enlisted themselves among the gladiators, and Nero, at one show, exhibited no less than 400 senators and 600 knights. The people were treated with these combats not only by the great and opulent, but the very priests had their _Ludi pontificales_, and _Ludi sacerdotales_. It is supposed that there were no more than three pair of gladiators exhibited by the Bruti. Their numbers, however, increased with the luxury and power of the city; and the gladiators became so formidable, that Spartacus, one of their body, had courage to take up arms, and the success to defeat the Roman armies, only with a train of his fellow-sufferers. The more prudent of the Romans were sensible of the dangers which threatened the state by keeping such a number of desperate men in arms, and therefore many salutary laws were proposed to limit their number, as well as to settle the time in which the show could be exhibited with safety and convenience. Under the emperors, not only senators and knights, but even women engaged among the gladiators, and seemed to forget the inferiority of their sex. When there were to be any shows, hand-bills were circulated to give notice to the people, and to mention the place, number, time, and every circumstance requisite to be known. When they were first brought upon the _arena_, they walked round the place with great pomp and solemnity, and after that they were matched in equal pairs with great nicety. They first had a skirmish with wooden files, called _rudes_ or _arma lusoria_. After this the effective weapons, such as swords, daggers, &c., called _arma decretoria_, were given them, and the signal for the engagement was given by the sound of a trumpet. As they had all previously sworn to fight till death, or suffer death in the most excruciating torments, the fight was bloody and obstinate, and when one signified his submission by surrendering his arms, the victor was not permitted to grant him his life without the leave and approbation of the multitude. This was done by clenching the fingers of both hands between each other, and holding the thumbs upright close together, or by bending back their thumbs. The first of these was called _pollicem premere_, and signified the wish of the people to spare the life of the conquered. The other sign, called _pollicem vertere_, signified their disapprobation, and ordered the victor to put his antagonist to death. The victor was generally rewarded with a palm, and other expressive marks of the people’s favour. He was most commonly presented with a _pileus_ and _rudis_. When one of the combatants received a remarkable wound, the people exclaimed _habet_, and expressed their exultation by shouts. The combats of gladiators were sometimes different either in weapons or dress, whence they were generally distinguished into the following orders: The _secutores_ were armed with a sword and buckler, to keep off the net of their antagonists, the _retiarii_. These last endeavoured to throw their net over the head of their antagonist, and in that manner to entangle him, and prevent him from striking. If this did not succeed, they betook themselves to flight. Their dress was a short coat, with a hat tied under the chin with a broad ribbon. They wore a trident in their left hand. The _Thraces_, originally Thracians, were armed with a falchion, and small round shield. The _myrmillones_, called also _Galli_, from their Gallic dress, ♦were much the same as the _secutores_. They were, like them, armed with a sword, and on the top of the head-piece they wore the figure of a fish embossed, called μορμυρος, whence their name. The _Hoplomachi_ were completely armed from head to foot, as their name implies. The _Samnites_, armed after the manner of the Samnites, wore a large shield broad at the top, and growing more narrow at the bottom, more conveniently to defend the upper parts of the body. The _Essedarii_ generally fought from the _essedum_, or chariot used by the ancient Gauls and Britons. The _andabatæ_, ἀναβαται, fought on horseback, with a helmet that covered and defended their faces and eyes. Hence _andabatarum more pugnare_, is to fight blindfolded. The _meridiani_ engaged in the afternoon. The _postulatitii_ were men of great skill and experience, and such as were generally produced by the emperors. The _fiscales_ were maintained out of the emperor’s treasury, _fiscus_. The _dimachæri_ fought with two swords in their hands, whence their name. After these cruel exhibitions had been continued for the amusement of the Roman populace, they were abolished by Constantine the Great, near 600 years after their first institution. They were, however, revived under the reign of Constantius and his two successors, but Honorius for ever put an end to these cruel barbarities.

♦ ‘where’ replaced with ‘were’

=Glanis=, a river of Cumæ,――――of Iberia,――――of Italy. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 454.

=Glanum=, a town of Gaul, now _St. Remi_, in Provence.

=Glaphy̆re= and =Glaphy̆ra=, a daughter of Archelaus the high priest of Bellona in Cappadocia, celebrated for her beauty and intrigues. She obtained the kingdom of Cappadocia for her two sons from Marcus Antony, whom she corrupted by defiling the bed of her husband. This amour of Antony with Glaphyra highly displeased his wife Fulvia, who wished Augustus to avenge his infidelity by receiving from her the same favours which Glaphyra received from Antony.――――Her granddaughter bore the same name. She was a daughter of Archelaus king of Cappadocia, and married Alexander, a son of Herod, by whom she had two sons. After the death of Alexander, she married her brother-in-law Archelaus.

=Glaphy̆rus=, an infamous adulterer. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 77.

=Glauce=, the wife of Actæus, daughter of Cychræus. _Apollodorus._ ――――A daughter of Cretheus, mother of Telamon.――――One of the Nereides.――――A daughter of Creon, who married Jason. _See:_ Creusa. ――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._

=Glaucia=, a surname of the Servilian family. _Cicero_, _Orator_, ch. 3.

=Glaucippe=, one of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._

=Glaucippus=, a Greek who wrote a treatise concerning the sacred rites observed at Athens.

=Glaucon=, a writer of dialogues at Athens. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.

=Glauconŏme=, one of the Nereides.

=Glaucōpis=, a surname of Minerva, from the blueness of her eyes. _Homer._――_Hesiod._

=Glaucus=, a son of Hippolchus the son of Bellerophon. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and had the simplicity to exchange his golden suit of armour with Diomedes for an iron one, whence came the proverb of _Glauci et Diomedis permutatio_, to express a foolish purchase. He behaved with much courage, and was killed by Ajax. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 483.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 96. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.――――A fisherman of Anthedon in Bœotia, son of Neptune and Nais, or, according to others, of Polybius the son of Mercury. As he was fishing, he observed that all the fishes which he laid on the grass received fresh vigour as they touched the ground, and immediately escaped from him by leaping into the sea. He attributed the cause of it to the grass, and by tasting it, he found himself suddenly moved with a desire of living in the sea. Upon this he leaped into the water, and was made a sea deity by Oceanus and Tethys, at the request of the gods. After this transformation he became enamoured of the Nereid Scylla, whose ingratitude was severely punished by Circe. _See:_ Scylla. He is represented like the other sea deities, with a long beard, dishevelled hair, and shaggy eyebrows, and with the tail of a fish. He received the gift of prophecy from Apollo, and according to some accounts he was the interpreter of Nereus. He assisted the Argonauts in their expedition, and foretold them that Hercules and the two sons of Leda would one day receive immortal honours. The fable of his metamorphosis has been explained by some authors, who observe that he was an excellent diver, who was devoured by fishes as he was swimming in the sea. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 905, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 199.――_Athenæus_, bk. 7.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――_Aristotle_, _Constitution of Delos_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22. ――――A son of Sisyphus king of Corinth, by Merope the daughter of Atlas, born at Potnia, a village of Bœotia. He prevented his mares from having any commerce with the stallions, in the expectation that they would become swifter in running, upon which Venus inspired the mares with such fury, that they tore his body to pieces as he returned from the games which Adrastus had celebrated in honour of his father. He was buried at Potnia. _Hyginus_, fable 250.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 367.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.――――A son of Minos II. and Pasiphae, who was smothered in a cask of honey. His father, ignorant of his fate, consulted the oracle to know where he was, and received for answer, that the soothsayer who best described him an ox, which was of three different colours among his flocks, would best give him intelligence of his son’s situation. Polyidus was found superior to all the other soothsayers, and was commanded by the king to find the young prince. When he had found him, Minos confined him with the dead body, and told him that he never would restore him his liberty if he did not restore his son to life. Polyidus was struck with the king’s severity, but while he stood in astonishment, a serpent suddenly came towards the body and touched it. Polyidus killed the serpent, and immediately a second came, who seeing the other without motion or signs of life, disappeared, and soon after returned with a certain herb in his mouth. This herb he laid on the body of the dead serpent, which was immediately restored to life. Polyidus, who had attentively considered what passed, seized the herb, and with it he rubbed the body of the dead prince, who was instantly raised to life. Minos received Glaucus with gratitude, but he refused to restore Polyidus to liberty, before he taught his son the art of divination and prophecy. He consented with great reluctance, and when he was at last permitted to return to Argolis his native country, he desired his pupil to spit in his mouth. Glaucus willingly consented, and from that moment he forgot all the knowledge of divination and healing which he had received from the instructions of Polyidus. Hyginus ascribes the recovery of Glaucus to Æsculapius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Hyginus_, fables 136 & 251, &c.――――A son of Epytus, who succeeded his father on the throne of Messenia, about 10 centuries before the Augustan age. He introduced the worship of Jupiter among the Dorians, and was the first who offered sacrifices to Machaon the son of Æsculapius. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――A son of Antenor, killed by Agamemnon. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 4.――――An Argonaut, the only one of the crew who was not wounded in a battle against the Tyrrhenians. _Athenæus_, bk. 7, ch. 12.――――A son of Imbrasus, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 343.――――A son of Hippolytus, whose descendants reigned in Ionia.――――An athlete of Eubœa. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 9.――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A physician of Cleopatra. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――――A warrior in the age of Phocion. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.――――A physician exposed on a cross, because Hephæstion died while under his care. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――An artist of Chios. _Pausanias._――――A Spartan. _Pausanias._――――A grove of Bœotia. _Pausanias._――――A bay of Caria, now the gulf of _Macri_. _Pausanias._――――An historian of Rhegium in Italy.――――A bay and river of Libya,――――of Peloponnesus,――――of Colchis, falling into the Phasis.

=Glautias=, a king of Illyricum, who educated Pyrrhus.

=Glicon=, a physician of Pansa, accused of having poisoned the wound of his patron, &c. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 11.

=Glissas=, a town of Bœotia, with a small river in the neighbourhood. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 19.

=Glycĕra=, a beautiful woman, celebrated by _Horace_, bk. 1, odes 19, 30.――――A courtesan of Sicyon, so skilful in making garlands, that some attributed to her the invention of them.――――A famous courtesan, whom Harpalus brought from Athens to Babylon.

=Gly̆cĕrium=, a harlot of Thespis, who presented her countrymen with the painting of Cupid, which Praxiteles had given her.――――The mistress of Pamphilus in Terence’s Andria.

=Gly̆con=, a man remarkable for his strength. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 1, li. 30.――――A physician who attended Pansa, and was accused of poisoning his patron’s wound. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 11.

=Glympes=, a town on the borders of the Lacedæmonians and Messenians. _Polybius_, bk. 4.

=Gnatia=, a town of Apulia, about 30 miles from Brundusium, badly supplied with water. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5.

=Gnidus.= _See:_ Cnidus.

=Gnossis= and =Gnossia=, an epithet given to Ariadne, because she lived, or was born, at Gnossus. The crown which she received from Bacchus, and which was made a constellation, is called _Gnossia Stella_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 222.

=Gnossus=, a famous city of Crete, the residence of king Minos. The name of _Gnossia tellus_ is often applied to the whole island. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_.

=Gobanitio=, a chief of the Averni, uncle to Vercingetorix. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Gobar=, a governor of Mesopotamia, who checked the course of the Euphrates, that it might not run rapidly through Babylon. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26.

=Gobares=, a Persian governor, who surrendered to Alexander, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Gobryas=, a Persian, one of the seven noblemen who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. _See:_ Darius. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 70.

=Golgi= (ōrum), a place of Cyprus, sacred to Venus _Golgia_ and to Cupid. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.

=Gomphi=, a town of Thessaly, near the springs of the Peneus, at the foot of mount Pindus.

=Gonātas=, one of the Antigoni.

=Goniădes=, nymphs in the neighbourhood of the river Cytherus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Gonippus= and =Panormus=, two youths of Andania, who disturbed the Lacedæmonians when celebrating the festivals of Pollux. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 27.

=Gonni= and =Gonocondylos=, a town of Thessaly at the entrance into Tempe. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 10; bk. 42, ch. 54.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Gonoessa=, a town of Troas. _Seneca_, _Troades_.

=Gonussa=, a town of Sicyon. _Pausanias._

=Gordiæi=, mountains in Armenia, where the Tigris rises, supposed to be the Ararat of scripture.

=Gordiānus Marcus Antonius Africanus=, a son of Metius Marcellus, descended from Trajan by his mother’s side. In the greatest affluence, he cultivated learning, and was an example of piety and virtue. He applied himself to the study of poetry, and composed a poem in 30 books upon the virtues of Titus, Antoninus, and Marcus Aurelius. He was such an advocate for good breeding and politeness, that he never sat down in the presence of his father-in-law Annius Severus, who paid him daily visits, before he was promoted to the pretorship. He was some time after elected consul, and went to take the government of Africa in the capacity of proconsul. After he had attained his 80th year in the greatest splendour and domestic tranquillity, he was roused from his peaceful occupations by the tyrannical reign of the Maximini, and he was proclaimed emperor by the rebellious troops of his province. He long declined to accept the imperial purple, but the threats of immediate death gained his compliance. Maximinus marched against him with the greatest indignation; and Gordian sent his son, with whom he shared the imperial dignity, to oppose the enemy. Young Gordian was killed; and the father, worn out with age, and grown desperate on account of his misfortunes, strangled himself at Carthage, before he had been six weeks at the head of the empire, A.D. 236. He was universally lamented by the army and people.――――Marcus Antoninus Africanus, son of Gordianus, was instructed by Serenus Sammoticus, who left him his library, which consisted of 62,000 volumes. His enlightened understanding, and his peaceful disposition, recommended him to the favour of the emperor Heliogabalus. He was made prefect of Rome, and afterwards consul, by the emperor Alexander Severus. He passed into Africa, in the character of lieutenant to his father, who had obtained that province; and seven years after he was elected emperor, in conjunction with him. He marched against the partisans of Maximinus, his antagonist in Mauritania, and was killed in a bloody battle on the 25th of June, A.D. 236, after a reign of about six weeks. He was of an amiable disposition, but he has been justly blamed by his biographers on account of his lascivious propensities, which reduced him to the weakness and infirmities of old age, though he was but in his 46th year at the time of his death.――――Marcus Antoninus Pius, grandson to the first Gordian, was but 12 years old when he was honoured with the title of Cæsar. He was proclaimed emperor in the 16th year of his age, and his election was attended with universal marks of approbation. In the 18th year of his age, he married Furia Sabina Tranquilina daughter of Misitheus, a man celebrated for his ♦eloquence and public virtues. Misitheus was entrusted with the most important offices of the state by his son-in-law, and his administration proved how deserving he was of the confidence and affection of his imperial master. He corrected the various abuses which prevailed in the state, and restored the ancient discipline among the soldiers. By his prudence and political sagacity, all the chief towns in the empire were stored with provisions, which could maintain the emperor and a large army during 15 days upon any emergency. Gordian was not less active than his father-in-law; and when Sapor the king of Persia had invaded the Roman provinces in the east, he boldly marched to meet him, and in his way defeated a large body of Goths, in Mœsia. He conquered Sapor, and took many flourishing cities in the east from his adversary. In this success the senate decreed him a triumph, and saluted Misitheus as the guardian of the republic. Gordian was assassinated in the east, A.D. 244, by the means of Philip, who had succeeded to the virtuous Misitheus, and who usurped the sovereign power by murdering a warlike and amiable prince. The senate, sensible of his merit, honoured him with a most splendid funeral on the confines of Persia, and ordered that the descendants of the Gordians should ever be free, at Rome, from all the heavy taxes and burdens of the state. During the reign of Gordianus, there was an uncommon eclipse of the sun, in which the stars appeared in the middle of the day.

♦ ‘eloqence’ replaced with ‘eloquence’

=Gordium=, a town of Phrygia. _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 7.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 18.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Gordius=, a Phrygian, who, though originally a peasant, was raised to the throne. During a sedition, the Phrygians consulted the oracle, and were told that all their troubles would cease as soon as they chose for their king the first man they met going to the temple of Jupiter, mounted on a chariot. Gordius was the object of their choice, and he immediately consecrated his chariot in the temple of Jupiter. The knot which tied the yoke to the draught tree, was made in such an artful manner that the ends of the cord could not be perceived. From this circumstance a report was soon spread, that the empire of Asia was promised by the oracle to him that could untie the Gordian knot. Alexander, in his conquest of Asia, passed by Gordium; and as he wished to leave nothing undone which might inspire his soldiers with courage, and make his enemies believe that he was born to conquer Asia, he cut the knot with his sword; and from that circumstance asserted that the oracle was really fulfilled, and that his claims to universal empire were fully justified. _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 7.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Arrian_, bk. 1. ――――A tyrant of Corinth. _Aristotle_.

=Gorgāsus=, a man who received divine honours at Pheræ in Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.

=Gorge=, a daughter of Œneus king of Calydon, by Althæa daughter of Thestius. She married Andremon, by whom she had Oxilus, who headed the Heraclidæ when they made an attempt upon Peloponnesus. Her tomb was seen at Amphissa in Locris. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 38. ――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 542.――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Gorgias=, a celebrated sophist and orator, son of Carmantides surnamed _Leontinus_, because born at Leontium in Sicily. He was sent by his countrymen to solicit the assistance of the Athenians against the Syracusans, and was successful in his embassy. He lived to his 108th year, and died B.C. 400. Only two fragments of his compositions are extant. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17.――_Cicero_, _Orator_, ch. 22, &c.; _De Senectute_, ch. 15; _Brutus_, ch. 15. ――_Quintilian_, bks. 3 & 12.――――An officer of Antiochus Epiphanes. ――――An Athenian, who wrote an account of all the prostitutes of Athens. _Athenæus._――――A Macedonian, forced to war with Amyntas, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 1.

=Gorgo=, the wife of Leonidas king of Sparta, &c.――――The name of the ship which carried Perseus, after he had conquered Medusa.

=Gorgŏnes=, three celebrated sisters, daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, whose names were Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, all immortal except Medusa. According to the mythologists, their hairs were entwined with serpents, their hands were of brass, their wings of the colour of gold, their body was covered with impenetrable scales, and their teeth were as long as the tusks of a wild boar, and they turned to stones all those on whom they fixed their eyes. Medusa alone had serpents in her hair, according to Ovid, and this proceeded from the resentment of Minerva, in whose temple Medusa had gratified the passion of Neptune, who was enamoured of the beautiful colour of her locks, which the goddess changed into serpents. Æschylus says that they had only one tooth and one eye between them, of which they had the use each in her turn; and accordingly it was at the time that they were exchanging the eye, that Perseus attacked them, and cut off Medusa’s head. According to some authors, Perseus, when he went to the conquest of the Gorgons, was armed with an instrument like a scythe by Mercury, and provided with a looking-glass by Minerva, besides winged shoes, and a helmet of Pluto, which rendered all objects clearly visible and open to the view, while the person who wore it remained totally invisible. With weapons like these, Perseus obtained an easy victory; and after his conquest, returned his arms to the different deities whose favours and assistance he had so recently experienced. The head of Medusa remained in his hands; and after he had finished all his laborious expeditions, he gave it to Minerva, who placed it on her ægis, with which she turned into stones all such as fixed their eyes upon it. It is said, that after the conquest of the Gorgons, Perseus took his flight in the air towards Æthiopia; and that the drops of blood which fell to the ground from Medusa’s head were changed into serpents, which have ever since infested the sandy deserts of Libya. The horse Pegasus also arose from the blood of Medusa, as well as Chrysaor with his golden sword. The residence of the Gorgons was beyond the ocean towards the west, according to Hesiod. Æschylus makes them inhabit the eastern parts of Scythia; and Ovid, as the most received opinion, supports that they lived in the inland parts of Libya, near the lake of Triton, or the gardens of the Hesperides. Diodorus and others explain the fable of the Gorgons, by supposing that they were a warlike race of women near the Amazons, whom Perseus, with the help of a large army, totally destroyed. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_ & _Shield of Heracles_.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 4, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 5 & 11.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, &c.――_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20, &c. ――_Aeschylus_, _Prometheus Bound_, act 4.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, odes 7 & 12; _Olympian_, poem 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 618, &c.――_Palæphatus_, _on the Daughters of Phorcys_.

=Gorgŏnia=, a surname of Pallas, because Perseus, armed with her shield, had conquered the Gorgon, who had polluted her temple with Neptune.

=Gorgŏnius=, a man ridiculed by Horace for his ill smell. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 27.

=Gorgŏphŏne=, a daughter of Perseus and Andromeda, who married Perieres king of Messenia, by whom she had Aphareus and Leucippus. After the death of Perieres, she married Œbalus, who made her mother of Icarus and Tyndarus. She is the first whom the mythologists mention as having had a second husband. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 3.――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Gorgŏphŏnus=, a son of Electryon and Anaxo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Gorgŏphŏra=, a surname of Minerva, from her ægis, on which was the head of the Gorgon Medusa. _Cicero._

=Gorgus=, the son of Aristomenes the Messenian. He was married, when young, to a virgin, by his father, who had experienced the greatest kindnesses from her humanity, and had been enabled to conquer seven Cretans who had attempted his life, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 19. ――――A son of Theron tyrant of Agrigentum.――――A man whose knowledge of metals proved very serviceable to Alexander, &c.

=Gorgythion=, a son of Priam, killed by Teucer. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8.

=Gortuæ=, a people of Eubœa, who fought with the Medes at the battle of Arbela. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Gortyn=, =Gortys=, and =Gortȳna=, an inland town of Crete. It was on the inhabitants of this place that Annibal, to save his money, practised an artifice recorded in _Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_, ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 214; bk. 7, li. 214.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 773.

=Gortȳnia=, a town of Arcadia in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28.

=Gotthi=, a celebrated nation of Germany, called also Gothones, Gutones, Gythones, and Guttones. They were warriors by profession, as well as all their savage neighbours. They extended their power over all parts of the world, and chiefly directed their arms against the Roman empire. Their first attempt against Rome was on the provinces of Greece, whence they were driven by Constantine. They plundered Rome, under Alaric, one of their most celebrated kings, A.D. 410. From becoming the enemies of the Romans, the Goths gradually became their mercenaries; and as they were powerful and united, they soon dictated to their imperial masters, and introduced disorder, anarchy, and revolutions in the west of Europe. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.

=Gracchus Tiberius Sempronius=, father of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, twice consul, and once censor, was distinguished by his integrity as well as his prudence and superior ability, both in the senate and at the head of the armies. He made war in Gaul, and met with much success in Spain. He married Sempronia, of the family of the Scipios, a woman of great virtue, piety, and learning. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 48. Their children, Tiberius and Caius, who had been educated under the watchful eye of their mother, rendered themselves famous for their eloquence, seditions, and an obstinate attachment to the interests of the populace, which at last proved fatal to them. With a winning eloquence, affected moderation, and uncommon popularity, Tiberius began to renew the Agrarian law, which had already caused such dissensions at Rome. _See:_ Agraria. By the means of violence, his proposition passed into a law, and he was appointed commissioner, with his father-in-law Appius Claudius and his brother Caius, to make an equal division of the lands among the people. The riches of Attalus, which were left to the Roman people by will, were distributed without opposition; and Tiberius enjoyed the triumph of his successful enterprise, when he was assassinated in the midst of his adherents by Publius Nasica, while the populace were all unanimous to re-elect him to serve the office of tribune the following year. The death of Tiberius checked for a while the friends of the people; but Caius, spurred by ambition and furious zeal, attempted to remove every obstacle which stood in his way by force and violence. He supported the cause of the people with more vehemence, but less moderation than Tiberius; and his success served only to awaken his ambition, and animate his resentment against the nobles. With the privileges of a tribune, he soon became the arbiter of the republic, and treated the patricians with contempt. This behaviour hastened the ruin of Caius, and in the tumult he fled to the temple of Diana, where his friends prevented him from committing suicide. This increased the sedition, and he was murdered by order of the consul Opimius, B.C. 121, about 13 years after the unfortunate end of Tiberius. His body was thrown into the Tiber, and his wife was forbidden to put on mourning for his death. Caius has been accused of having stained his hands in the blood of Scipio Africanus the younger, who was found murdered in his bed. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Cicero_, _Catiline_, ch. 1.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 796.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17; bk. 3, ch. 14, &c.――――Sempronius, a Roman, banished to the coast of Africa for his adulteries with Julia the daughter of Augustus. He was assassinated by order of Tiberius, after he had been banished 14 years. Julia also shared his fate. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 53.――――A general of the Sabines, taken by Quinctius Cincinnatus.――――A Roman consul, defeated by Annibal, &c. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.

=Grādīvus=, a surname of Mars among the Romans, perhaps from κραδαινειν, _brandishing a spear_. Though he had a temple without the walls of Rome, and though Numa had established the Salii, yet his favourite residence was supposed to be among the fierce and savage Thracians and Getæ, over whom he particularly presided. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 35.――_Homer_, _Iliad_.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 20; bk. 2, ch. 45.

=Græci=, the inhabitants of Greece. _See:_ Græcia.

=Græcia=, a celebrated country of Europe, bounded on the west by the Ionian sea, south by the Mediterranean sea, east by the Ægean, and north by Thrace and Dalmatia. It is generally divided into four large provinces: Macedonia, Epirus, Achaia or Hellas, and Peloponnesus. This country has been reckoned superior to every other part of the earth, on account of the salubrity of the air, the temperature of the climate, the fertility of the soil, and above all, the fame, learning, and arts of its inhabitants. The Greeks have severally been called Achæans, Argians, Danai, Dolopes, Hellenians, Ionians, Myrmidons, and Pelasgians. The most celebrated of their cities were Athens, Sparta, Argos, Corinth, Thebes, Sicyon, Mycenæ, Delphi, Trœzene, Salamis, Megara, Pylos, &c. The inhabitants, whose history is darkened in its primitive ages with fabulous accounts and traditions, supported that they were the original inhabitants of the country, and born from the earth where they dwelt; and they heard with contempt the probable conjectures which traced their origin among the first inhabitants of Asia, and the colonies of Egypt. In the first periods of their history, the Greeks were governed by monarchs; and there were as many kings as there were cities. The monarchical power gradually decreased; the love of liberty established the republican government; and no part of Greece, except Macedonia, remained in the hands of an absolute sovereign. The expedition of the Argonauts first rendered the Greeks respectable among their neighbours; and in the succeeding age, the wars of Thebes and Troy gave opportunity to their heroes and demi-gods to display their valour in the field of battle. The simplicity of the ancient Greeks rendered them virtuous; and the establishment of the Olympic games, in particular, where the noble reward of the conqueror was a laurel crown, contributed to their aggrandizement, and made them ambitious of fame, and not the slaves of riches. The austerity of their laws, and the education of their youth, particularly at Lacedæmon, rendered them brave and active, insensible to bodily pain, fearless and intrepid in the time of danger. The celebrated battles of Marathon, Thermopylæ, Salamis, Platæa, and Mycale sufficiently show what superiority the courage of a little army can obtain over millions of undisciplined barbarians. After many signal victories over the Persians, they became elated with their success; and when they found no one able to dispute their power abroad, they turned their arms one against the other, and leagued with foreign states to destroy the most flourishing of their cities. The Messenian and Peloponnesian wars are examples of the dreadful calamities which arise from civil discord and long prosperity, and the success with which the gold and the sword of Philip and of his son corrupted and enslaved Greece, fatally proved that when a nation becomes indolent and dissipated at home, it ceases to be respectable in the eyes of the neighbouring states. The annals of Greece, however, abound with singular proofs of heroism and resolution. The bold retreat of the 10,000, who had assisted Cyrus against his brother Artaxerxes, reminded their countrymen of their superiority over all other nations; and taught Alexander that the conquest of the east might be effected with a handful of Grecian soldiers. While the Greeks rendered themselves so illustrious by their military exploits, the arts and sciences were assisted by conquest, and received fresh lustre from the application and industry of their professors. The labours of the learned were received with admiration, and the merit of a composition was determined by the applause or disapprobation of a multitude. Their generals were orators; and eloquence seemed to be so nearly connected with the military profession, that he was despised by his soldiers who could not address them upon any emergency with a spirited and well-delivered oration. The learning as well as the virtues of Socrates procured him a name; and the writings of Aristotle have, perhaps, gained him a more lasting fame than all the conquests and trophies of his royal pupil. Such were the occupations and accomplishments of the Greeks. Their language became almost universal, and their country was the receptacle of the youths of the neighbouring states, where they imbibed the principles of liberty and moral virtue. The Greeks planted several colonies, and totally peopled the western coasts of Asia Minor. In the eastern parts of Italy there were also many settlements made; and the country received from its Greek inhabitants the name of _Magna Græcia_. For some time Greece submitted to the yoke of Alexander and his successors; and at last, after a spirited though ineffectual struggle in the Achæan league, it fell under the power of Rome, and became one of its ♦dependent provinces, governed by a proconsul.

♦ ‘dependant’ replaced with ‘dependent’

=Græcia magna=, a part of Italy where the Greeks planted colonies, whence the name. Its boundaries are very uncertain; some say that it extended on the southern parts of Italy, and others suppose that Magna Græcia comprehended only Campania and Lucania. To these some add Sicily, which was likewise peopled by Greek colonies. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 64.――_Strabo_, &c.

=Græcīnus=, a senator put to death by Caligula, because he refused to accuse Sejanus, &c. _Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_, bk. 2.

=Græcus=, a man from whom some suppose that Greece received its name. _Aristotle._

=Graius=, an inhabitant of Greece.

=Grampius mons=, the Grampian mountains in Scotland. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 29.

=Granīcus=, a river of Bithynia, famous for the battle fought there between the armies of Alexander and Darius, 22nd of May, B.C. 334, when 600,000 Persians were defeated by 30,000 Macedonians. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Justin._――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Granius Petronius=, an officer who, being taken by Pompey’s generals, refused the life which was tendered to him; observing that Cæsar’s soldiers received not, but granted, life. He killed himself. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A questor whom Sylla had ordered to be strangled, only one day before he died a natural death. _Plutarch._ ――――A son of the wife of Marius, by a former husband.――――Quintus, a man intimate with Crassus and other illustrious men of Rome, whose vices he lashed with an unsparing hand. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, chs. 43 & 46; _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 60.

=Gratiæ=, three goddesses. _See:_ Charites.

=Grātiānus=, a native of Pannonia, father to the emperor Valentinian I. He was raised to the throne, though only eight years old; and after he had reigned for some time conjointly with his father, he became sole emperor in the 16th year of his age. He soon after took, as his imperial colleague, Theodosius, whom he appointed over the eastern parts of the empire. His courage in the field was as remarkable as his love of learning, and fondness of philosophy. He slaughtered 30,000 Germans in a battle, and supported the tottering state by his prudence and intrepidity. His enmity to the Pagan superstition of his subjects proved his ruin; and Maximinus, who undertook the defence of the worship of Jupiter and of all the gods, was joined by an infinite number of discontented Romans, and met Gratian near Paris in Gaul. Gratian was forsaken by his troops in the field of battle, and was murdered by the rebels, A.D. 383, in the 24th year of his age.――――A Roman soldier, invested with the imperial purple by the rebellious army in Britain, in opposition to Honorius. He was assassinated four months after by those very troops to whom he owed his elevation, A.D. 407.

=Gratidia=, a woman at Neapolis, called Canidia by Horace, epode 3.

=Gration=, a giant killed by Diana.

=Gratius Faliscus=, a Latin poet contemporary with Ovid, and mentioned only by him among the more ancient authors. He wrote a poem on coursing, called _Cynegeticon_, much commended for its elegance and perspicuity. It may be compared to the Georgics of Virgil, to which it is nearly equal in the number of verses. The latest edition is of Amsterdam, 4to, 1728. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 34.

=Gravii=, a people of Spain. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 366.

=Grăviscæ=, now _Eremo de St. Augustino_, a maritime town of Etruria, which assisted Æneas against Turnus. The air was unwholesome, on account of the marshes and stagnant waters in its neighbourhood. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 184.――_Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 29; bk. 41, ch. 16.

=Gravius=, a Roman knight of Puteoli, killed at Dyrrachium, &c. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_.

=Gregorius Theodore Thaumaturgus=, a disciple of Origen, afterwards bishop of Neocæsarea, the place of his birth. He died A.D. 266, and it is said he left only 17 idolaters in his diocese, where he had found only 17 christians. Of his works, are extant his congratulatory oration to Origen, a canonical epistle, and other treatises in Greek, the best edition of which is that of Paris, folio, 1622.――――Nazianzen, surnamed the _Divine_, was bishop of Constantinople, which he resigned on its being disputed. His writings rival those of the most celebrated orators of Greece in eloquence, sublimity, and variety. His sermons are more for philosophers than common hearers, but replete with seriousness and devotion. Erasmus said that he was afraid to translate his works, from the apprehension of not transfusing into another language the smartness and acumen of his style, and the stateliness and happy diction of the whole. He died A.D. 389. The best edition is that of the Benedictines, the first volume of which, in folio, was published at Paris, 1778.――――A bishop of Nyssa, author of the Nicene creed. His style is represented as allegorical and affected; and he has been accused of mixing philosophy too much with theology. His writings consist of commentaries on scripture, moral discourses, sermons on mysteries, dogmatical treatises, panegyrics on saints; the best edition of which is that of Morell, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1615. The bishop died, A.D. 396.――――Another christian writer, whose works were edited by the Benedictines, in 4 vols., folio, Paris, 1705.

=Grinnes=, a people among the Batavians. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Grosphus=, a man distinguished as much for his probity as his riches, to whom _Horace_ addressed bk. 2, ode 16.

=Grudii=, a people tributary to the Nervii, supposed to have inhabited the country near Tournay or Bruges in Flanders. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 38.

=Grumentum=, now _Armento_, an inland town of Lucania on the river Aciris. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 37; bk. 27, ch. 41.

=Gryllus=, a son of Xenophon, who killed Epaminondas, and was himself slain, at the battle of Mantinea, B.C. 363. His father was offering a sacrifice when he received the news of his death, and he threw down the garland which was on his head; but he replaced it when he heard that the enemy’s general had fallen by his hands; and he observed, that his death ought to be celebrated with every demonstration of joy, rather than of lamentation. _Aristotle._ ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11, &c.――――One of the companions of Ulysses, changed into a swine by Circe. It it said that he refused to be restored to his human shape, and preferred the indolence and inactivity of this squalid animal.

=Grynēum= and =Grynīum=, a town near Clazomenæ, where Apollo had a temple with an oracle, on account of which he is called _Grynæus_. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, bk. 6, li. 72; _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 345.

=Grynēus=, one of the Centaurs, who fought against the Lapithæ, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 260.

=Gyărus= and =Gyăros=, an island in the Ægean sea, near Delos. The Romans were wont to send their culprits there. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 407.

=Gyas=, one of the companions of Æneas, who distinguished himself at the games exhibited after the death of Anchises in Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 118, &c.――――A part of the territories of Syracuse, in the possession of Dionysius.――――A Rutulian, son of Melampus, killed by Æneas in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 318.

=Gȳgæus=, a lake of Lydia, 40 stadia from Sardis. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 11, li. 18.

=Gȳge=, a maid of Parysatis.

=Gyges=, or =Gyes=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, represented as having 50 heads and 100 hands. He, with his brothers, made war against the gods, and was afterwards punished in Tartarus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 7, li. 18.――――A Lydian, to whom Candaules king of the country showed his wife naked. The queen was so incensed at this instance of imprudence and infirmity in her husband, that she ordered Gyges, either to prepare for death himself, or to murder Candaules. He chose the latter, and married the queen, and ascended the vacant throne, about 718 years before the christian era. He was the first of the Mermnadæ who reigned in Lydia. He reigned 38 years, and distinguished himself by the immense presents which he made to the oracle of Delphi. According to Plato, Gyges descended into a chasm of the earth, where he found a brazen horse, whose sides he opened, and saw within the body the carcase of a man of uncommon size, from whose finger he took a famous brazen ring. This ring, when put on his finger, rendered him invisible; and by means of its virtue, he introduced himself to the queen, murdered her husband, and married her, and usurped the crown of Lydia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――♦_Plato_, _Dialogues_, bk. 10, _The Republic_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――A man killed by Turnus in his wars with Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 762.――――A beautiful boy of Cnidos in the age of Horace. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 5, li. 30.

♦ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plato’

=Gylippus=, a Lacedæmonian sent, B.C. 414, by his countrymen to assist Syracuse against the Athenians. He obtained a celebrated victory over Nicias and Demosthenes, the enemy’s generals, and obliged them to surrender. He accompanied Lysander in his expedition against Athens, and was present at the taking of that celebrated town. After the fall of Athens, he was entrusted by the conqueror with the money which had been taken in the plunder, which amounted to 1500 talents. As he conveyed it to Sparta, he had the meanness to unsew the bottom of the bags which contained it, and secreted about 300 talents. His theft was discovered; and to avoid the punishment which he deserved, he fled from his country, and by this act of meanness tarnished the glory of his victorious actions. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 199. ――_Plutarch_, _Nicias_.――――An Arcadian in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 272.

=Gymnăsia=, a large city near Colchis. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Gymnăsium=, a place among the Greeks, where all the public exercises were performed, and where not only wrestlers and dancers exhibited, but also philosophers, poets, and rhetoricians repeated their compositions. The room was high and spacious, and could contain many thousands of spectators. The laborious exercises of the Gymnasium were running, leaping, throwing the quoit, wrestling, and boxing, which was called by the Greeks πενταθλον, and by the Romans _quinquertia_. In riding, the athlete led a horse, on which he sometimes was mounted, conducting another by the bridle, and jumping from the one upon the other. Whoever came first to the goal and jumped with the greatest agility, obtained the prize. In running afoot the athletes were sometimes armed, and he who came first was declared victorious. Leaping was a useful exercise; its primary object was to teach the soldiers to jump over ditches, and to pass over eminences during a siege, or in the field of battle. In throwing the quoit, the prize was adjudged to him who threw it furthest. The quoits were made either with wood, stone, or metal. The wrestlers employed all their dexterity to bring their adversary to the ground, and the boxers had their hands armed with gauntlets, called also _cestus_. Their blows were dangerous, and often ended in the death of one of the combatants. In wrestling and boxing, the athletes were often naked, whence the word Gymnasium, γυμνος, _nudus_. They anointed themselves with oil to brace their limbs, and to render their bodies slippery and more difficult to be grasped. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ltr. 17.――_Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 20, ch. 5.

=Gymnēsiæ=, two islands near the Iberus in the Mediterranean, called Beleares by the Greeks. _Plutarch_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Gymnetes=, a people of Æthiopia, who lived almost naked. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 8.

=Gymniæ=, a town of Colchis. _Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 4.

=Gymnosophistæ=, a certain sect of philosophers in India, who, according to some, placed their _summum bonum_ in pleasure, and their _summum malum_ in pain. They lived naked, as their name implies, and for 37 years they exposed themselves in the open air, to the heat of the sun, the inclemency of the seasons, and the coldness of the night. They were often seen in the fields fixing their eyes full upon the disc of the sun from the time of its rising till the hour of its setting. Sometimes they stood whole days upon one foot in burning sand without moving, or showing any concern for what surrounded them. Alexander was astonished at the sight of a sect of men who seemed to despise bodily pain, and who inured themselves to suffer the greatest tortures without uttering a groan, or expressing any marks of fear. The conqueror condescended to visit them, and his astonishment was increased when he saw one of them ascend a burning pile with firmness and unconcern, to avoid the infirmities of old age, and stand upright on one leg and unmoved, whilst the flames surrounded him on every side. _See:_ Calanus. The Brachmans were a branch of the sect of the Gymnosophistæ. _See:_ Brachmanes. _Strabo_, bk. 15, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 240. ――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.――_Dionysius._

=Gynæceas=, a woman said to have been the wife of Faunus, and the mother of Bacchus and of Midas.

=Gynæcothœnas=, a name of Mars at Tegea, on account of a sacrifice offered by the women without the assistance of the men, who were not permitted to appear at this religious ceremony. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 48.

=Gyndes=, now _Zeindeh_, a river of Assyria, falling into the Tigris. When Cyrus marched against Babylon, his army was stopped by this river, in which one of his favourite horses was drowned. This so irritated the monarch that he ordered the river to be conveyed into 360 different channels by his army, so that after this division it hardly reached the knee. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 189 & 202.

=Gythēum=, a seaport town of Laconia, at the mouth of the Eurotas in Peloponnesus, built by Hercules and Apollo, who had there desisted from their quarrels. The inhabitants were called _Gytheatæ_. _Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

H

=Habis=, a king of Spain, who first taught his subjects agriculture, &c. _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 4.

=Hadrianopŏlis=, a town of Thrace, on the Hebrus.

=Hadriānus=, a Roman emperor. _See:_ Adrianus.――――Caeso Fabius, a pretor in Africa, who was burnt by the people of Utica for conspiring with the slaves. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1, ch. 27; bk. 5, ch. 26.

=Hadriatĭcum mare.= _See:_ Adriaticum.

=Hædui.= _See:_ Ædui.

=Hæmon=, a Theban youth, son of Creon, who was so captivated with the beauty of Antigone, that he killed himself on her tomb, when he heard that she had been put to death by his father’s orders. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 8, li. 21.――――A Rutulian engaged in the wars of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 685.――――A friend of Æneas against Turnus. He was a native of Lycia. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 126.

=Hæmŏnia.= _See:_ Æmonia.

=Hæmus=, a mountain which separates Thrace from Thessaly, so high that from its top are visible the Euxine and Adriatic seas, though this, however, is denied by Strabo. It receives its name from Hæmus son of Boreas and Orithyia, who married Rhodope, and was changed into this mountain for aspiring to divine honours. _Strabo_, bk. 7, p. 313. ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 87. ――――A stage-player. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 99.

=Hages=, a brother of king Porus, who opposed Alexander, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 8, chs. 5 & 14.――――One of Alexander’s flatterers.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 191.

=Hagno=, a nymph.――――A fountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.

=Hagnagora=, a sister of Aristomenes. _Pausanias._

=Halæsus= and =Halēsus=, a son of Agamemnon by Briseis or Clytemnestra. When he was driven from home, he came to Italy, and settled on mount Massicus in Campania, where he built Falisci, and afterwards assisted Turnus against Æneas. He was killed by Pallas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 724; bk. 10, li. 352.――――A river near Colophon in Asia Minor. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Halala=, a village at the foot of mount Taurus.

=Halcyŏne.= _See:_ Alcyone.

=Halentum=, a town at the north of Sicily. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 4, ch. 23.

=Halesa=, a town of Sicily. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 7; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 32.

=Halesius=, a mountain and river near Ætna, where Proserpine was gathering flowers when she was carried away by Pluto. _Columella._

=Halia=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._――――A festival at Rhodes in honour of the sun.

=Haliacmon=, a river which separates Thessaly from Macedonia, and falls into the Sinus Thermaicus. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 36. ――_Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 127.

=Haliartus=, a town of Bœotia, founded by Haliartus the son of Thersander. The monuments of Pandion king of Athens, and of Lysander the Lacedæmonian general, were seen in that town. _Livy_, bk. 42, chs. 44 & 63.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32.――――A town of Peloponnesus.

=Halicarnassus=, now _Bodroun_, a maritime city of Caria, in Asia Minor, where the mausoleum, one of the seven wonders of the world, was erected. It was the residence of the sovereigns of Caria, and was celebrated for having given birth to Herodotus, Dionysius, Heraclitus, &c. _Maximus Tyrius_, bk. 35.――_Vitruvius_, _On Architecture_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 178. ――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 27, chs. 10 & 16; bk. 33, ch. 20.

=Halicyæ=, a town of Sicily, near Lilybæum, now _Saleme_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 33. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Halieis=, a town of Argolis.

=Halimede=, a Nereid.

=Halirrhotius=, a son of Neptune and Euryte, who ravished Alcippe daughter of Mars, because she slighted his addresses. This violence offended Mars, and he killed the ravisher. Neptune cited Mars to appear before the tribunal of justice to answer for the murder of his son. The cause was tried at Athens, in a place which has been called from thence Areopagus (ἀρης _Mars_, and παγος _village_), and the murderer was acquitted. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 21.

=Halithersus=, an old man, who foretold Penelope’s suitors the return of Ulysses, and their own destruction. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1.

=Halius=, a son of Alcinous, famous for his skill in dancing. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8, lis. 120 & 360.――――A Trojan, who came with Æneas into Italy, where he was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 767.

=Halizōnes=, a people of Paphlagonia. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Halmus=, a son of Sisyphus, father to Chrysogone. He ♦reigned in Orchomenos. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.

♦ ‘regined’ replaced with ‘reigned’

=Halmydessus=, a town of Thrace. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Halocrătes=, a son of Hercules and Olympusa. _Apollodorus._

=Halōne=, an island of Propontis, opposite Cyzicus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Halonnēsus=, an island on the coast of Macedonia, at the bottom of the Sinus Thermiacus. It was inhabited only by women, who had slaughtered all the males, and they defended themselves against an invasion. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Halōtia=, a festival in Tegea. _Pausanias._

=Halōtus=, a eunuch, who used to taste the meat of Claudius. He poisoned the emperor’s food by order of Agrippina. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 66.

=Halus=, a city of Achaia,――――of Thessaly,――――of Parthia.

=Hălyæetus=, a man changed into a bird of the same name. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 176.

=Halyattes.= _See:_ Alyattes.

=Halycus=, now _Platani_, a river at the south of Sicily.

=Halys=, now _Kizil-ermark_, a river of Asia Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and falling into the Euxine sea. It received its name ἀπο του ἁλος from _salt_, because its waters are of a salt and bitter taste, from the nature of the soil over which they flow. It is famous for the defeat of Crœsus king of Lydia, who was mistaken by the ambiguous words of this oracle:

Χροισος Ἁλυν διαβας μεγαλην ἀρχην διαλυσει.

_If Crœsus passes over the Halys, he shall destroy a great empire._

That empire was his own. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 2, ch. 56. ――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 272.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 28.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 157.

=Halyzia=, a town of Epirus near the Achelous, where the Athenians obtained a naval victory over the Lacedæmonians.

=Hamadryădes=, nymphs who lived in the country, and presided over trees, with which they were said to live and die. The word is derived from ἁμα _simul_, and δρυς _quercus_. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 647.

=Hamæ=, a town of Campania near Cumæ. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 25.

=Hamaxia=, a city of Cilicia.

=Hamilcar=, the name of some celebrated generals of Carthage. _See:_ Amilcar.

=Hammon=, the Jupiter of the Africans. _See:_ Ammon.

=Hannibal.= _See:_ Annibal.

=Hanno.= _See:_ Anno.

=Harcălo=, a man famous for his knowledge of poisonous herbs, &c. He touched the most venomous serpents and reptiles without receiving the smallest injury. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 406.

=Harmatelia=, a town of the Brachmanes in India, taken by Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Harmatris=, a town of Æolia.

=Hămillus=, an infamous debauchee. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 224.

=Harmodius=, a friend of Aristogiton, who delivered his country from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ, B.C. 510. _See:_ Aristogiton. The Athenians, to reward the patriotism of these illustrious citizens, made a law that no one should ever bear the name of Aristogiton and Harmodius. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 35.――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8. ――_Seneca_, _de Ira_, bk. 2.

=Harmŏnia=, or =Hermionea= [_See:_ Hermione], a daughter of Mars ♦and Venus, who married Cadmus. It is said that Vulcan, to avenge the infidelity of her mother, made her a present of a vestment dyed in all sorts of crimes, which, in some measure, inspired all the children of Cadmus with wickedness and impiety. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 16, &c.

♦ ‘aad’ replaced with ‘and’

=Harmŏnĭdes=, a Trojan beloved by Minerva. He built the ships in which Paris carried away Helen. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5.

=Harpăgus=, a general of Cyrus. He conquered Asia Minor after he had revolted from Astyages, who had cruelly forced him to eat the flesh of his son, because he had disobeyed his orders in not putting to death the infant Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 108.――_Justin_, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 6.――――A river near Colchis. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Harpălice.= _See:_ Harpalyce.

=Harpălion=, a son of Pylæmenes king of Paphlagonia, who assisted Priam during the Trojan war, and was killed by Merion. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 643.

=Harpălus=, a man entrusted with the treasures of Babylon by Alexander. His hopes that Alexander would perish in his expedition rendered him dissipate, negligent, and vicious. When he heard that the conqueror was returning with great resentment, he fled to Athens, where, with his money, he corrupted the orators, among whom was Demosthenes. When brought to justice, he escaped with impunity to Crete, where he was at last assassinated by Thimbron, B.C. 325. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A robber who scorned the gods. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Natura Deorum_.――――A celebrated astronomer of Greece, 480 years B.C.

=Harpăly̆ce=, the daughter of Harpalycus king of Thrace. Her mother died when she was but a child, and her father fed her with the milk of cows and mares, and inured her early to sustain the fatigues of hunting. When her father’s kingdom was invaded by Neoptolemus the son of Achilles, she repelled and defeated the enemy with manly courage. The death of her father, which happened soon after in a sedition, rendered her disconsolate; she fled the society of mankind, and lived in the forests upon plunder and rapine. Every attempt to secure her proved fruitless, till her great swiftness was overcome by intercepting her with a net. After her death the people of the country disputed their respective right to the possessions which she acquired by rapine, and they soon after appeased her manes, by proper oblations on her tomb. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 321. ――_Hyginus_, fables 193 & 252.――――A beautiful virgin, daughter of Clymenus and Epicaste of Argos. Her father became enamoured of her, and gained her confidence, and enjoyed her company by means of her nurse, who introduced him as a stranger. Some time after she married Alastor; but the father’s passion became more violent and uncontrollable in his daughter’s absence, and he murdered her husband to bring her back to Argos. Harpalyce, inconsolable for the death of her husband, and ashamed of her father’s passion, which was then made public, resolved to revenge her wrongs. She killed her younger brother, or, according to some, the fruit of her incest, and served it before her father. She begged the gods to remove her from the world, and she was changed into an owl, and Clymenus killed himself. _Hyginus_, fable 253, &c.――_Parthenius_, _Narrationes Amatoriæ_.――――A mistress of Iphiclus son of Thestius. She died through despair on seeing herself despised by her lover. This mournful story was composed in poetry, in the form of a dialogue called Harpalyce. _Athenæus_, bk. 14.

=Harpăly̆cus=, one of the companions of Æneas, killed by Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 675.――――The father of Harpalyce, king of part of Thrace.

=Harpăsa=, a town of Caria.

=Harpăsus=, a river of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 13.

=Harpŏcrătes=, a divinity, supposed to be the same as Orus the son of Isis among the Egyptians. He is represented as holding one of his fingers on his mouth, and from thence he is called the god of silence, and intimates that the mysteries of religion and philosophy ought never to be revealed to the people. The Romans placed his statues at the entrance of their temples. _Catullus_, poem 75. ――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Harpocration=, a Platonic philosopher of Argos, from whom Stobæus compiled his eclogues.――――A sophist, called also Ælius.――――Valerius, a rhetorician of Alexandria, author of a Lexicon on 10 orators. ――――Another, surnamed Caius.

=Harpylæ=, winged monsters, who had the face of a woman, with the body of a vulture, and had their feet and fingers armed with sharp claws. They were three in number, Aello, Ocypete, and Celeno, daughters of Neptune and Terra. They were sent by Juno to plunder the tables of Phineus, whence they were driven to the islands called Strophades by Zethes and Calais. They emitted an infectious smell, and spoiled whatever they touched by their filth and excrements. They plundered Æneas during his voyage towards Italy, and predicted many of the calamities which attended him. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 212; bk. 6, li. 289.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 265.

=Harudes=, a people of Germany. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 31.

=Haruspex=, a soothsayer at Rome, who drew omens by consulting the entrails of beasts that were sacrificed. He received the name of _Aruspex_, _ab aris aspiciendis_, and that of _Extispex_, _ab extis inspiciendis_. The order of Aruspices was first established at Rome by Romulus, and the first Haruspices were Tuscans by origin, as they were particularly famous in that branch of divination. They had received all their knowledge from a boy named Tages, who, as was commonly reported, sprung from a clod of earth. _See:_ Tages. They were originally three, but the Roman senate yearly sent six noble youths, or, according to others, 12, to Etruria, to be instructed in all the mysteries of the art. The office of the Haruspices consisted in observing these four particulars: the beast before it was sacrificed; its entrails; the flames which consumed the sacrifice; and the flour, frankincense, &c., which was used. If the beast was led up to the altar with difficulty, if it escaped from the conductor’s hands, roared when it received the blow, or died in agonies, the omen was unfortunate. But, on the contrary, if it followed without compulsion, received the blow without resistance, and died without groaning, and after much effusion of blood, the Haruspex foretold prosperity. When the body of the victim was opened, each part was scrupulously examined. If anything was wanting, if it had a double liver, or a lean heart, the omen was unfortunate. If the entrails fell from the hands of the Haruspex, or seemed besmeared with too much blood, or if no heart appeared, as for instance it happened in the two victims which Julius Cæsar offered a little before his death, the omen was equally unlucky. When the flame was quickly kindled, and when it violently consumed the sacrifice, and arose pure and bright, and like a pyramid, without any paleness, smoke, sparkling, or crackling, the omen was favourable. But the contrary augury was drawn when the fire was kindled with difficulty, and was extinguished before the sacrifice was totally consumed, or when it rolled in circles round the victim with intermediate spaces between the flames. In regard to the frankincense, meal, water, and wine, if there was any deficiency in the quantity, if the colour was different, or the quality was changed, or if anything was done with irregularity, it was deemed inauspicious. This custom of consulting the entrails of victims did not originate in Tuscany, but it was in use among the Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, &c., and the more enlightened part of mankind well knew how to render it subservient to their wishes or tyranny. Agesilaus, when in Egypt, raised the drooping spirits of his soldiers by a superstitious artifice. He secretly wrote in his hand the word νεκη, _victory_, in large characters, and holding the entrails of a victim in his hand till the impression was communicated to the flesh, he showed it to the soldiers, and animated them by observing that the gods signified their approaching victories even by marking it in the body of the sacrificed animals. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_.

=Hasdrubal.= _See:_ Asdrubal.

=Quintus Haterius=, a patrician and orator at Rome under the first emperors. He died in the 90th year of his age. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 61.――――Agrippa, a senator in the age of Tiberius, hated by the tyrant for his independence. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 4.――――Antoninus, a dissipated senator, whose extravagance was supported by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 34.

=Haustanes=, a man who conspired with Bessus against Darius, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5.

=Hebdŏle.= _See:_ Ebdome.

=Hebe=, a daughter of Jupiter and Juno. According to some she was the daughter of Juno only, who conceived her after eating lettuces. As she was fair, and always in the bloom of youth, she was called the goddess of youth, and made by her mother cup-bearer to all the gods. She was dismissed from her office by Jupiter, because she fell down in an indecent posture as she was pouring nectar to the gods at a grand festival, and Ganymedes the favourite of Jupiter succeeded her as cup-bearer. She was employed by her mother to prepare her chariot, and to harness her peacocks whenever requisite. When Hercules was raised to the rank of a god he was reconciled to Juno by marrying her daughter Hebe, by whom he had two sons, Alexiares and Anicetus. As Hebe had the power of restoring gods and men to the vigour of youth, she, at the instance of her husband, performed that kind office to Iolas his friend. Hebe was worshipped at Sicyon, under the name of _Dia_, and at Rome under the name of _Juventas_. She is represented as a young virgin crowned with flowers, and arrayed in a variegated garment. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 2, ch. 12. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 400; _Fasti_, bk. 9, li. 76. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Hēbēsus=, a Rutulian, killed in the night by Euryalus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 344.

=Hebrus=, now _Marissa_, a river of Thrace, which was supposed to roll its waters upon golden sands. It falls into the Ægean sea. The head of Orpheus was thrown into it, after it had been cut off by the Ciconian women. It received its name from Hebrus son of Cassandra, a king of Thrace, who was said to have drowned himself there. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 463. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 50.――――A youth of Lipara, beloved by Neobule. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 12.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 149.――――A friend of Æneas son of Dolichaon, killed by Mezentius in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 696.

=Hecăle=, a poor old woman who kindly received Theseus as he was going against the bull of Marathon, &c. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A town of Attica.

=Hecalēsia=, a festival in honour of Jupiter of Hecale, instituted by Theseus, or in commemoration of the kindness of Hecale, which Theseus had experienced when he went against the bull of Marathon, &c.

=Hecamēde=, a daughter of Arsinous, who fell to the lot of Nestor after the plunder of Tenedos by the Greeks. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 623.

=Hecătæ fanum=, a celebrated temple sacred to Hecate at Stratonice in Caria. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Hecatæus=, an historian of Miletus, born 549 years before Christ, in the reign of Darius Hystaspes. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 143. ――――A Macedonian intimate with Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A Macedonian brought to the army against his will by Amyntas, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 1.

=Hecăte=, a daughter of Perses and Asteria, the same as Proserpine or Diana. She was called Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and Hecate or Proserpine in hell, whence her name of _Diva triformis, tergemina, triceps_. She was supposed to preside over magic and enchantments, and was generally represented like a woman with three heads, that of a horse, a dog, or a boar; and sometimes she appeared with three different bodies, and three different faces only with one neck. Dogs, lambs, and honey were generally offered to her, especially in highways and cross-roads, whence she obtained the name of _Trivia_. Her power was extended over heaven, the earth, sea, and hell; and to her kings and nations supposed themselves indebted for their prosperity. _Ovid_, bk. 7, _Metamorphoses_, li. 94.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 22.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 511.

=Hecatēsia=, a yearly festival observed by the Stratonicensians in honour of Hecate. The Athenians paid also particular worship to this goddess, who was deemed the patroness of families and of children. From this circumstance, the statues of the goddess were erected before the doors of the houses, and upon every new moon a public supper was always provided at the expense of the richest people, and set in the streets, where the poorest of the citizens were permitted to retire and feast upon it, while they reported that Hecate had devoured it. There were also expiatory offerings to supplicate the goddess to remove whatever evils might impend on the head of the public, &c.

=Hecăto=, a native of Rhodes, pupil to Pænætius. He wrote on the duties of man, &c. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _De Officiis_, ch. 15.

=Hecatomboia=, a festival celebrated in honour of Juno by the Argians and people of Ægina. It receives its name from ἑκατον, and βους, a sacrifice of 100 bulls, which were always offered to the goddess, and the flesh distributed amongst the poorest citizens. There were also public games, first instituted by Archinus, a king of Argos, in which the prize was a shield of brass with a crown of myrtle.

=Hecatomphŏnia=, a solemn sacrifice offered by the Messenians to Jupiter, when any of them had killed 100 enemies. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 19.

=Hecatompŏlis=, an epithet applied to Crete, from the 100 cities which it once contained.

=Hecatompy̆los=, an epithet applied to Thebes in Egypt on account of its 100 gates. _Ammianus_, bk. 22, ch. 16.――――Also the capital of Parthia, in the reign of the Arsacidæ. _Ptolemy_, bk. 6, ch. 5. ――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 15 & 25.

=Hecatonnēsi=, small islands between Lesbos and Asia. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Hector=, son of king Priam and Hecuba, was the most valiant of all the Trojan chiefs that fought against the Greeks. He married Andromache the daughter of Eetion, by whom he had Astyanax. He was appointed captain of all the Trojan forces, when Troy was besieged by the Greeks; and the valour with which he behaved, showed how well qualified he was to discharge that important office. He engaged with the bravest of the Greeks, and according to Hyginus, no less than 31 of the most valiant of the enemy perished by his hand. When Achilles had driven back the Trojans towards the city, Hector, too great to fly, waited the approach of his enemy near the Scean gates, though his father and mother, with tears in their eyes, blamed his rashness, and entreated him to retire. The sight of Achilles terrified him, and he fled before him in the plain. The Greek pursued, and Hector was killed, and his body was dragged in cruel triumph by the conqueror round the tomb of Patroclus, whom Hector had killed. The body, after it had received the grossest of insults, was ransomed by old Priam, and the Trojans obtained from the Greeks a truce of some days to pay the last offices to the greatest of their leaders. The Thebans boasted in the age of the geographer Pausanias, that they had the ashes of Hector preserved in an urn, by order of an oracle; which promised them undisturbed felicity if they were in possession of that hero’s remains. The epithet of _Hectoreus_ is applied by the poets to the Trojans, as best expressive of valour and intrepidity. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bks. 12 & 13.――_Dictys Cretensis._――_Dares Phrygius. _――_Hyginus_, fables 90 & 112.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3 & bk. 9, ch. 18. ――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bks. 1 & 3.――――A son of Parmenio drowned in the Nile. Alexander honoured his remains with a magnificent funeral. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8; bk. 6, ch. 9.

=Hecŭba=, daughter of Dymas, a Phrygian prince, or, according to others, of Cisseus, a Thracian king, was the second wife of Priam king of Troy, and proved the chastest of women, and the most tender and unfortunate of mothers. When she was pregnant of Paris, she dreamed that she had brought into the world a burning torch which had reduced her husband’s palace and all Troy to ashes. So alarming a dream was explained by the soothsayers, who declared that the son she should bring into the world would prove the ruin of his country. When Paris was born she exposed him on mount Ida to avert the calamities which threatened her family; but her attempts to destroy him were fruitless, and the prediction of the soothsayers was fulfilled. _See:_ Paris. During the Trojan war she saw the greatest part of her children perish by the hands of the enemy, and like a mother she confessed her grief by her tears and lamentations, particularly at the death of Hector her eldest son. When Troy was taken, Hecuba, as one of the captives, fell to the lot of Ulysses, a man whom she hated for his perfidy and avarice, and she embarked with the conquerors for Greece. The Greeks landed in the Thracian Chersonesus, to load with fresh honours the grave of Achilles. During their stay the hero’s ghost appeared to them, and demanded, to ensure the safety of their return, the sacrifice of Polyxena, Hecuba’s daughter. They complied, and Polyxena was torn from her mother to be sacrificed. Hecuba was inconsolable, and her grief was still more increased at the sight of the body of her son Polydorus washed on the shore, who had been recommended by his father to the care and humanity of Polymnestor king of the country. _See:_ Polydorus. She determined to revenge the death of her son, and with the greatest indignation went to the house of his murderer and tore his eyes, and attempted to deprive him of his life. She was hindered from executing her bloody purpose by the arrival of some Thracians, and she fled with the female companions of her captivity. She was pursued, and when she ran after the stones that were thrown at her, she found herself suddenly changed into a bitch, and when she attempted to speak, found that she could only bark. After this metamorphosis she threw herself into the sea, according to Hyginus, and that place was, from that circumstance, called _Cyneum_. Hecuba had a great number of children by Priam, among whom were Hector, Paris, Deiphobus, Pammon, Helenus, Polytes, Antiphon, Hipponous, Polydorus, Troilus, and among the daughters, Creusa, Ilione, Laodice, Polyxena, and Cassandra. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 761; bk. 13, li. 515.――_Hyginus_, fable 111.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 44.――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 271.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Hecŭbæ Sepulchrum=, a promontory of Thrace.

=Hedĭla=, a poetess of Samos.

=Hedonæum=, a village of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 31.

=Hedui.= _See:_ Ædui.

=Hedymēles=, an admired musician in Domitian’s age. The word signifies _sweet music_. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 381.

=Hegelŏchus=, a general of 6000 Athenians sent to Mantinea to stop the progress of Epaminondas. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――An Egyptian general who flourished B.C. 128.

=Hegēmon=, a Thrasian poet in the age of Alcibiades. He wrote a poem called Gigantomachia, besides other works. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――――Another poet, who wrote a poem on the battle of Leuctra, &c. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Hegesiănax=, an historian of Alexandria, who wrote an account of the Trojan war.

=Hegesias=, a tyrant of Ephesus under the patronage of Alexander. _Polyænus_, bk. 6.――――A philosopher who so eloquently convinced his auditors of their failings and follies, and persuaded them that there were no dangers after death, that many were guilty of suicide. Ptolemy forbade him to continue his doctrines. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 34.――――An historian.――――A famous orator of Magnesia, who corrupted the elegant diction of Attica by the introduction of Asiatic idioms. _Cicero_, _Orator_, chs. 67, 69; _Brutus_, ch. 83.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Hegesilŏchus=, one of the chief magistrates of Rhodes in the reign of Alexander and his father Philip.――――Another native of Rhodes, 171 years before the christian era. He engaged his countrymen to prepare a fleet of 40 ships to assist the Romans against Perseus king of Macedonia.

=Hegesinous=, a man who wrote a poem on Attica. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29.

=Hegesinus=, a philosopher of Pergamus, of the second academy. He flourished B.C. 193.

=Hegesippus=, an historian who wrote some things upon Pallene, &c.

=Hegesipy̆le=, a daughter of Olorus king of Thrace, who married Miltiades and became mother of Cimon. _Plutarch._

=Hegesistrătus=, an Ephesian who consulted the oracle to know in what particular place he should fix his residence. He was directed to settle where he found peasants dancing with crowns of olives. This was in Asia, where he founded Elea, &c.

=Hegetorĭdes=, a Thasian, who, upon seeing his country besieged by the Athenians, and a law forbidding any one on pain of death to speak of peace, went to the market-place with a rope about his neck, and boldly told his countrymen to treat him as they pleased, provided they saved the city from the calamities which the continuation of the war seemed to threaten. The Thasians were awakened, the law was abrogated, and Hegetorides pardoned, &c. _Polyænus._

=Helĕna=, the most beautiful woman of her age, sprung from one of the eggs which Leda the wife of king Tyndarus brought forth after her amour with Jupiter metamorphosed into a swan. _See:_ Leda. According to some authors, Helen was daughter of Nemesis by Jupiter, and Leda was only her nurse; and to reconcile this variety of opinions, some imagine that Nemesis and Leda are the same persons. Her beauty was so universally admired, even in her infancy, that Theseus, with his friend Pirithous, carried her away before she had attained her 10th year, and concealed her at Aphidnæ, under the care of his mother Æthra. Her brothers Castor and Pollux recovered her by force of arms, and she returned safe and unpolluted to Sparta, her native country. There existed, however, a tradition recorded by Pausanius, that Helen was of nubile years when carried away by Theseus, and that she had a daughter by her ravisher, who was entrusted to the care of Clytemnestra. This violence offered to her virtue did not in the least diminish, but it rather augmented, her fame, and her hand was eagerly solicited by the young princes of Greece. The most celebrated of her suitors were Ulysses son of Laertes, Antilochus son of Nestor, Sthenelus son of Capaneus, Diomedes son of Tydeus, Amphilochus son of Cteatus, Meges son of Phileus, Agapenor son of Ancæus, Thalpius son of Eurytus, Mnestheus son of Peteus, Schedius son of Epistrophus, Polyxenus son of Agasthenes, Amphilochus son of Amphiaraus, Ascalaphus and Ialmus sons of the god Mars, Ajax son of Oileus, Eumelus son of Admetus, Polypœtes son of Pirithous, Elphenor son of Chalcodon, Podalirius and Machaon sons of Æsculapius, Leonteus son of Coronus, Philoctetes son of Pœan, Protesilaus son of Iphiclus, Eurypilus son of Evemon, Ajax and Teucer sons of Telamon, Patroclus son of Menœtius, Menelaus son of Atreus, Thoas, Idomeneus, and Merion. Tyndarus was rather alarmed than pleased at the sight of such a number of illustrious princes who eagerly solicited each to become his son-in-law. He knew that he could not prefer one without displeasing all the rest, and from this perplexity he was at last drawn by the artifice of Ulysses, who began to be already known in Greece by his prudence and sagacity. This prince, who clearly saw that his pretensions to Helen would not probably meet with success in opposition to so many rivals, proposed to extricate Tyndarus from all his difficulties if he would promise him his niece Penelope in marriage. Tyndarus consented, and Ulysses advised the king to bind, by a solemn oath, all the suitors, that they would approve of the uninfluenced choice which Helen should make of one among them; and engage to unite together to defend her person and character, if ever any attempts were made to ravish her from the arms of her husband. The advice of Ulysses was followed, the princes consented, and Helen fixed her choice upon Menelaus and married him. Hermione was the early fruit of this union, which continued for three years with mutual happiness. After this, Paris, son of Priam king of Troy, came to Lacedæmon on pretence of sacrificing to Apollo. He was kindly received by Menelaus, but shamefully abused his favours, and in his absence in Crete he corrupted the fidelity of his wife Helen, and persuaded her to follow him to Troy, B.C. 1198. At his return Menelaus, highly sensible of the injury which he had received, assembled the Grecian princes, and reminded them of their solemn promises. They resolved to make war against the Trojans, but they previously sent ambassadors to Priam to demand the restitution of Helen. The influence of Paris at his father’s court prevented the restoration, and the Greeks returned home without receiving the satisfaction they required. Soon after their return their combined forces assembled and sailed for the coast of Asia. The behaviour of Helen during the Trojan war is not clearly known. Some assert that she had willingly followed Paris, and that she warmly supported the cause of the Trojans; while others believe that she always sighed after her husband, and cursed the day in which she had proved faithless to his bed. Homer represents her as in the last instance, and some have added that she often betrayed the schemes and resolutions of the Trojans, and secretly favoured the cause of Greece. When Paris was killed in the ninth year of the war, she voluntarily married Deiphobus, one of Priam’s sons, and when Troy was taken she made no scruple to betray him, and to introduce the Greeks into his chamber, to ingratiate herself with Menelaus. She returned to Sparta, and the love of Menelaus forgave the errors which she had committed. Some, however, say that she obtained her life even with difficulty from her husband, whose resentment she had kindled by her infidelity. After she had lived for some years in Sparta, Menelaus died, and she was driven from Peloponnesus by Megapenthes and Nicostratus, the illegitimate sons of her husband, and she retired to Rhodes, where at that time Polyxo, a native of Argos, reigned over the country. Polyxo remembered that her widowhood originated in Helen, and that her husband Tlepolemus had been killed in the Trojan war, which had been caused by the debaucheries of Helen, therefore she meditated revenge. While Helen retired one day to bathe in the river, Polyxo disguised her attendants in the habits of furies, and sent them with orders to murder her enemy. Helen was tied to a tree and strangled, and her misfortunes were afterwards remembered, and the crimes of Polyxo expiated by the temple which the Rhodians raised to Helen Dendritis, or _tied to a tree_. There is a tradition mentioned by Herodotus, which says that Paris was driven, as he returned from Sparta, upon the coast of Egypt, where Proteus king of the country expelled him from his dominions for his ingratitude to Menelaus, and confined Helen. From that circumstance, therefore, Priam informed the Grecian ambassadors that neither Helen nor her possessions were in Troy, but in the hands of the king of Egypt. In spite of this assertion the Greeks besieged the town and took it after 10 years’ siege, and Menelaus by visiting Egypt, as he returned home, recovered Helen at the court of Proteus, and was convinced that the Trojan war had been undertaken on very unjust and unpardonable grounds. Helen was honoured after death as a goddess, and the Spartans built her a temple at Therapne, which had the power of giving beauty to all the deformed women that entered it. Helen, according to some, was carried into the island of Leuce after death, where she married Achilles, who had been one of her warmest admirers. The age of Helen has been a matter of deep inquiry among the chronologists. If she was born of the same eggs as Castor and Pollux, who accompanied the Argonauts in their expedition against Colchis about 35 years before the Trojan war, according to some, she was no less than 60 years old when Troy was reduced to ashes, supposing that her brothers were only 15 when they embarked with the Argonauts. But she is represented by Homer so incomparably beautiful during the siege of Troy, that though seen at a ♦distance she influenced the counsellors of Priam by the brightness of her charms; therefore we must suppose, with others, that her beauty remained long undiminished, and was extinguished only at her death. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 19, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 77. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 112.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 3.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 3.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, &c.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, chs. 10, 13, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, & _Odyssey_, bks. 4 & 15.――――A young woman of Sparta, often confounded with the daughter of Leda. As she was going to be sacrificed, because the lot had fallen upon her, an eagle came and carried away the knife of the priest, upon which she was released, and the barbarous custom of offering human victims was abolished. ――――An island on the coast of Attica, where Helen came after the siege of Troy. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――A daughter of the emperor Constantine, who married Julian.――――The mother of Constantine. She died in her 80th year, A.D. 328.

♦ ‘distane’ replaced with ‘distance’

=Helĕnia=, a festival in Laconia, in honour of Helen, who received there divine honours. It was celebrated by virgins riding upon mules, and in chariots made of reeds and bulrushes.

=Hĕlēnor=, a Lydian prince who accompanied Æneas to Italy, and was killed by the Rutulians. His mother’s name was Licymnia. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 444, &c.

=Hĕlĕnus=, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Priam and Hecuba, greatly respected by all the Trojans. When Deiphobus was given in marriage to Helen in preference to himself, he resolved to leave his country, and he retired to mount Ida, where Ulysses took him prisoner by the advice of Calchas. As he was well acquainted with futurity, the Greeks made use of prayers, threats, and promises, to induce him to reveal the secrets of the Trojans, and either the fear of death or gratification of resentment seduced him to disclose to the enemies of his country, that Troy could not be taken whilst it was in possession of the Palladium, nor before Philoctetes came from his retreat at Lemnos and assisted to support the siege. After the ruin of his country, he fell to the share of Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, and saved his life by warning him to avoid the dangerous tempest which in reality proved fatal to all those who set sail. This endeared him to Pyrrhus, and he received from his hand Andromache the widow of his brother Hector, by whom he had a son called Cestrinus. This marriage, according to some, was consummated after the death of Pyrrhus, who lived with Andromache as his wife. Helenus was the only one of Priam’s sons who survived the ruin of his country. After the death of Pyrrhus, he reigned over part of the Epirus, which he called Chaonia, in memory of his brother Chaon, whom he had inadvertently killed. Helenus received Æneas as he voyaged towards Italy, and foretold him some of the calamities which attended his fleet. The manner in which he received the gift of prophecy is doubtful. _See:_ Cassandra. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 76; bk. 7, li. 47.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 295, &c. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11; bk. 2, ch. 33.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, lis. 99 & 723; bk. 15, li. 437.――――A Rutulian killed by Pallas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 388.

=Helerni Lucus=, a place near Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 105.

=Heles=, or =Hales=, a river of Lucania near Velia. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 16, ltr. 7; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 7, ltr. 20.

=Hēliădes=, the daughters of the sun and Clymene. They were three in number, Lampetie, Phaetusa, and Lampethusa, or seven, according to Hyginus: Merope, Helie, Ægle, Lampetie, Phœbe, Ætheria, and Dioxippe. They were so afflicted at the death of their brother Phaeton [_See:_ Phaeton], that they were changed by the gods into poplars, and their tears into precious amber, on the banks of the river Po. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 340.――_Hyginus_, fable 154.――――The first inhabitants of Rhodes. This island being covered with mud when the world was first created, was warmed by the cherishing beams of the sun, and from thence sprang seven men, which were called Heliades, ἀπο του ἡλιου, from the _sun_. The eldest of these, called Ochimus, married Hegetoria, one of the nymphs of the island, and his brothers fled from the country for having put to death, through jealousy, one of their number. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Heliastæ=, a name given to the judges of the most numerous tribunal at Athens. They consisted of 1000, and sometimes of 1500, they were seldom assembled, and only upon matters of the greatest importance. _Demosthenes_, _Against Timocrates_.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Solon_.

=Helicāon=, a Trojan prince, son of Antenor. He married Laodice the daughter of Priam, whose form Iris assumed to inform Helen of the state of the rival armies before Troy. Helicaon was wounded in a night engagement, but his life was spared by Ulysses, who remembered the hospitality which he had received from his father Antenor. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 123.

=Hĕlĭce=, a star near the north pole, generally called Ursa Major. It is supposed to receive its name from the town of Helice, of which Calisto, who was changed into the Great Bear, was an inhabitant. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 237.――――A town of Achaia, on the bay of Corinth, overwhelmed by the inundation of the sea. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 92. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 293.――――A daughter of Silenus king of Ægiale. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 24.――――A daughter of Lycaon king of Arcadia.

=Hĕlīcon=, now _Zagaro-Vouni_, a mountain of Bœotia, on the borders of Phocis. It was sacred to the muses, who had there a temple. The fountain Hippocrene flowed from this mountain. _Strabo_, bk. 8. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 219.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 28, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 641.――――A river of Macedonia near Dium. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 30.

=Hĕlīcŏniădes=, a name given to the Muses because they lived upon mount Helicon, which was sacred to them.

=Helĭcōnis=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Heliodōrus=, one of the favourites of Seleucus Philopator king of Syria. He attempted to plunder the temple of the Jews, about 176 years before Christ, by order of his master, &c.――――A Greek mathematician of Larissa.――――A famous sophist, the best editions of whose entertaining romance, called _Æthiopica_, are by Commelin, 8vo, 1596, and Bourdelot, 8vo, Paris, 1619.――――A learned Greek rhetorician in the age of Horace.――――A man who wrote a treatise on tombs.――――A poet.――――A geographer.――――A surgeon at Rome in Juvenal’s age. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 372.

=Heliogabālus=, a deity among the Phœnicians.――――Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, a Roman emperor, son of Varius Marcellus, called Heliogabalus, because he had been priest of that divinity in Phœnicia. After the death of Macrinus he was invested with the imperial purple, and the senate, however unwilling to submit to a youth only 14 years of age, approved of his election, and bestowed upon him the title of Augustus. Heliogabalus made his grandmother Mœsa and his mother Sœmias his colleagues on the throne; and to bestow more dignity upon the sex, he chose a senate of women, over which his mother presided, and prescribed all the modes and fashions which prevailed in the empire. Rome, however, soon displayed a scene of cruelty and debauchery; the imperial palace was full of prostitution, and the most infamous of the populace became the favourites of the prince. He raised his horse to the honours of the consulship, and obliged his subjects to pay adoration to the god Heliogabalus, which was no other than a large black stone, whose figure resembled that of a cone. To this ridiculous deity temples were raised at Rome, and the altars of the gods plundered to deck those of the new divinity. In the midst of his extravagances Heliogabalus married four wives, and not satisfied with following the plain laws of nature, he professed himself to be a woman, and gave himself up to one of his officers, called Hierocles. In this ridiculous farce he suffered the greatest indignities from his pretended husband without dissatisfaction, and Hierocles, by stooping to infamy, became the most powerful of the favourites, and enriched himself by selling favours and offices to the people. Such licentiousness soon displeased the populace, and Heliogabalus, unable to appease the seditions of his soldiers, whom his rapacity and debaucheries had irritated, hid himself in the filth and excrements of the camp, where he was found in the arms of his mother. His head was severed from his body the 10th of March, A.D. 222, in the 18th year of his age, after a reign of three years, nine months, and four days. He was succeeded by Alexander Severus. His cruelties were as conspicuous as his licentiousness. He burdened his subjects with the most oppressive taxes; his halls were covered with carpets of gold and silver tissue, and his mats were made with the down of hares, and with the soft feathers which were found under the wings of partridges. He was fond of covering his shoes with precious stones, to draw the admiration of the people as he walked along the streets, and he was the first Roman who ever wore a dress of silk. He often invited the most common of the people to share his banquets, and made them sit down on large bellows full of wind, which, by suddenly emptying themselves, threw the guests on the ground, and left them a prey to wild beasts. He often tied some of his favourites on a large wheel, and was particularly delighted to see them whirled round like Ixions, and sometimes suspended in the air, or sunk beneath the water.

=Heliŏpŏlis=, now _Matarea_, a famous city of Lower Egypt, in which was a temple sacred to the sun. The inhabitants worshipped a bull called Mnevis, with the same ceremonies as the Apis of Memphis. Apollo had an oracle there. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 26.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――――There was a small village of the same name without the Delta, near Babylon.――――A town of Syria, now _Balbeck_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 22.

=Helisson=, a town and river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 29.

=Helium=, a name given to the mouth of the Maese in Germany. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 15.

=Helius=, a celebrated favourite of the emperor Nero, put to death by order of Galba, for his cruelties.――――The Greek name of the sun, or Apollo.

=Helixus=, a river of Cos.

=Hellanĭce=, a sister of Clitus, who was nurse to Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 1.

=Hellanĭcus=, a celebrated Greek historian, born at Mitylene. He wrote a history of the ancient kings of the earth, with an account of the founders of the most famous towns in every kingdom, and died B.C. 411, in the 85th year of his age. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 53.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 15, ch. 23.――――A brave officer rewarded by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――An historian of Miletus, who wrote a description of the earth.

=Hellanocrătes=, a man of Larissa, &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Hellas=, an ancient name of Thessaly, more generally applied to the territories of Acarnania, Attica, Ætolia, Doris, Locris, Bœotia, and Phocis, and also to all Greece. It received this name from Deucalion, and now forms a part of Livadia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20.――――A beautiful woman, mentioned by Horace as beloved by Marius: the lover killed her in a fit of passion, and afterwards destroyed himself. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 277.

=Helle=, a daughter of Athamas and Nephele, sister of Phryxus. She fled from her father’s house, with her brother, to avoid the cruel oppression of her mother-in-law Ino. According to some accounts she was carried through the air on a golden ram, which her mother had received from Neptune, and in her passage she became giddy, and fell from her seat into that part of the sea which from her received the name of Hellespont. Others say that she was carried on a cloud, or rather upon a ship, from which she fell into the sea and was drowned. Phryxus, after he had given his sister a burial on the neighbouring coasts, pursued his journey and arrived safe in Colchus. _See:_ Phryxus. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 13, &c. _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 14.――_Pindar_, bk. 4, _Pythian_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34.

=Hellen=, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, reigned in Phthiotis about 1495 years before the christian era, and gave the name of Hellenians to his subjects. He had by his wife Orseis three sons, Æolus, Dorus, and Xuthus, who gave their names to the three different nations known under the name of Æolians, Dorians, and Ionians. These last derive their name from Ion son of Xuthus, and from the difference either of expression or pronunciation in their respective languages, arose the different dialects well known in the Greek language. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 20; bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Hellēnes=, the inhabitants of Greece. _See:_ Hellen.

=Hellespontias=, a wind blowing from the north-east. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 47.

=Hellespontus=, now the _Dardanelles_, a narrow strait between Asia and Europe, near the Propontis, which received its name from Helle, who was drowned there in her voyage to Colchis. _See:_ Helle. It is about 60 miles long, and in the broadest parts, the Asiatic coast is about three miles distant from the European, and only half a mile in the narrowest, according to modern investigation; so that people can converse one with the other from the opposite shores. It was celebrated for the love and death of Leander [_See:_ Hero], and for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built over it when he invaded Greece. The folly of this great prince is well known in beating and fettering the waves of the sea, whose impetuosity destroyed his ships, and rendered all his labours ineffectual. _Strabo_, bk. 13. ――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 32.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 34.――_Polybius. _――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 407.――_Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 15; bk. 33, ch. 33.――――The country along the Hellespont on the Asiatic coast bears the same name. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1, ch. 24; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 53.――_Strabo_, bk. 12. ――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.

=Hellopia=, a small country of Eubœa. The people were called _Hellopes_. The whole island bore the same name, according to Strabo, bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Hellōtia=, two festivals, one of which was observed in Crete, in honour of Europa, whose bones were then carried in solemn procession, with a myrtle garland no less than 20 cubits in circumference, called ἑλλωτις. The other festival was celebrated at Corinth with games and races, where young men entered the lists and generally ran with burning torches in their hands. It was instituted in honour of Minerva, surnamed Hellotis, ἀπο του ἑλους, _from a certain pond_ of Marathon, where one of her statues was erected, or ἀπο του ἑλειν τον ἱππον τον Πεγασον, because by her assistance Bellerophon took and managed the horse Pegasus, which was the original cause of the institution of the festival. Others derive the name from Hellotis, a Corinthian woman, from the following circumstance: When the Dorians and the Heraclidæ invaded Peloponnesus, they took and burnt Corinth; the inhabitants, and particularly the women, escaped by flight, except Hellotis and her sister Eurytione, who took shelter in Minerva’s temple, relying for safety upon the sanctity of the place. When this was known, the Dorians set fire to the temple, and the two sisters perished in the flames. This wanton cruelty was followed by a dreadful plague; and the Dorians, to alleviate the misfortunes which they suffered, were directed by the oracle to appease the manes of the two sisters, and therefore they raised a new temple to the goddess Minerva, and established the festivals which bore the name of one of the unfortunate women.

=Helnes=, an ancient king of Arcadia, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 1.

=Helōris=, a general of the people of Rhegium, sent to besiege Messana, which Dionysius the tyrant defended. He fell in battle, and his troops were defeated. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Helōrum= and =Helōrus=, now _Muri Ucci_, a town and river of Sicily, whose swollen waters generally inundate the neighbouring country. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 698.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 11, li. 270.――――A river of Magna Græcia.

=Helos=, a place of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 36.――――A town of Laconia, taken and destroyed by the Lacedæmonians under Agis III., of the race of the Heraclidæ, because they refused to pay the tribute which was imposed upon them. The Lacedæmonians carried their resentment so far, that, not satisfied with the ruin of the city, they reduced the inhabitants to the lowest and most miserable slavery, and made a law which forbade their masters either to give them their liberty, or to sell them in any other country. To complete their infamy, all the slaves of the state and the prisoners of war were called by the mean appellation of _Helotæ_. Not only the servile offices in which they were employed denoted their misery and slavery, but they were obliged to wear peculiar garments, which exposed them to greater contempt and ridicule. They never were instructed in the liberal arts, and their cruel masters often obliged them to drink to excess, to show the free-born citizens of Sparta the beastliness and disgrace of intoxication. They once every year received a number of stripes, that by this wanton flagellation they might recollect that they were born and died slaves. The Spartans even declared war against them; but Plutarch, who, from interested motives, endeavours to palliate the guilt and cruelty of the people of Lacedæmon, declares that it was because they had assisted the Messenians in their war against Sparta, after it had been overthrown by a violent earthquake. This earthquake was supposed by all the Greeks to be a punishment from heaven for the cruelties which the Lacedæmonians had exercised against the Helots. In the Peloponnesian war, these miserable slaves behaved with uncommon bravery, and were rewarded with their liberty by the Lacedæmonians, and appeared in the temples and at public shows crowned with garlands, and with every mark of festivity and triumph. This exultation did not continue long, and the sudden disappearance of these 2000 manumitted slaves was attributed to the inhumanity of the Lacedæmonians. _Thucydides_, bk. 4.――_Pollux_, bk. 3, ch. 8. ――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_, &c.――_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, _Laconia_, &c.

=Helōtæ= and =Helōtes=, the public slaves of Sparta, &c. _See:_ Helos.

=Helvetia=, a vestal virgin struck dead with lightning in Trajan’s reign.

=Helvetii=, an ancient nation of Gaul, conquered by Julius Cæsar. Their country is the modern Switzerland. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, &c.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, chs. 67 & 69.

=Helvia=, the mother of Cicero.――――Ricina, a town of Picenum.

=Helvidia=, the name of a Roman family.

=Helvii=, now _Viviers_, a people of Gaul, along the Rhone. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Helvillum=, a town of Umbria, supposed to be the same as Sullium, now _Sigillo_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Helvīna=, a fountain of Aquinum where Ceres had a temple. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 320.

=Helvius Cinna=, proposed a law, which, however, was not passed, to permit Cæsar to marry whatever woman he chose. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, bk. 52.――――A poet. _See:_ Cinna.

=Helum=, a river of Scythia.

=Helymus= and =Panopes=, two hunters at the court of Acestes in Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 73, &c.

=Hemathion=, a son of Aurora and Cephalus, or Tithonus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.

=Hemĭthea=, a daughter of Cycnus and Proclea. She was so attached to her brother Tenes, that she refused to abandon him when his father Cycnus exposed him on the sea. They were carried by the wind to Tenedos, where Hemithea long enjoyed tranquillity, till Achilles, captivated by her charms, offered her violence. She was rescued from his embrace by her brother Tenes, who was instantly slaughtered by the offended hero. Hemithea could not have been rescued from the attempts of Achilles, had not the earth opened and swallowed her, after she had fervently entreated the assistance of the gods. _See:_ Tenes. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 14.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Hemon.= _See:_ Hæmon.

=Hemus.= _See:_ Hæmus.――――A Roman. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 197.

=Henĕti=, a people of Paphlagonia, who are said to have settled in Italy near the Adriatic, where they gave the name of _Venetia_ to their habitation. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Euripides._

=Heniŏchi=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, near Colchis, descended from Amphytus and Telechius, the charioteers (μνιοχοι) of Castor and Pollux, and thence called Lacedæmonii. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 21. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 40.――_Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 270; bk. 6, li. 42.

=Henna.= _See:_ Enna.

=Hephæstia=, the capital town of Lemnos.――――A festival in honour of Vulcan (Ἡφαιστος) at Athens. There was then a race with torches between three young men. Each in his turn ran a race with a lighted torch in his hand, and whoever could carry it to the end of the course before it was extinguished, obtained the prize. They delivered it one to the other after they finished their course, and from that circumstance we see many allusions in ancient authors who compare the vicissitudes of human affairs to this delivering of the torch, particularly in these lines of Lucretius bk. 2:

_Inque brevi spatio mutantur sæcla animantum, Et quasi cursores vitai lampada tradunt._

=Hephæstiădes=, a name applied to the Lipari isles as sacred to Vulcan.

=Hephæstii=, mountains in Lycia which are set on fire by the lightest touch of a burning torch. Their very stones burnt in the middle of water, according to _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 106.

=Hephæstio=, a Greek grammarian of Alexandria in the age of the emperor Verus. There remains of his compositions a treatise entitled _Enchiridion de metris & poemate_, the best edition of which is that of _Pauw_, 4to, Utrecht, 1726.

=Hephæstion=, a Macedonian famous for his intimacy with Alexander. He accompanied the conqueror in his Asiatic conquests, and was so faithful and attached to him, that Alexander often observed that Craterus was the friend of the king, but Hephæstion the friend of Alexander. He died at Ecbatana 325 years before the christian era, according to some from excess of drinking, or eating. Alexander was so inconsolable at the death of this faithful subject, that he shed tears at the intelligence, and ordered the sacred fire to be extinguished, which was never done but at the death of a Persian monarch. The physician who attended Hephæstion in his illness was accused of negligence, and by the king’s order inhumanly put to death, and the games were interrupted. His body was entrusted to the care of Perdiccas, and honoured with the most magnificent funeral at Babylon. He was so like the king in features and stature, that he was often saluted by the name of Alexander. _Curtius._――_Arrian_, bk. 7, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 7, ch. 8.

=Heptaphōnos=, a portico, which received this name, because the voice was re-echoed seven times in it. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15.

=Heptapŏlis=, a country of Egypt, which contained seven cities.

=Heptapy̆los=, a surname of Thebes in Bœotia, from its seven gates.

=Hera=, the name of Juno among the Greeks.――――A daughter of Neptune and Ceres when transformed into a mare. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A town of Æolia and of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 7.――――A town of Sicily, called also _Hybla_. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 2, ltr. 1.

=Herăclēa=, an ancient town of Sicily, near Agrigentum. Minos planted a colony there when he pursued Dædalus; and the town, anciently known by the name of _Macara_, was called from him _Minoa_. It was called Heraclea after Hercules, when he obtained a victory over Eryx.――――A town of Macedonia.――――Another in Pontus, celebrated for its naval power and its consequence among the Asiatic states. The inhabitants conveyed home in their ships the 10,000 at their return. ――――Another in Crete.――――Another in Parthia.――――Another in Bithynia. ――――Another in Phthiotis, near Thermopylæ, called also _Trachinea_, to distinguish it from others.――――Another in Lucania. _Cicero_, _For Archias_, ch. 4.――――Another in Syria.――――Another in Chersonesus Taurica.――――Another in Thrace, and three in Egypt, &c.――――There were no less than 40 cities of that name in different parts of the world, all built in honour of Hercules, whence the name is derived.――――A daughter of Hiero tyrant of Sicily, &c.

=Heraclēia=, a festival at Athens celebrated every fifth year, in honour of Hercules. The ♦Thespians and Thebans in Bœotia observed a festival of the same name, in which they offered apples to the god. This custom of offering apples arose from this: It was always usual to offer sheep, but the overflowing of the river Asopus prevented the votaries of the god from observing it with the ancient ceremony; and as the word μηλον signifies both an _apple_ and a _sheep_, some youths, acquainted with the ambiguity of the word, offered apples to the god, with much sport and festivity. To represent the sheep, they raised an apple upon four sticks as the legs, and two more were placed at the top to represent the horns of the victim. Hercules was delighted at the ingenuity of the youths, and the festivals were ever continued with the offering of apples. _Pollux_, bk. 8, ch. 9. There was also a festival at Sicyon in honour of Hercules. It continued two days; the first was called ὀνοματας, the second ἡρακλεια.――――At a festival of the same name at Cos, the priest officiated with a mitre on his head, and in woman’s apparel.――――At Lindus, a solemnity of the same name was also observed, and at the celebration nothing was heard but execrations and profane words, and whosoever accidentally dropped any other words, was accused of having profaned the sacred rites.

♦ ‘Thisbians’ replaced with ‘Thespians’

=Heracleum=, a promontory of Cappadocia.――――A town of Egypt near Canopus, on the western mouth of the Nile, to which it gave its name. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 60.――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 17.――――The port town of Gnossus in Crete.

=Heracleōtes=, a surname of Dionysius the philosopher.――――A philosopher of Heraclea, who, like his master Zeno, and all the Stoics, firmly believed that pain was not an evil. A severe illness, attended with the most acute pains, obliged him to renounce his principles, and at the same time the philosophy of the Stoics, about 264 years before the christian era. He became afterwards one of the Cyrenaic sect, which placed the _summum bonum_ in pleasure. He wrote some poetry, and chiefly treatises of philosophy. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.

=Heraclīdæ=, the descendants of Hercules, greatly celebrated in ancient history. Hercules at his death left to his son Hyllus all the rights and claims which he had upon the Peloponnesus, and permitted him to marry Iole, as soon as he came of age. The posterity of Hercules were not more kindly treated by Eurystheus than their father had been, and they were obliged to retire for protection to the court of Ceyx king of Trachinia. Eurystheus pursued them thither; and Ceyx, afraid of his resentment, begged the Heraclidæ to depart from his dominions. From Trachinia they came to Athens, where Theseus the king of the country, who had accompanied their father in some of his expeditions, received them with great humanity, and assisted them against their common enemy Eurystheus. Eurystheus was killed by the hand of Hyllus himself, and his children perished with him, and all the cities of the Peloponnesus became the undisputed property of the Heraclidæ. Their triumph, however, was short; their numbers were lessened by a pestilence, and the oracle informed them that they had taken possession of the Peloponnesus, before the gods permitted their return. Upon this they abandoned Peloponnesus, and came to settle in the territories of the Athenians, where Hyllus, obedient to his father’s commands, married Iole the daughter of Eurytus. Soon after he consulted the oracle, anxious to recover the Peloponnesus, and the ambiguity of the answer determined him to make a second attempt. He challenged to single combat Atreus the successor of Eurystheus on the throne of Mycenæ, and it was mutually agreed that the undisturbed possession of the Peloponnesus should be ceded to whosoever defeated his adversary. Echemus accepted the challenge for Atreus, and Hyllus was killed, and the Heraclidæ a second time departed from Peloponnesus. Cleodæus the son of Hyllus made a third attempt, and was equally unsuccessful, and his son Aristomachus some time after met with the same unfavourable reception, and perished in the field of battle. Aristodemus, Temenus, and Chresphontes, the three sons of Aristomachus, encouraged by the more expressive and less ambiguous word of an oracle, and desirous to revenge the death of their progenitors, assembled a numerous force, and with a fleet invaded all Peloponnesus. Their expedition was attended with success, and after some ♦decisive battles they became masters of all the peninsula, which they divided among themselves two years after. The recovery of the Peloponnesus by the descendants of Hercules forms an interesting epoch in ancient history, which is universally believed to have happened 80 years after the Trojan war, or 1104 years before the christian era. This conquest was totally achieved about 120 years after the first attempt of Hyllus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 26.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 17. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Clement of Alexandria_, _Stromateis_, bk. 1.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 12, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c. ――_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 7, ch. 26.

♦ ‘deicsive’ replaced with ‘decisive’

=Herăclīdes=, a philosopher of Heraclea in Pontus, for some time disciple of Seusippus and Aristotle. He wished it to be believed that he was carried into heaven the very day of his death, and the more firmly to render it credible, he begged one of his friends to put a serpent in his bed. The serpent disappointed him, and the noise which the number of visitors occasioned, frightened him from the bed before the philosopher had expired. He lived about 335 years before the christian era. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5; _Letters to his brother Quintus_, bk. 3.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Pythagoras_.――――An historian of Pontus surnamed _Lembus_, who flourished B.C. 177.――――A man who, after the retreat of Dionysius the younger from Sicily, raised cabals against Dion, in whose hands the sovereign power was lodged. He was put to death by Dion’s order. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion._――――A youth of Syracuse, in the battle in which Nicias was defeated.――――A son of Agathocles.――――A man placed over a garrison at Athens by Demetrius.――――A sophist of Lycia, who opened a school at Smyrna in the age of the emperor Severus.――――A painter of Macedonia in the reign of king Perseus.――――An architect of Tarentum, intimate with Philip king of Macedonia. He fled to Rhodes on pretence of a quarrel with Philip, and set fire to the Rhodian fleet. _Polyænus._――――A man of Alexandria.

=Heraclītus=, a celebrated Greek philosopher of Ephesus, who flourished about 500 years before the christian era. His father’s name was Hyson, or Heracion. Naturally of a melancholy disposition, he passed his time in a solitary and unsocial manner, and received the appellation of the obscure philosopher, and the mourner, from his unconquerable custom of weeping at the follies, frailty, and vicissitudes of human affairs. He employed his time in writing different treatises, and one particularly, in which he supported that there was a fatal necessity, and that the world was created from fire, which he deemed a god omnipotent and omniscient. His opinions about the origin of things were adopted by the Stoics, and Hippocrates entertained the same notions of a supreme power. Heraclitus deserves the appellation of man-hater, for the rusticity with which he answered the polite invitations of Darius king of Persia. To remove himself totally from the society of mankind, he retired to the mountains, where for some time he fed on grass in common with the wild inhabitants of the place. Such a diet was soon productive of a dropsical complaint, and the philosopher condescended to revisit the town. The enigmatical manner in which he consulted the physicians made his applications unintelligible, and he was left to depend for cure only upon himself. He fixed his residence on a dunghill, in hopes that the continual warmth which proceeded from it might dissipate the watery accumulation and restore him to the enjoyment of his former health. Such a remedy proved ineffectual, and the philosopher, despairing of a cure by the application of ox-dung, suffered himself to die in the 60th year of his age. Some say that he was torn to pieces by dogs. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Clement of Alexandria_, _Stromateis_, bk. 5.――――A lyric poet.――――A writer of Halicarnassus, intimate with Callimachus. He was remarkable for the elegance of his style.――――A native of Lesbos, who wrote a history of Macedonia.――――A writer of Sicyon, &c. _Plutarch._

=Heraclius=, a river of Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 37.――――A brother of Constantine, &c.――――A Roman emperor, &c.

=Heræa=, a town of Arcadia.――――Festivals at Argos in honour of Juno, who was the patroness of that city. They were also observed by the colonies of the Argives which had been planted at Samos and Ægina. There were always two processions to the temple of the goddess without the city walls. The first was of the men in armour, the second of the women, among whom the priestess, a woman of the first quality, was drawn in a chariot by white oxen. The Argives always reckoned their years from her priesthood, as the Athenians from their archons, and the Romans from their consuls. When they came to the temple of the goddess they offered a hecatomb of oxen. Hence the sacrifice is often called ἑκατομβια, and sometimes λεχερνα, from λεχος, _a bed_, because Juno presided over marriages, births, &c. There was a festival of the same name in Elis, celebrated every fifth year, in which 16 matrons wove a garment for the goddess. ――――There were also others instituted by Hippodamia, who had received assistance from Juno when she married Pelops. Sixteen matrons, each attended by a maid, presided at the celebration. The contenders were young virgins, who being divided in classes, according to their age, ran races each in their order, beginning with the youngest. The habit of all was exactly the same; their hair was dishevelled, and their right shoulder bare to the breast, with coats reaching no lower than the knee. She who obtained the victory was rewarded with crowns of olives, and obtained a part of the ox that was offered in sacrifice, and was permitted to dedicate her picture to the goddess.――――There was also a solemn day of mourning at Corinth which bore the same name, in commemoration of Medea’s children, who were buried in Juno’s temple. They had been slain by the Corinthians; who, as it is reported, to avert the scandal which accompanied so barbarous a murder, presented Euripides with a large sum of money to write a play, in which Medea is represented as the murderer of her children.――――Another festival of the same name at Pallene, with games in which the victor was rewarded with a garment.

=Heræi montes=, a chain of mountains at the north of Sicily. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Heræum=, a temple and grove of Juno, situate between Argos and Mycenæ. ――――A town of Thrace.

=Herbessus=, a town of Sicily at the north of ♦Agrigentum, built by a Phœnician or Carthaginian colony. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 265.

♦ ‘Arigentum’ replaced with ‘Agrigentum’

=Herbita=, an inland town of Sicily. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 64; bk. 3, ch. 32.

=Herceius=, an epithet given to Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 286. ――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 979.

=Herculanea via=, a mound raised between the Lucrine lake and the sea, called also _Herculeum iter_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 118.

=Herculāneum=, a town of Campania, swallowed up, with Pompeii, by an earthquake, produced from an eruption of mount Vesuvius, August 24th, A.D. 79, in the reign of Titus. After being buried under the lava for more than 1600 years, these famous cities were discovered in the beginning of the 18th century; Herculaneum in 1713, about 24 feet underground, by labourers digging for a well, and Pompeii 40 years after, about 12 feet below the surface, and from the houses and the streets, which in a great measure remain still perfect, have been drawn busts, statues, manuscripts, paintings, and utensils, which do not a little contribute to enlarge our notions concerning the ancients, and develop many classical obscurities. The valuable antiquities, so miraculously recovered, are preserved in the museum of Portici, a small town in the neighbourhood, and the engravings, &c., ably taken from them have been munificently presented to the different learned bodies of Europe. _Seneca_, _Quæstiones naturales_, bk. 6, chs. 1 & 26.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 3. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 16.

=Hercŭles=, a celebrated hero, who, after death, was ranked among the gods, and received divine honours. According to the ancients there were many persons of the same name. Diodorus mentions three, Cicero six, and some authors extend the number to no less than 43. Of all these the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, generally called the Theban, is the most celebrated, and to him, as may easily be imagined, the actions of the others have been ♦attributed. The birth of Hercules was attended with many miraculous and supernatural events; and it is reported that Jupiter, who introduced himself to the bed of Alcmena, was employed for three nights in forming a child whom he intended to be the greatest hero the world ever beheld. _See:_ Alcmena. Hercules was brought up at Tirynthus, or, according to Diodorus, at Thebes, and before he had completed his eighth month, the jealousy of Juno, intent upon his destruction, sent two snakes to devour him. The child, not terrified at the sight of the serpents, boldly seized them in both his hands and squeezed them to death, while his brother Iphiclus alarmed the house with his frightful shrieks. _See:_ Iphiclus. He was early instructed in the liberal arts, and Castor the son of Tyndarus taught him how to fight, Eurytus how to shoot with a bow and arrows, Autolycus to drive a chariot, Linus to play on the lyre, and Eumolpus to sing. He, like the rest of his illustrious contemporaries, soon after became the pupil of the centaur Chiron, and under him he perfected and rendered himself the most valiant and accomplished of the age. In the 18th year of his age he resolved to deliver the neighbourhood of mount Cithæron from a huge lion which preyed on the flocks of Amphitryon his supposed father, and which laid waste the adjacent country. He went to the court of Thespius king of Thespis, who shared the general calamity, and he received there a tender treatment, and was entertained during 50 days. The 50 daughters of the king became all mothers by Hercules, during his stay at Thespis, and some say that it was effected in one night. After he had destroyed the lion of mount Cithæron, he delivered his country from the annual tribute of 100 oxen which it paid to Erginus. _See:_ Erginus. Such public services became universally known, and Creon, who then sat on the throne of Thebes, rewarded the patriotic deeds of Hercules by giving him his daughter in marriage, and entrusting him with the government of his kingdom. As Hercules by the will of Jupiter was subject to the power of Eurystheus [_See:_ Eurystheus], and obliged to obey him in every respect, Eurystheus, acquainted with his successes and rising power, ordered him to appear at Mycenæ and perform the labours which by priority of birth he was empowered to impose upon him. Hercules refused, and Juno, to punish his disobedience, rendered him so delirious that he killed his own children by Megara, supposing them to be the offspring of Eurystheus. _See:_ Megara. When he recovered the use of his senses, he was so struck with the misfortunes which had proceeded from his insanity, that he concealed himself and retired from the society of men for some time. He afterwards consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was told that he must be subservient for 12 years to the will of Eurystheus, in compliance with the commands of Jupiter; and that after he had achieved the most celebrated labours, he should be reckoned in the number of the gods. So plain and expressive an answer determined him to go to Mycenæ, and to bear with fortitude whatever gods or men imposed upon him. Eurystheus, seeing so great a man totally subjected to him, and apprehensive of so powerful an enemy, commanded him to achieve a number of enterprises the most difficult and arduous ever known, generally called the 12 labours of Hercules. The favours of the gods had completely armed him when he undertook his labours. He had received a coat of arms and helmet from Minerva, a sword from Mercury, a horse from Neptune, a shield from Jupiter, a bow and arrows from Apollo, and from Vulcan a golden cuirass and brazen buskins, with a celebrated club of brass according to the opinion of some writers, but more generally supposed to be of wood, and cut by the hero himself in the forest of Nemæa. The first labour imposed upon Hercules by Eurystheus, was to kill the lion of Nemæa, which ravaged the country near Mycenæ. The hero, unable to destroy him with his arrows, boldly attacked him with his club, pursued him to his den, and after a close and sharp engagement he choked him to death. He carried the dead beast on his shoulders to Mycenæ, and ever after clothed himself with the skin. Eurystheus was so astonished at the sight of the beast, and at the courage of Hercules, that he ordered him never to enter the gates of the city when he returned from his expeditions, but to wait for his orders without the walls. He even made himself a brazen vessel, into which he retired whenever Hercules returned. The second labour of Hercules was to destroy the Lernæan hydra, which had seven heads according to Apollodorus, 50 according to Simonides, 100 according to Diodorus. This celebrated monster he attacked with his arrows, and soon after he came to a close engagement, and by means of his heavy club he destroyed the heads of his enemy. But this was productive of no advantage, for as soon as one head was beaten to pieces by the club, immediately two sprang up, and the labour of Hercules would have remained unfinished had he not commanded his friend Iolus to burn, with a hot iron, the root of the head which he had crushed to pieces. This succeeded [_See:_ Hydra], and Hercules became victorious, opened the belly of the monster, and dipped his arrows in the gall to render the wounds which he gave fatal and incurable. He was ordered in his third labour to bring alive and unhurt into the presence of Eurystheus a stag, famous for its incredible swiftness, its golden horns, and brazen feet. This celebrated animal frequented the neighbourhood of Œnoe, and Hercules was employed for a whole year in continually pursuing it, and at last he caught it in a trap, or when tired, or according to others, by slightly wounding it and lessening its swiftness. As he returned victorious, Diana snatched the goat from him, and severely reprimanded him for molesting an animal which was sacred to her. Hercules pleaded necessity, and by representing the commands of Eurystheus, he appeased the goddess and obtained the beast. The fourth labour was to bring alive to Eurystheus a wild boar which ravaged the neighbourhood of Erymanthus. In this expedition he destroyed the centaurs [_See:_ ♣Centauri], and caught the boar by closely pursuing him through the deep snow. Eurystheus was so frightened at the sight of the boar, that, according to Diodorus, he hid himself in his brazen vessel for some days. In his fifth labour Hercules was ordered to clean the stables of Augias, where 3000 oxen had been confined for many years. _See:_ Augias. For his sixth labour he was ordered to kill the carnivorous birds which ravaged the country near the lake Stymphalis in Arcadia. _See:_ Stymphalis. In his seventh labour he brought alive into Peloponnesus a prodigious wild bull which laid waste the island of Crete. In his eighth labour he was employed in obtaining the mares of Diomedes, which fed upon human flesh. He killed Diomedes, and gave him to be eaten by his mares, which he brought to Eurystheus. They were sent to mount Olympus by the king of Mycenæ, where they were devoured by the wild beasts; or, according to others, they were consecrated to Jupiter, and their breed still existed in the age of Alexander the Great. For his ninth labour, he was commanded to obtain the girdle of the queen of the Amazons. _See:_ Hippolyte. In his tenth labour he killed the monster Geryon king of Gades, and brought to Argos his numerous flocks, which fed upon human flesh. _See:_ Geryon. The eleventh labour was to obtain apples from the garden of the Hesperides. _See:_ Hesperides. The twelfth and last, and most dangerous of his labours, was to bring upon earth the three-headed dog Cerberus. This was cheerfully undertaken by Hercules, and he descended into hell by a cave on mount Tænarus. He was permitted by Pluto to carry away his friends Theseus and Pirithous, who were condemned to punishment in hell: and Cerberus also was granted to his prayers, provided he made use of no arms, but only force, to drag him away. Hercules, as some report, carried him back to hell, after he had brought him before Eurystheus. Besides these arduous labours, which the jealousy of ♥Eurystheus imposed upon him, he also achieved others of his own accord, equally great and celebrated. _See:_ Cacus, Antæus, Busiris, Eryx, &c. He accompanied the Argonauts to Colchis before he delivered himself up to the king of Mycenæ. He assisted the gods in their wars against the giants, and it was through him alone that Jupiter obtained a victory. _See:_ Gigantes. He conquered Laomedon, and pillaged Troy. _See:_ Laomedon. When Iole, the daughter of Eurytus king of Œchalia, of whom he was deeply enamoured, was refused to his entreaties, he became the prey of a second fit of insanity, and he murdered Iphitus, the only one of the sons of Eurytus who favoured his addresses to Iole. _See:_ Iphitus. He was some time after purified of the murder, and his insanity ceased; but the gods persecuted him more, and he was visited by a disorder which obliged him to apply to the oracle of Delphi for relief. The boldness with which the Pythia received him irritated him, and he resolved to plunder Apollo’s temple, and carry away the sacred tripod. Apollo opposed him, and a severe conflict was begun, which nothing but the interference of Jupiter with his thunderbolts could have prevented. He was upon this told by the oracle that he must be sold as a slave, and remain three years in the most abject servitude to recover from his disorder. He complied; and Mercury, by order of Jupiter, conducted him to Omphale queen of Lydia, to whom he was sold as a slave. Here he cleared all the country from robbers; and Omphale, who was astonished at the greatness of his exploits, restored him to liberty, and married him. Hercules had Agelaus, and Lamon according to others, by Omphale, from whom Crœsus king of Lydia was descended. He became also enamoured of one of Omphale’s female servants, by whom he had Alceus. After he had completed the years of his slavery, he returned to Peloponnesus, where he re-established on the throne of Sparta Tyndarus, who had been expelled by Hippocoon. He became one of Dejanira’s suitors, and married her, after he had overcome all his rivals. _See:_ Achelous. He was obliged to leave Calydon, his father-in-law’s kingdom, because he had inadvertently killed a man with a blow of his fist, and it was on account of this expulsion that he was not present at the hunting of the Calydonian boar. From Calydon he retired to the court of Ceyx king of Trachinia. In his way he was stopped by the swollen streams of the Evenus, where the centaur Nessus attempted to offer violence to Dejanira, under the perfidious pretence of conveying her over the river. Hercules perceived the distress of Dejanira, and killed the centaur, who, as he expired, gave her a tunic, which, as he observed, had the power of recalling a husband from unlawful love. _See:_ Dejanira. Ceyx king of Trachinia received him and his wife with great marks of friendship, and purified him of the murder which he had committed at Calydon. Hercules was still mindful that he had once been refused the hand of Iole, he therefore made war against her father Eurytus, and killed him with three of his sons. Iole fell into the hands of her father’s murderer, and found that she was loved by Hercules as much as before. She accompanied him to mount Œta, where he was going to raise an altar and offer a solemn sacrifice to Jupiter. As he had not then the tunic in which he arrayed himself to offer a sacrifice, he sent Lichas to Dejanira in order to provide himself a proper dress. Dejanira, informed of her husband’s tender attachment to Iole, sent him a philter, or more probably the tunic which she had received from Nessus, and Hercules, as soon as he had put it on, fell into a desperate distemper, and found the poison of the Lernæan hydra penetrate through his bones. He attempted to pull off the fatal dress, but it was too late, and in the midst of his pains and tortures he inveighed in the most bitter imprecations against the credulous Dejanira, the cruelty of Eurystheus, and the jealousy and hatred of Juno. As the distemper was incurable, he implored the protection of Jupiter, and gave his bow and arrows to Philoctetes, and erected a large burning pile on the top of mount Œta. He spread on the pile the skin of the Nemæan lion, and laid himself down upon it as on a bed, leaning his head on his club. Philoctetes, or according to others, Pæan or Hyllus, was ordered to set fire to the pile, and the hero saw himself on a sudden surrounded with the flames, without betraying any marks of fear or astonishment. Jupiter saw him from heaven, and told to the surrounding gods that he would raise to the skies the immortal parts of a hero who had cleared the earth from so many monsters and tyrants. The gods applauded Jupiter’s resolution; the burning pile was suddenly surrounded with a dark smoke, and after the mortal parts of Hercules were consumed, he was carried up to heaven in a chariot drawn by four horses. Some loud claps of thunder accompanied his elevation, and his friends, unable to find either his bones or ashes, showed their gratitude to his memory by raising an altar where the burning pile had stood. Menœtius the son of Actor offered him the sacrifice of a bull, a wild boar, and a goat, and enjoined the people of Opus yearly to observe the same religious ceremonies. His worship soon became as universal as his fame, and Juno, who had once persecuted him with such inveterate fury, forgot her resentment, and gave him her daughter Hebe in marriage. Hercules has received many surnames and epithets, either from the place where his worship was established, or from the labours which he achieved. His temples were numerous and magnificent, and his divinity revered. No dogs or flies ever entered his temple at Rome, and that of Gades, according to Strabo, was always forbidden to women and pigs. The Phœnicians offered quails on his altars, and as it was supposed that he presided over dreams, the sick and infirm were sent to sleep in his temples, that they might receive in their dreams the agreeable presages of their approaching recovery. The white poplar was particularly dedicated to his service. Hercules is generally represented naked, with strong and well-proportioned limbs; he is sometimes covered with the skin of the Nemæan lion, and holds a knotted club in his hand, on which he often leans. Sometimes he appears crowned with the leaves of the poplar, and holding the horn of plenty under his arm. At other times he is represented standing with Cupid, who instantly breaks to pieces his arrows and his club, to intimate the passion of love in the hero, who suffered himself to be beaten and ridiculed by Omphale, who dressed herself in his armour while he was sitting to spin with her female servants. The children of Hercules are as numerous as the labours and difficulties which he underwent, and indeed they became so powerful soon after his death, that they alone had the courage to invade all Peloponnesus. _See:_ Heraclidæ. He was father of Deicoon and Therimachus by Megara, of Ctesippus by Astydamia, of Palemon by Autonoe, of Everes by Parthenope, of Glycisonetes, Gyneus, and Odites by Dejanira, of Thessalus by Chalciope, of Thestalus by Epicaste, of Tlepolemus by Astyoche, of Agathyrsus, Gelon, and Scytha by Echidna, &c. Such are the most striking characteristics of the life of Hercules, who is said to have supported for a while the weight of the heavens upon his shoulders [_See:_ Atlas], and to have separated by the force of his arm the celebrated mountains which were afterwards called the boundaries of his labours. _See:_ Abyla. He is held out by the ancients as a true pattern of virtue and piety, and as his whole life had been employed for the common benefit of mankind, he was deservedly rewarded with immortality. His judicious choice of virtue in preference to pleasure, as described by Xenophon, is well known. _Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 4.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Pausanias_, bks. 3, 5, 9, & 10.――_Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 29, 32, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 236, &c.; _Heroides_, poem 9; _Amores_; _Tristia_, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8, &c.――_Theocritus_, poem 24.――_Euripides_, _Hercules furens_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 294.――_Lucan_, bks. 3 & 6.――_Apollonius_, bk. 2.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1. ――_Sophocles_, _Trachiniæ_.――♠_Plautus_, _Amphitryon_.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Furens_ & _Hercules Œtaeus_.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6; bk. 11, &c.――_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 42, &c.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bk. 6, li. 207, &c.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Artemis_.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, ode 3.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 438.――_Statius_, bk. 2, _Thebiad_, li. 564.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi Deorum_.――_Lactantius_, _De Falsa Religione_.――_Strabo_, bk. 3, &c. ――_Horace_, _Odes_, _Satires_, &c.――――A son of Alexander the Great. ――――A surname of the emperor Commodus, &c.

♦ ‘atrributed’ replaced with ‘attributed’ ♣ ‘Centaur’ replaced with ‘Centauri’ ♥ ‘Eurytheus’ replaced with ‘Eurystheus’ ♠ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plautus’

=Hercŭleum=, a promontory in the country of the Brutii.――――Fretum, a name given to the strait which forms a communication between the Atlantic and Mediterranean.

=Hercŭleus=, one of Agrippina’s murderers. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 8.

=Hercŭleus Lacis=, a lake of Sicily.

=Hercŭlis Columnæ=, two lofty mountains, situate one on the most southern extremities of Spain, and the other on the opposite part of Africa. They were called by the ancients _Abyla_ and _Calpe_. They are reckoned the boundaries of the labours of Hercules, and according to ancient tradition they were joined together till they were severed by the arm of the hero, and a communication opened between the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. _Dionysius Periegetes._ ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 142.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――Monœci Portus, now _Monaco_, a port town of Genoa. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 52. ――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 405.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 830. ――――Labronis _vel_ Liburni Portus, a seaport town, now _Leghorn_. ――――Promontorium, a cape at the bottom of Italy, on the Ionian sea, now _Spartivento_.――――Insulæ, two islands near Sardinia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――Portus, a seaport of the Brutii, on the western coast.――――Lucus, a wood in Germany sacred to Hercules. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――A small island on the coast of Spain, called also _Scombraria_, from the tunny fish (_Scombres_) caught there. _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Hercy̆na=, a nymph who accompanied Ceres as she travelled over the world. A river of Bœotia bore her name. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 39.

=Hercy̆nia=, a celebrated forest of Germany, which, according to Cæsar, required nine days’ journey to cross it; and which on some parts was found without any boundaries, though travelled over for 60 days successively. It contained the modern countries of Switzerland, Basil, Spires, Transylvania, and a great part of Russia. In length of time the trees were rooted up, and when population increased the greatest part of it was made inhabitable. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 24.――_Mela._――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 54.――_Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 30.

=Herdonia=, a small town of Apulia between the rivers Aufidus and Cerbalus. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 568.

=Herdonius=, a man put to death by Tarquin, because he had boldly spoken against him in an assembly, &c.

=Herea=, a town of Arcadia on an eminence, the bottom of which was watered by the Alpheus. It was built by Hereus the son of Lycaon, and was said to produce a wine possessed of such unusual properties, as to give fecundity to women, and cause madness in men. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 18. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Herennius Senecio=, a Roman historian under Domitian. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 2, &c.――――An officer of Sertorius defeated by Pompey, &c. _Plutarch._――――A centurion sent in pursuit of Cicero by Antony. He cut off the orator’s head. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.――――Caius, a man to whom Cicero dedicates his book _de Rhetoricâ_, a work attributed by some to Cornificius.――――A Samnite general, &c.――――Philo, a Phœnician who wrote a book on Adrian’s reign. He also composed a treatise divided into 12 parts, concerning the choice of books, &c.

=Hereus=, a son of Lyacon, who founded a city in Arcadia, called Herea. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.

=Herillus=, a philosopher of Chalcedon, disciple to Zeno. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Herĭlus=, a king of Præneste, son of the nymph Feronia. As he had three lives, he was killed three times by Evander. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 563.

=Hermăchus=, a native of Mitylene, successor and disciple of Epicurus, B.C. 267.

=Hermæ=, statues of Mercury in the city of Athens. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltrs. 4 & 8.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_. ――――Two youths who attended those who consulted the oracle of Trophonius. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 39.

=Hermæa=, a festival in Crete, when the masters waited upon the servants. It was also observed at Athens and Babylon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.

=Hermæum=, a town of Arcadia.――――A promontory at the east of Carthage, the most northern point of all Africa, now cape _Bon_. _Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 27.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Hermagŏras Æolĭdes=, a famous rhetorician, who came to Rome in the age of Augustus.――――A philosopher of Amphipolis.――――A famous orator and philosopher.

=Hermandica=, a town of the Vaccæi in Spain. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 5. ――_Polybius_, bk. 3.

=Hermandūri=, a people of Germany, called also Hermunduri.

=Hermanni=, a people of Germany.

=Hermaphrŏdītus=, a son of Venus and Mercury, educated on mount Ida by the Naiades. At the age of 15 he began to travel to gratify his curiosity. When he came to Caria, he bathed himself in a fountain, and Salmacis, the nymph who presided over it, became enamoured of him and attempted to seduce him. Hermaphroditus continued deaf to all entreaties and offers; and Salmacis, endeavouring to obtain by force what was denied by prayers, closely embraced him, and entreated the gods to make them two, but one body. Her prayers were heard, and Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, now two in one body, still preserved the characteristics of both their sexes. Hermaphroditus begged the gods that all who bathed in that fountain might become effeminate. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 347.――_Hyginus_, fable 271.

=Hermas=, an ancient father of the church, in or near the age of the apostles.

=Hermathēna=, a statue which represented Mercury and Minerva in the same body. This statue was generally placed in schools where eloquence and philosophy were taught, because these two deities presided over the arts and sciences.

=Hermēas=, a tyrant of Mysia who revolted from Artaxerxes Ochus, B.C. 350.――――A general of Antiochus, &c.

=Hermeias=, a native of Methymna who wrote a history of Sicily.

=Hermes=, the name of Mercury among the Greeks. _See:_ Mercurius. ――――A famous gladiator. _Martial_, bk. 5, ltr. 25.――――An Egyptian philosopher. _See:_ Mercurius Trismegistus.

=Hermesiănax=, an elegiac poet of Colophon, son of Agoneus. He was publicly honoured with a statue. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17.――――A native of Cyprus, who wrote a history of Phrygia. _Plutarch._

=Hermias=, a Galatian philosopher in the second century. His _irrisio philosophorum gentilium_ was printed with Justin Martyr’s works, folio, Paris, 1615 & 1636, and with the Oxford edition of Tatian, 8vo, 1700.

=Hermĭnius=, a general of the Hermanni, &c.――――A Roman who defended a bridge with Cocles against the army of Porsenna. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 10.――――A Trojan killed by Catillus in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 642.

=Hermiŏne=, a daughter of Mars and Venus, who married Cadmus. The gods, except Juno, honoured her nuptials with their presence, and she received, as a present, a rich veil and a splendid necklace which had been made by Vulcan. She was changed into a serpent with her husband Cadmus, and placed in the Elysian fields. _See:_ Harmonia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 13.――――A daughter of Menelaus and Helen. She was privately promised in marriage to Orestes the son of Agamemnon; but her father, ignorant of this pre-engagement, gave her hand to Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, whose services he had experienced in the Trojan war. Pyrrhus, at his return from Troy, carried home Hermione and married her. Hermione, tenderly attached to her cousin Orestes, looked upon Pyrrhus with horror and indignation. According to others, however, Hermione received the addresses of Pyrrhus with pleasure, and even reproached Andromache his concubine with stealing his affections from her. Her jealousy for Andromache, according to some, induced her to unite herself to Orestes, and to destroy Pyrrhus. She gave herself to Orestes after this murder, and received the kingdom of Sparta as a dowry. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Euripides_, _Andromache_ & _Orestes_.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 8.――_Propertius_, bk. 1.――――A town of Argolis, where Ceres had a famous temple. The inhabitants lived by fishing. The descent to hell from their country was considered so short that no money, according to the usual right of burial, was put into the mouth of the dead to be paid to Charon for their passage. The sea on the neighbouring coast was called _Hermionicus sinus_. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Ciris_, li. 472.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34.

=Hermiŏniæ=, a city near the Riphæan mountains. _Orpheus_, _Argonauts_.

=Hermiŏnĭcus sinus=, a bay on the coast of Argolis near Hermione. _Strabo_, bks. 1 & 8.

=Hermippus=, a freedman, disciple of Philo, in the reign of Adrian, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He wrote five books upon dreams.――――A man who accused Aspasia the mistress of Pericles of impiety and prostitution. He was son of Lysis, and distinguished himself as a poet by 40 theatrical pieces and other compositions, some of which are quoted by Athenæus. _Plutarch._――――A peripatetic philosopher of Smyrna, who flourished B.C. 210.

=Hermŏcrătes=, a general of Syracuse, against Nicias the Athenian. His lenity towards the Athenian prisoners was looked upon as treacherous. He was banished from Sicily without even a trial, and he was murdered as he attempted to return back to his country, B.C. 408. ――――_Plutarch_, _Nicias_, &c.――――A sophist celebrated for his rising talents. He died in the 28th year of his age, in the reign of the emperor Severus.――――The father-in-law of Dionysius tyrant of Sicily. ――――A Rhodian employed by Artaxerxes to corrupt the Grecian states, &c.――――A sophist, preceptor to Pausanias the murderer of Philip. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Hermodōrus=, a Sicilian, pupil to Plato.――――A philosopher of Ephesus, who is said to have assisted, as interpreter, the Roman decemvirs in the composition of the 10 tables of laws, which had been collected in Greece. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 36. ――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 5.――――A native of Salamis, contemporary with Philo the Athenian architect. _Cicero_, _Orator_, bk. 1, ch. 14. ――――A poet who wrote a book called Νομιμα on the laws of different nations.

=Hermŏgĕnes=, an architect of Alabanda in Caria, employed in building the temple of Diana at Magnesia. He wrote a book upon his profession. ――――A rhetorician in the second century, the best editions of whose _rhetorica_ are that of Sturmius, 3 vols., 12mo, Strasbourg, 1571, and of Laurentius, Geneva, 1614. He died A.D. 161, and it is said that his body was opened, and his heart found hairy and of an extraordinary size. At the age of 25, as is reported, he totally lost his memory.――――A lawyer in the age of Diocletian.――――A musician. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 129.――――A sophist of Tarsus, of such brilliant talents, that at the age of 15 he excited the attention and gained the patronage of the emperor Marcus Antoninus.

=Hermolāus=, a young Macedonian among the attendants of Alexander. As he was one day hunting with the king he killed a wild boar which was coming towards him. Alexander, who followed close behind him, was so disappointed because the beast had been killed before he could dart at it, that he ordered Hermolaus to be severely whipped. This treatment irritated Hermolaus, and he conspired to take away the king’s life, with others who were displeased with the cruel treatment he had received. The plot was discovered by one of the conspirators, and Alexander seized them, and asked what had compelled them to conspire to take his life. Hermolaus answered for the rest, and observed that it was unworthy of Alexander to treat his most faithful and attached friends like slaves, and to shed their blood without the least mercy. Alexander ordered him to be put to death. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Hermopŏlis=, two towns of Egypt, now _Ashmunein_ and _Demenhur_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 9.

=Hermotīmus=, a famous prophet of Clazomenæ. It is said that his soul separated itself from his body and wandered in every part of the earth to explain futurity, after which it returned again and animated his frame. His wife, who was acquainted with the frequent absence of his soul, took advantage of it and burnt his body, as if totally dead, and deprived the soul of its natural receptacle. Hermotimus received divine honours in a temple at Clazomenæ, into which it was unlawful for women to enter. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 51, &c.――_Lucian._

=Hermundūri=, a people of Germany, subdued by Aurelius. They were at the north of the Danube, and were considered by Tacitus as a tribe of the Suevi, but called, together with the Suevi, Hermiones by Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 14.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, _extra_. ――_Velleius Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 106.

=Hermus=, a river of Asia Minor, whose sands, according to the poets, were covered with gold. It flows near Sardes, and receives the waters of the Pactolus and Hyllus, after which it falls into the Ægean sea. It is now called _Kedous_ or _Sarabat_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 137.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 210.――_Martial_, bk. 8, ltr. 78.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 159.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Hernĭci=, a people of Campania celebrated for their inveterate enmity to the rising power of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 9, chs. 43 & 44. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 226.――_Juvenal_, satire 14, li. 183. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 8, ch. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 684.

=Hero=, a beautiful priestess of Venus at Sestus, greatly enamoured of Leander, a youth of Abydos. These two lovers were so faithful to one another, that Leander in the night escaped from the vigilance of his family, and swam across the Hellespont, while Hero in Sestos directed his course by holding a burning torch on the top of a high tower. After many interviews of mutual affection and tenderness, Leander was drowned in a tempestuous night as he attempted his usual course, and Hero in despair threw herself down from her tower and perished in the sea.――_Musæus Grammaticus_, _Leander & Hero_. ――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poems 17 & 18.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 258.

=Herōdes=, surnamed the _Great_ and _Ascalonita_, followed the interest of Brutus and Cassius, and afterwards that of Antony. He was made king of Judæa by means of Antony, and after the battle of Actium he was continued in his power by his flattery and submission to Augustus. He rendered himself odious by his cruelty, and as he knew that the day of his death would become a day of mirth and festivity, he ordered the most illustrious of his subjects to be confined and murdered the very moment that he expired, that every eye in the kingdom might seem to shed tears at the death of Herod. He died in the 70th year of his age, after a reign of 40 years. _Josephus._ ――――Antipas, a son of Herod the Great, governor of Galileæ, &c. ――――Agrippa, a Jew intimate with the emperor Caligula, &c.――――This name was common to many of the Jews. _Josephus._――――Atticus. _See:_ Atticus.

=Herodiānus=, a Greek historian, who flourished A.D. 247. He was born at Alexander, and he was employed among the officers of the Roman emperors. He wrote a Roman history in eight books, from the death of Marcus Aurelius to Maximinus. His style is peculiarly elegant, but it wants precision, and the work too plainly betrays that the author was not a perfect master of geography. He is accused of being too partial to Maximinus, and too severe upon Alexander Severus. His book comprehends the history of 68 or 70 years, and he asserts that he has been an eye-witness of whatever he has written. The best editions of his history are that of Politian, 4to, Dovan, 1525, who afterwards published a very valuable Latin translation, and that of Oxford, 8vo, 1708.

=Herodicus=, a physician surnamed _Gymnastic_, who flourished B.C. 443. ――――A grammarian surnamed _Crateleus_, B.C. 123.

=Hērŏdŏtus=, a celebrated historian of Halicarnassus, whose father’s name was Lyxes, and that of his mother Dryo. He fled to Samos when his country laboured under the oppressive tyranny of Lygdamis, and travelled over Egypt, Italy, and all Greece. He afterwards returned to Halicarnassus, and expelled the tyrant; which patriotic deed, far from gaining the esteem and admiration of the populace, displeased and irritated them, so that Herodotus was obliged to fly to Greece from the public resentment. To procure a lasting fame he publicly repeated at the Olympic games the history which he had composed, in his 39th year, B.C. 445. It was received with such universal applause, that the names of the nine Muses were unanimously given to the nine books into which it is divided. This celebrated composition, which has procured its author the title of father of history, is written in the Ionic dialect. Herodotus is among the historians what Homer is among the poets, and Demosthenes among the orators. His style abounds with elegance, ease, and sweetness; and if there is any of the fabulous or incredible, the author candidly informs the reader that it is introduced upon the narration of others. The work is a history of the wars of the Persians against the Greeks, from the age of Cyrus to the battle of Mycale in the reign of Xerxes, and besides this, it gives an account of the most celebrated nations in the world. Herodotus had written another history of Assyria and Arabia, which is not extant. The life of Homer, generally attributed to him, is supposed by some not to be the production of his pen. Plutarch has accused him of malevolence towards the Greeks, an imputation which can easily be refuted. The two best editions of this great historian are that of Wesseling, folio, Amsterdam, 1763; and that of Glasgow, 9 vols., 12mo, 1761. _Cicero_, _de Legibus_, ch. 1; _On Oratory_, ch. 2.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _de Herodoti Malignitate_.――――A man who wrote a treatise concerning Epicurus. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A Theban wrestler of Megara, in the age of Demetrius son of Antigonus. He was six feet and a half in height, and he ate generally 20 pounds of flesh, with bread in proportion, at each of his meals. _Athenæus_, bk. 16.――――Another, whose victories are celebrated by Pindar.

=Heroes=, a name which was given by the ancients to such as were born from a god, or to such as had signalized themselves by their actions, and seemed to deserve immortality by the services which they had rendered their country. The heroes which Homer describes, such as Ajax, Achilles, &c., were of such prodigious strength, that they could lift up and throw stones which the united force of four or five men of his age could not have moved. The heroes were supposed to be interested in the affairs of mankind after death, and they were invoked with much solemnity. As the altars of the gods were crowded with sacrifices and libations, so the heroes were often honoured with a funeral solemnity, in which their great exploits were enumerated. The origin of heroism might proceed from the opinions of some philosophers, who taught that the souls of great men were often raised to the stars, and introduced among the immortal gods. According to the notions of the stoics, the ancient heroes inhabited a pure and serene climate, situate above the moon.

=Herōis=, a festival, celebrated every ninth year by the Delphians, in honour of a heroine. There were in the celebration a great number of mysterious rites, with a representation of something like Semele’s resurrection.

=Heron=, two mathematicians, one of whom is called the _ancient_ and the other the _younger_. The former, who lived about 100 years before Christ, was disciple to Ctesibius, and wrote a curious book translated into Latin, under the title of _Spiritualium Liber_; the only edition of which is that of Baldus, _Aug._ _Vind._ 1616.

=Heroopŏlis=, a town of Egypt on the Arabic gulf.

=Herŏphĭla=, a Sibyl, who, as some suppose, came to Rome in the reign of Tarquin. _See:_ Sibyllæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12.

=Herophĭlus=, an impostor in the reign of Julius Cæsar, who pretended to be the grandson of Marius. He was banished from Rome by Cæsar for his seditions, and was afterwards strangled in prison.――――A Greek physician, about 570 years before the christian era. He was one of the first who dissected bodies. Pliny, Cicero, and Plutarch have greatly commended him.

=Herostrătus.= _See:_ Erostratus.

=Herpa=, a town of Cappadocia.

=Herse=, a daughter of Cecrops king of Athens, beloved by Mercury. The god disclosed his love to Aglauros, Herse’s sister, in hopes of procuring an easy admission to Herse; but Aglauros, through jealousy, discovered the amour. Mercury was so offended at her behaviour, that he struck her with his caduceus and changed her into a stone. Herse became mother of Cephalus by Mercury, and after death she received divine honours at Athens. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 559, &c.――――A wife of Danaus. _Apollodorus._

=Hersephoria=, festivals of Athens in honour of Minerva, or more probably of Herse.

=Hersĭlia=, one of the Sabines, carried away by the Romans at the celebration of the Consualia. She was given and married to Romulus, though, according to some, she married Hostus, a youth of Latium, by whom she had Hostus Hostilius. After death she was presented with immortality by Juno, and received divine honours under the name of Ora. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 832.

=Hertha= and =Herta=, a goddess among the Germans, supposed to be the same as the earth. She had a temple and a chariot dedicated to her service in a remote island, and was supposed to visit the earth at stated times, when her coming was celebrated with the greatest rejoicings and festivity. _Tacitus_, _Germania_.

=Herŭli=, a savage nation in the northern parts of Europe, who attacked the Roman power in its decline.

=Hesænus=, a mountain near Pæonia.

=Hēsiŏdus=, a celebrated poet, born at Ascra in Bœotia. His father’s name was Dius, and his mother’s Pycimede. He lived in the age of Homer, and even obtained a poetical prize in competition with him, according to Varro and Plutarch. Quintilian, Philostratus, and others maintain that Hesiod lived before the age of Homer; but Velleius Paterculus and others support that he flourished about 100 years after him. Hesiod is the first who wrote a poem on agriculture. This composition is called _The Works and the Days_; and besides the instructions which are given to the cultivator of the field, the reader is pleased to find many moral reflections worthy of a refined Socrates or a Plato. His _Theogony_ is a miscellaneous narration executed without art, precision, choice, judgment, or connection, yet it is the more valuable for the faithful account it gives of the gods of antiquity. His _Shield of Hercules_ is but a fragment of a larger poem, in which it is supposed he gave an account of the most celebrated heroines among the ancients. Hesiod, without being master of the fire and sublimity of Homer, is admired for the elegance of his diction, and the sweetness of his poetry. Besides these poems he wrote others, now lost. Pausanias says that, in his age, Hesiod’s verses were still written on tablets in the temple of the Muses, of which the poet was a priest. If we believe _Clement of Alexandria_, bk. 6, _Stromateis_, the poet borrowed much from Musæus. One of Lucian’s dialogues bears the name of _Hesiod_, and in it the poet is introduced as speaking of himself. Virgil, in his Georgics, has imitated the compositions of Hesiod, and taken his _opera_ and _dies_ for model, as he acknowledges. Cicero strongly commends him, and the Greeks were so partial to his poetry and moral instructions, that they ordered their children to learn all by heart. Hesiod was murdered by the sons of Ganyctor of Naupactum, and his body was thrown into the sea. Some dolphins brought back the body to the shore, which was immediately known, and the murderers were discovered by the poet’s dogs, and thrown into the sea. If Hesiod flourished in the age of Homer, he lived 907 B.C. The best editions of this poet are that of Robinson, 4to, Oxford, 1737; that of Loesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1778; and that of Parma, 4to, 1785. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 6, ltr. 18.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 3, &c.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Paterculus._――_Varro._ ――_Plutarch_, _Septem Sapientium Convivium_, & _De Sollertia Animalium_.

=Hēsiŏne=, a daughter of Laomedon king of Troy, by Strymo the daughter of Scamander. It fell to her lot to be exposed to a sea monster, to whom the Trojans yearly presented a marriageable virgin, to appease the resentment of Apollo and Neptune, whom ♦Laomedon had offended; but Hercules promised to deliver her, provided he received as a reward six beautiful horses. Laomedon consented, and Hercules attacked the monster just as he was going to devour Hesione, and he killed him with his club. Laomedon, however, refused to reward the hero’s services; and Hercules, incensed at his treachery, besieged Troy, and put the king and all his family to the sword, except Podarces, or Priam, who had advised his father to give the promised horses to his sister’s deliverer. The conqueror gave Hesione in marriage to his friend Telamon, who had assisted him during the war, and he established Priam upon his father’s throne. The removal of Hesione to Greece proved at last fatal to the Trojans; and Priam, remembering with indignation that his sister had been forcibly given to a foreigner, sent his son Paris to Greece to reclaim the possessions of Hesione, or more probably to revenge his injuries upon the Greeks by carrying away Helen, which gave rise, soon after, to the Trojan war. Lycophron mentions that Hercules threw himself, armed from head to foot, into the mouth of the monster to which Hesione was exposed, and that he tore his belly to pieces, and came out safe only with the loss of his hair, after a confinement of three days. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 638.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 212.――――The wife of Nauplius.

♦ ‘Lamedon’ replaced with ‘Laomedon’

=Hespĕria=, a large island of Africa, once the residence of the Amazons. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.――――A name common to both Italy and Spain. It is derived from Hesper or Vesper, the setting sun, or the evening, whence the Greeks called Italy Hesperia, because it was situate at the setting sun, or in the west. The same name, for similar reasons, was applied to Spain by the Latins. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 634, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 34, li. 4; bk. 1, ode 27, li. 28. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 15.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 258.――――A daughter of the Cebrenus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 759.

=Hespĕrĭdes=, three celebrated nymphs, daughters of Hesperus. Apollodorus mentions four, Ægle, Erythia, Vesta, and Arethusa; and Diodorus confounds them with the Atlantides, and supposes that they were the same number. They were appointed to guard the golden apples which Juno gave to Jupiter on the day of their nuptials; and the place of their residence, placed beyond the ocean by Hesiod, is more universally believed to be near mount Atlas in Africa, according to Apollodorus. This celebrated place or garden abounded with fruits of the most delicious kind, and was carefully guarded by a dreadful dragon, which never slept. It was one of the labours of Hercules to procure some of the golden apples of the Hesperides. The hero, ignorant of the situation of this celebrated garden, applied to the nymphs in the neighbourhood of the Po for information, and was told that Nereus the god of the sea, if properly managed [_See:_ Nereus], would direct him in his pursuits. Hercules seized Nereus as he was asleep, and the sea god, unable to escape from his grasp, answered all the questions which he proposed. Some say that Nereus sent Hercules to Prometheus, and that from him he received all his information. When Hercules came into Africa, he repaired to Atlas, and demanded of him three of the golden apples. Atlas unloaded himself and placed the burden of the heavens on the shoulders of Hercules, while he went in quest of the apples. At his return Hercules expressed his wish to ease the burden by putting something on his head, and when Atlas assisted him to remove his inconvenience, Hercules artfully left the burden, and seized the apples, which Atlas had thrown on the ground. According to other accounts, Hercules gathered the apples himself, without the assistance of Atlas, and he previously killed the watchful dragon which kept the tree. These apples were brought to Eurystheus, and afterwards carried back by Minerva into the garden of the Hesperides, as they could be preserved in no other place. Hercules is sometimes represented gathering the apples, and the dragon which guarded the tree appears bowing down his head, as having received a mortal wound. This monster, as it is supposed, was the offspring of Typhon, and it had 100 heads and as many voices. This number, however, is reduced by some to only one head. Those that attempt to explain mythology, observe that the Hesperides were certain persons who had an immense number of flocks, and that the ambiguous word μηλον, which signifies an _apple_ and a _sheep_, gave rise to the fable of the golden apples of the Hesperides. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 637, &c.; bk. 9, li. 90.――_Hyginus_, fable 30.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 215, &c.

=Hespĕris.= _See:_ Hesperus.――――A town of Cyrenaica, now _Bernic_ or _Bengazi_, where most authors have placed the garden of the Hesperides.

=Hesperītis=, a country of Africa. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Hespĕrus=, a son of Japetus, brother to Atlas. He came to Italy, and the country received the name of _Hesperia_ from him, according to some accounts. He had a daughter called Hesperis, who married Atlas, and became mother of seven daughters, called Atlantides or Hesperides. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――The name of Hesperus was also applied to the planet Venus, when it appeared after the setting of the sun. It was called _Phosphorus_ or _Lucifer_ when it preceded the sun. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Seneca_, _de Hippolytus_, li. 749; _Medea_, li. 71.

=Hestia=, one of the Hesperides. _Apollodorus._

=Hestiæa=, a town of Eubœa.

=Hesus=, a deity among the Gauls, the same as the Mars of the Romans. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 445.

=Hesychia=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Hesychius=, the author of a Greek lexicon in the beginning of the third century, a valuable work which has been learnedly edited by Albert, 2 vols., folio, Leiden, 1746.

=Hetricŭlum=, now _Latarico_, a town in the country of the Brutii. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 19.

=Hetrūria= and =Etruria=, a celebrated country of Italy, at the west of the Tiber. It originally contained 12 different nations, which had each their respective monarch, called Lucumon. Their names were Veientes, Clusini, Perusini, Cortonenses, Arretini, Vetuloni, Volaterrani, Rusellani, Volscinii, Tarquinii, Falisci, and Cæretani. The inhabitants were particularly famous for their superstition, and great confidence in omens, dreams, auguries, &c. They all proved powerful and resolute enemies to the rising empire of the Romans, and were conquered only after much effusion of blood. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Heurippa=, a surname of Diana.

=Hexapy̆lum=, a gate at Syracuse. The adjoining place of the city, or the wall, bore the same name. _Diodorus_, bks. 11 & 14.――_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 21; bk. 25, ch. 24; bk. 32, ch. 39.

=Hiarbas=, or =Iarbas=, a king of Gætulia. _See:_ Iarbas.

=Hiber=, a name applied to a Spaniard, as living near the river Hiberus or Iberus. _See:_ Iberus.

=Hibernia= and =Hybernia=, a large island at the west of Britain, now called _Ireland_. Some of the ancients have called it Ibernia, Juverna, Iris, Hierna, Ogygia, Ivernia. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 160. ――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Orpheus._――_Aristotle._

=Hibrildes=, an Athenian general. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 7.

=Hicetāon=, a son of Laomedon, brother to Priam and father of Menalippus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3.――――The father of Thymœtes, who came to Italy with Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 133.

=Hicētas=, a philosopher of Syracuse, who believed that the earth moved, and that all the heavenly bodies were stationary. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――A tyrant of Syracuse. _See:_ Icetas.

=Hiempsal=, a king of Numidia, &c. _See:_ Hyempsal. _Plutarch._

=Hiera=, a woman who married Telephus king of Mysia, and who was said to surpass Helen in beauty.――――The mother of Pandarus and Bitias by Alcanor. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 673.――――One of the Lipari islands, called also Theresia, now _Vulcano_. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 11.

=Hierapŏlis=, a town of Syria, near the Euphrates.――――Another of Phrygia, famous for hot baths, now _Bambukkalasi_.――――Another of Crete.

=Hiĕrax=, a youth who awoke Argus, to inform him that Mercury was stealing Io. Mercury killed him, and changed him into a bird of prey. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――Antiochus, king of Syria and brother to Seleucus, received the surname of Hierax. _Justin_, bk. 37, ch. 3. ――――An Egyptian philosopher in the third century.

=Hierĭchus= (untis), the name of Jericho in the Holy Land, called the city of palm trees, from its abounding in dates. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 14.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 6.

=Hiĕro I.=, a king of Syracuse, after his brother Gelon, who rendered himself odious in the beginning of his reign by his cruelty and avarice. He made war against Theron the tyrant of Agrigentum, and took Himera. He obtained three different crowns at the Olympic games, two in horse-races, and one at a chariot-race. Pindar has celebrated him as being victorious at Olympia. In the latter part of his reign the conversation of Simonides, Epicharmus, Pindar, &c., softened in some measure the roughness of his morals and the severity of his government, and rendered him the patron of learning, genius, and merit. He died, after a reign of 18 years, B.C. 467, leaving the crown to his brother Thrasybulus, who disgraced himself by his vices and tyranny. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.――――The second of that name, king of Syracuse, was descended from Gelon. He was unanimously elected king by all the states of the island of Sicily, and appointed to carry on the war against the Carthaginians. He joined his enemies in besieging Messana, which had surrendered to the Romans, but he was beaten by Appius Claudius the Roman consul, and obliged to retire to Syracuse, where he was soon blocked up. Seeing all hopes of victory lost, he made peace with the Romans, and proved so faithful to his engagements during the 59 years of his reign, that the Romans never had a more firm or more attached ally. He died in the 94th year of his age, about 225 years B.C. He was universally regretted, and all the Sicilians showed by their lamentations that they had lost a common father and a friend. He liberally patronized the learned, and employed the talents of Archimedes for the good of his country. He wrote a book on agriculture, now lost. He was succeeded by Hieronymus. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bks. 4, 8.――_Justin_, bk. 23, ch. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 16.――――An Athenian, intimate with Nicias the general. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.――――A Parthian, &c. _Tacitus._

=Hierocæsarea=, a town of Lydia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 47; bk. 3, ch. 62.

=Hierocepia=, an island near Paphos in Cyprus.

=Hierŏcles=, a persecutor of the christians under Diocletian, who pretended to find inconsistencies in Scripture, and preferred the miracles of Thyaneus to those of Christ. His writings were refuted by Lactantius and Eusebius.――――A Platonic philosopher, who taught at Alexandria, and wrote a book on providence and fate, fragments of which are preserved by Photius; a commentary on the golden verses of Pythagoras; and facetious moral verses. He flourished A.D. 485. The best edition is that of Asheton and Warren, 8vo, London, 1742. ――――A general in the interest of Demetrius. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A governor of Bithynia and Alexandria, under Diocletian.――――An officer. _See:_ Heliogabalus.

=Hierodūlum=, a town of Libya.

=Hieronĭca lex=, by Hiero tyrant of Sicily, to settle the quantity of corn, the price and time of receiving it, between the farmers of Sicily and the collector of the corn tax at Rome. This law, on account of its justice and candour, was continued by the Romans when they became masters of Sicily.

=Hierony̆mus=, a tyrant of Sicily, who succeeded his father or grandfather Hiero, when only 15 years old. He rendered himself odious by his cruelty, oppression, and debauchery. He abjured the alliance of Rome, which Hiero had observed with so much honour and advantage. He was assassinated, and all his family was overwhelmed in his fall, and totally extirpated, B.C. 214.――――An historian of Rhodes, who wrote an account of the actions of Demetrius Poliorcetes, by whom he was appointed over Bœotia, B.C. 254. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――――An Athenian set over the fleet, while Conon went to the king of Persia.――――A christian writer commonly called St. _Jerome_, born in Pannonia, and distinguished for his zeal against heretics. He wrote commentaries on the prophets, St. Matthew’s gospel, &c., a Latin version known by the name of _Vulgate_, polemical treatises, and an account of ecclesiastical writers before him. Of his works, which are replete with lively animation, sublimity, and erudition, the best edition is that of Vallersius, folio, Veronæ, 1734 to 1740, 10 vols. Jerome died A.D. 420, in his 91st year.

=Hierophĭlus=, a Greek physician. He instructed his daughter Agnodice in the art of midwifery, &c. _See:_ Agnodice.

=Hierosoly̆ma=, a celebrated city of Palestine, the capital of Judæa, taken by Pompey, who, on that account, is surnamed _Hierosolymarius_. Titus also took it and destroyed it, the 8th of September, A.D. 70, according to Josephus, 2177 years after its foundation. In the siege by Titus, 110,000 persons are said to have perished, and 97,000 to have been made prisoners, and afterwards either sold for slaves, or wantonly exposed, for the sport of their insolent victors, to the fury of wild beasts. _Josephus_, _War of the Jews_, bk. 7, ch. 16, &c.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 2, ltr. 2.――_Flaccus_, bk. 28.

=Hignatia via=, a large road, which led from the Ionian sea to the Hellespont, across Macedonia, about 530 miles. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Hilaria=, a daughter of Leucippus and Philodice. As she and her sister Phœbe were going to marry their cousins Lynceus and Idas, they were carried away by Castor and Pollux, who married them. Hilaria had Anagon by Castor, and she, as well as her sister, obtained after death the honours which were generally paid to heroes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 16. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22; bk. 3, ch. 19.――――Festivals at Rome in honour of the mother of the gods.

=Hilarius=, a bishop of Poictiers in France, who wrote several treatises, the most famous of which is on the Trinity, in 12 books. The only edition is that of the Benedictine monks, folio, Paris, 1693. Hilary died A.D. 372, in his 80th year.

=Hilleviōnes=, a people of Scandinavia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Himella=, now _Aia_, a small river in the country of the Sabines. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 714.

=Himĕra=, a city of Sicily built by the people of Zancle, and destroyed by the Carthaginians 240 years after. _Strabo_, bk. 6. ――――There were two rivers of Sicily of the same name, the one, now _Fiumi de Termini_, falling at the east of Panormus into the Tuscan sea, with a town of the same name at its mouth, and also celebrated baths. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 33. The other, now _Fiume Salso_, running in a southern direction, and dividing the island in almost two parts. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 6; bk. 25, ch. 49. ――――The ancient name of the Eurotas. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Polybius._

=Himilco=, a Carthaginian sent to explore the western parts of Europe. _Festus Avienius._――――A son of Amilcar, who succeeded his father in the command of the Carthaginian armies in Sicily. He died with his army by a plague, B.C. 398. _Justin_, bk. 19, ch. 2.

=Hippagŏras=, a man who wrote an account of the republic of Carthage. _Athenæus_, bk. 14.

=Hippalcimus=, a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, who was among the Argonauts.

=Hippalus=, the first who sailed in open sea from Arabia to India. _Arrian_, _Periplus Ponti Euxini_.

=Hipparchia=, a woman in Alexander’s age, who became enamoured of Crates the Cynic philosopher, because she heard him discourse. She married him, though he at first disdained her addresses, and represented his poverty and meanness. She was so attached to him that she was his constant companion, and was not ashamed publicly to gratify his impurest desires. She wrote some things, now lost. _See:_ Crates. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 6.――_Suidas._

=Hipparchus=, a son of Pisistratus, who succeeded his father as tyrant of Athens, with his brother Hippias. He patronized some of the learned men of the age, and distinguished himself by his fondness for literature. The seduction of a sister of Harmodius raised him many enemies, and he was at last assassinated by a desperate band of conspirators, with Harmodius and Aristogiton at their head, 513 years before Christ. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 2. ――――One of Antony’s freedmen.――――The first person who was banished by ostracism at Athens.――――The father of Asclepiades.――――A mathematician and astronomer of Nicæa. He first discovered that the interval between the vernal and the autumnal equinox is 186 days, seven days longer than between the autumnal and vernal, occasioned by the eccentricity of the earth’s orbit. He divided the heavens into 49 constellations, 12 in the ecliptic, 21 in the northern, and 16 in the southern hemisphere, and gave names to all the stars. He makes no mention of comets. From viewing a tree on a plain from different situations, which changed its apparent position, he was led to the discovery of the parallax of the planets, or the distance between their real or apparent position, viewed from the centre and from the surface of the earth. He determined the longitude and latitude, and fixed the first degree of longitude at the Canaries. He likewise laid the first foundations of trigonometry, so essential to facilitate astronomical studies. He was the first who, after Thales and Sulpicius Gallus, found out the exact time of eclipses, of which he made a calculation for 600 years. After a life of labour in the service of science and astronomy, and after publishing several treatises and valuable observations on the appearance of the heavens, he died 125 years before the christian era. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 26, &c.――――An Athenian who conspired against Heraclides, who kept Athens for Demetrius, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.

=Hipparīnus=, a son of Dionysius, who ejected Calippus from Syracuse, and seized the sovereign power for 27 years. _Polyænus_, bk. 5. ――――The father of Dion.

=Hippărion=, one of Dion’s sons.

=Hippăsus=, a son of Ceyx, who assisted Hercules against Eurytus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A pupil of Pythagoras, born at Metapontum. He supposed that everything was produced from fire. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A centaur killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 352.――――An illegitimate son of Priam. _Hyginus_, fable 90.

=Hippeus=, a son of Hercules by Procis, eldest of the 50 daughters of Thestius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Hippi=, four small islands near Erythræ.

=Hippia=, a lascivious woman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 82.――――A surname of Minerva, and also of Juno. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 15.

=Hippias=, a philosopher of Elis, who maintained that virtue consisted in not being in want of the assistance of men. At the Olympic games, he boasted that he was master of all the liberal and mechanical arts; and he said that the ring upon his finger, the tunic, cloak, and shoes, which he then wore, were all the work of his own hands. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 32.――――A son of Pisistratus, who became tyrant of Athens after the death of his father, with his brother Hipparchus. He was willing to revenge the death of his brother, who had been assassinated, and for this violent measure he was driven from his country. He fled to king Darius in Persia, and was killed at the battle of Marathon, fighting against the Athenians, B.C. 490. He had five children by Myrrhine the daughter of Callias. _Herodotus_, bk. 6.――_Thucydides_, bk. 7.

=Hippis=, an historian and poet of Rhegium, in the reign of Xerxes. _Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 8, ch. 33.

=Hippius=, a surname of Neptune, from his having raised a horse (ἱππος) from the earth in his contest with Minerva concerning the giving a name to Athens.

=Hippo=, a daughter of Scedasus, who, upon being ravished by the ambassadors of Sparta, killed herself, cursing the city that gave birth to such men. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 13.――――A celebrated town of Africa, on the Mediterranean. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 252. ――――_Strabo_, bk. 17, says that there are two of the same name in Africa, one of which, by way of distinction, is called _Regius_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 3; bk. 9, ch. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Livy_, bk. 29, chs. 3 & 32.――――Also a town of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 30. ――――Of the Brutii.

=Hippobotes=, a large meadow near the Caspian sea, where 50,000 horses could graze.

=Hippobotus=, a Greek historian, who composed a treatise on philosophers. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Pythagoras_.

=Hippocentauri=, a race of monsters who dwelt in Thessaly. _See:_ Centauri.

=Hippocoon=, a son of Œbalus, brother to Tyndarus. He was put to death by Hercules, because he had driven his brother from the kingdom of Lacedæmon. He was at the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Pausanias_, _Laconia_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 314.――――A friend of Æneas, son of Hyrtacus, who distinguished himself in the funeral games of Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 492, &c.

=Hippocorystes=, a son of Ægyptus,――――of Hippocoon. _Apollodorus._

=Hippocrăte=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Hippŏcrătes=, a celebrated physician of Cos, one of the Cyclades. He studied physic, in which his grandfather Nebrus was so eminently distinguished; and he improved himself by reading the tablets in the temples of the gods, where each individual had written down the diseases under which he had laboured, and the means by which he had recovered. He delivered Athens from a dreadful pestilence in the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, and he was publicly rewarded with a golden crown, the privileges of a citizen of Athens, and the initiation at the grand festivals. Skilful and diligent in his profession, he openly declared the measures which he had taken to cure a disease, and candidly confesses, that of 42 patients which were entrusted to his care, only 17 had recovered, and the rest had fallen a prey to the distemper in spite of his medical applications. He devoted all his time for the service of his country; and when Artaxerxes invited him, even by force of arms, to come to his court, Hippocrates firmly and modestly answered, that he was born to serve his countrymen, and not a foreigner. He enjoyed the rewards which his well-directed labours claimed, and while he lived in the greatest popularity, he was carefully employed in observing the symptoms and the growth of every disorder, and from his judicious remarks, succeeding physicians have received the most valuable advantages. The experiments which he had tried upon the human frame increased his knowledge, and from his consummate observations, he knew how to moderate his own life as well as to prescribe to others. He died in the 99th year of his age, B.C. 361, free from all disorders of the mind and body; and after death he received, with the name of _Great_, the same honours which were paid to Hercules. His writings, few of which remain, have procured him the epithet of divine, and show that he was the Homer of his profession. According to Galen, his opinion is as respectable as the voice of an oracle. He wrote in the Ionic dialect, at the advice of Democritus, though he was a Dorian. His memory is still venerated at Cos, and the present inhabitants of the island show a small house, which Hippocrates, as they mention, once inhabited. The best editions of his works are that of Fæsius, Geneva, folio, 1657; of Linden, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1665; and that of Mackius, 2 vols., folio, Viennæ, 1743. His treatises, especially the _Aphorisms_, have been published separately. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3.――――An Athenian general in the Peloponnesian war. _Plutarch._――――A mathematician.――――An officer of Chalcedon, killed by Alcibiades. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――――A Syracusan defeated by Marcellus.――――The father of Pisistratus.――――A tyrant of Gela.

=Hippocratia=, a festival in honour of Neptune, in Arcadia.

=Hippocrēne=, a fountain of Bœotia, near mount Helicon, sacred to the muses. It first rose from the ground, when struck by the feet of the horse Pegasus, whence the name ἱππου κρηνη, _the horse’s fountain_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 256.

=Hippŏdămas=, a son of the Achelous,――――of Priam. _Apollodorus._

=Hippŏdăme= and =Hippodamīa=, a daughter of Œnomaus king of Pisa, in Elis, who married Pelops son of Tantalus. Her father, who was either enamoured of her himself, or afraid lest he should perish by one of his daughter’s children, according to an oracle, refused to marry her, except to him who could overcome him in a chariot-race. As the beauty of Hippodamia was greatly celebrated, many courted her, and accepted her father’s conditions, though death attended a defeat. Thirteen had already been conquered, and forfeited their lives, when Pelops came from Lydia and entered the lists. Pelops previously bribed Myrtilus the charioteer of Œnomaus, and ensured himself the victory. In the race, Œnomaus mounted on a broken chariot, which the corrupted Myrtilus had purposely provided for him, was easily overcome, and was killed in the course; and Pelops married Hippodamia, and avenged the death of Œnomaus, by throwing into the sea the perfidious Myrtilus, who claimed for the reward of his treachery the favour which Hippodamia could grant only to her husband. Hippodamia became mother of Atreus and Thyestes, and it is said that she died of grief for the death of her father, which her guilty correspondence with Pelops and Myrtilus had occasioned. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 7.――_Hyginus_, fables 84 & 253. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 14, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poems 8 & 17.――――A daughter of Adrastus king of Argos, who married Pirithous king of the Lapithæ. The festivity which prevailed on the day of her marriage was interrupted by the attempts of Eurytus to offer her violence. _See:_ Pirithous. She is called Ischomache by some, and Deidamia by others. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._――――A mistress of Achilles, daughter of Brises.――――A daughter of Anchises, who married Alcathous. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 429.

=Hippŏdămus=, a man of Miletus, who settled a republic without any previous knowledge of government. _Aristotle_, bk. 2, _Politics_. ――――A Pythagorean philosopher.――――An Athenian who gave his house to his country, when he knew such a concession would improve the port of the Piræus.――――An Athenian archon.――――A man famous for his voracious appetite.

=Hippŏdĭce=, one of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._

=Hippodrŏmus=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._――――A Thessalian, who succeeded in a school at Athens, in the age of Marcus Antony. _Philostratus._――――A place where horse-races were exhibited. _Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 50.

=Hippŏla=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 25.

=Hippŏlŏchus=, a son of Bellerophon, father to Glaucus, who commanded the Lycians during the Trojan war.――――A son of Glaucus also bore the same name. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 119.――――A son of Antimachus, slain in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 122.

=Hippŏly̆te=, a queen of the Amazons, given in marriage to Theseus by Hercules, who had conquered her, and taken away her girdle by order of Eurystheus. _See:_ Hercules. She had a son by Theseus, called Hippolytus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 3. ――――The wife of Acastus, who fell in love with Peleus, who was in exile at her husband’s court. She accused him of incontinence, and of attempts upon her virtue, before Acastus, only because he refused to gratify her desires. She is also called Astyochia. _See:_ Acastus. ――――A daughter of Cretheus. _Apollodorus._

=Hippŏly̆tus=, a son of Theseus and Hippolyte, famous for his virtues and his misfortunes. His stepmother Phædra fell in love with him, and when he refused to pollute his father’s bed, she accused him of offering violence to her person before Theseus. Her accusation was readily believed, and Theseus entreated Neptune severely to punish the incontinence of his son. Hippolytus fled from the resentment of his father, and as he pursued his way along the sea-shore, his horses were so frightened at the noise of sea-calves, which Neptune had purposely sent there, that they ran among the rocks till his chariot was broken and his body torn to pieces. Temples were raised to his memory, particularly at Trœzene, where he received divine honours. According to some accounts, Diana restored him to life. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 268; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 469. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 761, &c.――――A son of Ropalus king of Sicyon, greatly beloved by Apollo. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.――――A giant killed by Mercury.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2. ――――A christian writer in the third century, whose works have been edited by Fabricius, Hamburg, folio, 1716.

=Hippŏmăchus=, a musician, who severely rebuked one of his pupils because he was praised by the multitude, and observed that it was the greatest proof of his ignorance. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Hippŏmĕdon=, a son of Nisimachus and Mythidice, who was one of the seven chiefs who went against Thebes. He was killed by Ismarus son of Acastus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36.

=Hippomedūsa=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._

=Hippŏmĕnes=, an Athenian archon, who exposed his daughter Limone to be devoured by horses, because guilty of adultery. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 459.――――A son of Macareus and Merope, who married Atalanta [_See:_ Atalanta], with the assistance of Venus. These two fond lovers were changed into lions by Cybele, whose temple they had profaned in their impatience to consummate their nuptials. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 585, &c.――――The father of Megareus.

=Hippomolgi=, a people of Scythia, who, as the name implies, lived upon the milk of horses. Hippocrates has given an account of their manner of living, _De Aere Aquis et Locis_, ♦ch. 18.――_Dionysius Periegetes._

♦ ‘44’ replaced with ‘18’

=Hĭppon= and =Hippo=, a town of Africa.

=Hippōna=, a goddess who presided over horses. Her statues were placed in horses’ stables. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 157.

=Hippōnax=, a Greek poet born at Ephesus, 540 years before the christian era. He cultivated the same satirical poetry as Archilochus, and was not inferior to him in the beauty or vigour of his lines. His satirical raillery obliged him to fly from Ephesus. As he was naturally deformed, two brothers, Buphalus and Anthermus, made a statue of him, which, by the deformity of its features, exposed the poet to universal ridicule. Hipponax resolved to avenge the injury, and he wrote such bitter invectives and satirical lampoons against them, that they hanged themselves in despair. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 7, ltr. 24.

=Hipponiates=, a bay in the country of the Brutii.

=Hipponīum=, a city in the country of the Brutii, where Agathocles built a dock. _Strabo._

=Hipponous=, the father of Peribœa and Capaneus. He was killed by the thunderbolts of Jupiter before the walls of Thebes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 1.――――The first name of Bellerophon.――――A son of Priam.

=Hippopŏdes=, a people of Scythia, who have _horses’ feet_. _Dionysius Periegetes._

=Hippostrătus=, a favourite of Lais.

=Hippŏtădes=, the patronymic of Æolus, grandson to Hippotas by Segesta, as also of Amastrus his son, who was killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 674.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 431.

=Hippŏtas=, or =Hippŏtes=, a Trojan prince, changed into a river. _See:_ Crinisus.――――The father of Æolus, who from thence is called Hippotades. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 2.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 18, li. 46; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 224.

=Hippothoe=, a daughter of Mestor and Lysidice, carried away to the islands called Echinades by Neptune, by whom she had a son named Taphius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――One of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――A daughter of Pelias. _Apollodorus._

=Hippŏthoon=, a son of Neptune and Alope daughter of Cercyon, exposed in the woods by his mother, that her amours with the god might be concealed from her father. Her shame was discovered, and her father ordered her to be put to death. Neptune changed her into a fountain, and the child was preserved by mares, whence his name, and when grown up, placed on his grandfather’s throne by the friendship of Theseus. _Hyginus_, fable 187.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.

=Hippothoontis=, one of the 12 Athenian tribes, which received its name from Hippothoon.

=Hippŏthous=, a son of Lethus, killed by Ajax in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2 & 17.――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._――――One of the hunters of the Calydonian boar. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 307.

=Hippŏtion=, a prince who assisted the Trojans, and was killed by Merion. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 13 & 14.

=Hippūris=, one of the Cyclades. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Hippus=, a river falling into the Phasis.

=Hipsides=, a Macedonian, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 7.

=Hira=, a maritime town of Peloponnesus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12.

=Hirpīni=, a people of the Samnites. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 560.

=Quinctius Hirpīnus=, a Roman, to whom Horace dedicated his bk. 2, ode 11, and also bk. 1, ltr. 16.

=Hirtus=, a debauched fellow, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 222.

=Hirtia lex=, _de magistratibus_, by Aulus Hirtius. It required that none of Pompey’s adherents should be raised to any office or dignity in the state.

=Hirtius Aulus=, a consul with Pansa, who assisted Brutus when besieged at Mutina by Antony. They defeated Antony, but were both killed in battle B.C. 43. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 10.――――An historian to whom the eighth book of Cæsar’s history of the Gallic wars, as also that of the Alexandrian and Spanish wars, is attributed. The style is inferior to that of Cæsar’s Commentaries. The author, who was Cæsar’s friend, and Cicero’s pupil, is supposed to be no other than the consul of that name.

=Hisbon=, a Rutulian, killed by Pallas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 384.

=Hispălis=, an ancient town of Spain, now called _Seville_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 32.

=Hispānia=, or =Hispāniæ=, called by the poets _Iberia_, _Hesperia_, and _Hesperia Ultima_, a large country of Europe, separated from Gaul by the Pyrenean mountains, and bounded on every other side by the sea. Spain was first known to the merchants of Phœnicia, and from them passed to the Carthaginians, to whose power it long continued in subjection. The Romans became sole masters of it at the end of the second Punic war, and divided it at first into _citerior_ and _ulterior_, which last was afterwards separated into _Bætica_ and _Lusitania_ by Augustus. The Hispania _citerior_ was also called _Tarraconensis_. The inhabitants were naturally warlike, and they often destroyed a life which was become useless, and even burdensome, by its infirmities. Spain was famous for its rich mines of silver, which employed 40,000 workmen, and daily yielded to the Romans no less than 20,000 drachms. These have long since failed, though, in the flourishing times of Rome, Spain was said to contain more gold, silver, brass, and iron than the rest of the world. It gave birth to Quintilian, Lucan, Martial, Mela, Silius, Seneca, &c. _Justin_, bk. 44.――_Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 20.

=Hispānus=, a native of Spain. The word _Hispaniensis_ was also used, but generally applied to a person living in Spain and not born there. _Martial_, bk. 12, preface.

=Hispellum=, a town of Umbria.

=Hispo=, a noted debauchee, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 50.

=Hispulla=, a lascivious woman. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 74.

=Histaspes=, a relation of Darius III., killed in a battle, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 4.

=Hister=, a river. _See:_ Ister.

=Hister Pacuvius=, a man distinguished as much by his vices as his immense riches. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 58.

=Histiæa=, a city of Eubœa, anciently called Talantia. It was near the promontory called Ceneum. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Histiæōtis=, a country of Thessaly, situate below mount Olympus and mount Ossa, anciently called Doris, from Dorus the son of Deucalion, and inhabited by the Pelasgi. The Pelasgi were driven from the country by the Cadmeans, and these last were also dispossessed by the Perrhæbeans, who gave to their newly acquired possessions the name of Histiæotis, or Estiæotis, from Estiæa, or Histiæa, a town of Eubœa, which they had then lately destroyed, and whose inhabitants they had carried to Thessaly with them. _Strabo._――_Herodotus_, bk. 4.――――A small country of Eubœa, of which Histiæa, or Estiæa, was the capital.

=Histiæus=, a tyrant of Miletus, who excited the Greeks to take up arms against Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, &c.――――An historian of Miletus.

=Histria.= _See:_ Istria.

=Hodius=, a herald in the Trojan war.

=Holŏcron=, a mountain of Macedon.

=Homeromastix=, a surname given to Zoilus the critic.

=Hŏmērus=, a celebrated Greek poet, the most ancient of all the profane writers. The age in which he lived is not known, though some suppose it to be about 168 years after the Trojan war, or, according to others, 160 years before the foundation of Rome. According to Paterculus, he flourished 968 years before the christian era, or 884, according to Herodotus, who supposes him to be contemporary with Hesiod. The Arundelian Marbles fix his era 907 years before Christ, and make him also contemporary with Hesiod. This diversity of opinions proves the antiquity of Homer; and the uncertainty prevails also concerning the place of his nativity. No less than seven illustrious cities disputed the right of having given birth to the greatest of poets, as it is well expressed in these lines:

_Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodos, Argos, Athenæ, Orbis de patriâ certat, Homere, tuâ._

He was called _Melesigenes_, because supposed to be born on the borders of the river Meles. There prevailed a report that he had established a school at Chios in the latter part of his life; and, indeed, this opinion is favoured by the present inhabitants of the island, who still glory in showing to travellers the seats where the venerable master and his pupils sat in the hollow of a rock, at the distance of about four miles from the modern capital of the island. These difficulties and doubts have not been removed, though Aristotle, Herodotus, Plutarch, and others have employed their pen in writing his life. In his two celebrated poems, called the Iliad and Odyssey, Homer has displayed the most consummate knowledge of human nature, and rendered himself immortal by the sublimity, the fire, sweetness, and elegance of his poetry. He deserves a greater share of admiration when we consider that he wrote without a model, and that none of his poetical imitators have been able to surpass, or, perhaps, to equal their great master. If there are any faults found in his poetry, they are to be attributed to the age in which he lived, and not to him; and we must observe that the world is indebted to Homer for his happy successor Virgil. In his Iliad, Homer has described the resentment of Achilles, and its fatal consequences in the Grecian army, before the walls of Troy. In the Odyssey, the poet has chosen for his subject the return of Ulysses into his country, with the many misfortunes which attended his voyage after the fall of Troy. These two poems are each divided into 24 books, the same number as the letters of the Greek alphabet, and though the Iliad claims an uncontested superiority over the Odyssey, yet the same force, the same sublimity and elegance, prevail, though divested of its most powerful fire; and Longinus, the most refined of critics, beautifully compares the Iliad to the mid-day, and the Odyssey to the setting sun, and observes, that the latter still preserves its original splendour and majesty, though deprived of its meridian heat. The poetry of Homer was so universally admired, that, in ancient times, every man of learning could repeat with facility any passage in the Iliad or Odyssey; and, indeed, it was a sufficient authority to settle disputed boundaries, or to support any argument. The poems of Homer are the compositions of a man who travelled and examined with the most critical accuracy whatever deserved notice and claimed attention. Modern travellers are astonished to see the different scenes which the pen of Homer described about 3000 years ago still existing in the same unvaried form, and the sailor who steers his course along the Ægean, sees all the promontories and rocks which appeared to Nestor and Menelaus, when they returned victorious from the Trojan war. The ancients had such veneration for Homer, that they not only raised temples and altars to him, but offered sacrifices, and worshipped him as a god. The inhabitants of Chios celebrated festivals every fifth year in his honour, and medals were struck, which represented him sitting on a throne, holding his Iliad and Odyssey. In Egypt his memory was consecrated by Ptolemy Philopator, who erected a magnificent temple, within which was placed a statue of the poet, beautifully surrounded with a representation of the seven cities which contended for the honour of his birth. The inhabitants of Cos, one of the Sporades, boasted that Homer was buried in their island; and the Cyprians claimed the same honour, and said that he was born of Themisto, a female native of Cyprus. Alexander was so fond of Homer, that he generally placed his compositions under his pillow, with his sword; and he carefully deposited the Iliad in one of the richest and most valuable caskets of Darius, observing that the most perfect work of human genius ought to be preserved in a box the most valuable and precious in the world. It is said that Pisistratus tyrant of Athens was the first who collected and arranged the Iliad and Odyssey in the manner in which they now appear to us; and that it is to the well-directed pursuits of Lycurgus that we are indebted for their preservation. Many of the ancients have written the life of Homer, yet their inquiries and labours have not much contributed to prove the native place, the patronage and connections, of a man whom some have represented as deprived of sight. Besides the Iliad and Odyssey, Homer wrote, according to the opinion of some authors, a poem upon Amphiaraus’s expedition against Thebes, besides the Phoceis, the Cercopes, the small Iliad, the Epicichlides, and the Batrachomyomachia, and many hymns to some of the gods. The merit of originality is taken, very improperly perhaps, from Homer, by those who suppose, with Clement of Alexandria, bk. 6 _Stromateis_, that he borrowed from Orpheus, or that, according to Suidas [_voce_ Corinnus], he took his plan of the Iliad from Corinnus, an epic poet, who wrote on the Trojan war, at the very time the Greeks besieged that famed city. Agathon, an ancient painter, according to Ælian, represented the merit of the poet in a manner as bold as it was indelicate. Homer was represented as vomiting, and all other poets as swallowing what he ejected. Of the numerous commentaries published on Homer, that of Eustathius bishop of Thessalonica is by far the most extensive and erudite. The best editions of Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey may, perhaps, be found to be by Barnes, 2 vols., 4to, Cambridge, 1711; that of Glasgow, 2 vols., folio, 1758; that of Berglerus, 2 vols., 12mo, Amsterdam, 1707; that of Dr. Clarke of the Iliad, 2 vols., 4to, 1729, and that of the Odyssey, 1740; and that of Oxford, 5 vols., 8vo, 1780, containing the scholia, hymns, and an index. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 53.――_Theocritus_, poem 16. ――_Aristotle_, _Poetics_.―― _Strabo._――_ Dio Chrysostom_, bk. 33, _Orationes_.――_Pausanias_, bks. 2, 9, 10.――_Heliodorus_, bk. 3. ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 8.――_Quintilian_, bks. 1, 8, 10, 12.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 5. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_, &c.――――One of the Greek poets called Pleiades, born at Hierapolis, B.C. 263. He wrote 45 tragedies, all lost.――――There were seven other poets, of inferior note, who bore the name of Homer.

=Homŏle=, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once the residence of the Centaurs. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 675.

=Homŏlea=, a mountain of Magnesia.

=Homolippus=, a son of Hercules and Xanthis. _Apollodorus._

=Homoloides=, one of the seven gates of Thebes. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 252.

=Homonadenses=, a people of Cilicia.

=Honōrius=, an emperor of the western empire of Rome, who succeeded his father Theodosius the Great, with his brother Arcadius. He was neither bold nor vicious, but he was of a modest and timid disposition, unfit for enterprise, and fearful of danger. He conquered his enemies by means of his generals, and suffered himself and his people to be governed by ministers who took advantage of their imperial master’s indolence and inactivity. He died of a dropsy in the 39th year of his age, 15th of August, A.D. 423. He left no issue, though he married two wives. Under him and his brother the Roman power was divided into two different empires. The successors of Honorius, who fixed their residence at Rome, were called the emperors of the west, and the successors of Arcadius, who sat on the throne of Constantinople, were distinguished by the name of emperors of the eastern Roman empire. This division of power proved fatal to both empires, and they soon looked upon one another with indifference, contempt, and jealousy.

=Honour=, a virtue worshipped at Rome. Her first temple was erected by Scipio Africanus, and another was afterwards built by Claudius Marcellus. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Hora=, a goddess at Rome, supposed to be Hersilia, who married Romulus. She was said to preside over beauty. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 851.

=Horacitæ=, a people near Illyricum.

=Horapollo=, a Greek writer, whose age is unknown. His _Hieroglyphica_, a curious and entertaining book, has been edited by Cornelius de Pauw, 4to, Utrecht, 1727.

=Horæ=, three sisters, daughters of Jupiter and Themis, according to Hesiod called Eunomia, Dice, and Irene. They were the same as the seasons who presided over the spring, summer, and winter, and were represented by the poets as opening the gates of heaven and of Olympus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 749.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 11.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 902.

=Horātia=, the sister of Horatii, killed by her brother for mourning the death of the Curiatii. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 20.

=Hŏrātius Cocles.= _See:_ Cocles.――――Quintus Flaccus, a celebrated poet, born at Venusia. His father was a freedman, and though poor in his circumstances, he liberally educated his son, and sent him to learn philosophy at Athens, after he had received the lessons of the best masters at Rome. Horace followed Brutus from Athens, and the timidity which he betrayed at the battle of Philippi so effectually discouraged him, that he for ever abandoned the profession of arms, and at his return to Rome he applied himself to cultivate poetry. His rising talents claimed the attention of Virgil and Varius, who recommended him to the care of Mecænas and Augustus, the most celebrated patrons of literature. Under the fostering patronage of the emperor and of his minister, Horace gave himself up to indolence and refined pleasure. He was a follower of Epicurus, and while he liberally indulged his appetites, he neglected the calls of ambition, and never suffered himself to be carried away by the tide of popularity or public employments. He even refused to become the secretary of Augustus, and the emperor was not offended at his refusal. He lived at the table of his illustrious patrons as if he were in his own house; and Augustus, while sitting at his meals with Virgil at his right hand, and Horace at his left, often ridiculed the short breath of the former, and the watery eyes of the latter, by observing that he sat between tears and sighs, _Ego sum inter suspiria et lacrymas_. Horace was warm in his friendship, and if ever any ill-judged reflection had caused offence, the poet immediately made every concession which could effect a reconciliation, and not destroy the good purposes of friendly society. Horace died in the 57th year of his age, B.C. 8. His gaiety was suitable to the liveliness and dissipation of a court; and his familiar intimacy with Mecænas has induced some to believe that the death of Horace was violent, and that he hastened himself out of the world to accompany his friend. The 17th ode of his second book, which was written during the last illness of Mecænas, is too serious to be considered as a poetical rhapsody or unmeaning effusion, and indeed, the poet survived the patron only three weeks, and ordered his bones to be buried near those of his friend. He left all his possessions to Augustus. The poetry of Horace, so much commended for its elegance and sweetness, is deservedly censured for the licentious expressions and indelicate thoughts which he too frequently introduces. In his odes he has imitated Pindar and Anacreon; and if he has confessed himself to be inferior to the former, he has shown that he bears the palm over the latter by his more ingenious and refined sentiments, by the ease and melody of his expressions, and by the pleasing variety of his numbers. In his satires and epistles, Horace displays much wit, and much satirical humour, without much poetry, and his style, simple and unadorned, differs little from prosaical composition. In his art of poetry he has shown much taste and judgment, and has rendered in Latin hexameters what Aristotle had, some ages before delivered to his pupils in Greek prose. The poet gives judicious rules and useful precepts to the most powerful and opulent citizens of Rome, who, in the midst of peace and enjoyment, wished to cultivate poetry and court the muses. The best editions of Horace will be found to be that of Basil, folio, 1580, illustrated by 80 commentators; that of Baxter’s, edited by Gesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1752; and that of Glasgow, 12mo, 1744. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 49.――――Three brave Romans, born at the same birth, who fought against the three Curiatii, about 667 years before Christ. This celebrated fight was fought between the hostile camps of the people of Alba and Rome, and on their success depended the victory. In the first attack two of the Horatii were killed, and the only surviving brother, by joining artifice to valour, obtained an honourable trophy. By ♦pretending to fly from the field of battle, he easily separated his antagonists, and, in attacking them one by one, he was enabled to conquer them all. As he returned victorious to Rome, his sister reproached him with the murder of one of the Curiatii, to whom she was promised in marriage. He was incensed at the rebuke, and killed his sister. This violence raised the indignation of the people; he was tried and capitally condemned. His eminent services, however, pleaded in his favour; the sentence of death was exchanged for a more moderate, but more ignominious punishment, and he was only compelled to pass under the yoke. A trophy was raised in the Roman forum, on which he suspended the spoils of the conquered Curiatii. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 26.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 24, &c.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――――A Roman consul, who defeated the Sabines.――――A consul, who dedicated the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. During the ceremony he was informed of the death of his son, but he did not forget the sacred character he then bore for the feelings of a parent, and continued the dedication after ordering the body to be buried. _Livy_, bk. 2.

♦ ‘pretenting’ replaced with ‘pretending’

=Horcias=, the general of 3000 Macedonians, who revolted from Antigonus in Cappadocia. _Polyænus_, bk. 4.

=Hormisdas=, a name which some of the Persian kings bore in the reign of the Roman emperors.

=Horesti=, a people of Britain, supposed to be the inhabitants of Eskdale, now in Scotland. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 38.

=Horratus=, a Macedonian soldier, who fought with another private soldier in the sight of the whole army of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 7.

=Hortensia=, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of the orator Hortensius, whose eloquence she had inherited in the most eminent degree. When the triumvirs had obliged 14,000 women to give upon oath an account of their possessions, to defray the expenses of the state, ♦Hortensia undertook to plead their cause, and was so successful in her attempt, that 1000 of her female fellow-sufferers escaped from the avarice of the triumvirate. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

♦ ‘Hortensa’ replaced with ‘Hortensia’

=Hortensia lex=, by Quintus Hortensius the dictator, A.U.C. 697. It ordered the whole body of the Roman people to pay implicit obedience to whatever was enacted by the commons. The nobility, before this law was enacted, had claimed an absolute exemption.

=Horta=, a divinity among the Romans, who presided over youth, and patronized all exhortations to virtue and honourable deeds. She is the same as Hersilia.

=Horta=, or =Hortinum=, a town of the Sabines, on the confluence of the Nar and the Tiber. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 716.

=Quintus Hortensius=, a celebrated orator, who began to distinguish himself by his eloquence, in the Roman forum, at the age of 19. His friend and successor Cicero speaks with great eulogium of his oratorical powers, and mentions the uncommon extent of his memory. The affected actions of Hortensius at the bar procured him the ridiculous surname of _Dionysia_, a celebrated stage-dancer at the time. He was pretor and consul, and died 50 years before Christ, in his 63rd year. His orations are not extant. Quintilian mentions them as undeserving the great commendations which Cicero had so liberally bestowed upon them. Hortensius was very rich, and not less than 10,000 casks of Arvisian wine were found in his cellar after his death. He had written pieces of amorous poetry, and annals, all lost. _Cicero_, _Brutus_; _Letters to Atticus_; _On Oratory_, &c.――_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――Corbio, a grandson of the orator of the same name, famous for his lasciviousness.――――A rich Roman, who asked the elder Cato his wife, to procreate children. Cato gave his wife to his friend, and took her again after his death. This behaviour of Cato was highly censured at Rome, and it was observed, that Cato’s wife had entered the house of Hortensius very poor, but that she returned to the bed of Cato in the greatest opulence. _Plutarch_, _Cato_.――――A Roman, slain by Antony on his brother’s tomb. _Plutarch._――――A pretor, who gave up Macedonia to Brutus. _Plutarch._――――One of Sylla’s lieutenants. _Plutarch._――――A Roman, the first who introduced the eating of peacocks at Rome. This was at the feast which he gave when he was created augur.

=Hortōna=, a town of Italy, on the confines of the Æqui. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 30.

=Horus=, a son of Isis, one of the deities of the Egyptians.――――A king of Assyria.

=Hospitālis=, a surname of Jupiter among the Romans as the god of hospitality.

=Hostilia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 583. By it such as were among the enemies of the republic, or absent when the state required their assistance, were guilty of rapine.

=Hostilia=, a large town on the Po. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 40. ――_Pliny_, bk. 21, ch. 12.

=Hostius Hostilius=, a warlike Roman, presented with a crown of boughs by Romulus, for his intrepid behaviour in a battle. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A consul.――――A Latin poet in the age of Julius Cæsar, who composed a poem on the wars of Istria. _Macrobius_, satire 6, chs. 3 & 5.

=Hunni=, a people of Sarmatia, who invaded the empire of Rome in the fifth century, and settled in Pannonia, to which they gave the name of Hungary.

=Hyacinthia=, an annual solemnity at Amyclæ, in Laconia, in honour of Hyacinthus and Apollo. It continued for three days, during which time the grief of the people was so great for the death of Hyacinthus, that they did not adorn their hair with garlands during their festivals, nor eat bread, but fed only upon sweetmeats. They did not even sing pæans in honour of Apollo, or observe any of the solemnities which were usual at other sacrifices. On the second day of the festival there were a number of different exhibitions. Youths, with their garments girt about them, entertained the spectators, by playing sometimes upon the flute, or upon the harp, and by singing anapestic songs, in loud, echoing voices, in honour of Apollo. Others passed across the theatre mounted upon horses richly adorned, and, at the same time, choirs of young men came upon the stage singing their uncouth rustic songs, and accompanied by persons who danced at the sound of vocal and instrumental music, according to the ancient custom. Some virgins were also introduced in chariots of wood, covered at the top and magnificently adorned. Others appeared in race chariots. The city began then to be filled with joy, and immense numbers of victims were offered on the altars of Apollo, and the votaries liberally entertained their friends and slaves. During this latter part of the festivity, all were eager to be present at the games, and the city was almost left without inhabitants. _Athenæus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 219. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 19.

=Hyacinthus=, a son of Amyclas and Diomede, greatly beloved by Apollo and Zephyrus. He returned the former’s love, and Zephyrus, incensed at his coldness and indifference, resolved to punish his rival. As Apollo, who was entrusted with the education of Hyacinthus, once played at quoit with his pupil, Zephyrus blew the quoit, as soon as it was thrown by Apollo, upon the head of Hyacinthus, and he was killed with the blow. Apollo was so disconsolate at the death of Hyacinthus, that he changed his blood into a flower, which bore his name, and placed his body among the constellations. The Spartans also established yearly festivals in honour of the nephew of their king. _See:_ Hyacinthia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 19.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 185, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, &c.

=Hyădes=, five daughters of Atlas king of Mauritania, who were so disconsolate at the death of their brother Hyas, who had been killed by a wild boar, that they pined away and died. They became stars after death, and were placed near Taurus, one of the 12 signs of the Zodiac. They received the name of Hyades from their brother Hyas. Their names are Phaola, Ambrosia, Eudora, Coronis, and Polyxo. To these some have added Thione and Prodice, and they maintained that they were daughters of Hyas and Æthra, one of the Oceanides. Euripides calls them daughters of Erechtheus. The ancients supposed that the rising and setting of the Hyades were always attended with much rain, whence the name (ὑω _pluo_). _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 165.――_Hyginus_, fable 182.――_Euripides_, _Ion_.

=Hyăgnis=, a Phrygian, father of Marsyas. He invented the flute. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_.

=Hyăla=, a city at the mouth of the Indus, where the government is the same as at Sparta.――――One of Diana’s attendant nymphs. _Ovid._

=Hyampŏlis=, a city of Phocis, on the Cephisus, founded by the Hyanthes. _Herodotus_, bk. 8.

=Hyanthes=, the ancient name of the inhabitants of Bœotia, from king Hyas. Cadmus is sometimes called _Hyanthius_, because he was king of Bœotia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 147.

=Hyantis=, an ancient name of Bœotia.

=Hyarbita=, a man who endeavoured to imitate Timogenes, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 19, li. 15.

=Hyas=, a son of Atlas of Mauritania by Æthra. His extreme fondness for shooting proved fatal to him, and in his attempts to rob a lioness of her whelps, he was killed by the enraged animal. Some say that he died by the bite of a serpent, and others that he was killed by a wild boar. His sisters mourned his death with such constant lamentations, that Jupiter, in compassion for their sorrow, changed them into stars. _See:_ Hyades. _Hyginus_, fable 192.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 170.

=Hybla=, a mountain in Sicily, called afterwards _Megara_, where thyme and odoriferous flowers of all sorts grew in abundance. It is famous for its honey. There is at the foot of the mountain a town of the same name. There is also another near mount Ætna, close to Catana. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 5, ch. 25.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 26.――_Statius_, bk. 14, li. 201.――――A city of Attica bears also the name of Hybla.

=Hybrēas=, an orator of Caria, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Hybrianes=, a people near Thrace.

=Hyccaron= (plural, a), a town of Sicily, the native place of Lais.

=Hyda= and =Hyde=, a town of Lydia, under mount Tmolus, which some suppose to be the same as Sardes.

=Hydara=, a town of Armenia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Hydarnes=, one of the seven noble Persians who conspired to destroy the usurper Smerdis, &c. _Herodotus_, bks. 3 & 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Hydaspes=, a river of Asia, flowing by Susa. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 211.――――Another in India, now _Behut_ or _Chelum_, the boundaries of Alexander’s conquests in the east. It falls into the Indus. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 227.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 22, li. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 15.――――A friend of Æneas, killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 747.

=Hydra=, a celebrated monster, which infested the neighbourhood of the lake Lerna in Peloponnesus. It was the fruit of Echidna’s union with Typhon. It had 100 heads, according to Diodorus; 50, according to Simonides; and nine, according to the more received opinion of Apollodorus, Hyginus, &c. As soon as one of these heads was cut off, two immediately grew up if the wound was not stopped by fire. It was one of the labours of Hercules to destroy this dreadful monster, and this he easily effected with the assistance of Iolas, who applied a burning iron to the wounds as soon as one head was cut off. While Hercules was destroying the hydra, Juno, jealous of his glory, sent a sea-crab to bite his foot. This new enemy was soon despatched; and Juno, unable to succeed in her attempts to lessen the fame of Hercules, placed the crab among the constellations, where it is now called the Cancer. The conqueror dipped his arrows in the gall of the hydra, and, from that circumstance, all the wounds which he gave proved incurable and mortal. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 69.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 61.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 276; bk. 7, li. 658.

=Hydraotes=, a river of India, crossed by Alexander.

=Hydrophŏria=, a festival observed at Athens, called ἀπο του φορειν ὑδωρ, _from carrying water_. It was celebrated in commemoration of those who perished in the deluge of Deucalion and Ogyges.

=Hydruntum= and =Hydrus=, a city of Calabria, 50 miles south of Brundusium. As the distance from thence to Greece was only 60 miles, Pyrrhus, and afterwards Varro, Pompey’s lieutenant, meditated the building here a bridge across the Adriatic. Though so favourably situated, Hydrus, now called _Otranto_, is but an insignificant town, scarce containing 3000 inhabitants. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11. ――_Cicero_, bk. 15, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 21; bk. 16, ltr. 5. ――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 375.

=Hydrūsa=, a town of Attica. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Hyĕla=, a town of Lucania. _Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Hyempsal=, a son of Micipsa, brother to Adherbal, murdered by Jugurtha, after the death of his father. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.

=Hyettus=, a town of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.

=Hygeia=, or =Hygiea=, the goddess of health, daughter of Æsculapius, held in great veneration among the ancients. Her statues represented her with a veil, and the matrons usually consecrated their locks to her. She was also represented on monuments as a young woman holding a serpent in one hand, and in the other a cup, out of which the serpent sometimes drank. According to some authors, Hygeia is the same as Minerva, who received that name from Pericles, who erected her a statue, because in a dream she had told him the means of curing an architect, whose assistance he wanted to build a temple. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 23.

=Hygiana=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Caius Julius Hygīnus=, a grammarian, one of the freedmen of Augustus. He was a native of Alexandria; or, according to some, he was a Spaniard, very intimate with Ovid. He was appointed librarian to the library of mount Palatine, and he was able to maintain himself by the liberality of Caius Licinius. He wrote a mythological history, which he called fables, and _Poeticon Astronomicon_, besides treatises on the cities of Italy, on such Roman families as were descended from the Trojans, a book on agriculture, commentaries on Virgil, the lives of great men, &c., now lost. The best edition of Hyginus is that of Munkerus, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1681. These compositions have been greatly mutilated, and their incorrectness and their bad Latinity have induced some to suppose that they are spurious. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_.

=Hyla= and =Hylas=, a river of Mysia, where Hylas was drowned. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 6.――――A colony of Phocis.

=Hylactor=, one of Actæon’s dogs, from his barking (ὐλακτω, _latro_). _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.

=Hylæ=, a small town of Bœotia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Hylæus=, a name given to some centaurs, one of whom was killed by Hercules on mount Pholoe. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 294. ――――Another, by Theseus, at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 267.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 378. ――――Another, killed by Bacchus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 6, li. 530. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 457.――――A fourth, killed by Atalanta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――One of Actæon’s dogs.

=Hylas=, a son of Thiodamas king of Mysia and Menedice, stolen away by Hercules, and carried on board the ship Argo to Colchis. On the Asiatic coast the Argonauts landed to take a supply of fresh water, and Hylas, following the example of his companions, went to the fountain with a pitcher, and fell into the water and was drowned. The poets have embellished this tragical story, by saying that the nymphs of the river, enamoured of the beautiful Hylas, carried him away; and that Hercules, disconsolate at the loss of his favourite youth, filled the woods and mountains with his complaints, and at last abandoned the Argonautic expedition to go and seek him. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Hyginus_, fables 14, 271.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 20.――――A river of Bithynia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.

=Hylax=, a dog mentioned in _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8.

=Hylias=, a river of Magna Græcia.

=Hyllaicus=, a part of Peloponnesus, near Messenia.

=Hyllus=, a son of Hercules and Dejanira, who, soon after his father’s death, married Iole. He, as well as his father, was persecuted by the envy of Eurystheus, and obliged to fly from the Peloponnesus. The Athenians gave a kind reception to Hyllus and the rest of the Heraclidæ, and marched against Eurystheus. Hyllus obtained a victory over his enemies, and killed with his own hand Eurystheus, and sent his head to Alcmena his grandmother. Some time after he attempted to recover the Peloponnesus with the Heraclidæ, and was killed in single combat by Echemus king of Arcadia. _See:_ Heraclidæ, Hercules. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 279.――――A river of Lydia, flowing into the Hernus. It is called also Phryx. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 38.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 180.

=Hylonŏme=, the wife of Cyllarus, who killed herself the moment her husband was murdered by the Lapithæ. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 405.

=Hylophăgi=, a people of Æthiopia. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.

=Hymĕnæus= and =Hymen=, the god of marriage among the Greeks, was son of Bacchus and Venus, or, according to others, of Apollo and one of the muses. Hymenæus, according to the more received opinions, was a young Athenian of extraordinary beauty, but ignoble origin. He became enamoured of the daughter of one of the richest and noblest of his countrymen, and, as the rank and elevation of his mistress removed him from her presence and conversation, he contented himself to follow her wherever she went. In a certain procession, in which all the matrons of Athens went to Eleusis, Hymenæus, to accompany his mistress, disguised himself in woman’s clothes, and joined the religious troop. His youth, and the fairness of his features, favoured his disguise. A great part of the procession was seized by the sudden arrival of some pirates, and Hymenæus, who shared the captivity of his mistress, encouraged his female companions, and assassinated their ravishers while they were asleep. Immediately after this, Hymenæus repaired to Athens, and promised to restore to liberty the matrons who had been enslaved, provided he was allowed to marry one among them who was the object of his passion. The Athenians consented, and Hymenæus experienced so much felicity in his marriage state, that the people of Athens instituted festivals in his honour, and solemnly invoked him at their nuptials, as the Latins did their Thalassius. Hymen was generally represented as crowned with flowers, chiefly with marjoram or roses, and holding a burning torch in one hand, and in the other a vest of a purple colour. It was supposed that he always attended at nuptials; for, if not, matrimonial connections were fatal, and ended in the most dreadful calamities; and hence people ran about calling aloud, “Hymen! Hymen!” &c. _Ovid_, _Medeâ_; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 215.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Catullus_, poem 62.

=Hymettus=, a mountain of Attica, about 22 miles in circumference, and about two miles from Athens, still famous for its bees and excellent honey. There was also a quarry of marble there. Jupiter had there a temple; whence he is called _Hymettius_. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 228; bk. 14, li. 200.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 3. ――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 18, li. 3; bk. 2, satire 2, li. 15.――_Cicero_, bk. 2, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, ch. 34.

=Hypæpa=, or =Ipepæ=, now _Berki_, a town of Lydia, sacred to Venus, between mount Tmolus and the Caystrus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 152.

=Hypæsia=, a country of Peloponnesus.

=Hypănis=, a river of European Scythia, now called _Bog_, which falls into the Borysthenes, and with it into the Euxine. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 52, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 285.――――A river of India.――――Another of Pontus. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 2, ch. 39.――――A Trojan who joined himself to Æneas, and was killed by his own people, who took him for one of the enemy in the night that Troy was burned by the Greeks. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 428.

=Hyparīnus=, a son of Dion, who reigned at Syracuse for two years after his father.――――The father of Dion.

=Hypătes=, a river of Sicily, near Camarina. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 231.

=Hypătha=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 25.

=Hypatia=, a native of Alexandria celebrated for her beauty, her virtues, and her great erudition. She was assassinated 415 A.D.

=Hypēnor=, a Trojan killed by Diomedes at Troy. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 144.

=Hyperbatus=, a pretor of the Achæans, B.C. 224.

=Hyperbius=, a son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._

=Hy̆perbŏrei=, a nation in the northern parts of Europe and Asia, who were said to live to an incredible age, even to 1000 years, and in the enjoyment of all possible felicity. The sun was said to rise and set to them but once a year, and therefore, perhaps, they are placed by Virgil under the north pole. The word signifies _people who inhabit beyond the wind Boreas_. Thrace was the residence of Boreas, according to the ancients. Whenever the Hyperboreans made offerings they always sent them towards the south, and the people of Dodona were the first of the Greeks who received them. The word Hyperboreans is applied, in general, to all those who inhabit any cold climate. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 17.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 240; bk. 3, lis. 169 & 381. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 13, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23; bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Hyperea= and =Hyperīa=, a fountain of Thessaly, with a town of the same name. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――――Another in Messenia, in Peloponnesus. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 375.

=Hyperesia=, a town of Achaia. _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Hypĕrĭdes=, an Athenian orator, disciple to Plato and Socrates, and long the rival of Demosthenes. His father’s name was Glaucippus. He distinguished himself by his eloquence and the active part which he took in the management of the Athenian republic. After the unfortunate battle of Cranon, he was taken alive, and, that he might not be compelled to betray the secrets of his country, he cut off his tongue. He was put to death by order of Antipater, B.C. 322. Only one of his numerous orations remains, admired for the sweetness and elegance of his style. It is said that Hyperides once defended the courtesan Phryne who was accused of impiety, and that when he saw his eloquence ineffectual, he unveiled the bosom of his client, upon which the judges, influenced by the sight of her beauty, acquitted her. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Cicero_, _Orator_, ch. 1, &c.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, &c.

=Hypĕrīon=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who married Thea, by whom he had Aurora, the sun, and moon. Hyperion is often taken by the poets for the sun itself. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 2.――_Homer_, _Hymn 3 to Apollo_.――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Hypermnestra=, one of the 50 daughters of Danaus, who married Lynceus son of Ægyptus. She disobeyed her father’s bloody commands, who had ordered her to murder her husband the first night of her nuptials, and suffered Lynceus to escape unhurt from the bridal bed. Her father summoned her to appear before a tribunal for her disobedience, but the people acquitted her, and Danaus was reconciled to her and her husband, to whom he left his kingdom at his death. Some say that Lynceus returned to Argos with an army, and that he conquered and put to death his father-in-law, and usurped his crown. _See:_ Danaides. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 19.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 14.――――A daughter of Thestius. _Apollodorus._

=Hyperŏchus=, a man who wrote a poetical history of Cuma. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12.

=Hyphæus=, a mountain of Campania. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.

=Hypsa=, now _Belici_, a river of Sicily, falling into the Crinisus, and then into the Mediterranean near Selinus. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 228.

=Hypsea=, a Roman matron, of the family of the Plautii. She was blind, according to Horace; or, perhaps, was partial to some lover, who was recommended neither by personal nor mental excellence. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 91.

=Hypsēnor=, a priest of the Scamander, killed during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5.

=Hypseus=, a son of the river Peneus.――――A pleader at the Roman bar before the age of Cicero. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 36.

=Hypsicrătēa=, the wife of Mithridates, who accompanied her husband in man’s clothes, when he fled before Pompey. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.

=Hypsicrătes=, a Phœnician who wrote a history of his country, in the Phœnician language. This history was saved from the flames of Carthage, when that city was taken by Scipio, and translated into Greek.

=Hypsipĭdes=, a Macedonian in Alexander’s army, famous for his friendship for Menedemus, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 7.

=Hypsĭpy̆le=, a queen of Lemnos, daughter of Thoas and Myrine. During her reign, Venus, whose altars had been universally slighted, punished the Lemnian women, and rendered their mouths and breath so extremely offensive to the smell, that their husbands abandoned them, and gave themselves up to some female slaves, whom they had taken in a war against Thrace. This contempt was highly resented by all the women of Lemnos, and they resolved on revenge, and all unanimously put to death their male relations, Hypsipyle alone excepted, who spared the life of her father Thoas. Soon after this cruel murder, the Argonauts landed at Lemnos, in their expedition to Colchis, and remained for some time in the island. During their stay the Argonauts rendered the Lemnian women mothers, and Jason, the chief of the Argonautic expedition, left Hypsipyle pregnant at his departure, and promised her eternal fidelity. Hypsipyle brought twins, Euneus and Nebrophonus, whom some have called Deiphilus or Thoas. Jason forgot his vows and promises to Hypsipyle, and the unfortunate queen was soon after forced to leave her kingdom by the Lemnian women, who conspired against her life, still mindful that Thoas had been preserved by means of his daughter. Hypsipyle, in her flight, was seized by pirates, and sold to Lycurgus king of Nemæa. She was entrusted with the care of Archemorus the son of Lycurgus; and, when the Argives marched against Thebes, they met Hypsipyle, and obliged her to show them a fountain, where they might quench their thirst. To do this more expeditiously, she laid down the child on the grass, and in her absence he was killed by a serpent. Lycurgus attempted to revenge the death of his son, but Hypsipyle was screened from his resentment by Adrastus the leader of the Argives. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 6.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1. ――_Statius_, bk. 5, _Thebiad_.――_Flaccus_, bk. 2.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Hyginus_, fables 15, 74, &c. _See:_ Archemorus.

=Hyrcānia=, a large country of Asia, at the north of Parthia, and at the west of Media, abounding in serpents, wild beasts, &c. It is very mountainous, and unfit for drawing a cavalry in order of battle. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 367.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 45.――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 11.――――A town of Lydia, destroyed by a violent earthquake in the age of Tiberius. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 38.

=Hyrcănum mare=, a large sea, called also _Caspian_. _See:_ Caspium mare.

=Hyrcānus=, a name common to some of the high priests of Judea. _Josephus._

=Hyria=, a country of Bœotia, near Aulis, with a lake, river, and town of the same name. It is more probably situate near Tempe. It received its name from Hyrie, a woman who wept so much for the loss of her son, that she was changed into a fountain. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 372.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 170.――――A town of Isauria, on the Calycadnus.

=Hyrieus=, or =Hyreus=, a peasant, or, as some say, a prince of Tanagra, son of Neptune and Alcyone, who kindly entertained Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury, when travelling over Bœotia. Being childless, he asked of the gods to give him a son without his marrying, as he promised his wife, who was lately dead, and whom he tenderly loved, that he never would marry again. The gods, to reward the hospitality of Hyreus, made water in the hide of a bull, which had been sacrificed the day before to their divinity, and they ordered him to wrap it up and bury it in the ground for nine months. At the expiration of the nine mouths, Hyreus opened the earth, and found a beautiful child in the bull’s hide, whom he called Orion. _See:_ Orion.

=Hyrmina=, a town of Elis in Peloponnesus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Hyrneto= and =Hyrnetho=, a daughter of Temenus king of Argos, who married Deyphon son of Celeus. She was the favourite of her father, who greatly enriched her husband. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 19.

=Hyrnĭthium=, a plain of Argos, near Epidaurus, fertile in olives. _Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Hyrtăcus=, a Trojan of mount Ida, father to Nisus, one of the companions of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, lis. 177 & 406. Hence the patronymic of _Hyrtacides_ is applied to Nisus. It is also applied to Hippocoon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 492.

=Hysia=, a town of Bœotia, built by Nycteus, Antiope’s father.――――A village of Argos.――――A city of Arcadia.――――The royal residence of the king of Parthia.

=Hyspa=, a river of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, ♦bk. 14, li. 228.

♦ ‘24’ replaced with ‘14’

=Hyssus= and =Hyssi=, a port and river of Cappadocia on the Euxine sea.

=Hystaspes=, a noble Persian, of the family of the Achæmenides. His father’s name was Arsames. His son Darius reigned in Persia after the murder of the usurper Smerdis. It is said by Ctesias that he wished to be carried to see the royal monument which his son had built between two mountains. The priests who carried him, as reported, slipped the cord with which he was suspended in ascending the mountain, and he died of the fall. Hystaspes was the first who introduced the learning and mysteries of the Indian Brachmans into Persia, and to his researches in India the sciences were greatly indebted, particularly in Persia. Darius is called _Hystaspes_, or son of Hystaspes, to distinguish him from his royal successors of the same name. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 209; bk. 5, ch. 83. ――_Ctesias_, _Fragments_.

=Hystieus.= _See:_ Histiæus.

I [& J]

=Ia=, the daughter of Midas, who married Atys, &c.

=Iacchus=, a surname of Bacchus, _ab_ ἰαχειν, from the _noise_ and _shouts_ which the bacchanals raised at the festivals of this deity. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6; _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 166.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――――Some suppose him to be a son of Ceres; because in the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries, the word Iacchus was frequently repeated. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 65. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Iader=, a river of Dalmatia.

=Ialēmus=, a wretched singer, son of the muse Calliope. _Athenæus_, bk. 14.

=Ialmĕnus=, a son of Mars and Astyoche, who went to the Trojan war with his brother Ascalaphus, with 30 ships, at the head of the inhabitants of Orchomenes and Aspledon, in Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 37.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 19.

=Iāly̆sus=, a town of Rhodes, built by Ialysus, of whom Protogenes was making a beautiful painting when Demetrius Poliorcetes took Rhodes. The Telchines were born there. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 6.――_Cicero_, bk. 2, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 21.――_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――_Ælian_, bk. 12, ch. 5.

=Iambe=, a servant-maid of Metanira, wife of Celeus king of Eleusis, who tried to exhilarate Ceres, when she travelled over Attica in quest of her daughter Proserpine. From the jokes and stories which she made use of, free and satirical verses have been called _Iambics_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.

=Iamblĭcus=, a Greek author who wrote the life of Pythagoras, and the history of his followers, an exhortation to philosophy, a treatise against Porphyry’s letter on the mysteries of the Egyptians, &c. He was a great favourite with the emperor Julian, and died A.D. 363.

=Iamenus=, a Trojan killed by Leonteus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12, lis. 139 & 193.

=Iamĭdæ=, certain prophets among the Greeks, descended from Iamus, a son of Apollo, who received the gift of prophecy from his father, which remained among his posterity. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 2.

=Janĭcŭlum= and =Janicularius mons=, one of the seven hills at Rome joined to the city by Ancus Martius, and made a kind of citadel, to protect the place against an invasion. This hill [_See:_ Janus], which was on the opposite shore of the Tiber, was joined to the city by the bridge Sublicius, the first ever built across the river, and perhaps in Italy. It was less inhabited than the other parts of the city, on account of the grossness of the air, though from its top the eye could have a commanding view of the whole city. It is famous for the burial of king Numa and of the poet Italicus. Porsenna king of Etruria pitched his camp on mount Janiculum, and the senators took refuge there in the civil wars, to avoid the resentment of Octavius. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33, &c.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 47.――_Ovid_, bk. 1, _Fasti_, li. 246.――_Virgil_, _[Aeneid]_, bk. 8, li. 358. ――_Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 64; bk. 7, ltr. 16.

=Ianīra=, one of the Nereides.

=Ianthe=, a girl of Crete, who married Iphis. _See:_ Iphis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 714, &c.

=Ianthea=, one of the Oceanides.――――One of the Nereides. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 47.

=Jānus=, the most ancient king who reigned in Italy. He was a native of Thessaly, and son of Apollo, according to some. He came to Italy, where he planted a colony and built a small town on the river Tiber, which he called Janiculum. Some authors make him son of Cœlus and Hecate; and others make him a native of Athens. During his reign, Saturn, driven from heaven by his son Jupiter, came to Italy, where Janus received him with much hospitality, and made him his colleague on the throne. Janus is represented with two faces, because he was acquainted with the past and the future; or, according to others, because he was taken for the sun, who opens the day at his rising, and shuts it at his setting. Some statues represented Janus with four heads. He sometimes appeared with a beard, and sometimes without. In religious ceremonies, his name was always invoked the first, because he presides over all gates and avenues, and it is through him only that prayers can reach the immortal gods. From that circumstance he often appears with a key in his right hand, and a rod in his left. Sometimes he holds the number of 300 in one hand, and in the other 65, to show that he presides over the year, of which the first month bears his name. Some suppose that he is the same as the world, or Cœlus; and from that circumstance they call him Eanus, _ab eundo_, because of the revolution of the heavens. He was called by different names, such as _Consivius_, _a conserendo_, because he presided over generation; _Quirinus_ or _Martialis_, because he presided over war. He is also called _Patuleius_ and _Clausius_, because the gates of his temples were open during the time of war, and shut in time of peace. He was chiefly worshipped among the Romans, where he had many temples, some erected to Janus Bifrons, others to Janus Quadrifrons. The temples of Quadrifrons were built with four equal sides, with a door and three windows on each side. The four doors were the emblems of the four seasons of the year, and the three windows in each of the sides the three months in each season, and, all together, the 12 months of the year. Janus was generally represented in statues as a young man. After death Janus was ranked among the gods, for his popularity and the civilization which he had introduced among the wild inhabitants of Italy. His temple, which was always open in times of war, was shut only three times during above 700 years, under Numa, 234 B.C., and under Augustus; and during that long period of time, the Romans were continually employed in war. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 65, &c. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 607.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 1.――_Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 1.――――A street at Rome near the temple of Janus. It was generally frequented by usurers and money-brokers, and booksellers also kept their shops there. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 1.

=Japetĭdes=, a musician at the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 111.

=Japĕtus=, a son of Cœlus or Titan by Terra, who married Asia, or, according to others, Clymene, by whom he had Atlas, Menœtius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus. The Greeks looked upon him as the father of all mankind, and therefore from his antiquity old men were frequently called Japeti. His sons received the patronymic of _Iapetionides_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 631.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, lis. 136 & 508.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Iāpis=, an Ætolian, who founded a city upon the banks of the Timavus. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 475.――――A Trojan, favourite of Apollo, from whom he received the knowledge of the power of medicinal herbs. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 391.

=Iapy̆dia=, a district of Illyricum, now _Carniola_. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 5.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, li. 109.――_Cicero_, _Cornelius Balbus_, ch. 14.

=Iāpy̆gia=, a country on the confines of Italy, situated in the peninsula, between Tarentum and Brundusium. It is called by some _Messapia_, _Peucetia_, and _Salentinum_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11. ――_Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Iapyx=, a son of Dædalus, who conquered a part of Italy, which he called _Iapygia_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 458.――――A wind which blows from Apulia, and is favourable to such as sail from Italy towards Greece. It was nearly the same as the Caurus of the Greeks. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 3, li. 4; bk. 3, ode 7, li. 20.

=Iarbas=, a son of Jupiter and Garamantis, king of Gætulia, from whom Dido bought land to build Carthage. He courted Dido, but the arrival of Æneas prevented his success, and the queen, rather than marry Iarbas, destroyed herself. _See:_ Dido. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 36, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 6.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 552.

=Iarchas= and =Jarchas=, a celebrated Indian philosopher. His seven rings are famous for their power of restoring old men to the bloom and vigour of youth, according to the tradition of _Philostratus_, _Life of Apollonius of Tyana_.

=Iardānus=, a Lydian, father of Omphale the mistress of Hercules. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A river of Arcadia.――――Another in Crete. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.

=Iasĭdes=, a patronymic given to Palinurus, as descended from a person of the name of Jasius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 843.――――Also of Jasus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 392.

=Iăsion= and =Iăsius=, a son of Jupiter and Electra, one of the Atlantides, who reigned over part of Arcadia, where he diligently applied himself to agriculture. He married the goddess Cybele or Ceres, and all the gods were present at the celebration of his nuptials. He had by Ceres two sons, Philomelus and Plutus, to whom some have added a third, Corybas, who introduced the worship and mysteries of his mother in Phrygia. He had also a daughter, whom he exposed as soon as born, saying that he would raise only male children. The child, who was suckled by a she-bear and preserved, rendered herself famous afterwards under the name of Atalanta. Jasion was killed with a thunderbolt of Jupiter, and ranked among the gods after death by the inhabitants of Arcadia. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 973.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 168.――_Hyginus_, _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Iăsis=, a name given to Atalanta daughter of Jasius.

=Iasius=, a son of Abas king of Argos.――――A son of Jupiter. _See:_ Iasion.

=Jāson=, a celebrated hero, son of Alcimede daughter of Phylacus, by Æson the son of Cretheus and Tyro, the daughter of Salmoneus. Tyro, before her connection with Cretheus the son of Æolus, had two sons, Pelias and Neleus, by Neptune. Æson was king of Iolchis, and at his death the throne was usurped by Pelias, and Æson the lawful successor was driven to retirement and obscurity. The education of young Jason was entrusted to the care of the centaur Chiron, and he was removed from the presence of the usurper, who had been informed by an oracle that one of the descendants of Æolus would dethrone him. After he had made the most rapid progress in every branch of science, Jason left the centaur, and by his advice went to consult the oracle. He was ordered to go to Iolchos his native country, covered with the spoils of a leopard, and dressed in the garments of a Magnesian. In his journey he was stopped by the inundation of the river Evenus or Enipeus, over which he was carried by Juno, who had changed herself into an old woman. In crossing the stream he lost one of his sandals, and at his arrival at Iolchos, the singularity of his dress and the fairness of his complexion attracted the notice of the people, and drew a crowd around him in the market-place. Pelias came to see him with the rest, and as he had been warned by the oracle to beware of a man who should appear at Iolchos with one foot bare and the other shod, the appearance of Jason, who had lost one of his sandals, alarmed him. His terrors were soon after augmented. Jason, accompanied by his friends, repaired to the palace of Pelias, and boldly demanded the kingdom which he had unjustly usurped. The boldness and popularity of Jason intimidated Pelias; he was unwilling to abdicate the crown, and yet he feared the resentment of his adversary. As Jason was young and ambitious of glory, Pelias, at once to remove his immediate claims to the crown, reminded him that Ætes king of Colchis had severely treated and inhumanly murdered their common relation Phryxus. He observed that such a treatment called aloud for punishment, and that the undertaking would be accompanied with much glory and fame. He further added, that his old age had prevented him from avenging the death of Phryxus, and that if Jason would undertake the expedition, he would resign to him the crown of Iolchos, when he returned victorious from Colchis. Jason readily accepted a proposal which seemed to promise such military fame. His intended expedition was made known in every part of Greece, and the youngest and the bravest of the Greeks assembled to accompany him, and share his toils and glory. They embarked on board a ship called Argo, and after a series of adventures they arrived at Colchis. _See:_ Argonautæ. Ætes promised to restore the golden fleece, which was the cause of the death of Phryxus, and of the voyage of the Argonauts, provided they submitted to his conditions. Jason was to tame bulls which breathed flames, and which had feet and horns of brass, and to plough with them a field sacred to Mars. After this he was to sow in the ground the teeth of a serpent, from which armed men would arise, whose fury would be converted against him who ploughed the field. He was also to kill a monstrous dragon which watched night and day at the foot of the tree on which the golden fleece was suspended. All were concerned for the fate of the Argonauts; but Juno, who watched with an anxious eye over the safety of Jason, extricated them from all these difficulties. Medea, the king’s daughter, fell in love with Jason, and as her knowledge of herbs, enchantments, and incantations was uncommon, she pledged herself to deliver her lover from all his dangers if he promised her eternal fidelity. Jason, not insensible to her charms and to her promise, vowed eternal fidelity in the temple of Hecate, and received from Medea whatever instruments and herbs could protect him against the approaching dangers. He appeared in the field of Mars, he tamed the fury of the oxen, ploughed the plain, and sowed the dragon’s teeth. Immediately an army of men sprang from the field, and ran towards Jason. He threw a stone among them, and they fell one upon the other till all were totally destroyed. The vigilance of the dragon was lulled to sleep by the power of herbs, and Jason took from the tree the celebrated golden fleece, which was the sole object of his voyage. These actions were all performed in the presence of Æetes and his people, who were all equally astonished at the boldness and success of Jason. After this celebrated conquest, Jason immediately set sail for Europe with Medea, who had been so instrumental in his preservation. Upon this Æetes, desirous to revenge the perfidy of his daughter Medea, sent his son Absyrtus to pursue the fugitives. Medea killed her brother, and strewed his limbs in her father’s way, that she might more easily escape, while he was employed in collecting the mangled body of his son. _See:_ Absyrtus. The return of the Argonauts in Thessaly was celebrated with universal festivity; but Æson, Jason’s father, was unable to attend on account of the infirmities of old age. This obstruction was removed, and Medea, at the request of her husband, restored Æson to the vigour and sprightliness of youth. _See:_ Æson. Pelias the usurper of the crown of Iolchos wished also to see himself restored to the flower of youth, and his daughters, persuaded by Medea, who wished to avenge her husband’s wrongs, cut his body to pieces, and placed his limbs in a cauldron of boiling water. Their credulity was severely punished. Medea suffered the flesh to be consumed to the bones, and Pelias was never restored to life. This inhuman action drew the resentment of the populace upon Medea, and she fled to Corinth with her husband Jason, where they lived in perfect union and love during 10 successive years. Jason’s partiality for Glauce the daughter of the king of the country afterwards disturbed their matrimonial happiness, and Medea was divorced, that Jason might more freely indulge his amorous propensities. This infidelity was severely revenged by Medea [_See:_ Glauce], who destroyed her children in the presence of their father. _See:_ Medea. After this separation from Medea, Jason lived an unsettled and melancholy life. As he was one day reposing himself by the side of the ship which had carried him to Colchis, a beam fell upon his head, and he was crushed to death. This tragical event had been predicted to him before by Medea, according to the relation of some authors. Some say that he afterwards returned to Colchis, where he seized the kingdom, and reigned in great security. _Euripides_, _Medea_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fables 2, 3, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――_Pausanias_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 9. ――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Apollonius._――_Flaccus._――_Hyginus_, fable 5, &c.――_Pindar_, bk. 3, _Nemean_.――_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 2, &c. ――_Seneca_, _Medea_.――_Tzetzes_, _On Lycophron_, li. 195, &c. ――_Athenæus_, bk. 13.――――A native of Argos, who wrote a history of Greece in four books, which ended at the death of Alexander. He lived in the age of Adrian.――――A tyrant of Thessaly, who made an alliance with the Spartans, and cultivated the friendship of Timotheus.――――Trallianus, a man who wrote tragedies, and gained the esteem of the kings of Parthia. _Polyænus_, bk. 7.

=Jasonĭdæ=, a patronymic of Thoas and Euneus, sons of Jason and Hypsipyle.

=Iasus=, a king of Argos, who succeeded his father Triopas. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――――A son of Argus, father of Agenor. ――――A son of Argus and Ismena.――――A son of Lycurgus of Arcadia. ――――An island, with a town of the same name, on the coast of Caria. The bay adjoining was called _Iasius sinus_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 28. ――_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 33; bk. 37, ch. 17.

=Iaxartes=, now _Sir_ or _Sihon_, a river of Sogdiana, mistaken by Alexander for the Tanais. It falls into the east of the Caspian sea. _Curtius_, bks. 6 & 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16.――_Arrian_, bk. 4, ch. 15.

=Iazĭges=, a people on the borders of the Palus Mæotis. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 29.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 191; _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 7, li. 9.

=Ibēria=, a country of Asia, between Colchis on the west, and Albania on the east, governed by kings. Pompey invaded it, and made great slaughter of the inhabitants, and obliged them to surrender by setting fire to the woods where they had fled for safety. It is now called Georgia. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_, _Antonius_, &c.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 36.――_Florus_, bk. 3.――_Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 166. ――_Appian_, _Wars in Spain_.――――An ancient name of Spain, derived from the river Iberus. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 258.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 50.

=Ibērus=, a river of Spain, now called _Ebro_, which, after the conclusion of the first Punic war, separated the Roman from the Carthaginian possessions in that country. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 335. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 50.――――A river of Iberia in Asia, flowing from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus. _Strabo_, bk. 3.――――A fabulous king of Spain.

=Ibi=, an Indian nation.

=Ibis=, a poem of the poet Callimachus, in which he bitterly satirizes the ingratitude of his pupil the poet Apollonius. Ovid had also written a poem which bears the same name, and which, in the same satirical language, seems, according to the opinion of some, to inveigh bitterly against Hyginus the supposed hero of the composition. _Suidas._

=Iby̆cus=, a lyric poet of Rhegium, about 540 years before Christ. He was murdered by robbers, and at the moment of death he implored the assistance of some cranes which at that moment flew over his head. Some time after, as the murderers were in the market-place, one of them observed some cranes in the air, and said to his companions, αἰ Ἰβυκου ἐκδικοι παρεισιν, _there are the birds that are conscious of the death of Ibycus_. These words and the recent murder of Ibycus raised suspicions in the people; the assassins were seized and tortured, and they confessed their guilt. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 4, ch. 43.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_.――――The husband of Chloris, whom Horace ridicules, bk. 3, ode 15.

=Icadius=, a robber killed by a stone, &c. _Cicero_, _De Fato_, ch. 3.

=Icăria=, a small island in the Ægean sea, between Chio, Samos, and Myconus, where the body of Icarus was thrown by the waves, and buried by Hercules. _Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――_Strabo_, bks. 10 & 14.

=Icăris= and =Icariotis=, a name given to Penelope as daughter of Icarius.

=Icărium mare=, a part of the Ægean sea near the islands of Mycone and Gyaros. _See:_ Icarus.

=Icărius=, an Athenian, father of Erigone. He gave wine to some peasants, who drank it with the greatest avidity, ignorant of its intoxicating nature. They were soon deprived of their reason, and the fury and resentment of their friends and neighbours were immediately turned upon Icarius, who perished by their hands. After death he was honoured with public festivals, and his daughter was led to discover the place of his burial by means of his faithful dog Mœra. Erigone hung herself in despair, and was changed into a constellation called Virgo. Icarius was changed into the star Bootes, and the dog Mœra into the star Canis. _Hyginus_, fable 130. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A son of Œbalus of Lacedæmon. He gave his daughter Penelope in marriage to Ulysses king of Ithaca, but he was so tenderly attached to her, that he wished her husband to settle at Lacedæmon. Ulysses refused, and when he saw the earnest petitions of Icarius, he told Penelope as they were going to embark, that she might choose freely either to follow him to Ithaca, or to remain with her father. Penelope blushed in the deepest silence, and covered her head with her veil. Icarius upon this permitted his daughter to go to Ithaca, and immediately erected a temple to the goddess of modesty, on the spot where Penelope had covered her blushes with her veil. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 16, li. 435.

=Icărus=, a son of Dædalus, who, with his father, flew with wings from Crete to escape the resentment of Minos. His flight being too high, proved fatal to him; the sun melted the wax which cemented his wings, and he fell into that part of the Ægean sea which was called after his name. _See:_ Dædalus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 178, &c.――――A mountain of Attica.

=Iccius=, a lieutenant of Agrippa in Sicily. Horace writes to him, bk. 1, ode 29, and ridicules him for abandoning the pursuits of philosophy and the muses for military employments.――――One of the Rhemi in Gaul, ambassador to Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Icĕlos=, one of the sons of Somnus, who changed himself into all sorts of animals, whence the name (εἰκελος, _similis_). _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 640.

=Icēni=, a people of Britain who submitted to the Roman power. They inhabited the modern counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 31.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 21.

=Icĕtas=, a man who obtained the supreme power at Syracuse after the death of Dion. He attempted to assassinate Timoleon, for which he was conquered, &c., B.C. 340. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_.

=Ichnæ=, a town of Macedonia, whence Themis and Nemesis are called Ichnæa. _Homer_, _Hymn 3 to Apollo_.

=Ichnūsa=, an ancient name of Sardinia, which it received from its likeness to a human foot. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 358.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Ichonūphys=, a priest of Heliopolis, at whose house Eudoxus resided when he visited Egypt with Plato. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Ichthyophăgi=, a people of Æthiopia, who received this name from their eating fishes. There was also an Indian nation of the same name, who made their houses with the bones of fishes. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 12.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23; bk. 15, ch. 7.

=Ichthys=, a promontory of Elis in Achaia. _Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Lucius Icilius=, a tribune of the people who made a law, A.U.C. 397, by which mount Aventine was given to the Roman people to build houses upon. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 54.――――A tribune who made a law, A.U.C. 261, that forbade any man to oppose or interrupt a tribune while he was speaking in an assembly. _Livy_ bk. 2, ch. 58.――――A tribune who signalized himself by his inveterate enmity against the Roman senate. He took an active part in the management of affairs after the murder of Virginia, &c.

=Icius=, a harbour in Gaul, on the modern straits of Dover, from which Cæsar crossed into Britain.

=Iconium=, the capital of Lycaonia, now _Koniech_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Icos=, a small island near Eubœa. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Ictinus=, a celebrated architect, 430 years B.C. He built a famous temple to Minerva at Athens, &c.

=Ictumulōrum vicus=, a place at the foot of the Alps, abounding in gold mines.

=Iculisma=, a town of Gaul, now _Angoulesme_, on the Charente.

=Ida=, a nymph of Crete, who went into Phrygia, where she gave her name to a mountain of that country. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 177.――――The mother of Minos II.――――A celebrated mountain, or more properly a ridge of mountains in Troas, chiefly in the neighbourhood of Troy. The abundance of its waters became the source of many rivers, and particularly of the Simois, Scamander, Æsepus, Granicus, &c. It was on mount Ida that the shepherd Paris adjudged the prize of beauty to the goddess Venus. It was covered with green woods, and the elevation of its top opened a fine extensive view of the Hellespont and the adjacent countries, from which reason the poets say that it was frequented by the gods during the Trojan war. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14, li. 283.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 3, 5, &c.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 79.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 11.――――A mountain of Crete, the highest in the island, where it was reported that Jupiter was educated by the Corybantes, who, on that account, were called Idæi. _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Idæa=, the surname of Cybele, because she was worshipped on mount Ida. _Lucretius_, bk. 2, li. 611.

=Idæus=, a surname of Jupiter. An arm-bearer and charioteer of king Priam, killed during the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 487.――――One of the attendants of Ascanius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 500.

=Idalis=, the country round mount Ida. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 204.

=Idălus=, a mountain of Cyprus, at the foot of which is _Idalium_, a town with a grove sacred to Venus, who was called _Idalæa_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 685.――_Catullus_, poems 37 & 62.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 13.

=Idanthyrsus=, a powerful king of Scythia, who refused to give his daughter in marriage to Darius I. king of Persia. This refusal was the cause of a war between the two nations, and Darius marched against Idanthyrsus, at the head of 700,000 men. He was defeated, and retired to Persia, after an inglorious campaign. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Idarnes=, an officer of Darius, by whose negligence the Macedonians took Miletus. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Idas=, a son of Aphareus and Arane, famous for his valour and military glory. He was among the Argonauts, and married Marpessa, the daughter of Evenus king of Ætolia. Marpessa was carried away by Apollo, and Idas pursued his wife’s ravisher with bows and arrows, and obliged him to restore her. _See:_ Marpessa. According to Apollodorus, Idas, with his brother Lynceus, associated with Pollux and Castor to carry away some flocks; but when they had obtained a sufficient quantity of plunder, they refused to divide it into equal shares. This provoked the sons of Leda. Lynceus was killed by Castor, and Idas, to revenge his brother’s death, immediately killed Castor, and in his turn perished by the hand of Pollux. According to Ovid and Pausanias, the quarrel between the sons of Leda and those of Aphareus arose from a more tender cause. Idas and Lynceus, as they say, were going to celebrate their nuptials with Phœbe and Hilaira the two daughters of Leucippus; but Castor and Pollux, who had been invited to partake the common festivity, offered violence to the brides, and carried them away. Idas and Lynceus fell in the attempt to recover their wives. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.――_Hyginus_, fables 14, 100, &c.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 700.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2; bk. 5, ch. 18.――――A son of Ægyptus.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 575.

=Idea=, or =Idæa=, a daughter of Dardanus, who became the second wife of Phineus king of Bithynia, and abused the confidence reposed in her by her husband. _See:_ Phineus.――――The mother of Teucer by Scamander. _Apollodorus._

=Idessa=, a town of Iberia on the confines of Colchis. _Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Idex=, a small river of Italy, now _Idice_, near Bononia.

=Idistavisus=, a plain, now _Hastenbach_, where Germanicus defeated Arminius, near Oldendorp, on the Weser, in Westphalia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 16.

=Idmon=, son of Apollo and Asteria, or, as some say, of Cyrene, was the prophet of the Argonauts. He was killed in hunting a wild boar in Bithynia, where his body received a magnificent funeral. He had predicted the time and manner of his own death. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Orpheus._――――A dyer of Colophon, father to Arachne. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 8.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed by Hercules, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 3.――――A son of Ægyptus, killed by his wife. _See:_ Danaides.

=Idŏmĕne=, a daughter of Pheres, who married Amythaon.

=Idŏmĕneus=, succeeded his father Deucalion on the throne of Crete, and accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, with a fleet of 90 ships. During this celebrated war he rendered himself famous by his valour, and slaughtered many of the enemy. At his return he made a vow to Neptune in a dangerous tempest, that if he escaped from the fury of the seas and storms, he would offer to the god whatever living creature first presented itself to his eye on the Cretan shore. This was no other than his own son, who came to congratulate his father upon his safe return. Idomeneus performed his promise to the god, and the inhumanity and rashness of his sacrifice rendered him so odious in the eyes of his subjects, that he left Crete, and migrated in quest of a settlement. He came to Italy, and founded a city on the coast of Calabria, which he called Salentum. He died in an extreme old age, after he had had the satisfaction of seeing his new kingdom flourish, and his subjects happy. According to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, li. 1217, Idomeneus, during his absence in the Trojan war, entrusted the management of his kingdom to Leucos, to whom he promised his daughter Clisithere in marriage at his return. Leucos at first governed with moderation; but he was persuaded by Nauplius king of Eubœa to put to death Meda the wife of his master, with her daughter Clisithere, and to seize the kingdom. After these violent measures, he strengthened himself on the throne of Crete; and Idomeneus, at his return, found it impossible to expel the usurper. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 358.――_Hyginus_, fable 92.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 19. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 25.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 122. ――――A son of Priam.――――A Greek historian of Lampsacus, in the age of Epicurus. He wrote a history of Samothrace, the life of Socrates, &c.

=Idŏthea=, a daughter of Prœtus king of Argos. She was restored to her senses with her sisters, by Melampus. _See:_ Prœtides. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――――A daughter of Proteus, the god who told Menelaus how he could return to his country in safety. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4, li. 363.――――One of the nymphs who educated Jupiter.

=Idrieus=, the son of Euromus of Caria, brother to Artimisia, who succeeded to Mausolus, and invaded Cyprus. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. ――_Polyænus_, bk. 7.

=Idubeda=, a river and mountain of Spain. _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Idūme= and =Idūmēa=, a country of Syria, famous for palm trees. Gaza is its capital, where Cambyses deposited his riches, as he was going to Egypt. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 216.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 600.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 12.

=Idya=, one of the Oceanides, who married Æetes king of Colchis, by whom she had Medea, &c. _Hyginus._――_Hesiod._――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.

=Jenisus=, a town of Syria. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Jera=, one of the Nereides. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18.

=Jerĭcho=, a city of Palestine, besieged and taken by the Romans, under Vespasian and Titus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 14.――_Strabo._

=Jerne=, a name of Ireland. _Strabo_, bk. 1.

=Jerŏmus= and =Jerony̆mus=, a Greek of Cardia, who wrote a history of Alexander.――――A native of Rhodes, disciple of Aristotle, of whose compositions some few historical fragments remain. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.

=Jerusalem=, the capital of Judæa. _See:_ Hierosolyma.

=Jetæ=, a place of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 272.

=Igēni=, a people of Britain. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, &c.

=Igilium=, now _Giglio_, an island of the Mediterranean, on the coast of Tuscany. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 34.

=Ignatius=, an officer of Crassus in his Parthian expedition.――――A bishop of Antioch, torn to pieces in the amphitheatre at Rome, by lions, during a persecution, A.D. 107. His writings were letters to the Ephesians, Romans, &c., and he supported the divinity of Christ, and the propriety of the episcopal order, as superior to priests and deacons. The best edition of his work is that of Oxford, in 8vo, 1708.

=Iguvium=, a town of Umbria, on the Via Flaminia, now _Gubio_. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 13.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 460.

=Ilaīra=, or =Hilaira=, a daughter of Leucippus, carried away with her sister Phœbe, by the sons of Leda, as she was going to be married, &c.

=Ilba=, more properly Ilva, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, two miles from the continent. _See:_ Ilua. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 173.

=Ilecaones= and =Ilecaonenses=, a people of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 21.

=Ilerda=, now _Lerida_, a town of Spain, the capital of the Ilergetes, on an eminence on the right bank of the river Sicoris in Catalonia. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 23; bk. 22, ch. 21.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 13.

=Ilergetes.= _See:_ Ilerda.

=Ilia=, or =Rhea=, a daughter of Numitor king of Alba, consecrated by her uncle Amulius to the service of Vesta, which required perpetual chastity, that she might not become a mother to dispossess him of his crown. He was, however, disappointed; violence was offered to Ilia, and she brought forth Romulus and Remus, who drove the usurper from his throne, and restored the crown to their grandfather Numitor, its lawful possessor. Ilia was buried alive by Amulius for violating the laws of Vesta; and because her tomb was near the Tiber, some supposed that she married the god of that river. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 277.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 598.――――A wife of Sylla.

=Iliăci ludi=, games instituted by Augustus, in commemoration of the victory which he had obtained over Antony and Cleopatra. They are supposed to be the same as the _Trojani ludi_ and the _Actia_; and Virgil says they were celebrated by Æneas, and not because they were instituted at the time when he wrote his poem, but because he wished to compliment Augustus by making the founder of Lavinium solemnize games on the very spot which was, many centuries after, to be immortalized by the trophies of his patron. During these games were exhibited horse-races, and gymnastic exercises. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 280.

=Iliăcus=, an epithet applied to such as belong to Troy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 101.

=Iliădes=, a surname given to Romulus, as son of Ilia. _Ovid._――――A name given to the Trojan women. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 484.

=Ilias=, a celebrated poem composed by Homer, upon the Trojan war. It delineates the wrath of Achilles, and all the calamities which befel the Greeks, from the refusal of that hero to appear in the field of battle. It finished at the death of Hector, whom Achilles had sacrificed to the shades of his friend Patroclus. It is divided into 24 books. _See:_ Homerus.――――A surname of Minerva, from a temple which she had at Daulis in Phocis.

=Ilienses=, a people of Sardinia. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 19; bk. 41, chs. 6 & 12.

=Ilion=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 27. _See:_ Ilium.

=Ilĭone=, the eldest daughter of Priam, who married Polymnestor king of Thrace. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 657.

=Iliŏneus=, a Trojan, son of Phorbas. He came into Italy with Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 525.――――A son of Artabanus, made prisoner by Parmenio, near Damascus. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13. ――――One of Niobe’s sons. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 6.

=Ilipa=, a town of Bætica. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 1.

=Ilissus=, a small river of Attica, falling into the sea near the Piræus. There was a temple on its banks sacred to the muses. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 52.

=Ilĭthyīa=, a goddess, called also Juno Lucina. Some suppose her to be the same as Diana. She presided over the travails of women; and in her temple at Rome, it was usual to carry a small piece of money as an offering. This custom was first established by Servius Tullius, who, by enforcing it, was enabled to know the exact number of the Roman people. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 450.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, ode 19.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Horace_, _Carmen Sæculare_. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 283.

=Ilium=, or =Ilion=, a citadel of Troy, built by Ilus, one of the Trojan kings, from whom it received its name. It is generally taken for Troy itself; and some have supposed that the town was called Ilium, and the adjacent country Troja. _See:_ Troja. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 43; bk. 37, chs. 9 & 37.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 505. ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 3.――_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 5; bk. 31, ch. 8.

=Illiberis=, a town of Gaul, through which Hannibal passed as he marched into Italy.

=Illice=, now _Elche_, a town of Spain, with a harbour and bay, _Sinus et Portus Illicitanus_, now _Alicant_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Illipŭla=, two towns of Spain, one of which is called Major, and the other Minor.

=Illiturgis=, =Iliturgus=, or =Ilirgia=, a city of Spain, near the modern Andujar, on the river Bætis, destroyed by Scipio, for having revolted to the Carthaginians. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 49; bk. 24, ch. 41; bk. 26, ch. 17.

=Ilorcis=, now _Lorca_, a town of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Illy̆rĭcum=, =Illy̆ris=, and =Illy̆ria=, a country bordering on the Adriatic sea, opposite Italy, whose boundaries have been different at different times. It became a Roman province, after Gentius its king had been conquered by the pretor Anicius; and it now forms part of Croatia, Bosnia, and Sclavonia. _Strabo_, bks. 2 & 7. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 35.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.――_Florus_, bks. 1, 2, &c.

=Illy̆rīcus sinus=, that part of the Adriatic which is on the coast of Illyricum.

=Illy̆rius=, a son of Cadmus and Hermione, from whom Illyricum received its name. _Apollodorus._

=Ilua=, now _Elba_, an island in the Tyrrhene sea, between Italy and Corsica, celebrated for its iron mines. The people are called _Iluates_. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 39.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 173.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 34, ch. 14.

=Iluro=, now _Oleron_, a town of Gascony in France.

=Ilus=, the fourth king of Troy, was son of Tros by Callirhoe. He married Eurydice the daughter of Adrastus, by whom he had Themis, who married Capys, and Laomedon the father of Priam. He built, or rather embellished, the city of Ilium, called also Troy, from his father Tros. Jupiter gave him the Palladium, a celebrated statue of Minerva, and promised that as long as it remained in Troy, so long would the town remain impregnable. When the temple of Minerva was in flames, Ilus rushed into the middle of the fire to save the Palladium, for which action he was deprived of his sight by the goddess; though he recovered it some time after. _Homer_, _Iliad_. ――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 33; bk. 6, li. 419.――――A name of Ascanius, while he was at Troy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 272.――――A friend of Turnus, killed by Pallas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 400.

=Ilyrgis=, a town of Hispania Bætica, now _Ilora_. _Polybius._

=Imanuentius=, a king of part of Britain, killed by Cassivelaunus, &c. ――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5.

=Imaus=, a large mountain of Scythia, which is part of mount Taurus. It divides Scythia, which is generally called _Intra Imaum_, and _Extra Imaum_. It extends, according to some, as far as the boundaries of the eastern ocean. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 17.――_Strabo_, bk. 1.

=Imbărus=, a part of mount Taurus in Armenia.

=Imbrăsĭdes=, a patronymic given to Asius, as son of Imbracus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 123.

=Imbrăsĭdes=, a patronymic given to Glaucus and Lades, as sons of Imbrasus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 343.

=Imbrăsus=, or =Parthenius=, a river of Samos. Juno, who was worshipped on its banks, received the surname of _Imbrasia_. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――――The father of Pirus, the leader of the Thracians during the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 10 & 12.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 520.

=Imbreus=, one of the Centaurs, killed by Dryas at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 310.

=Imbrex Caius Licinius=, a poet. _See:_ Licinius.

=Imbrius=, a Trojan, killed by Teucer son of Mentor. He had married Medesicaste, Priam’s daughter. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13.

=Imbrivium=, a place of Samnium.

=Imbros=, now _Embro_, an island of the Ægean sea, near Thrace, 32 miles from Samothrace, with a small river and town of the same name. Imbros was governed for some time by its own laws, but afterwards subjected to the power of Persia, Athens, Macedonia, and the kings of Pergamus. It afterwards became a Roman province. The divinities particularly worshipped there were Ceres and Mercury. _Thucydides_, bk. 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 18.

=Inăchi=, a name given to the Greeks, particularly the Argives, from king Inachus.

=Inachia=, a name given to Peloponnesus, from the river Inachus.――――A festival in Crete in honour of Inachus; or, according to others, of Ino’s misfortunes.――――A courtesan in the age of _Horace_, Epode 12.

=Inăchĭdæ=, the name of the eight first successors of Inachus, on the throne of Argos.

=Inăchĭles=, a patronymic of Epaphus, as grandson of Inachus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 704.――――Also of Perseus, descended from Inachus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 11.

=Inăchis=, a patronymic of Io, as daughter of Inachus. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 454.

=Inăchium=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Inăchus=, a son of Oceanus and Tethys, father of Io, and also of Phoroneus and Ægialeus. He founded the kingdom of Argos, and was succeeded by Phoroneus, B.C. 1807, and gave his name to a river of Argos, of which he became the tutelar deity. He reigned 60 years. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 151.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――――A river of Argos.――――Another in Epirus.

=Inamămes=, a river in the east of Asia, as far as which Semiramis extended her empire. _Polyænus._

=Inarĭme=, an island near Campania, with a mountain under which Jupiter confined the giant Typhœus. It is now called _Ischia_, and is remarkable for its fertility and population. There was formerly a volcano in the middle of the island. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 716.

=Inărus=, a town of Egypt, in whose neighbourhood the town of Naucratis was built by the Milesians.――――A tyrant of Egypt, who died B.C. 456.

=Incitātus=, a horse of the emperor Caligula, made high priest.

=Indathyrsus=. _See:_ Idanthyrsus.

=India=, the most celebrated and opulent of all the countries of Asia, bounded on one side by the Indus, from which it derives its name. It is situate at the south of the kingdoms of Persia, Parthia, &c., along the maritime coasts. It has always been reckoned famous for the riches it contains; and so persuaded were the ancients of its wealth, that they supposed that its very sands were gold. It contained 9000 different nations, and 5000 remarkable cities, according to geographers. Bacchus was the first who conquered it. In more recent ages, part of it was tributary to the power of Persia. Alexander invaded it; but his conquest was checked by the valour of Porus, one of the kings of the country, and the Macedonian warrior was unwilling or afraid to engage another. Semiramis also extended her empire far in India. The Romans knew little of the country, yet their power was so universally dreaded, that the Indians paid homage by their ambassadors to the emperors Antoninus, Trajan, &c. India is divided into several provinces. There is an India _extra Gangem_, an India _intra Gangem_, and an India _propria_; but these divisions are not particularly noticed by the ancients, who, even in the age of Augustus, gave the name of Indians to the Æthiopian nations. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 1, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7. ――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 28.――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 10.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 12, ch. 7.

=Indibĭlis=, a princess of Spain betrothed to Albutius.

=Indĭgĕtes=, a name given to those deities who were worshipped only in some particular places, or who were become gods from men, as Hercules, Bacchus, &c. Some derive the word from _Inde et geniti_, born at the same place where they received their worship. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 498.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 608.

=Indĭgĕti=, a people of Spain.

=Indus=, now _Sinde_, a large river of Asia, from which the adjacent country has received the name of India. It falls into the Indian ocean by two mouths. According to Plato, it was larger than the Nile; and Pliny says that 19 rivers discharge themselves into it, before it falls into the sea. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 52. ――_Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2. ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 720.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20.――――A river of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 14.

=Indutiomarus=, a Gaul, conquered by Cæsar, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Inferum mare=, the Tuscan sea.

=Ino=, a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, who nursed Bacchus. She married Athamas king of Thebes, after he had divorced Nephele, by whom he had two children, Phryxus and Helle. Ino became mother of Melicerta and Learchus, and soon conceived an implacable hatred against the children of Nephele, because they were to ascend the throne in preference to her own. Phryxus and Helle were informed of Ino’s machinations, and they escaped to Colchis on a golden ram. _See:_ Phryxus. Juno, jealous of Ino’s prosperity, resolved to disturb her peace; and more particularly because she was of the descendants of her greatest enemy, Venus. Tisiphone was sent, by order of the goddess, to the house of Athamas; and she filled the whole palace with such fury, that Athamas, taking Ino to be a lioness, and her children whelps, pursued her, and dashed her son Learchus against a wall. Ino escaped from the fury of her husband, and from a high rock she threw herself into the sea, with Melicerta in her arms. The gods pitied her fate, and Neptune made her a sea deity, which was afterwards called Leucothoe. Melicerta became also a sea god, known by the name of Palæmon. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 5. ――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_; _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 48.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_, ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 13, &c.――_Pausanias_, bks. 1, 2, &c. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Hyginus_, fables 12, 14, & 15.

=Inōa=, festivals in memory of Ino, celebrated yearly with sports and sacrifices at Corinth. An anniversary sacrifice was also offered to Ino at Megara, where she was first worshipped, under the name of Leucothoe.――――Another in Laconia, in honour of the same. It was usual at the celebration to throw cakes of flour into a pond, which, if they sunk, were presages of prosperity; but if they swam on the surface of the waters, they were inauspicious and very unlucky.

=Inous=, a patronymic given to the god Palæmon, as son of Ino. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 823.

=Inōpus=, a river of Delos, which the inhabitants suppose to be the Nile, coming from Egypt under the sea. It was near its banks that Apollo and Diana were born. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.――_Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 105.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Insŭbres=, the inhabitants of Insubria, a country near the Po, supposed to be of Gallic origin. They were conquered by the Romans, and their country became a province, where the modern towns of Milan and Pavia were built. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 23.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Intaphernes=, one of the seven Persian noblemen who conspired against Smerdis, who usurped the crown of Persia. He was so disappointed for not obtaining the crown, that he fomented seditions against Darius, who had been raised to the throne after the death of the usurper. When the king had ordered him and all his family to be put to death, his wife, by frequently visiting the palace, excited the compassion of Darius, who pardoned her, and permitted her to redeem from death any one of her relations whom she pleased. She obtained her brother; and when the king expressed his astonishment, because she preferred him to her husband and children, she replied that she could procure another husband, and children likewise; out that she could never have another brother, as her father and mother were dead. Intaphernes was put to death. _Herodotus_, bk. 3.

=Intemelium=, a town at the west of Liguria, on the sea-shore. _Cicero_, ♦_Letters to his Friends_, bk. 8, ch. 14.

♦ ‘Div.’ replaced with ‘Letters to his Friends’

=Interamna=, an ancient city of Umbria, the birthplace of the historian Tacitus, and of the emperor of the same name. It is situate between two branches of the Nar (_interamnes_), whence its name. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 64.――――A colony on the confines of Samnium, on the Liris.

=Intercatia=, a town of Spain.

=Interrex=, a supreme magistrate at Rome, who was intrusted with the care of the government after the death of a king, till the election of another. This office was exercised by the senators alone, and none continued in power longer than five days, or, according to Plutarch, only 12 hours. The first interrex mentioned in Roman history, is after the death of Romulus, when the Romans quarrelled with the Sabines concerning the choice of a king. There was sometimes an interrex during the consular government; but this happened only to hold assemblies in the absence of the magistrates, or when the election of any of the acting officers was disputed. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.

=Inui castrum.= _See:_ Castrum Inui. It received its name from Inuus, a divinity supposed to be the same as the Faunus of the Latins, and worshipped in this city.

=Inȳcus=, a city of Sicily. _Herodotus_.

=Io=, daughter of Inachus, or, according to others, of Jasus or Pirenes, was priestess of Juno at Argos. Jupiter became enamoured of her; but Juno, jealous of his intrigues, discovered the object of his affections, and surprised him in the company of Io, though he had shrouded himself in all the obscurity of clouds and thick mists. Jupiter changed his mistress into a beautiful heifer; and the goddess, who well knew the fraud, obtained from her husband the animal whose beauty she had condescended to commend. Juno commanded the hundred-eyed Argus to watch the heifer; but Jupiter, anxious for the situation of Io, sent Mercury to destroy Argus, and to restore her to liberty. _See:_ Argus. Io, freed from the vigilance of Argus, was now persecuted by Juno; who sent one of the furies, or rather a malicious insect, to torment her. She wandered over the greatest part of the earth, and crossed over the sea, till at last she stopped on the banks of the Nile, still exposed to the unceasing torments of Juno’s insect. Here she entreated Jupiter to restore her to her ancient form; and when the god had changed her from a heifer into a woman, she brought forth Epaphus. Afterwards she married Telegonus king of Egypt, or Osiris, according to others, and she treated her subjects with such mildness and humanity, that after death she received divine honours, and was worshipped under the name of Isis. According to Herodotus, Io was carried away by Phœnician merchants, who wished to make reprisals for Europa, who had been stolen from them by the Greeks. Some suppose that Io never came to Egypt. She is sometimes called _Phoronis_, from her brother Phoroneus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 748.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 25; bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Moschus._――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 789.――_Hyginus_, fable 145.

=Iobates= and =Jobates=, a king of Lycia, father of Stenobœa, the wife of Prœtus king of Argos. He was succeeded on the throne by Bellerophon, to whom he had given one of his daughters, called Philonoe, in marriage. _See:_ Bellerophon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Hyginus_, fable 57.

=Iobes=, a son of Hercules by a daughter of Thespius. He died in his youth. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Jocasta=, a daughter of Menœceus, who married Laius king of Thebes, by whom she had Œdipus. She afterwards married her son Œdipus, without knowing who he was, and had by him Eteocles, Polynices, &c. _See:_ Laius, Œdipus. When she discovered that she had married her own son, and had been guilty of incest, she hanged herself in despair. She is called _Epicasta_ by some mythologists. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 42.――_Seneca_ & _Sophocles_, _Œdipus_. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Hyginus_, fable 66, &c.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.

=Iolaia=, a festival at Thebes, the same as that called Heracleia. It was instituted in honour of Hercules and his friend Iolas, who assisted him in conquering the hydra. It continued during several days, on the first of which were offered solemn sacrifices. The next day horse-races and athletic exercises were exhibited. The following day was set apart for wrestling; the victors were crowned with garlands of myrtle, generally used at funeral solemnities. They were sometimes rewarded with tripods of brass. The place where the exercises were exhibited was called Iolaion, where there were to be seen the monument of Amphitryon, and the cenotaph of Iolas, who was buried in Sardinia. These monuments were strewed with garlands and flowers on the day of the festival.

=Iŏlas=, or =Iolāus=, a son of Iphiclus king of Thessaly, who assisted Hercules in conquering the hydra, and burnt with a hot iron the place where the heads had been cut off, to prevent the growth of others. _See:_ Hydra. He was restored to his youth and vigour by Hebe, at the request of his friend Hercules. Some time afterwards, Iolas assisted the Heraclidæ against Eurystheus, and killed the tyrant with his own hand. According to Plutarch, Iolas had a monument in Bœotia and Phocis, where lovers used to go and bind themselves by the most solemn oaths of fidelity, considering the place as sacred to love and friendship. According to Diodorus and Pausanias, Iolas died and was buried in Sardinia, where he had gone to make a settlement at the head of the sons of Hercules by the 50 daughters of Thespius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 399. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.――――A compiler of a Phœnician history.――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Catillus in the Rutulian wars. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 640. ――――A son of Antipater, cup-bearer to Alexander. _Plutarch._

=Iolchos=, a town of Magnesia, above Demetrias, where Jason was born. It was founded by Cretheus son of Æolus and Enaretta. Mela mentions it as at some distance from the sea, though all the other ancient geographers place it on the sea-shore. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 192.

=Iŏle=, a daughter of Eurytus king of Œchalia. Her father promised her in marriage to Hercules, but he refused to perform his engagements, and Iole was carried away by force. _See:_ Eurytus. It was to extinguish the love of Hercules for Iole that Dejanira sent him the poisoned tunic, which caused his death. _See:_ Hercules and Dejanira. After the death of Hercules, Iole married his son Hyllus by Dejanira. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_ _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 279.

=Ion=, a son of Xuthus and Creusa daughter of Erechtheus, who married Helice, the daughter of Selinus king of Ægiale. He succeeded on the throne of his father-in-law, and built a city, which he called Helice, on account of his wife. His subjects from him received the name of Ionians, and the country that of Ionia. _See:_ Iones and Ionia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1. ――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 94; bk. 8, ch. 44.――――A tragic poet of Chios, whose tragedies, when represented at Athens, met with universal applause. He is mentioned and greatly commended by Aristophanes and Athenæus, &c. _Athenæus_, bk. 10, &c.――――A native of Ephesus, introduced in Plato’s dialogues as reasoning with Socrates.

=Iōne=, one of the Nereides.

=Iōnes=, a name originally given to the subjects of Ion, who dwelt at Helice. In the age of Ion the Athenians made a war against the people of Eleusis, and implored his aid against their enemies. Ion conquered the Eleusinians and Eumolpus, who was at their head; and the Athenians, sensible of his services, invited him to come and settle among them; and the more strongly to show their affection, they assumed the name of Ionians. Some suppose that, after this victory, Ion passed into Asia Minor, at the head of a colony. When the Achæans were driven from Peloponnesus by the Heraclidæ, 80 years after the Trojan war, they came to settle among the Ionians, who were then masters of Ægialus. They were soon dispossessed of their territories by the Achæans, and went to Attica, where they met with a cordial reception. Their migration from Greece to Asia Minor was about 60 years after the return of the Heraclidæ, B.C. 1044, and 80 years after the departure of the Æolians; and they therefore finally settled themselves, after a wandering life of about 30 years.

=Iōnia=, a country of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by Æolia, on the west by the Ægean and Icarian seas, on the south by Caria, and on the east by Lydia and part of Caria. It was founded by colonies from Greece, and particularly Attica, by the Ionians, or subjects of Ion. Ionia was divided into 12 small states, which formed a celebrated confederacy, often mentioned by the ancients. These 12 states were Priene, Miletus, Colophon, Clazomenæ, Ephesus, Lebedos, Teos, Phocæa, Erythræ, Smyrna, and the capitals of Samos and Chios. The inhabitants of Ionia built a temple, which they called _Pan Ionium_, from the concourse of people that flocked there from every part of Ionia. After they had enjoyed for some time their freedom and independence, they were made tributary to the power of Lydia by Crœsus. The Athenians assisted them to shake off the slavery of the Asiatic monarchs; but they soon forgot their duty and relation to their mother country, and joined Xerxes when he invaded Greece. They were delivered from the Persian yoke by Alexander, and restored to their original independence. They were reduced by the Romans under the dictator Sylla. Ionia has been always celebrated for the salubrity of the climate, the fruitfulness of the ground, and the genius of its inhabitants. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 6 & 28. ――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――An ancient name given to Hellas, or Achaia, because it was for some time the residence of the Ionians.

=Iōnium mare=, a part of the Mediterranean sea, at the bottom of the Adriatic, lying between Sicily and Greece. That part of the Ægean sea which lies on the coast of Ionia, in Asia, is called the _sea of Ionia_, and not the _Ionian sea_. According to some authors, the Ionian sea receives its name from Io, who swam across there, after she had been metamorphosed into a heifer. _Strabo_, bk. 7, &c. ――_Dionysius Periegetes._

=Iōpas=, a king of Africa, among the suitors of Dido. He was an excellent musician, poet, and philosopher, and he exhibited his superior abilities at the entertainment which Dido gave to Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 744.

=Iōpe= and =Joppa=, now _Jafa_, a famous town of Phœnicia, more ancient than the deluge, according to some traditions. It was about 40 miles from the capital of Judæa, and was remarkable for a seaport much frequented, though very dangerous on account of the great rocks that lie before it. _Strabo_, bk. 16, &c.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 28, li. 51.――――A daughter of Iphicles, who married Theseus. _Plutarch._

=Iŏphon=, a son of Sophocles, who accused his father of imprudence in the management of his affairs, &c. _Lucian_, _de Macrobii_.――――A poet of Gnossus, in Crete. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 34.

=Jordānes=, a river of Judæa, illustrious in sacred history. It rises near mount Libanus, and after running through the lake Samachonitis, and that of Tiberias, it falls, after a course of 150 miles, into the Dead sea. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Jornandes=, an historian who wrote a book on the Goths. He died A.D. 552.

=Ios=, now _Nio_, an island in the Myrtoan sea, at the south of Naxos, celebrated, as some say, for the tomb of Homer, and the birth of his mother. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Josēphus Flavius=, a celebrated Jew, born in Jerusalem, who signalized his military abilities in supporting a siege of 47 days against Vespasian and Titus, in a small town of Judæa. When the city surrendered, there were not found less than 40,000 Jews slain, and the number of captives amounted to 1200. Josephus saved his life by flying into a cave, where 40 of his countrymen had also taken refuge. He dissuaded them from committing suicide, and when they had all drawn lots to kill one another, Josephus fortunately remained the last, and surrendered himself to Vespasian. He gained the conqueror’s esteem, by foretelling that he would become one day the master of the Roman empire. Josephus was present at the siege of Jerusalem by Titus, and received all the sacred books which it contained from the conqueror’s hands. He came to Rome with Titus, where he was honoured with the name and privileges of a Roman citizen. Here he made himself esteemed by the emperors Vespasian and Titus, and dedicated his time to study. He wrote the history of the wars of the Jews, first in Syriac, and afterwards translated it into Greek. This composition so pleased Titus, that he authenticated it by placing his signature upon it, and preserving it in one of the public libraries. He finished another work, which he divided into 20 books, containing the history of the Jewish antiquities, in some places subversive of the authority and miracles mentioned in the scriptures. He also wrote two books to defend the Jews against Apion their greatest enemy; besides an account of his own life, &c. Josephus has been admired for his lively and animated style, the bold propriety of his expressions, the exactness of his descriptions, and the persuasive eloquence of his orations. He has been called the Livy of the Greeks. Though in some cases inimical to the christians, yet he has commended our Saviour so warmly, that St. Jerome calls him a christian writer. Josephus died A.D. 93, in the 56th year of his age. The best editions of his works are Hudson’s, 2 vols., folio, Oxford, 1720, and Havercamp’s, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1726. _Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, &c.

=Joviānus Flavius Claudius=, a native of Pannonia, elected emperor of Rome by the soldiers after the death of Julian. He at first refused to be invested with the imperial purple, because his subjects followed the religious principles of the late emperor; but they removed his groundless apprehensions, and when they assured him that they were warm for christianity, he accepted the crown. He made a disadvantageous treaty with the Persians, against whom Julian was marching with a victorious army. Jovian died seven months and 20 days after his ascension, and was found in his bed suffocated by the vapour of charcoal, which had been lighted in the room, A.D. 364. Some attribute his death to intemperance, and say that he was the son of a baker. He burned a celebrated library at Antioch. _Marcellinus._

=Iphianassa=, a daughter of Prœtus king of Argos, who, with her sisters Iphinoe and Lysippe, ridiculed Juno, &c. _See:_ Prœtides. ――――The wife of Endymion.

=Iphĭclus=, or =Iphicles=, a son of Amphitryon and Alcmena, born at the same birth with Hercules. As these two children were together in the cradle, Juno, jealous of Hercules, sent two large serpents to destroy him. At the sight of the serpents, Iphicles alarmed the house; but Hercules, though not a year old, boldly seized them, one in each hand, and squeezed them to death. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Theocritus._――――A king of Phylace, in Phthiotis, son of Phylacus and Clymene. He had bulls famous for their bigness, and the monster which kept them. Melampus, at the request of his brother [_See:_ Melampus], attempted to steal them away, but he was caught in the act, and imprisoned. Iphicles soon received some advantages from the prophetical knowledge of his prisoner, and not only restored him to liberty, but also presented him with the oxen. Iphicles, who was childless, learned from the soothsayer how to become a father. He had married Automedusa, and afterwards a daughter of Creon king of Thebes. He was father to Podarce and Protesilaus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11; _Iliad_, bk. 13. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36.――――A son of Thestius king of Pleuron. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Iphicrătes=, a celebrated general of Athens, who, though son of a shoemaker, rose from the lowest station to the highest offices in the state. He made war against the Thracians, obtained some victories over the Spartans, and assisted the Persian king against Egypt. He changed the dress and arms of his soldiers, and rendered them more alert and expeditious in using their weapons. He married a daughter of Cotys king of Thrace, by whom he had a son called Mnesteus, and died 380 B.C. When he was once reproached for the meanness of his origin, he observed that he would be the first of his family, but that his detractor would be the last of his own. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Iphicrates_.――――A sculptor of Athens.――――An Athenian sent to Darius III. king of Persia, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Iphĭdămus=, a son of Antenor and Theano, killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.

=Iphĭdĕmīa=, a Thessalian woman, ravished by the Naxians, &c.

=Iphĭgēnĭa=, a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. When the Greeks, going to the Trojan war, were detained by contrary winds at Aulis, they were informed by one of the soothsayers, that to appease the gods, they must sacrifice Iphigenia, Agamemnon’s daughter, to Diana. _See:_ Agamemnon. The father, who had provoked the goddess by killing her favourite stag, heard this with the greatest horror and indignation, and rather than to shed the blood of his daughter, he commanded one of his heralds, as chief of the Grecian forces, to order all the assembly to depart each to his respective home. Ulysses and the other generals interfered, and Agamemnon consented to immolate his daughter for the common cause of Greece. As Iphigenia was tenderly loved by her mother, the Greeks sent for her on pretence of giving her in marriage to Achilles. Clytemnestra gladly permitted her departure, and Iphigenia came to Aulis: here she saw the bloody preparations for the sacrifice; she implored the forgiveness and protection of her father, but tears and entreaties were unavailing. Calchas took the knife in his hand, and as he was going to strike the fatal blow, Iphigenia suddenly disappeared, and a goat of uncommon size and beauty was found in her place for the sacrifice. This supernatural change animated the Greeks, the wind suddenly became favourable, and the combined fleet set sail from Aulis. Iphigenia’s innocence had raised the compassion of the goddess on whose altar she was going to be sacrificed, and she carried her to Taurica, where she entrusted her with the care of her temple. In this sacred office Iphigenia was obliged, by the command of Diana, to sacrifice all the strangers who came into that country. Many had already been offered as victims on the bloody altar, when Orestes and Pylades came to Taurica. Their mutual and unparalleled friendship [_See:_ Pylades and Orestes] disclosed to Iphigenia that one of the strangers whom she was going to sacrifice was her brother; and, upon this, she conspired with the two friends to fly from the barbarous country, and carry away the statue of the goddess. They successfully effected their enterprise, and murdered Thoas, who enforced the human sacrifices. According to some authors, the Iphigenia who was sacrificed at Aulis was not a daughter of Agamemnon, but a daughter of Helen by ♦Theseus. Homer does not speak of the sacrifice of Iphigenia, though very minute in the description of the Grecian forces, adventures, &c. The statue of Diana, which Iphigenia brought away, was afterwards placed in the grove of Aricia in Italy. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22; bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 31.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, ch. 116. ――_Aeschylus._――_Euripides._

♦ ‘Thesus’ replaced with ‘Theseus’

=Iphĭmĕdīa=, a daughter of Tropias, who married the giant Alœus. She fled from her husband, and had two sons, Otus and Ephialtes, by Neptune, her father’s father. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 124. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Iphimedon=, a son of Eurystheus, killed in a war against the Athenians and Heraclidæ. _Apollodorus._

=Iphĭmĕdūsa=, one of the daughters of Danaus, who married Euchenor. _See:_ Danaides.

=Iphinoe=, one of the principal women of Lemnos, who conspired to destroy all the males of the island after their return from a Thracian expedition. _Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 163.――――One of the daughters of Prœtus. She died of a disease while under the care of Melampus. _See:_ Prœtides.

=Iphinous=, one of the centaurs. _Ovid._

=Iphis=, son of Alector, succeeded his father on the throne of Argos. He advised Polynices, who wished to engage Amphiaraus in the Theban war, to bribe his wife Eriphyle, by giving her the golden collar of Harmonia. This succeeded, and Eriphyle betrayed her husband. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Flaccus_, bks. 1, 3, & 7.――――A beautiful youth of Salamis, of ignoble birth. He became enamoured of Anaxarete, and the coldness and contempt he met with rendered him so desperate that he hung himself. Anaxarete saw him carried to his grave without emotion, and was instantly changed into a stone. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 703.――――A daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._――――A mistress of Patroclus, given him by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.――――A daughter of Ligdus and Telethusa, of Crete. When Telethusa was pregnant, Ligdus ordered her to destroy her child, if it proved a daughter, because his poverty could not afford to maintain a useless charge. The severe orders of her husband alarmed Telethusa, and she would have obeyed, had not Isis commanded her in a dream to spare the life of her child. Telethusa brought forth a daughter, which was given to a nurse, and passed for a boy under the name of Iphis. Ligdus continued ignorant of the deceit, and when Iphis was come to the years of puberty, her father resolved to give her in marriage to Ianthe, the beautiful daughter of Telestes. A day to celebrate the nuptials was appointed, but Telethusa and her daughter were equally anxious to put off the marriage; and, when all was unavailing, they implored the assistance of Isis, by whose advice the life of Iphis had been preserved. The goddess was moved; she changed the sex of Iphis, and, on the morrow, the nuptials were consummated with the greatest rejoicings. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 666, &c.

=Iphition=, an ally of the Trojans, son of Otryntheus and Nais, killed by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 382.

=Iphĭtus=, a son of Eurytus king of Œchalia. When his father had promised his daughter Iole to him who could overcome him or his sons in drawing the bow, Hercules accepted the challenge, and came off victorious. Eurytus refused his daughter to the conqueror, observing that Hercules had killed one of his wives in a fury, and that Iole might perhaps share the same fate. Some time after, Autolycus stole away the oxen of Eurytus, and Hercules was suspected of the theft. Iphitus was sent in quest of the oxen, and in his search he met with Hercules, whose good favours he had gained by advising Eurytus to give Iole to the conqueror. Hercules assisted Iphitus in seeking the lost animals; but when he recollected the ingratitude of Eurytus, he killed Iphitus by throwing him down from the walls of Tirynthus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 21.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――A Trojan, who survived the ruin of his country, and fled with Æneas to Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 340, &c.――――A king of Elis, son of Praxonides, in the age of Lycurgus. He re-established the olympic games 338 years after their institution by Hercules, or about 884 years before the christian era. This epoch is famous in chronological history, as everything previous to it seems involved in fabulous obscurity. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 4.

=Iphthime=, a sister of Penelope, who married Eumelus. She appeared, by the power of Minerva, to her sister in a dream, to comfort her in the absence of her son Telemachus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4, li. 795.

=Ipsea=, the mother of Medea. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 17, li. 232.

=Ipsus=, a place of Phrygia, celebrated for a battle which was fought there, about 301 years before the christian era, between Antigonus and his son, and Seleucus, Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. The former led into the field an army of above 70,000 foot and 10,000 horse, with 75 elephants. The latter’s forces consisted of above 64,000 infantry, besides 10,500 horse, 400 elephants, and 120 armed chariots. Antigonus and his son were defeated. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.

=Ira=, a city of Messenia, which Agamemnon promised to Achilles, if he would resume his arms to fight against the Trojans. This place is famous in history, as having supported a siege of 11 years against the Lacedæmonians. Its capture, B.C. 671, put an end to the second Messenian war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, lis. 150 & 292.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Irenæus=, a native of Greece, disciple of Polycarp, and bishop of Lyons in France. He wrote on different subjects; but, as what remains is in Latin, some suppose that he composed in that language, and not in the Greek. Fragments of his works in Greek are, however, preserved, which prove that his style was simple, though clear and often animated. His opinions concerning the soul are curious. He suffered martyrdom, A.D. 202. The best edition of his works is that of Grabe, Oxford, folio, 1702.

=Irēne=, a daughter of Cratinus the painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11. ――――One of the seasons among the Greeks, called by the moderns Horæ. Her two sisters were Dia and Eunomia, all daughters of Jupiter and Themis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Iresus=, a delightful spot in Libya, near Cyrene, where Battus fixed his residence. The Egyptians were once defeated there by the inhabitants of Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 158, &c.

=Iris=, a daughter of Thaumas and Electra, one of the Oceanides, messenger of the gods, and more particularly of Juno. Her office was to cut the thread which seemed to detain the soul in the body of those that were expiring. She is the same as the rainbow, and, from that circumstance, she is represented with wings, with all the variegated and beautiful colours of the rainbow, and appears sitting behind Juno ready to execute her commands. She is likewise described as supplying the clouds with water to deluge the world. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 266.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 271 _et seq._; bk. 4, li. 481; bk. 10, li. 585.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 694.――――A river of Asia Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and falling into the Euxine sea. _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 121.――――A river of Pontus.

=Irus=, a beggar of Ithaca, who executed the commissions of Penelope’s suitors. When Ulysses returned home, disguised in a beggar’s dress, Irus hindered him from entering the gates, and even challenged him. Ulysses brought him to the ground with a blow, and dragged him out of the house. From his poverty originates the proverb, _Iro pauperior_. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8, lis. 1 & 35.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 42.――――A mountain of India.

=Is=, a small river falling into the Euphrates. Its waters abound with bitumen. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 179.――――A small town on the river of the same name. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 179.

=Isădas=, a Spartan, who, upon seeing the Thebans entering the city, stripped himself naked, and with a spear and sword engaged the enemy. He was rewarded with a crown for his valour. _Plutarch._

=Isæa=, one of the Nereides.

=Isæus=, an orator of Chalcis, in Eubœa, who came to Athens, and became there the pupil of Lysias, and soon after the master of Demosthenes. Some suppose that he reformed the dissipation and imprudence of his early years by frugality and temperance. Demosthenes imitated him in preference to Isocrates, because he studied force and energy of expression rather than floridness of style. Ten of his 64 orations are extant. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 74.――_Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten Orators_.――_Demosthenes._ ――――Another Greek orator, who came to Rome, A.D. 17. He is greatly recommended by Pliny the younger, who observes that he always spoke extempore, and wrote with elegance, unlaboured ease, and great correctness.

=Isamus=, a river of India.

=Isander=, a son of Bellerophon, killed in the war which his father made against the Solymi. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.

=Isāpis=, a river of Umbria. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 406.

=Isar= and =Isara=, the _Isore_, a river of Gaul, where Fabius routed the Allobroges. It rises at the east of Savoy, and falls into the Rhone near Valence. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 399. ――――Another called the Oyse, which falls into the Seine below Paris.

=Isar= and =Isæus=, a river of Vindelicia. _Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Isarchus=, an Athenian archon, B.C. 424.

=Isaura= (a, or orum), the chief town of Isauria. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Isauria=, a country of Asia Minor, near mount Taurus, whose inhabitants were bold and warlike. The Roman emperors, particularly Probus and Gallus, made war against them and conquered them. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Strabo._――_Cicero_, bk. 15, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 2.

=Isaurĭcus=, a surname of Publius Servilius, from his conquests over the Isaurians. _Ovid_, bk. 1, _Fasti_, li. 594.――_Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 21.

=Isaurus=, a river of Umbria, falling into the Adriatic.――――Another in Magna Græcia. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 406.

=Ischenia=, an annual festival at Olympia, in honour of Ischenus the grandson of Mercury and Hiera, who, in a time of famine, devoted himself for his country, and was honoured with a monument near Olympia.

=Ischolaus=, a brave and prudent general of Sparta, &c. _Polyænus._

=Ischomăchus=, a noble athlete of Crotona, about the consulship of Marcus Valerius and Publius Posthumius.

=Ischopŏlis=, a town of Pontus.

=Iscia.= _See:_ Œnotrides.

=Isdegerdes=, a king of Persia, appointed by the will of Arcadius, guardian to Theodosius II. He died in his 31st year, A.D. 408.

=Isia=, certain festivals observed in honour of Isis, which continued nine days. It was usual to carry vessels full of wheat and barley, as the goddess was supposed to be the first who taught mankind the use of corn. These festivals were adopted by the Romans, among whom they soon degenerated into licentiousness. They were abolished by a decree of the senate, A.U.C. 696. They were introduced again, about 200 years after, by Commodus.

=Isiacōrum portus=, a harbour on the shore of the Euxine, near Dacia.

=Isidōrus=, a native of Charax, in the age of Ptolemy Lagus, who wrote some historical treatises, besides a description of Parthia.――――A disciple of Chrysostom, called _Pelusiota_, from his living in Egypt. Of his epistles 2012 remain written in Greek, with conciseness and elegance. The best edition is that of Paris, folio, 1638.――――A christian Greek writer, who flourished in the seventh century. He is surnamed _Hispalensis_. His works have been edited, folio, de Breul, Paris, 1601.

=Isis=, a celebrated deity of the Egyptians, daughter of Saturn and Rhea, according to Diodorus of Sicily. Some suppose her to be the same as Io, who was changed into a cow, and restored to her human form in Egypt, where she taught agriculture, and governed the people with mildness and equity, for which reason she received divine honours after death. According to some traditions mentioned by Plutarch, Isis married her brother Osiris, and was pregnant by him even before she had left her mother’s womb. These two ancient deities, as some authors observe, comprehended all nature, and all the gods of the heathens. Isis was the Venus of Cyprus, the Minerva of Athens, the Cybele of the Phrygians, the Ceres of Eleusis, the Proserpine of Sicily, the Diana of Crete, the Bellona of the Romans, &c. Osiris and Isis reigned conjointly in Egypt; but the rebellion of Typhon the brother of Osiris proved fatal to this sovereign. _See:_ Osiris and Typhon. The ox and cow were the symbols of Osiris and Isis, because these deities, while on earth, had diligently applied themselves in cultivating the earth. _See:_ Apis. As Isis was supposed to be the moon, and Osiris the sun, she was represented as holding a globe in her hand, with a vessel full of ears of corn. The Egyptians believed that the yearly and regular inundations of the Nile proceeded from the abundant tears which Isis shed for the loss of Osiris, whom Typhon had basely murdered. The word _Isis_, according to some, signifies _ancient_, and, on that account, the inscriptions on the statues of the goddess were often in these words: _I am all that has been, that shall be, and none among mortals has hitherto taken off my veil_. The worship of Isis was universal in Egypt; the priests were obliged to observe perpetual chastity, their head was closely shaved, and they always walked barefooted, and clothed themselves in linen garments. They never ate onions, they abstained from salt with their meat, and were forbidden to eat the flesh of sheep and of hogs. During the night they were employed in continual devotion near the statue of the goddess. Cleopatra the beautiful queen of Egypt was wont to dress herself like this goddess, and affected to be called a second Isis. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 59. ――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 831.

=Ismărus= (Ismăra, plural), a rugged mountain of Thrace, covered with vines and olives, near the Hebrus, with a town of the same name. Its wines are excellent. The word _Ismarius_ is indiscriminately used for Thracian. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 9.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 37; _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 351.――――A Theban, son of Astacus. ――――A son of Eumolpus. _Apollodorus._――――A Lydian who accompanied Æneas to Italy, and fought with great vigour against the Rutuli. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 139.

=Ismēne=, a daughter of Œdipus and Jocasta, who, when her sister Antigone had been condemned to be buried alive by Creon, for giving burial to her brother Polynices against the tyrant’s positive orders, declared herself as guilty as her sister, and insisted upon being equally punished with her. This instance of generosity was strongly opposed by Antigone, who wished not to see her sister involved in her calamities. _Sophocles_, _Antigone_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A daughter of the river Asopus, who married the hundred-eyed Argus, by whom she had Jasus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Ismēnias=, a celebrated musician of Thebes. When he was taken prisoner by the Scythians, Atheas the king of the country observed that he liked the music of Ismenias better than the braying of an ass. _Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.――――A Theban, bribed by Timocrates of Rhodes, that he might use his influence to prevent the Athenians and some other Grecian states from assisting Lacedæmon, against which Xerxes was engaged in war. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――A Theban general, sent to Persia with an embassy by his countrymen. As none were admitted into the king’s presence without prostrating themselves at his feet, Ismenias had recourse to artifice to avoid doing an action which would have proved disgraceful to his country. When he was introduced he dropped his ring, and the motion he made to recover it from the ground was mistaken for the most submissive homage, and Ismenias had a satisfactory audience of the monarch.――――A river of Bœotia, falling into the Euripus, where Apollo had a temple, from which he was called _Ismenius_. A youth was yearly chosen by the Bœotians to be the priest of the god, an office to which Hercules was once appointed. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_ bk. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Ismenĭdes=, an epithet applied to the Theban women, as being near the Ismenus, a river of Bœotia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 31.

=Ismenius=, a surname of Apollo at Thebes, where he had a temple on the borders of the Ismenus.

=Ismēnus=, a son of Apollo and Melia, one of the Nereides, who gave his name to the Ladon, a river of Bœotia, near Thebes, falling into the Asopus, and thence into the Euripus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10. ――――A son of Asopus and Metope. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A son of Amphion and Niobe, killed by Apollo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 6.

=Isŏcrătes=, a celebrated orator, son of Theodorus, a rich musical instrument maker at Athens. He was taught in the schools of Georgias and Prodicus, but his oratorical abilities were never displayed in public, and Isocrates was prevented by an unconquerable timidity from speaking in the popular assemblies. He opened a school of eloquence at Athens, where he distinguished himself by the number, character, and fame of his pupils, and by the immense riches which he amassed. He was intimate with Philip of Macedon, and regularly corresponded with him; and to his familiarity with that monarch the Athenians were indebted for some of the few peaceful years which they passed. The aspiring ambition of Philip, however, displeased Isocrates, and the defeat of the Athenians at Cheronæa had such an effect upon his spirits, that he did not survive the disgrace of his country, but died, after he had been four days without taking any aliment, in the 99th year of his age, about 338 years before Christ. Isocrates has always been much admired for the sweetness and graceful simplicity of his style, for the harmony of his expressions, and the dignity of his language. The remains of his orations extant inspire the world with the highest veneration for his abilities as a moralist, an orator, and, above all, as a man. His merit, however, is lessened by those who accuse him of plagiarism from the works of Thucydides, Lysias, and others, seen particularly in his panegyric. He was so studious of correctness, that his lines are sometimes poetry. The severe conduct of the Athenians against Socrates highly displeased him, and, in spite of all the undeserved unpopularity of that great philosopher, he put on mourning the day of his death. About 31 of his orations are extant. Isocrates was honoured after death with a brazen serpent by Timotheus, one of his pupils, and Aphareus his adopted son. The best editions of Isocrates are that of Battie, 2 vols., 8vo, Cambridge, 1729, and that of Auger, 3 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1782. _Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten Orators_, &c. ――_Cicero_, _Orator_, ch. 20; _De Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 126; _Brutus_, ch. 15; _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Quintilian_, bk. 2, &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――――One of the officers of the Peloponnesian fleet, &c. _Thucydides._――――One of the disciples of Isocrates.――――A rhetorician of Syria, enemy to the Romans, &c.

=Issa=, now _Lissa_, an island in the Adriatic sea, on the coast of Dalmatia.――――A town of Illyricum. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 1, &c.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 26, ch. 25.

=Isse=, a daughter of Macareus the son of Lycaon. She was beloved by Apollo, who, to obtain her confidence, changed himself into the form of a shepherd, to whom she was attached. This metamorphosis of Apollo was represented on the web of Arachne. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 124.

=Issus=, now _Aisse_, a town of Cilicia, on the confines of Syria, famous for a battle fought there between Alexander the Great and the Persians under Darius their king, in October, B.C. 333, in consequence of which it was called _Nicopolis_. In this battle the Persians lost, in the field of battle, 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, and the Macedonians only 300 foot and 150 horse, according to Diodorus Siculus. The Persian army, according to Justin, consisted of 400,000 foot and 100,000 horse, and 61,000 of the former and 10, 000 of the latter were left dead on the spot, and 40,000 were taken prisoners. The loss of the Macedonians, as he further adds, was no more than 130 foot and 150 horse. According to Curtius, the Persians slain amounted to 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse; and those of Alexander to 32 foot and 150 horse killed, and 504 wounded. This spot is likewise famous for the defeat of Niger by Severus, A.D. 194. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 9.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Arrian._――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 20; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 2, ltr. 10.

=Ister= and =Istrus=, an historian, disciple to Callimachus. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A large river of Europe, falling into the Euxine sea, called also the _Danube_. _See:_ Danubius.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._

=Isthmia=, sacred games among the Greeks, which received their names from the Isthmus of Corinth, where they were observed. They were celebrated in commemoration of Melicerta, who was changed into a sea deity, when his mother Ino had thrown herself into the sea with him in her arms. The body of Melicerta, according to some traditions, when cast upon the sea-shore, received an honourable burial, in memory of which the Isthmian games were instituted, B.C. 1326. They were interrupted after they had been celebrated with great regularity during some years, and Theseus at last reinstituted them in honour of Neptune, whom he publicly called his father. These games were observed every third, or rather fifth, year, and held so sacred and inviolable that even a public calamity could not prevent the celebration. When Corinth was destroyed by Mummius the Roman general, they were observed with the usual solemnity, and the Sicyonians were entrusted with the superintendence, which had been before one of the privileges of the ruined Corinthians. Combats of every kind were exhibited, and the victors were rewarded with garlands of pine leaves. Some time after the custom was changed, and the victor received a crown of dry and withered parsley. The years were reckoned by the celebration of the Isthmian games, as among the Romans from the consular government. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44; bk. 2, chs. 1 & 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Isthmius=, a king of Messenia, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Isthmus=, a small neck of land which joins one country to another, and prevents the sea from making them separate, such as that of Corinth, called often the Isthmus by way of eminence, which joins Peloponnesus to Greece. Nero attempted to cut it across and make a communication between the two seas, but in vain. It is now called _Hexamili_. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 101.

=Istiæotis=, a country of Greece, near Ossa. _See:_ Histiæotis.

=Istria=, a province at the west of Illyricum, at the top of the Adriatic sea, whose inhabitants were originally pirates, and lived on plunder. They were not subjected to Rome till six centuries after the foundation of that city. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――_Livy_, bk. 10, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 19.――_Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 2.

=Istropŏlis=, a city of Thrace near the mouth of the Ister, founded by a Milesian colony. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Isus= and =Antĭphus=, sons of Priam, the latter by Hecuba, and the former by a concubine. They were seized by Achilles, as they fed their father’s flocks on mount Ida; but they were redeemed by Priam, and fought against the Greeks. They were both killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.――――A city of Bœotia. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Itălia=, a celebrated country of Europe, bounded by the Adriatic and Tyrrhene seas, and by the Alpine mountains. It has been compared, and with some similitude, to a man’s leg. It has borne, at different periods, the different names of Saturnia, Œnotria, Hesperia, Ausonia, and Tyrrhenia, and it received the name of Italy either from Italus, a king of the country, or from Italos, a Greek word which signifies _an ox_, an animal very common in that part of Europe. The boundaries of Italy appear to have been formed by nature itself, which seems to have been particularly careful in supplying this country with whatever may contribute not only to the support, but also to the pleasures and luxuries of life. It has been called the garden of Europe; and the panegyric which Pliny bestows upon it seems not in any degree exaggerated. The ancient inhabitants called themselves _Aborigines_, offspring of the soil, and the country was soon after peopled by colonies from Greece. The Pelasgi and the Arcadians made settlements there, and the whole country was divided into as many different governments as there were towns, till the rapid increase of the Roman power [_See:_ Roma] changed the face of Italy, and united all its states in support of one common cause. Italy has been the mother of arts as well as of arms, and the immortal monuments which remain of the eloquence and poetical abilities of its inhabitants are universally known. It was divided into 11 small provinces or regions by Augustus, though sometimes known under the three greater divisions of Cisalpine Gaul, Italy properly so called, and Magna Græcia. The sea above was called _Superum_, and that at the south _Inferum_. _Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 1. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 4, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_, _Alcibiades_, &c.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.――_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Florus_, bk. 2.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 397, &c. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 8.

=Italĭca=, a town of Italy, called also Corfinium.――――A town of Spain, now _Sevilla la Vieja_, built by Scipio for the accommodation of his wounded soldiers. _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 16, ch. 13.――_Appian_, _Wars in Spain_.

=Italĭcus=, a poet. _See:_ Silius Italicus.

=Itălus=, a son of Telegonus. _Hyginus_, fable 127.――――An Arcadian prince, who came to Italy, where he established a kingdom, called after him. It is supposed that he received divine honours after death, as Æneas calls upon him among the deities to whom he paid his adoration when he entered Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 178. ――――A prince, whose daughter Roma by his wife Leucaria is said to have married Æneas or Ascanius. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――――A king of the Cherusci, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 16.

=Itargris=, a river of Germany.

=Itea=, a daughter of Danaus. _Hyginus_, fable 170.

=Itemales=, an old man who exposed Œdipus on mount Cithæron, &c. _Hyginus_, fable 65.

=Ithăca=, a celebrated island in the Ionian sea, on the western parts of Greece, with a city of the same name, famous for being part of the kingdom of Ulysses. It is very rocky and mountainous, measures about 25 miles in circumference, and is now known by the name of _Isola del Compare_, or _Thiachi_. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 139; _Odyssey_, bk. 1, li. 186; bk. 4, li. 601; bk. 9, li. 20.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Ithacesiæ=, three islands opposite Vibo, on the coast of the Brutii. ――――Baiæ was called also _Ithacesiæ_, because built by Bajus the pilot of Ulysses. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 540; bk. 12, li. 113.

=Ithobălus=, a king of Tyre, who died B.C. 595. _Josephus._

=Ithōme=, a town of Phthiotis. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――Another of Messenia, which surrendered, after 10 years’ siege, to Lacedæmon, 724 years before the christian era. Jupiter was call _Ithomates_, from a temple which he had there, where games were also celebrated, and the conqueror rewarded with an oaken crown. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 32.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 179.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Ithomaia=, a festival in which musicians contended, observed at Ithome, in honour of Jupiter, who had been nursed by the nymphs Ithome and Neda, the former of whom gave her name to a city, and the latter to a river.

=Ithyphallus=, an obscene name of Priapus. _Columella_, bk. 10. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Itius Portus=, a town of Gaul, now Wetsand, or Boulogne, in Picardy. Cæsar set sail from thence on his passage into Britain. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 21; bk. 5, chs. 2 & 5.

=Itōnia=, a surname of Minerva, from a place in Bœotia, where she was worshipped.

=Itōnus=, a king of Thessaly, son of Deucalion, who first invented the manner of polishing metals. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 402.

=Ituna=, a river of Britain, now Eden, in Cumberland.

=Itūræa=, a country of Palestine, whose inhabitants were very skilful in drawing the bow. _Lucan_, bk. 7, lis. 230 & 514.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 448.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Itūrum=, a town of Umbria.

=Ity̆lus=, a son of Zetheus and Ædon, killed by his mother. _See:_ Ædon. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 19, li. 462.

=Ityræi=, a people of Palestine. _See:_ Ituræa.

=Itys=, a son of Tereus king of Thrace by Procne, daughter of Pandion king of Athens. He was killed by his mother when he was about six years old, and served up as meat before his father. He was changed into a pheasant, his mother into a swallow, and his father into an owl. _See:_ Philomela. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 620; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 14, li. 29.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 12.――――A Trojan who came to Italy with Æneas, and was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 574.

=Juba=, a king of Numidia and Mauritania, who succeeded his father Hiempsal, and favoured the cause of Pompey against Julius Cæsar. He defeated Curio, whom Cæsar had sent to Africa, and after the battle of Pharsalia, he joined his forces to those of Scipio. He was conquered in a battle at Thapsus, and totally abandoned by his subjects. He killed himself with Petreius, who had shared his good fortune and his adversity. His kingdom became a Roman province, of which Sallust was the first governor. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_ & _Cæsar_. ――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 35.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 41.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, &c. ――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 2.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 54.――――The second of that name was the son of Juba I. He was led among the captives to Rome, to adorn the triumph of Cæsar. His captivity was the source of the greatest honours, and his application to study procured him more glory than he could have obtained from the inheritance of a kingdom. He gained the hearts of the Romans by the courteousness of his manners, and Augustus rewarded his fidelity by giving him in marriage Cleopatra the daughter of Antony, and conferring upon him the title of king, and making him master of all the territories which his father once possessed. His popularity was so great, that the Mauritanians rewarded his benevolence by making him one of their gods. The Athenians raised him a statue, and the Æthiopians worshipped him as a deity. Juba wrote a history of Rome in Greek, which is often quoted and commended by the ancients, but of which only a few fragments remain. He also wrote on the history of Arabia and the antiquities of Assyria, chiefly collected from Berosus. Besides these he composed some treatises upon the drama, Roman antiquities, the nature of animals, painting, grammar, &c., now lost. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 26. ――_Pliny_, bk. 5, chs. 25 & 32.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 51, &c.

=Judacilius=, a native of Asculum celebrated for his patriotism, in the age of Pompey, &c.

=Judæa=, a famous country of Assyria, bounded by Arabia, Egypt, Phœnicia, the Mediterranean sea, and part of Syria. The inhabitants, whose history is best collected from the Holy Scriptures, were chiefly governed after their Babylonish captivity by the high priests, who raised themselves to the rank of princes, B.C. 153, and continued in the enjoyment of regal power till the age of Augustus. _Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 36.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 593.

=Jugālis=, a surname of Juno, because she presided over marriage. _Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_.

=Jugantes=, a people of Britain. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 32.

=Jugarius=, a street in Rome, below the Capitol.

=Jugurtha=, the illegitimate son of Manastabal the brother of Micipsa. Micipsa and Manastabal were the sons of Masinissa king of Numidia. Micipsa, who had inherited his father’s kingdom, educated his nephew with his two sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal; but, as he was of an aspiring disposition, he sent him with a body of troops to the assistance of Scipio, who was besieging Numantia, hoping to lose a youth whose ambition seemed to threaten the tranquillity of his children. His hopes were frustrated; Jugurtha showed himself brave and active, and endeared himself to the Roman general. Micipsa appointed him successor to his kingdom with his two sons, but the kindness of the father proved fatal to the children. Jugurtha destroyed Hiempsal, and stripped Adherbal of his possessions, and obliged him to fly to Rome for safety. The Romans listened to the well-grounded complaints of Adherbal, but Jugurtha’s gold prevailed among the senators, and the suppliant monarch, forsaken in his distress, perished by the snares of his enemy. Cæcilius Metellus was at last sent against Jugurtha, and his firmness and success soon reduced the crafty Numidian, and obliged him to fly among his savage neighbours for support. Marius and Sylla succeeded Metellus, and fought with equal success. Jugurtha was at last betrayed by his father-in-law Bocchus, from whom he claimed assistance, and he was delivered into the hands of Sylla, after carrying on a war of five years. He was exposed to the view of the Roman people, and dragged in chains to adorn the triumph of Marius. He was afterwards put in a prison, where he died six days after of hunger, B.C. 106. The name and the wars of Jugurtha have been immortalized by the pen of Sallust. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 1. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 10, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_ & _Sulla_.――_Eutropius_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Julia lex=, _prima de provinciis_, by Julius Cæsar, A.U.C. 691. It confirmed the freedom of all Greece; it ordained that the Roman magistrates should act there as judges, and that the towns and villages through which the Roman magistrates and ambassadors passed should maintain them during their stay; that the governors, at the expiration of their office, should leave a scheme of their accounts in two cities of their province, and deliver a copy of it at the public treasury; that the provincial governors should not accept of a golden crown unless they were honoured with a triumph by the senate; that no supreme commander should go out of his province, enter any dominions, lead an army, or engage in a war, without the previous approbation and command of the Roman senate and people. ――――Another, _de sumptibus_, in the age of Augustus. It limited the expense of provisions on the _dies profesti_, or days appointed for the transaction of business, to 200 sesterces; on common calendar festivals to 300; and on all extraordinary occasions, such as marriages, births, &c., to 1000.――――Another, _de provinciis_, by Julius Cæsar Dictator. It ordained that no pretorian province should be held more than one year, and a consular province more than two years.――――Another, called also _Campana agraria_, by the same, A.U.C. 691. It required that all the lands of Campania, formerly rented according to the estimation of the state, should be divided among the plebeians, and that all the members of the senate should bind themselves by an oath to establish, confirm, and protect that law. ――――Another, _de civitate_, by Lucius Julius Cæsar, A.U.C. 664. It rewarded with the name and privileges of citizens of Rome all such as, during the civil wars, had remained the constant friends of the republican liberty. When that civil war was at an end, all the Italians were admitted as free denizens, and composed eight new tribes.――――Another, _de judicibus_, by Julius Cæsar. It confirmed the Pompeian law in a certain manner, requiring the judges to be chosen from the richest people in every _century_, allowing the senators and knights in the number, and excluding the _tribuni ærarii_.――――Another, _de ambitu_, by Augustus. It restrained the illicit measures used at elections, and restored to the _comitia_ their ancient privileges, which had been destroyed by the ambition and bribery of Julius Cæsar.――――Another, by Augustus, _de adulterio & pudicitiâ_. It punished adultery with death. It was afterwards confirmed and enforced by Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 30, alludes to it.――――Another, called also _Papia_, or _Papia Poppæa_, which was the same as the following, only enlarged by the consuls Papius and Poppæus, A.U.C. 762.――――Another, _de maritandis ordinibus_, by Augustus. It proposed rewards to such as engaged in matrimony, of a particular description. It inflicted punishment on celibacy, and permitted the patricians, the senators and sons of senators excepted, to intermarry with the _libertini_, or children of those that had been _liberti_, or servants manumitted. Horace alludes to it when he speaks of _lex marita_.――――Another, _de majestate_, by Julius Cæsar. It punished with _aquæ & ignis interdictio_ all such as were found guilty of the _crimen majestatis_, or treason against the state.

=Julia=, a daughter of Julius Cæsar, by Cornelia, famous for her personal charms and for her virtues. She married Cornelius Cæpio, whom her father obliged her to divorce to marry Pompey the Great. Her amiable disposition more strongly cemented the friendship of the father and of the son-in-law; but her sudden death in child-bed, B.C. 53, broke all ties of intimacy and relationship, and soon produced a civil war. _Plutarch._――――The mother of Marcus Antony, whose humanity is greatly celebrated in saving her brother-in-law Julius Cæsar from the cruel prosecutions of her son.――――An aunt of Julius Cæsar, who married Caius Marius. Her funeral oration was publicly pronounced by her nephew.――――The only daughter of the emperor Augustus, remarkable for her beauty, genius, and debaucheries. She was tenderly loved by her father, who gave her in marriage to Marcellus; after whose death she was given to Agrippa, by whom she had five children. She became a second time a widow, and was married to Tiberius. Her lasciviousness and debaucheries so disgusted her husband, that he retired from the court of the emperor; and Augustus, informed of her lustful propensities and infamy, banished her from his sight, and confined her in a small island on the coast of Campania. She was starved to death, A.D. 14, by order of Tiberius, who had succeeded to Augustus as emperor of Rome. _Plutarch._――――A daughter of the emperor Titus, who prostituted herself to her brother Domitian.――――A daughter of Julia the wife of Agrippa, who married Lepidas, and was banished for her licentiousness.――――A daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, born in the island of Lesbos, A.D. 17. She married a senator called Marcus Vinucius, at the age of 16, and enjoyed the most unbounded favours in the court of her brother Caligula, who is accused of being her first seducer. She was banished by Caligula on suspicion of conspiracy. Claudius recalled her; but she was soon after banished by the powerful intrigues of Messalina, and put to death about the 24th year of her age. She was no stranger to the debaucheries of the age, and she prostituted herself as freely to the meanest of the people as to the nobler companions of her brother’s extravagance. Seneca, as some suppose, was banished to Corsica for having seduced her.――――A celebrated woman, born in Phœnicia. She is also called Domna. She applied herself to the study of geometry and philosophy, &c., and rendered herself conspicuous, as much by her mental as by her personal charms. She came to Rome, where her learning recommended her to all the literati of the age. She married Septimius Severus, who, 20 years after this matrimonial connection, was invested with the imperial purple. Severus was guided by the prudence and advice of Julia, but he was blind to her foibles, and often punished with the greatest severity those vices which were enormous in the empress. She is even said to have conspired against the emperor, but she resolved to blot out, by patronizing literature, the spots which her debauchery and extravagance had rendered indelible in the eyes of virtue. Her influence, after the death of Severus, was for some time productive of tranquillity and cordial union between his two sons and successors. Geta at last, however, fell a sacrifice to his brother Caracalla, and Julia was even wounded in the arm while she attempted to screen her favourite son from his brother’s dagger. According to some, Julia committed incest with her son Caracalla, and publicly married him. She starved herself when her ambitious views were defeated by Macrinus, who aspired to the empire in preference to her, after the death of Caracalla.――――A town of Gallia Togata.

=Juliacum=, a town of Germany, now _Juliers_.

=Juliānus=, a son of Julius Constantius, the brother of Constantine the Great, born at Constantinople. The massacre which attended the elevation of the sons of Constantine the Great to the throne, nearly proved fatal to Julian and to his brother Gallus. The two brothers were privately educated together, and taught the doctrines of the christian religion, and exhorted to be modest, temperate, and to despise the gratification of all sensual pleasures. Gallus received the instructions of his pious teachers with deference and submission, but Julian showed his dislike for christianity by secretly cherishing a desire to become one of the votaries of paganism. He gave sufficient proofs of this propensity when he went to Athens in the 24th year of his age, where he applied himself to the study of magic and astrology. He was some time after appointed over Gaul, with the title of Cæsar, by Constans, and there he showed himself worthy of the imperial dignity by his prudence, valour, and the numerous victories which he obtained over the enemies of Rome in Gaul and Germany. His mildness, as well as his condescension, gained him the hearts of his soldiers; and when Constans, to whom Julian was become suspected, ordered him to send him part of his forces to go into the east, the army immediately mutinied, and promised immortal fidelity to their leader, by refusing to obey the order of Constans. They even compelled Julian, by threats and entreaties, to accept of the title of independent emperor and of Augustus; and the death of Constans, which soon after happened, left him sole master of the Roman empire, A.D. 261. Julian then disclosed his religious sentiments, and publicly disavowed the doctrines of christianity, and offered solemn sacrifices to all the gods of ancient Rome. This change of religious opinion was attributed to the austerity with which he received the precepts of christianity, or, according to others, to the literary conversation and persuasive eloquence of some of the Athenian philosophers. From this circumstance, therefore, Julian has been called _Apostate_. After he had made his public entry at Constantinople, he determined to continue the Persian war, and check those barbarians, who had for 60 years derided the indolence of the Roman emperors. When he had crossed the Tigris, he burned his fleet, and advanced with boldness into the enemy’s country. His march was that of a conqueror; he met with no opposition from a weak and indigent enemy; but the country of Assyria had been left desolate by the Persians, and Julian, without corn or provisions, was obliged to retire. As he could not convey his fleet again over the streams of the Tigris, he took the resolution of marching up the source of the river, and imitating the bold return of the 10,000 Greeks. As he advanced through the country he defeated the officers of Sapor the king of Persia; but an engagement proved fatal to him, and he received a deadly wound as he animated his soldiers to battle. He expired the following night, the 27th of June, A.D. 363 in the 32nd year of his age. His last moments were spent in a conversation with a philosopher about the immortality of the soul, and he breathed his last without expressing the least sorrow for his fate, or the suddenness of his death. Julian’s character has been admired by some and censured by others, but the malevolence of his enemies arises from his apostacy. As a man and as a monarch he demands our warmest commendations; but we must blame his idolatry, and despise his bigoted principles. He was moderate in his successes, merciful to his enemies, and amiable in his character. He abolished the luxuries which reigned in the court of Constantinople, and dismissed with contempt the numerous officers who waited upon Constantius, to anoint his head or perfume his body. He was frugal in his meals and slept little, reposing himself on a skin spread on the ground. He awoke at midnight, and spent the rest of the night in reading or writing, and issued early from his tent to pay his daily visit to the guards around the camp. He was not fond of public amusements, but rather dedicated his time to study and solitude. When he passed through Antioch in his Persian expedition, the inhabitants of the place, offended at his religious sentiments, ridiculed his person and lampooned him in satirical verses. The emperor made use of the same arms for his defence, and rather than destroy his enemies by the sword, he condescended to expose them to derision, and unveil their follies and debaucheries in a humerous work, which he called Misopogon, or _beard-hater_. He imitated the virtuous example of Scipio and Alexander, and laid no temptation for his virtue by visiting some female captives that had fallen into his hands. In his matrimonial connections, Julian rather consulted policy than inclination, and his marriage with the sister of Constantius arose from his unwillingness to offend his benefactor, rather than to obey the laws of nature. He was buried at Tarsus, and afterwards his body was conveyed to Constantinople. He distinguished himself by his writings, as well as by his military character. Besides his Misopogon, he wrote the history of Gaul. He also wrote two letters to the Athenians; and, besides, there are now extant 64 of his letters on various subjects. His Cæsars is the most famous of all his compositions, being a satire upon all the Roman emperors from Julius Cæsar to Constantine. It is written in the form of a dialogue, in which the author severely attacks the venerable character of Marcus Aurelius, whom he had proposed to himself as a pattern, and speaks in scurrilous and abusive language of his relation Constantine. It has been observed of Julian that, like Cæsar, he could employ at the same time his hand to write, his ear to listen, his eyes to read, and his mind to dictate. The best edition of his works is that of Spanheim, folio, Leipsic, 1696; and of the Cæsars, that of Heusinger, 8vo, Gothæ, 1741. _Julian._ ――_Socrates._――_Eutropius._――_Ammianus Marcellinus._――_Libanius_, &c.――――A son of Constantine.――――A maternal uncle of the emperor Julian.――――A Roman emperor. _See:_ Didius.――――A Roman, who proclaimed himself emperor in Italy during the reign of Diocletian, &c.――――A governor of Africa.――――A counsellor of the emperor Adrian. ――――A general in Dacia, in Domitian’s reign.

=Julii=, a family of Alba, brought to Rome by Romulus, where they soon rose to the greatest honours of the state. Julius Cæsar and Augustus were of this family; and it was said, perhaps through flattery, that they were lineally descended from Æneas the founder of Lavinium.

=Jūliomăgus=, a city of Gaul, now _Angers_, in Anjou.

=Juliopŏlis=, a town of Bithynia, supposed by some to be the same as Tarsus of Cilicia.

=Jūlis=, a town of the island of Cos, which gave birth to Simonides, &c. The walls of this city were all marble, and there are now some pieces remaining entire above 12 feet in height, as the monuments of its ancient splendour. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Jūlius Cæsar.= _See:_ Cæsar.――――Agricola, a governor of Britain, A.C. 80, who first discovered that Britain was an island by sailing round it. His son-in-law, the historian Tacitus, has written an account of his life. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_.――――Obsequens, a Latin writer who flourished A.D. 214. The best edition of his book _de prodigiis_ is that of Oudendorp, 8vo, Leiden, 1720.――――Sextus, a pretor, &c. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 2, ch. 13. ――――Agrippa, banished from Rome by Nero, after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71.――――Solinus, a writer. _See:_ Solinus.――――Titianus, a writer in the age of Diocletian. His son became famous for his oratorical powers, and was made preceptor in the family of Maximinus. Julius wrote a history of all the provinces of the Roman empire, greatly commended by the ancients. He also wrote some letters, in which he happily imitated the style and elegance of Cicero, for which he was called the _ape of his age_.――――Africanus, a chronologer, who flourished A.D. 220. ――――Constantius, the father of the emperor Julian, was killed at the accession of the sons of Constantine to the throne, and his son nearly shared his fate.――――Pollux, a grammarian of Naupactus, in Egypt. _See:_ Pollux.――――Canus, a celebrated Roman, put to death by order of Caracalla. He bore the undeserved punishment inflicted on him with the greatest resignation, and even pleasure.――――Proculus, a Roman, who solemnly declared to his countrymen, after Romulus had disappeared, that he had seen him above a human shape, and that he had ordered him to tell the Romans to honour him as a god. Julius was believed. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Ovid._――――Florus. _See:_ Florus.――――Lucius Cæsar, a Roman consul, uncle to Antony the triumvir the father of Cæsar the dictator. He died as he was putting on his shoes.――――Celsus, a tribune imprisoned for conspiring against Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 14.――――Maximinus, a Thracian, who, from a shepherd, became an emperor of Rome. _See:_ Maximinus.

=Iūlus=, the name of Ascanius the son of Æneas. _See:_ Ascanius. ――――A son of Ascanius, born in Lavinium. In the succession to the kingdom of Alba, Æneas Sylvius the son of Æneas and Lavinia was preferred to him. He was, however, made chief priest. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 271.――――A son of Antony the triumvir and Fulvi. _See:_ Antonius Julius.

=Jūnia lex=, _Sacrata_, by Lucius Junius Brutus the first tribune of the people, A.U.C. 260. It ordained that the person of the tribune should be held sacred and inviolable; that an appeal might be made from the consuls to the tribunes; and that no senator should be able to exercise the office of a tribune.――――Another, A.U.C. 627, which excluded all foreigners from enjoying the privileges or names of Roman citizens.

=Junia=, a niece of Cato of Utica, who married Cassius, and died 64 years after her husband had killed himself at the battle of Philippi. ――――Calvina, a beautiful Roman lady, accused of incest with her brother Silanus. She was descended from Augustus. She was banished by Claudius, and recalled by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Junius Blæsus=, a proconsul of Africa under the emperors. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 35.――――Lupus, a senator who accused Vitellius of aspiring to the sovereignty, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 42.――――Decimus Silanus, a Roman who committed adultery with Julia the granddaughter of Augustus, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 24.――――Brutus. _See:_ Brutus.

=Jūno=, a celebrated deity among the ancients, daughter of Saturn and Ops. She was sister to Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune, Vesta, Ceres, &c. She was born at Argos, or, according to others, in Samos, and was entrusted to the care of the Seasons, or, as Homer and Ovid mention, to Oceanus and Tethys. Some of the inhabitants of Argolis supposed that she had been brought up by the three daughters of the river Asterion; and the people of Stymphalus, in Arcadia, maintained that she had been educated under the care of Temenus the son of Pelasgus. Juno was devoured by Saturn, according to some mythologists; and according to Apollodorus she was again restored to the world by means of a potion which Metis gave to Saturn, to make him throw up the stone which his wife had given him to swallow instead of Jupiter. _See:_ Saturnus. Jupiter was not insensible to the charms of his sister; and the more powerfully to gain her confidence he changed himself into a cuckoo, and raised a great storm, and made the air unusually chill and cold. Under this form he went to the goddess, all shivering. Juno pitied the cuckoo, and took him into her bosom. When Jupiter had gained these advantages, he resumed his original form, and obtained the gratification of his desires, after he had made a solemn promise of marriage to his sister. The nuptials of Jupiter and Juno were celebrated with the greatest solemnity: the gods, all mankind, and all the brute creation, attended. Chelone, a young woman, was the only one who refused to come, and who derided the ceremony. For this impiety Mercury changed her into a tortoise, and condemned her to perpetual silence; from which circumstance the tortoise has always been used as a symbol of silence among the ancients. By her marriage with Jupiter, Juno became the queen of all the gods, and mistress of heaven and earth. Her conjugal happiness, however, was frequently disturbed by the numerous amours of her husband, and she showed herself jealous and inexorable in the highest degree. Her severity to the mistresses and illegitimate children of her husband was unparalleled. She persecuted Hercules and his descendants with the most inveterate fury; and her resentment against Paris, who had given the golden apple to Venus in preference to herself, was the cause of the Trojan war and of all the miseries which happened to the unfortunate house of Priam. Her severities to Alcmena, Ino, Athamas, Semele, &c., are also well known. Juno had some children by Jupiter. According to Hesiod she was mother of Mars, Hebe, and Ilithyia, or Lucina; and besides these, she brought forth Vulcan, without having any commerce with the other sex, but only by smelling a certain plant. This was in imitation of Jupiter, who had produced Minerva from his brain. According to others, it was not Vulcan, but Mars, or Hebe, whom she brought forth in this manner, and this was after eating some lettuces at the table of Apollo. The daily and repeated debaucheries of Jupiter at last provoked Juno to such a degree, that she retired to Eubœa, and resolved for ever to forsake his bed. Jupiter produced a reconciliation, after he had applied to Cithæron for advice, and after he had obtained forgiveness by fraud and artifice. _See:_ Dædala. This reconciliation, however cordial ♦it might appear, was soon dissolved by new offences; and, to stop the complaints of the jealous Juno, Jupiter had often recourse to violence and blows. He even punished the cruelties which she had exercised upon his son Hercules, by suspending her from the heavens by a golden chain, and tying a heavy anvil to her feet. Vulcan was punished for assisting his mother in this degrading situation, and he was kicked down from heaven by his father, and broke his leg by the fall. This punishment rather irritated than pacified Juno. She resolved to revenge it, and she engaged some of the gods to conspire against Jupiter and to imprison him, but Thetis delivered him from this conspiracy, by bringing to his assistance the famous Briareus. Apollo and Neptune were banished from heaven for joining in the conspiracy, though some attribute their exile to different causes. The worship of Juno was universal, and even more than that of Jupiter, according to some authors. Her sacrifices were offered with the greatest solemnity. She was particularly worshipped at Argos, Samos, Carthage, and afterwards at Rome. The ancients generally offered on her altars a ewe lamb and a sow the first day of every month. No cows were ever immolated to her, because she assumed the nature of that animal when the gods fled into Egypt in their war with the giants. Among the birds, the hawk, the goose, and particularly the peacock, often called _Junonia avis_ [_See:_ Argus], were sacred to her. The dittany, the poppy, and the lily were her favourite flowers. The latter flower was originally of the colour of the crocus; but, when Jupiter placed Hercules to the breasts of Juno while asleep, some of her milk fell down upon earth, and changed the colour of the lilies from purple to a beautiful white. Some of the milk also dropped in that part of the heavens which, from its whiteness, still retains the name of the milky way, _lactea via_. As Juno’s power was extended over all the gods, she often made use of the goddess Minerva as her messenger, and even had the privilege of hurling the thunder of Jupiter when she pleased. Her temples were numerous, the most famous of which were at Argos, Olympia, &c. At Rome, no woman of debauched character was permitted to enter her temple, or even to touch it. The surnames of Juno are various; they are derived either from the function or things over which she presided, or from the places where her worship was established. She was the queen of the heavens; she protected cleanliness, and presided over marriage and child-birth, and particularly patronized the most faithful and virtuous of the sex, and severely punished incontinence and lewdness in matrons. She was the goddess of all power and empire, and she was also the patroness of riches. She is represented sitting on a throne with a diadem on her head and a golden sceptre in her right hand. Some peacocks generally sat by her, and a cuckoo often perched on her sceptre, while Iris behind her displayed the thousand colours of her beautiful rainbow. She is sometimes carried through the air in a rich chariot drawn by peacocks. The Roman consuls, when they entered upon office, were always obliged to offer her a solemn sacrifice. The Juno of the Romans was called Matrona or Romana. She was generally represented as veiled from head to foot, and the Roman matrons always imitated this manner of dressing themselves, and deemed it indecent in any married woman to leave any part of her body but her face uncovered. She has received the surnames of Olympia, Sarnia, Lacedæmonia, Argiva, Telchinia, Candrena, Rescinthes, Prosymna, Imbrasia, Acrea, Cithæroneia, Bunea, Ammonia, Fluonia, Anthea, Migale, Gemelia, Tropeia, Boopis, Parthenos, Teleia, Xera, Egophage, Hyperchinia, Juga, Ilithyia, Lucina, Pronuba, Caprotina, Mena, Populonia, Lacinia, Sospita, Moneta, Curis, Domiduca, Februa, Opigenia, &c. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1, 2, 3. ――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Argon._――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 4, &c. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1. ――_Livy_, bks. 23, 24, 27, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, &c.; _Fasti_, bk. 5.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Romanæ_.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 13.――_Athenæus_, bk. 15.――_Pliny_, bk. 34.

♦ ‘in’ replaced with ‘it’

=Junonālia= and =Junonia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Juno, the same as the Heræa of the Greeks. _See:_ Heræa. _Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 37.

=Junōnes=, a name of the protecting genii of the women among the Romans. They generally swore by them, as the men by their genii. There were altars often erected to their honour. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Seneca_, ltr. 110.

=Junōnia=, two islands, supposed to be among the Fortunate Islands. ――――A name which Gracchus gave to Carthage, when he went with 6000 Romans to rebuild it.

=Junonigĕna=, a surname of Vulcan, as son of Juno. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 173.

=Junōnis promontorium=, a promontory of Peloponnesus.――――Laciniæ templum, a temple of Juno in Italy, between Crotona and the Lacinian promontory.

=Jūpĭter=, the most powerful of all the gods of the ancients. According to Varro, there were no less than 300 persons of that name; Diodorus mentions two; and Cicero three, two of Arcadia, and one of Crete. To that of Crete, who passed for the son of Saturn and Ops, the actions of the rest have been attributed. According to the opinion of the mythologists, Jupiter was saved from destruction by his mother, and entrusted to the care of the Corybantes. Saturn, who had received the kingdom of the world from his brother Titan, on condition of not raising male children, devoured all his sons as soon as born; but Ops, offended at her husband’s cruelty, secreted Jupiter, and gave a stone to Saturn, which he devoured on the supposition that it was a male child. Jupiter was educated in a cave on mount Ida, in Crete, and fed upon the milk of the goat Amalthæa, or upon honey, according to others. He received the name of _Jupiter_, _quasi juvans pater_. His cries were drowned by the noise of cymbals and drums, which the Corybantes beat at the express command of Ops. _See:_ Corybantes. As soon as he was a year old, Jupiter found him sufficiently strong to make war against the Titans, who had imprisoned his father because he had brought up male children. The Titans were conquered, and Saturn set at liberty by the hands of his son. Saturn, however, soon after, apprehensive of the power of Jupiter, conspired against his life, and was, for this treachery, driven from his kingdom, and obliged to fly for safety into Latium. Jupiter, now become the sole master of the empire of the world, divided it with his brothers. He reserved for himself the kingdom of heaven, and gave the empire of the sea to Neptune, and that of the infernal regions to Pluto. The peaceful beginning of his reign was soon interrupted by the rebellion of the giants, who were sons of the earth, and who wished to revenge the death of their relations the Titans. They were so powerful that they hurled rocks, and heaped up mountains upon mountains, to scale heaven, so that all the gods, to avoid their fury, fled to Egypt, where they escaped from the danger by assuming the form of different animals. Jupiter, however, animated them, and by the assistance of Hercules, he totally overpowered the gigantic race, which had proved such tremendous enemies. _See:_ Gigantes. Jupiter, now freed from every apprehension, gave himself up to the pursuit of pleasures. He married Metis, Themis, Eurynome, Ceres, Mnemosyne, Latona, and Juno. _See:_ Juno. He became a Proteus to gratify his passions. He introduced himself to Danae in a shower of gold; he corrupted Antiope in the form of a satyr, and Leda in the form of a swan; he became a bull to seduce Europa, and he enjoyed the company of Ægina in the form of a flame of fire. He assumed the habit of Diana to corrupt Callisto, and became Amphitryon to gain the affections of Alcmena. His children were also numerous as well as his mistresses. According to Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3, he was father of the Seasons, Irene, Eunomia, the Fates, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos by Themis; of Venus by Dione; of the Graces, Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia, by Eurynome the daughter of Oceanus; of Proserpine by Styx; of the nine muses by Mnemosyne, &c. _See:_ Niobe, Laodamia, Pyrrha, Protogenia, Electra, Maia, Semele, &c. The worship of Jupiter was universal; he was the Ammon of the Africans, the Belus of Babylon, the Osiris of Egypt, &c. His surnames were numerous, many of which he received from the place or function over which he presided. He was severally called Jupiter Feretrius, Inventor, Elicius, Capitolinus, Latialis, Pistor, Sponsor, Herceus, Anxurus, Victor, Maximus, Optimus, Olympius, Fluvialis, &c. The worship of Jupiter surpassed that of the other gods in solemnity. His altars were not, like those of Saturn and Diana, stained with the blood of human victims, but he was delighted with the sacrifice of goats, sheep, and white bulls. The oak was sacred to him because he first taught mankind to live upon acorns. He is generally represented as sitting upon a golden or ivory throne, holding in one hand thunderbolts just ready to be hurled, and in the other, a sceptre of cypress. His looks express majesty, his beard flows long and neglected, and the eagle stands with expanded wings at his feet. He is sometimes represented with the upper parts of his body naked, and those below the waist carefully covered, as if to show that he is visible to the gods above, but that he is concealed from the sight of the inhabitants of the earth. Jupiter had several oracles, the most celebrated of which were at Dodona, and Ammon, in Libya. As Jupiter was the king and father of gods and men, his power was extended over the deities, and everything was subservient to his will, except the Fates. From him mankind received their blessings and their miseries, and they looked upon him as acquainted with everything past, present, and future. He was represented at Olympia with a crown like olive branches; his mantle was variegated with different flowers, particularly by the lily, and the eagle perched on the top of the sceptre which he held in his hand. The Cretans represented Jupiter without ears, to signify that the sovereign master of the world ought not to give a partial ear to any particular person, but be equally candid and propitious to all. At Lacedæmon he appeared with four heads, that he might seem to hear with greater readiness the different prayers and solicitations which were daily poured to him from every part of the earth. It is said that Minerva came all armed from his brains when he ordered Vulcan to open his head. _Pausanias_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――_Livy_, bks. 1, 4, 5, &c.――_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 3.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 1, 5, &c.; _Odyssey_, bks. 1, 4, &c.; _Hymn 23 to Zeus_.――_Orpheus._ ――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Zeus_.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, bks. 1, 3, 5.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_; _Shield of Heracles_; _Works and Days_.――_Lycophron_, _Cassandra_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 1, 2, &c.; _Georgics_, bk. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fable 1, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 1, &c.

=Jura=, a high ridge of mountains separating the Helvetii from the Sequani, or Switzerland from Burgundy. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Justīnus Marcus Junianus=, a Latin historian in the age of Antoninus, who epitomized the history of Trogus Pompeius. This epitome, according to some traditions, was the cause that the comprehensive work of Trogus was lost. It comprehends the history of the Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, Macedonia, and Roman empires, &c., in a neat and elegant style. It is replete with many judicious reflections and animated harangues, but the author is often too credulous, and sometimes examines events too minutely, while others are related only in a few words too often obscure. The indecency of many of his expressions is deservedly censured. The best editions of Justin are that of Abraham Gronovius, 8vo, Leiden, 1719, that of Hearne, 8vo, Oxford, 1703, and that of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1770.――――Martyr, a Greek father, formerly a Platonic philosopher, born at Palestine. He died in Egypt, and wrote two apologies for the christians, besides his dialogue with a Jew; two treatises, &c., in a plain, unadorned style. The best editions of Justin Martyr are that of Paris, folio, 1636; that of his apologies, 2 vols., 8vo, 1700 & 1703; and Jebb’s dialogue with Trypho, published in London, 1722.――――An emperor of the east, who reigned nine years, and died A.D. 526.――――Another, who died A.D. 564, after a reign of 38 years.――――Another, who died 577 A.D., after a reign of 13 years.

=Juturna=, a sister of Turnus king of the Rutuli. She heard with contempt the addresses of Jupiter, or, according to others, she was not unfavourable to his passion, so that the god rewarded her love with immortality. She was afterwards changed into a fountain of the same name near the Numicus, falling into the Tiber. The waters of that fountain were used in sacrifices, and particularly in those of Vesta. They had the power to heal diseases. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 708; bk. 2, li. 585.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 139.――_Cicero_, _For Aulus Cluentius_, ch. 36.

=Juvenālis Decius Junius=, a poet born at Aquinum in Italy. He came early to Rome, and passed some time in declaiming; after which he applied himself to write satires, 16 of which are extant. He spoke with virulence against the partiality of Nero for the pantomime Paris, and though all his satire and declamation were pointed against this ruling favourite of the emperor, yet Juvenal lived in security during the reign of Nero. After the death of Nero, the effects of the resentment of Paris were severely felt, and the satirist was sent by Domitian as governor on the frontiers of Egypt. Juvenal was then in the 80th year of his age, and he suffered much from the trouble which attended his office, or rather his exile. He returned, however, to Rome, after the death of Paris, and died in the reign of Trajan, A.D. 128. His writings are fiery and animated, and they abound with humour. He is particularly severe upon the vice and dissipation of the age he lived in; but the gross and indecent manner in which he exposed to ridicule the follies of mankind, rather encourages than disarms the debauched and licentious. He wrote with acrimony against all his adversaries, and whatever displeased or offended him was exposed to his severest censure. It is to be acknowledged that Juvenal is far more correct than his contemporaries, a circumstance which some have attributed to his judgment and experience, which were uncommonly mature, as his satires were the productions of old age. He may be called, and with reason, perhaps, the last of the Roman poets. After him poetry decayed, and nothing more claims our attention as a perfect poetical composition. The best editions are those of Casaubon, 4to, Leiden, 1695, with Persius, and of Hawkey, Dublin, 12mo, 1746, and of Grævius, _cum notis variorum_, 8vo, Leiden, 1684.

=Juventas=, or =Juventus=, a goddess at Rome who presided over youth and vigour. She is the same as the Hebe of the Greeks, and represented as a beautiful nymph, arrayed in variegated garments. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 54; bk. 21, ch. 62; bk. 36, ch. 36.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 1, ltr. 9, li. 12.

=Juverna=, or =Hibernia=, an island at the west of Britain, now called _Ireland_. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 160.

=Ixibatæ=, a people of Pontus.

=Ixīon=, a king of Thessaly, son of Phlegas, or, according to Hyginus, of Leontes, or, according to Diodorus, of Antion, by Perimela daughter of Amythaon. He married Dia daughter of Eioneus or Deioneus, and promised his father-in-law a valuable present for the choice he had made of him to be his daughter’s husband. His unwillingness, however, to fulfil his promises obliged Deioneus to have recourse to violence to obtain it, and he stole away some of his horses. Ixion concealed his resentment under the mask of friendship; he invited his father-in-law to a feast at Larissa, the capital of his kingdom, and when Deioneus was come, according to the appointment, he threw him into a pit, which he had previously filled with wood and burning coals. This premeditated treachery so irritated the neighbouring princes, that all of them refused to perform the usual ceremony, by which a man was then purified of murder, and Ixion was shunned and despised by all mankind. Jupiter had compassion upon him, and he carried him to heaven, and introduced him at the table of the gods. Such a favour, which ought to have awakened gratitude in Ixion, served only to inflame his lust; he became enamoured of Juno, and attempted to seduce her. Juno was willing to gratify the passion of Ixion, though according to others she informed Jupiter of the attempts which had been made upon her virtue. Jupiter made a cloud in the shape of Juno, and carried it to the place where Ixion had appointed to meet Juno. Ixion was caught in the snare and from his embrace with the cloud, he had the Centaurs, or, according to others, Centaurus. _See:_ Centauri. Jupiter, displeased with the insolence of Ixion, banished him from heaven; but when he heard that he had seduced Juno, the god struck him with his thunder, and ordered Mercury to tie him to a wheel in hell which continually whirls round. The wheel was perpetually in motion, therefore the punishment of Ixion was eternal. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 62. ――_Pindar_, bk. 2, _Pythian_, poem 2.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 484; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 601.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, lis. 210 & 338.――_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――_Lactantius [Placidus]_ on [Statius’] _Thebaid_, bk. 2.――――One of the Heraclidæ, who reigned at Corinth for 57 or 37 years. He was son of Alethes.

=Ixīŏnĭdes=, the patronymic of Pirithous son of Ixion. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 1, li. 38.

L

=Laander=, a youth, brother to Nicocrates tyrant of Cyrene &c. ――_Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Laarchus=, the guardian of Battus of Cyrene. He usurped the sovereign power for some time, and endeavoured to marry the mother of Battus, the better to establish his tyranny. The queen gave him a friendly invitation, and caused him to be assassinated, and restored the power to Battus. _Polyænus._

=Labaris=, a king of Egypt after Sesostris.

=Labda=, a daughter of Amphion, one of the Bacchiadæ, born lame. She married Ection, by whom she had a son whom she called Cypselus because she saved his life in a coffer. _See:_ Cypselus. This coffer was preserved at Olympia. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 92.――_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5.

=Labdacĭdes=, a name given to Œdipus, as descended from Labdacus.

=Labdăcus=, a son of Polydorus by Nycteis, the daughter of Nycteus king of Thebes. His father and mother died during his childhood, and he was left to the care of Nycteus, who at his death left his kingdom in the hands of Lycus, with orders to restore it to Labdacus as soon as of age. He was father to Laius. It is unknown whether he ever sat on the throne of Thebes. According to Statius his father’s name was Phœnix. His descendants were called _Labdacides_. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 6, li. 451.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 5.

=Labdalon=, a promontory of Sicily, near Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.

=Labeālis=, a lake in Dalmatia, now _Scutari_, of which the neighbouring inhabitants were called Labeates. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 31; bk. 45, ch. 26.

=Lăbeo Antistius=, a celebrated lawyer in the age of Augustus, whose views he opposed, and whose offers of the consulship he refused. His works are lost. He was wont to enjoy the company and conversation of the learned for six months, and the rest of the year was spent in writing and composing. His father, of the same name, was one of Cæsar’s murderers. He killed himself at the battle of Philippi. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 82, has unjustly taxed him with insanity because, no doubt, he inveighed against his patrons. _Appian_, _The Civil Wars_, bk. 4.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 45. ――――A tribune of the people at Rome, who condemned the censor Metellus to be thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, because he had expelled him from the senate. This rigorous sentence was stopped by the interference of another of the tribunes.――――Quintus Fabius, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 571, who obtained a naval victory over the fleet of the Cretans. He assisted Terence in composing his comedies, according to some.――――Actius, an obscure poet who recommended himself to the favour of Nero by an incorrect translation of Homer into Latin. The work is lost, and only this curious line is preserved by an old scholiast, _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 4, _Crudum manducus Priamum, Priamique Pisinnos_.

=Lăbĕrius J. Decimus=, a Roman knight famous for his poetical talents in writing pantomimes. Julius Cæsar compelled him to act one of his characters on the stage. The poet consented with great reluctance, but he showed his resentment during the acting of the piece by throwing severe aspersions upon Julius Cæsar, by warning the audience against his tyranny, and by drawing upon him the eyes of the whole theatre. Cæsar, however, restored him to the rank of knight which he had lost by appearing on the stage; but to his mortification, when he went to take his seat among the knights, no one offered to make room for him, and even his friend Cicero said, _Recepissem te nisi angustè sederem_. Laberius was offended at the affectation and insolence of Cicero, and reflected upon his unsettled and pusillanimous behaviour during the civil wars of Cæsar and Pompey, by the reply of _Mirum si angustè sedes, qui soles duabas sellis sedere_. Laberius died 10 months after the murder of Julius Cæsar. Some fragments remain of his poetry. _Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 7.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10. ――_Seneca_, _de Controversiæ_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 39.――――Quintus Durus, a tribune of the soldiers in Cæsar’s legions, killed in Britain. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Labīcum=, now _Colonna_, a town of Italy, called also _Lavicum_, between Gabii and Tusculum, which became a Roman colony about four centuries B.C. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 796.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 39; bk. 4, ch. 47.

=Lăbiēnus=, an officer of Cæsar in the wars of Gaul. He deserted to Pompey, and was killed at the battle of Munda. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 346.――――A Roman who followed the interest of Brutus and Cassius, and became general of the Parthians against Rome. He was conquered by the officers of Augustus. _Strabo_, bks. 12 & 14.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 48.――――Titus, an historian and orator at Rome in the age of Augustus, who admired his own compositions with all the pride of superior genius and incomparable excellence. The senate ordered his papers to be burnt on account of their seditious contents; and Labienus, unable to survive the loss of his writings, destroyed himself. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 16. ――_Seneca._

=Labinētus=, or =Labynētus=, a king of Babylon, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 74.

=Labotas=, a river near Antioch in Syria. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――――A son of Echestratus, who made war against Argos, &c.

=Labradeus=, a surname of Jupiter in Caria. The word is derived from _labrys_ which in the language of the country signifies a hatchet, which Jupiter’s statue held in its hand. _Plutarch._

=Labron=, a part of Italy on the Mediterranean, supposed to be Leghorn. _Cicero_ bk. 2, _Letters to his brother Quintus_, ltr. 6.

=Lăby̆rinthus=, a building whose numerous passages and perplexing windings render the escape from it difficult, and almost impracticable. There were four very famous among the ancients; one near the city of Crocodiles or Arsinoe, another in Crete, a third at Lemnos, and a fourth in Italy, built by Porsenna. That of Egypt was the most ancient, and Herodotus, who saw it, declares that the beauty and art of the building were almost beyond belief. It was built by 12 kings, who at one time reigned in Egypt, and it was intended for the place of their burial, and to commemorate the actions of their reign. It was divided into 12 halls, or, according to Pliny, into 16, or, as Strabo mentions, into 27. The halls were vaulted, according to the relation of Herodotus. They had each six doors, opening to the north, and the same number to the south, all surrounded by one wall. The edifice contained 3000 chambers, 1500 in the upper part, and the same number below. The chambers above were seen by Herodotus, and astonished him beyond conception, but he was not permitted to see those below, where were buried the holy crocodiles and the monarchs whose munificence had raised the edifice. The roofs and walls were encrusted with marble, and adorned with sculptured figures. The halls were surrounded with stately and polished pillars of white stone, and, according to some authors, the opening of the doors was artfully attended with a terrible noise like peals of thunder. The labyrinth of Crete was built by Dædalus, in imitation of that of Egypt, and it is the most famous of all in classical history. It was the place of confinement for Dædalus himself, and the prison of the Minotaur. According to Pliny the labyrinth of Lemnos surpassed the others in grandeur and magnificence. It was supported by 40 columns of uncommon height and thickness, and equally admirable for their beauty and splendour. Modern travellers are still astonished at the noble and magnificent ruins which appear of the Egyptian labyrinth, at the south of the lake Mœris, about 30 miles from the ruins of Arsinoe. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 148.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 588.

=Lăcæna=, an epithet applied to a female native of Laconia, and, among others, to Helen. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 511.

=Lăcĕdæemon=, a son of Jupiter and Taygeta the daughter of Atlas, who married Sparta the daughter of Eurotas, by whom he had Amyclas and Eurydice the wife of Acrisius. He was the first who introduced the worship of the Graces in Laconia, and who first built them a temple. From Lacedæmon and his wife, the capital of Laconia was called Lacedæmon and Sparta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10. ――_Hyginus_, fable 155.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A noble city of Peloponnesus, the capital of Laconia called also _Sparta_, and now known by the name of _Misitra_. It has been severally known by the name of _Lelegia_, from the Leleges the first inhabitants of the country, or from Lelex one of their kings; and _Œbalia_, from Œbalus the sixth king from Eurotas. It was also called _Hecatompolis_ from the 100 cities which the whole province once contained. Lelex is supposed to have been the first king. His descendants, 13 in number, reigned successively after him, till the reign of the sons of Orestes, when the Heraclidæ recovered the Peloponnesus, about 80 years after the Trojan war. Procles and Eurysthenes, the descendants of the Heraclidæ, enjoyed the crown together, and after them it was decreed that the two families should always sit on the throne together. _See:_ Eurysthenes. These two brothers began to reign B.C. 1102. Their successors in the family of Procles were called _Proclidæ_, and afterwards _Eurypontidæ_, and those of Eurysthenes, _Eurysthenidæ_, and afterwards _Agidæ_. The successors of Procles on the throne began to reign in the following order: Sous 1060 B.C., after his father had reigned 42 years; Eurypon, 1028; Prytanis, 1021; Eunomus, 986; Polydectes, 907; Lycurgus, 898; Charilaus, 873; Nicander, 809; Theopompus, 770; Zeuxidamus, 723; Anaxidamus, 690; Archidamus, 651; Agasicles, 605; Ariston, 564; Demaratus, 526; Leotychides, 491; Archidamus, 469; Agis, 427; Agesilaus, 397; Archidamus, 361; Agis II., 338; Eudamidas, 330; Archidamus, 295; Eudamidas II., 268; Agis, 244; Archidamus, 230; Euclidus, 225; Lycurgus, 219. The successors of Eurysthenes were Agis, 1059; Echestratus, 1058; Labotas, 1023; Doryssus, 986; Agesilaus, 957; Archelaus, 913; Teleclus, 853; Alcamenes, 813; Polydorus, 776; Eurycrates, 724; Anaxander, 687; Eurycrates II., 644; Leon, 607; Anaxandrides, 563; Cleomenes, 530; Leonidas, 491; Plistarchus, under guardianship of Pausanius, 480; Plistoanax, 466; Pausanius, 408; Agesipolis, 397; Cleombrotus, 380; Agesipolis II., 371; Cleomenes II., 370; Aretus or Areus, 309; Acrotatus, 265; Areus II., 264; Leonidas, 257; Cleombrotus, 243; Leonidas restored, 241; Cleomenes, 235; Agesipolis, 219. Under the two last kings, Lycurgus and Agesipolis, the monarchical power was abolished, though Machanidas the tyrant made himself absolute, B.C. 210, and Nabis, 206, for 14 years. In the year 191 B.C. Lacedæmon joined the Achæan league, and about three years after the walls were demolished by order of Philopœmen. The territories of Laconia shared the fate of the Achæn confederacy, and the whole was conquered by Mummius, 147 B.C., and converted into a Roman province. The inhabitants of Lacedæmon have rendered themselves illustrious for their courage and intrepidity, for their love of honour and liberty, and for their aversion to sloth and luxury. They were inured from their youth to labour, and their laws commanded them to make war their profession. They never applied themselves to any trade, but their only employment was arms, and they left everything else to the care of their slaves. _See:_ Helotæ. They hardened their body by stripes and other manly exercises, and accustomed themselves to undergo hardships, and even to die, without fear or regret. From their valour in the field, and their moderation and temperance at home, they were courted and revered by all the neighbouring princes, and their assistance was severally implored to protect the Sicilians, Carthaginians, Thracians, Egyptians, Cyreneans, &c. They were forbidden by the laws of their country [_See:_ Lycurgus] to visit foreign states, lest their morals should be corrupted by an intercourse with effeminate nations. The austere manner in which their children were educated, rendered them undaunted in the field of battle, and from this circumstance, Leonidas, with a small band, was enabled to resist the millions of the army of Xerxes at Thermopylæ. The women were as courageous as the men, and many a mother has celebrated with festivals the death of her son who had fallen in battle, or has coolly put him to death, if, by a shameful flight or loss of his arms, he brought disgrace upon his country. As to domestic manners, the Lacedæmonians as widely differed from their neighbours as in political concerns, and their noblest women were not ashamed to appear on the stage hired for money. In the affairs of Greece, the interest of the Lacedæmonians was often powerful, and obtained the superiority for 500 years. Their jealousy of the power and greatness of the Athenians is well known. The authority of their monarchs was checked by the watchful eye of the Ephori, who had the power of imprisoning the kings themselves if guilty of misdemeanours. _See:_ Ephori. The Lacedæmonians are remarkable for the honour and reverence which they paid to old age. The names of _Lacedæmon_ and _Sparta_ are promiscuously applied to the capital of Laconia, and often confounded together. The latter was applied to the metropolis, and the former was reserved for the inhabitants of the suburbs, or rather of the country contiguous to the walls of the city. This propriety of distinction was originally observed, but in process of time it was totally lost, and both appellatives were soon synonymous, and indiscriminately applied to the city and country. _See:_ Sparta, Laconia. The place where the city stood is now called _Paleo Chori_ (_the old town_), and the new one erected on its ruins at some distance on the west is called _Misatra_. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 33; bk. 45, ch. 28.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3.――_Justin_, bks. 2, 3, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c. ――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_, &c.――_Diodorus._――_Mela_, bk. 2. There were some festivals celebrated at Lacedæmon, the names of which are not known. It was customary for the women to drag all the old bachelors round the altars, and beat them with their fists, that the shame and ignominy to which they were exposed might induce them to marry, &c. _Athenæus_, bk. 13.

=Lăcĕdæmŏnii= and =Lăcĕdæmŏnes=, the inhabitants of Lacedæmon. _See:_ Lacedæmon.

=Lăcĕdæmŏnius=, a son of Cimon by Clitoria. He received this name from his father’s regard for the Lacedæmonians. _Plutarch._

=Lăcerta=, a soothsayer in Domitian’s age, who acquired immense riches by his art. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 114.

=Lacetania=, a district at the north of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 23.

=Lachăres=, a man who seized the supreme power at Athens when the city was in discord, and was banished B.C. 296. _Polyænus_, bk. 4.――――An Athenian three times taken prisoner. He deceived his keepers, and escaped, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 3.――――A son of Mithridates king of Bosphorus. He was received into alliance by Lucullus.――――A robber condemned by Marcus Antony.――――An Egyptian, buried in the labyrinth near Arsinoe.

=Laches=, an Athenian general in the age of Epaminondas. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――An Athenian sent with Carias at the head of a fleet in the first expedition undertaken against Sicily in the Peloponnesian war. _Justin_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――An artist who finished the Colossus of Rhodes.

=Lăchĕsis=, one of the Parcæ, whose name is derived from λαχειν, _to measure out by lot_. She presided over futurity, and was represented as spinning the thread of life, or, according to others, holding the spindle. She generally appeared covered with a garment variegated with stars, and holding spindles in her hand. _See:_ Parcæ. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 2, li. 249.――_Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 54.

=Lacidas=, a Greek philosopher of Cyrene, who flourished B.C. 241. His father’s name was Alexander. He was disciple of Arcesilaus, whom he succeeded in the government of the second academy. He was greatly esteemed by king Attalus, who gave him a garden where he spent his hours in study. He taught his disciples to suspend their judgment, and never speak decisively. He disgraced himself by the magnificent funeral with which he honoured a favourite goose. He died through excess of drinking. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 4.

=Lacīdes=, a village near Athens, which derived its name from Lacius, an Athenian hero, whose exploits are unknown. Here Zephyrus had an altar sacred to him, and likewise Ceres and Proserpine a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 37.

=Lăcīnia=, a surname of Juno from her temple at Lacinium in Italy, which the Crotonians held in great veneration, and where there was a famous statue of Helen by Zeuxis. _See:_ Zeuxis. On an altar near the door were ashes which the wind could not blow away. Fulvius Flaccus took away a marble piece from this sacred place, to finish a temple that he was building at Rome to Fortuna Equestris; and it is said that, for this sacrilege, he afterwards led a miserable life, and died in the greatest agonies. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, lis. 12 & 702.――_Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 3. ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Lacīnienses=, a people of Liburnia.

=Lacīnium=, a promontory of Magna Græcia, now cape _Colonna_, the southern boundary of Tarentum in Italy, where Juno Lacinia had a temple held in great veneration. It received its name from Lacinius, a famous robber killed there by Hercules. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 3; bk. 27, ch. 5; bk. 30, ch. 20.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 522.

=Lacmon=, a part of mount Pindus where the Inachus flows. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 93.

=Laco=, a favourite of Galba, mean and cowardly in his character. He was put to death.――――An inhabitant of Laconia or Lacedæmon.

=Lacobriga=, a city of Spain, where ♦Sertorius was besieged by Metellus.

♦ ‘Sertorious’ replaced with ‘Sertorius’

=Lacōnia=, =Lacōnĭca=, and =Lacedæmon=, a country in the southern parts of Peloponnesus, having Argos and Arcadia on the north, Messenia on the west, the Mediterranean on the south, and the bay of Argos at the east. Its extent from north to south was about 50 miles. It is watered by the river Eurotas. The capital is called Sparta, or Lacedæmon. The inhabitants never went on an expedition or engaged an enemy but at the full moon. _See:_ Lacedæmon. The brevity with which they always expressed themselves is now become proverbial, and by the epithet of _Laconic_ we understand whatever is concise and not loaded with unnecessary words. The word _Laconicum_ is applied to some hot baths used among the ancients, and first invented at Lacedæmon. _Cicero_, bk. 4, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Lacrătes=, a Theban, general of a detachment sent by Artaxerxes to the assistance of the Egyptians. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Lacrĭnes=, a Lacedæmonian ambassador to Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 152.

=Lactantius=, a celebrated christian writer, whose principal works are _de irâ divinâ_, _de Dei operibus_, and his _divine institutions_, in seven books, in which he proves the truth of the christian religion, refutes objections, and attacks the illusions and absurdities of paganism. The expressive purity, elegance, and energy of his style have gained him the name of the christian Cicero. He died A.D. 325.――――The best editions of his works are that of Sparke, 8vo, Oxford, 1684; that of Bimeman, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1739; and that of Du Fresnoy, 2 vols., 4to, Paris, 1748.

=Lacter=, a promontory of the island of Cos.

=Lacydes=, a philosopher. _See:_ Lacidas.

=Lacȳdus=, an effeminate king of Argos.

=Ladas=, a celebrated courier of Alexander, born at Sicyon. He was honoured with a brazen statue, and obtained a crown of Olympia. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 10.――_Juvenal_, satire 13, li. 97.

=Lade=, an island of the Ægean sea, on the coast of Asia Minor, where was a naval battle between the Persians and Ionians. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Lades=, a son of Imbrasus, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 343.

=Ladocea=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias._

=Ladon=, a river of Arcadia, falling into the Alpheus. The metamorphosis of Daphne into a laurel, and of Syrinx into a reed, happened near its banks. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.―― _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 659.――――An Arcadian who followed Æneas into Italy, where he was killed. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 413.――――One of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 216.

=Lælaps=, one of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.――――The dog of Cephalus, given him by Procis. _See:_ Lelaps, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7.

=Lælia=, a vestal virgin.

=Læliānus=, a general, proclaimed emperor in Gaul by his soldiers, A.D. 268, after the death of Gallienus. His triumph was short; he was conquered and put to death after a few months’ reign by another general called _Posthumus_, who aspired to the imperial purple as well as himself.

=Caius Lælius=, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 614, surnamed _Sapiens_, so intimate with Africanus the younger, that Cicero represents him in his treatise _De Amicitiâ_, as explaining the real nature of friendship, with its attendant pleasures. He made war with success against Viriathus. It is said that he assisted Terence in the composition of his comedies. His modesty, humanity, and the manner in which he patronized letters, are as celebrated as his greatness of mind and integrity in the character of a statesman. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_.――――Another consul, who accompanied Scipio Africanus the elder in his campaigns in Spain and Africa.――――Archelaus, a famous grammarian. _Suetonius._

=Læna= and =Leæna=, the mistress of Harmodius and Aristogiton. Being tortured because she refused to discover the conspirators, she bit off her tongue, totally to frustrate the violent efforts of her executioners.――――A man who was acquainted with the conspiracy formed against Cæsar.

=Lænas=, a surname of the Popilii at Rome.

=Læneus=, a river of Crete, where Jupiter brought the ravished Europa. _Strabo._

=Læpa Magna=, a town of Spain. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Laertes=, a king of Ithaca, son of Arcesius and Chalcomedusa, who married Anticlea the daughter of Autolycus. Anticlea was pregnant by Sisyphus when she married Laertes, and eight months after her union with the king of Ithaca, she brought forth a son called Ulysses. _See:_ Anticlea. Ulysses was treated with paternal care by Laertes, though not really his son, and Laertes ceded to him his crown and retired into the country where he spent his time in gardening. He was found in this mean employment by his son at his return from the Trojan war, after 20 years’ absence, and Ulysses, at the sight of his father, whose dress and old age declared his sorrow, long hesitated whether he should suddenly introduce himself as his son, or whether he should, as a stranger, gradually awaken the paternal feelings of Laertes, who had believed that his son was no more. This last measure was preferred, and when Laertes had burst into tears at the mention which was made of his son, Ulysses threw himself on his neck, exclaiming, “O father, I am he for whom you weep.” This welcome declaration was followed by a recital of all the hardships which Ulysses had suffered, and immediately after the father and son repaired to the palace of Penelope the wife of Ulysses, whence all the suitors who daily importuned the princess were forcibly removed. Laertes was one of the Argonauts, according to _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 11 & 24.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 32; _Heroides_, poem 1, li. 98.――――A city of Cilicia, which gave birth to Diogenes, surnamed _Laërtius_ from the place of his birth.

=Laërtius Diogenes=, a writer born at Laertes. _See:_ Diogenes.

=Læstry̆gŏnes=, the most ancient inhabitants of Sicily. Some suppose them to be the same as the people of Leontium, and to have been neighbours to the Cyclops. They fed on human flesh, and when Ulysses came on their coasts, they sunk his ships and devoured his companions. _See:_ Antiphates. They were of a gigantic stature, according to Homer, who, however, does not mention their country, but only speaks of Lamus as their capital. A colony of them, as some suppose, passed over into Italy, with Lamus at their head, where they built the town of Formiæ, whence the epithet of _Læstrygonia_ is often used for that of _Formiana_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 233, &c.; _Fasti_, bk. 4; _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 10.――_Tzetzes_, _On Lycophron_, lis. 662 & 818.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 81.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 276.

=Læta=, the wife of the emperor Gratian, celebrated for her humanity and generous sentiments.

=Lætoria lex=, ordered that proper persons should be appointed to provide for the security and the possession of such as were insane, or squandered away their estates. It made it a high crime to abuse the weakness of persons under such circumstances. _Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 3.

=Lætus=, a Roman whom Commodus condemned to be put to death. This violence raised Lætus against Commodus; he conspired against him, and raised Pertinax to the throne.――――A general of the emperor Severus, put to death for his treachery to the emperor; or, according to others, on account of his popularity.

=Lævi=, the ancient inhabitants of Gallia Transpadana.

=Lævīnus=, a Roman consul sent against Pyrrhus, A.U.C. 474. He informed the monarch that the Romans would not accept him as an arbitrator in the war with Tarentum, and feared him not as an enemy. He was defeated by Pyrrhus.――――Publius Valerius, a man despised at Rome, because he was distinguished by no good quality. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 6, li. 12.

=Lagaria=, a town of Lucania.

=Lagia=, a name of the island Delos. _See:_ Delos.

=Lagĭdes.= _See:_ Lagus.

=Laginia=, a town of Caria.

=Lagus=, a Macedonian of mean extraction. He received in marriage Arsinoe the daughter of Meleager, who was then pregnant by king Philip, and being willing to hide the disgrace of his wife, he exposed the child in the woods. An eagle preserved the life of the infant, fed him with her prey, and sheltered him with her wings against the inclemency of the air. This uncommon preservation was divulged by Lagus, who adopted the child as his own, and called him Ptolemy, conjecturing that as his life had been so miraculously preserved, his days would be spent in grandeur and affluence. This Ptolemy became king of Egypt after the death of Alexander. According to other accounts Arsinoe was nearly related to Philip king of Macedonia, and her marriage with Lagus was not considered as dishonourable, because he was opulent and powerful. The first of the Ptolemies is called _Lagus_, to distinguish him from his successors of the same name. Ptolemy, the first of the Macedonian kings of Egypt, wished it to be believed that he was the legitimate son of Lagus, and he preferred the name of _Lagides_ to all other appellations. It is even said that he established a military order in Alexandria, which was called Lageion. The surname of Lagides was transmitted to all his descendants on the Egyptian throne till the reign of Cleopatra, Antony’s mistress. Plutarch mentions an anecdote which serves to show how far the legitimacy of Ptolemy was believed in his age. A pedantic grammarian, says the historian, once displaying his great knowledge of antiquity in the presence of Ptolemy, the king suddenly interrupted him with the question of, “Pray tell me, sir, who was the father of Peleus?” “Tell me,” replied the grammarian, without hesitation, “tell me, if you can, O king! who the father of Lagus was.” This reflection on the meanness of the monarch’s birth did not in the least irritate his resentment, though the courtiers all glowed with indignation. Ptolemy praised the humour of the grammarian, and showed his moderation and the mildness of his temper by taking him under his patronage. _Pausanias_, _Attica_.――_Justin_, bk. 13.――_Curtius_, bk. 4.――_Plutarch_, _De Cohibenda Ira_.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 684. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 196.――――A Rutulian, killed by Pallas son of Evander. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 381.

=Lagūsa=, an island in the Pamphylian sea.――――Another near Crete. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Lagȳra=, a city of Taurica Chersonesus.

=Laiădes=, a patronymic of Œdipus son of Laius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 18.

=Laias=, a king of Arcadia, who succeeded his father Cypselus, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――A king of Elis, &c.

=Lais=, a celebrated courtesan, daughter of Timandra the mistress of Alcibiades, born at Hyccara in Sicily. She was carried away from her native country into Greece, when Nicias the Athenian general invaded Sicily. She first began to sell her favours at Corinth, for 10,000 drachmas, and the immense number of princes, noblemen, philosophers, orators, and plebeians who courted her embraces, show how much commendation is owed to her personal charms. The expenses which attended her pleasures gave rise to the proverb of _Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum_. Even Demosthenes himself visited Corinth for the sake of Lais, but when he was informed by the courtesans that admittance to her bed was to be bought at the enormous sum of about 300_l._ English money, the orator departed, and observed that he would not buy repentance at so dear a price. The charms which had attracted Demosthenes to Corinth, had no influence upon Xenocrates. When Lais saw the philosopher unmoved by her beauty, she visited his house herself; but there she had no reason to boast of the licentiousness or easy submission of Xenocrates. Diogenes the cynic was one of her warmest admirers, and though filthy in his dress and manners, yet he gained her heart and enjoyed her most unbounded favours. The sculptor Mycon also solicited the favours of Lais, but he met with coldness; he, however, attributed the cause of his ill reception to the whiteness of his hair, and dyed it of a brown colour, but to no purpose. “Fool that thou art,” said the courtesan, “to ask what I refused yesterday to thy father.” Lais ridiculed the austerity of philosophers, and laughed at the weakness of those who pretend to have gained a superiority over their passions, by observing that the sages and philosophers of the age were not above the rest of mankind, for she found them at her door as often as the rest of the Athenians. The success which her debaucheries met at Corinth encouraged Lais to pass into Thessaly, and more particularly to enjoy the company of a favourite youth called Hippostratus. She was, however, disappointed: the women of the place, jealous of her charms, and apprehensive of her corrupting the fidelity of their husbands, assassinated her in the temple of Venus, about 340 years before the christian era. Some suppose that there were two persons of this name, a mother and her daughter. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 9, ltr. 26.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 5.――_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Lāius=, a son of Labdacus, who succeeded to the throne of Thebes, which his grandfather Nycteus had left to the care of his brother Lycus, till his grandson came of age. He was driven from his kingdom by Amphion and Zethus, who were incensed against Lycus for the indignities which Antiope had suffered. He was afterwards restored, and married Jocasta the daughter of Creon. An oracle informed him that he should perish by the hand of his son, and in consequence of this dreadful intelligence he resolved never to approach his wife. A day spent in debauch and intoxication made him violate his vow, and Jocasta brought forth a son. The child as soon as born was given to a servant, with orders to put him to death. The servant was moved with compassion, and only exposed him on mount Cithæron, where his life was preserved by a shepherd. The child, called Œdipus, was educated in the court of Polybus, and an unfortunate meeting with his father in a narrow road proved his ruin. Œdipus ordered his father to make way for him without knowing who he was. Laius refused, and was instantly murdered by his irritated son. His armour-bearer or charioteer shared his fate. _See:_ Œdipus. _Sophocles_, _Œdipus_. ――_Hyginus_, fables 9 & 66.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 5 & 26.――_Plutarch_, _de Curiositate_.

=Lalăge=, one of Horace’s favourite mistresses. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 22, &c.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 7.――――A woman censured for her cruelty. _Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 66.

=Lalassis=, a river of Isauria.

=Lamăchus=, a son of Xenophanes, sent into Sicily with Nicias. He was killed B.C. 414, before Syracuse, where he had displayed much courage and intrepidity. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――――A governor of Heraclea in Pontus, who betrayed his trust to Mithridates, after he had invited all the inhabitants to a sumptuous feast.

=Lamalmon=, a large mountain of Æthiopia.

=Lambrāni=, a people of Italy near the Lambrus. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_.

=Lambrus=, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po.

=Lămia=, a town of Thessaly at the bottom of the Sinus Maliacus or Lamiacus, and north of the river Sperchius, famous for a siege which it supported after Alexander’s death. _See:_ Lamiacum. _Diodorus_, bk. 16, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――――A river of Greece opposite mount Œta.――――A daughter of Neptune, mother of Hierophile, an ancient Sibyl, by Jupiter. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12.――――A famous courtesan, mistress to Demetrius Poliorcetes. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――_Athenæus_, bk. 13.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 9.

=Lamia= and =Auxesia=, two deities of Crete, whose worship was the same as at Eleusis. The Epidaurians made them two statues of an olive tree given them by the Athenians, provided they came to offer a sacrifice to Minerva at Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30, &c.

=Lamiăcum bellum=, happened after the death of Alexander, when the Greeks, and particularly the Athenians, incited by their orators, resolved to free Greece from the garrisons of the Macedonians. Leosthenes was appointed commander of a numerous force, and marched against Antipater, who then presided over Macedonia. Antipater entered Thessaly at the head of 13,000 foot and 600 horse, and was beaten by the superior force of the Athenians and of their Greek confederates. Antipater after this blow fled to Lamia, B.C. 323, where he resolved, with all the courage and sagacity of a careful general, to maintain a siege with about the 8000 or 9000 men that had escaped from the field of battle. Leosthenes, unable to take the city by storm, began to make a regular siege. His operations were delayed by the frequent sallies of Antipater; and Leosthenes being killed by the blow of a stone, Antipater made his escape out of Lamia, and soon after, with the assistance of the army of Craterus brought from Asia, he gave the Athenians battle near Cranon, and though only 500 of their men were slain, yet they became so dispirited, that they sued for peace from the conqueror. Antipater at last with difficulty consented, provided they raised taxes in the usual manner, received a Macedonian garrison, defrayed the expenses of the war, and lastly, delivered into his hands Demosthenes and Hyperides, the two orators, whose prevailing eloquence had excited their countrymen against him. These disadvantageous terms were accepted by the Athenians, yet Demosthenes had time to escape and poison himself. Hyperides was carried before Antipater, who ordered his tongue to be cut off, and afterwards put him to death. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Justin_, bk. 11, &c.

=Lămiæ=, small islands in the Ægean, opposite Troas. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.――――A celebrated family at Rome, descended from Lamus. ――――Certain monsters of Africa, who had the face and breast of a woman, and the rest of their body like that of a serpent. They allured strangers to come to them, that they might devour them; and though they were not endowed with the faculty of speech, yet their hissings were pleasing and agreeable. Some believed them to be witches, or rather evil spirits, who, under the form of a beautiful woman, enticed young children and devoured them. According to some, the fable of the Lamiæ is derived from the amours of Jupiter with a certain beautiful woman called Lamia, whom the jealousy of Juno rendered deformed, and whose children she destroyed; upon which Lamia became insane, and so desperate that she ate up all the children that came in her way. They are also called Lemures. _See:_ Lemures. _Philostratus_, _Life of Apollonius_.――_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 340.――_Plutarch_, _de Curiositate_.――_Dion._

=Lămias Ælius=, a governor of Syria under Tiberius. He was honoured with a public funeral by the senate; and as having been a respectable and useful citizen, Horace has dedicated his ode 26, bk. 1, to his praises, as also bk. 3, ode 17.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 27.――――Another during the reign of Domitian, put to death, &c.

=Lamīrus=, a son of Hercules by Iole.

=Lampĕdo=, a woman of Lacedæmon, who was daughter, wife, sister, and mother of a king. She lived in the age of Alcibiades. Agrippina the mother of Claudius could boast the same honours. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, chs. 22 & 37.――_Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.――_Plato_, bk. 1, _Alcibiades_.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 41.

=Lampĕtia=, a daughter of Apollo and Neæra. She, with her sister Phaetusa, guarded her father’s flocks in Sicily when Ulysses arrived on the coasts of that island. These flocks were 14 in number, seven herds of oxen, and seven flocks of sheep, consisting each of 50. They fed by night as well as by day, and it was deemed unlawful and sacrilegious to touch them. The companions of Ulysses, impelled by hunger, paid no regard to their sanctity, or to the threats and entreaties of their chief; but they carried away and killed some of the oxen. The watchful keepers complained to their father, and Jupiter, at the request of Apollo, punished the offence of the Greeks. The hides of the oxen appeared to walk, and the flesh, which was roasting by the fire, began to bellow, and nothing was heard but dreadful noises and loud lowings. The companions of Ulysses embarked on board their ships, but here the resentment of Jupiter followed them. A storm arose, and they all perished except Ulysses, who saved himself on the broken piece of a mast. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12, ch. 119.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 12.――――According to _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 349, Lampetia is one of the Heliades, who was changed into a poplar tree at the death of her brother Phaeton.

=Lampeto= and =Lampedo=, a queen of the Amazons, who boasted herself to be the daughter of Mars. She gained many conquests in Asia, where she founded several cities. She was surprised afterwards by a band of barbarians, and destroyed with her female attendants. _Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Lampeus= and =Lampia=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Statius_, bk. 8.

=Lampon=, =Lampos=, or =Lampus=, one of the horses of Diomedes,――――of Hector,――――of Aurora. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8; _Odyssey_, bk. 23. ――――A son of Laomedon, father of Dolops.――――A soothsayer of Athens in the age of Socrates. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.

=Lampōnia= and =Lampōnium=, a city of Troas. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 26.――――An island on the coast of Thrace. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Lamponius=, an Athenian general, sent by his countrymen to attempt the conquest of Sicily. _Justin_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Lampridius Ælius=, a Latin historian in the fourth century, who wrote the lives of some of the Roman emperors. His style is inelegant, and his arrangements injudicious. His life of Commodus, Heliogabalus, Alexander Severus, &c., is still extant, and to be found in the works of the _Historiæ Augustæ Scriptores_.

=Lamprus=, a celebrated musician, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.

=Lampsăcus= and =Lampsăcum=, now _Lamsaki_, a town of Asia Minor on the borders of the Propontis, at the north of Abydos. Priapus was the chief deity of the place, of which he was reckoned by some the founder. His temple there was the asylum of lewdness and debauchery, and exhibited scenes of the most unnatural lust, and hence the epithet _Lampsacius_ is usual to express immodesty and wantonness. Alexander resolved to destroy the city on account of the vices of its inhabitants, and more probably for its firm adherence to the interest of Persia. It was, however, saved from ruin by the artifice of Anaximenes. _See:_ Anaximenes. It was formerly called Pityusa, and received the name of Lampsacus, from Lampsace, a daughter of Mandron, a king of Phrygia, who gave information to some Phoceans who dwelt there, that the rest of the inhabitants had conspired against their life. This timely information saved them from destruction. The city afterwards bore the name of their preserver. The wine of Lampsacus was famous and therefore a tribute of wine was granted from the city by Xerxes to maintain the table of Themistocles. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 31.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 117.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Themistocles_, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, bk. 1, _Tristia_, poem 9, li. 26; _Fasti_, bk. 8, li. 345.――_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 38; bk. 35, ch. 42. ――_Martial_, bk. 11, poems 17, 52.

=Lamptera=, a town of Phocæa in Ionia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 31.

=Lamptĕria=, a festival at Pellene, in Achaia, in honour of Bacchus, who was surnamed Lampter, from λαμπειν, _to shine_, because, during this solemnity, which was observed in the night, the worshippers went to the temple of Bacchus, with lighted torches in their hands. It was also customary to place vessels full of wine in several parts of every street in the city. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 21.

=Lampus=, a son of Ægyptus.――――A man of Elis.――――A son of Prolaus.

=Lămus=, a king of the Læstrygones, who is supposed by some to have founded Formiæ in Italy. The family of the Lamiæ at Rome was, according to the opinion of some, descended from him. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 17.――――A son of Hercules and Omphale, who succeeded his mother on the throne of Lydia. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 9, li. 54. ――――A Latin chief killed by Nisus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 334. ――――A river of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 31.――――A Spartan general hired by Nectanebus king of Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A city of Cilicia.――――A town near Formiæ built by the Læstrygones.

=Lămy̆rus=, _buffoon_, a surname of one of the Ptolemies.――――One of the auxiliaries of Turnus, killed by Nisus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 334.

=Lanassa=, a daughter of Cleodæus, who married Pyrrhus the son of Achilles by whom she had eight children. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_. ――_Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Agathocles, who married Pyrrhus, whom she soon after forsook for Demetrius. _Plutarch._

=Lancēa=, a fountain, &c. _Pausanias._

=Lancia=, a town of Lusitania. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Landi=, a people of Germany conquered by Cæsar.

=Langia=, a river of Peloponnesus, falling into the bay of Corinth.

=Langobardi=, a warlike nation of Germany, along the Sprhe, called improperly Lombards by some. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 45; _Germania_, ch. 40.

=Langrobriga=, a town of Lusitania.

=Lanŭvium=, a town of Latium, about 16 miles from Rome on the Appian road. Juno had there a celebrated temple, which was frequented by the inhabitants of Italy, and particularly by the Romans, whose consuls on first entering upon office offered sacrifices to the goddess. The statue of the goddess was covered with a goat’s skin, and armed with a buckler and spear, and wore shoes which were turned upwards in the form of a cone. _Cicero_, _For Lucius Murena_; _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 29; _For Milo_, ch. 10.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 14.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 364.

=Laobōtas=, or =Lābotas=, a Spartan king, of the family of the Agidæ, who succeeded his father Echestratus, B.C. 1023. During his reign war was declared against Argos, by Sparta. He sat on the throne for 37 years, and was succeeded by Doryssus his son. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Lāŏcoon=, a son of Priam and Hecuba, or, according to others, of Antenor, or of Capys. As being priest of Apollo, he was commissioned by the Trojans to offer a bullock to Neptune to render him propitious. During the sacrifice two enormous serpents issued from the sea, and attacked Laocoon’s two sons, who stood next to the altar. The father immediately attempted to defend his sons, but the serpents, falling upon him, squeezed him in their complicated wreaths, so that he died in the greatest agonies. This punishment was inflicted upon him for his temerity in dissuading the Trojans to bring into the city the fatal wooden horse which the Greeks had consecrated to Minerva, as also for his impiety in hurling a javelin against the sides of the horse as it entered within the walls. Hyginus attributes this to his marriage against the consent of Apollo, or, according to others, for his polluting the temple by his commerce with his wife Antiope before the statue of the god. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, lis. 41 & 201.――_Hyginus_, fable 135.

=Laodămas=, a son of Alcinous king of the Phæacians, who offered to wrestle with Ulysses, while at his father’s court. Ulysses, mindful of the hospitality of Alcinous, refused the challenge of Laodamas. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 7, li. 170.――――A son of Eteocles king of Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 15.

=Lāŏdămīa=, a daughter of Acastus and Astydamia, who married Protesilaus, the son of Iphiclus king of a part of Thessaly. The departure of her husband for the Trojan war was the source of grief to her, but when she heard that he had fallen by the hand of Hector, her sorrow was increased. To keep alive the memory of her husband whom she had tenderly loved, she ordered a wooden statue to be made and regularly placed in her bed. This was seen by one of her servants, who informed Iphiclus that his daughter’s bed was daily defiled by an unknown stranger. Iphiclus watched his daughter, and when he found that the intelligence was false, he ordered the wooden image to be burned, in hopes of dissipating his daughter’s grief. He did not succeed. Laodamia threw herself into the flames with the image and perished. This circumstance has given occasion to fabulous traditions related by the poets, which mention that Protesilaus was restored to life, and to Laodamia, for three hours, and that when he was obliged to return to the infernal regions, he persuaded his wife to accompany him. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 447.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 13.――_Hyginus_, fable 104.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 19.――――A daughter of Bellerophon, by Achemone the daughter of king Iobates. She had a son by Jupiter, called Sarpedon. She dedicated herself to the service of Diana, and hunted with her; but her haughtiness proved fatal to her, and she perished by the arrows of the goddess. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 6, 12 & 16.――――A daughter of Alexander king of Epirus, by Olympia the daughter of Pyrrhus. She was assassinated in the temple of Diana, where she had fled for safety during a sedition. Her murderer, called Milo, soon after turned his dagger against his own breast and killed himself. _Justin_, bk. 28, ch. 3.

=Lāŏdĭce=, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba, who became enamoured of Acamas son of Theseus, when he came with Diomedes from the Greeks to Troy with an embassy to demand the restoration of Helen. She obtained an interview and the gratification of her desires at the house of Philebia, the wife of a governor of a small town of Troas, which the Greek ambassador had visited. She had a son by Acamas, whom she called Munitus. She afterwards married Helicaon, son of Antenor and Telephus king of Mysia. Some call her Astyoche. According to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, Laodice threw herself down from the top of a tower and was killed, when Troy was sacked by the Greeks. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 13, ch. 26.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 3 & 6.――――One of the Oceanides.――――A daughter of Cinyras, by whom Elatus had some children. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A daughter of Agamemnon, called also Electra. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.――――A sister of Mithridates, who married Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, and afterwards her own brother Mithridates. During the secret absence of Mithridates, she prostituted herself to her servants, in hopes that her husband was dead; but when she saw her expectations frustrated, she attempted to poison Mithridates, for which she was put to death.――――A queen of Cappadocia, put to death by her subjects for poisoning five of her children.――――A sister and wife of Antiochus II. She put to death Berenice, whom her husband had married. _See:_ Antiochus II. She was murdered by order of Ptolemy Evergetes, B.C. 246.――――A daughter of Demetrius, shamefully put to death by Ammonius, the tyrannical minister of the vicious Alexander Bala king of Syria.――――A daughter of Seleucus.――――The mother of Seleucus. Nine months before she brought forth she dreamt that Apollo had introduced himself into her bed, and had presented her with a precious stone, on which was engraved the figure of an anchor, commanding her to deliver it to her son as soon as born. This dream appeared the more wonderful, when in the morning she discovered in her bed a ring answering the same description. Not only the son that she brought forth, called Seleucus, but also all his successors of the house of the Seleucidæ, had the mark of an anchor upon their thigh. _Justin._ _Appian_, _Syrian Wars_ mentions this anchor, though in a different manner.

=Lāŏdĭcēa=, now _Ladik_, a city of Asia, on the borders of Caria, Phrygia, and Lydia, celebrated for its commerce, and the fine soft and black wool of its sheep. It was originally called _Diospolis_, and afterwards _Rhoas_; and received the name of Laodicea, in honour of Laodice the wife of Antiochus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 12.――_Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 15, _For Flaccus_.――――Another in Media, destroyed by an earthquake in the age of Nero.――――Another in Syria, called by way of distinction Laodicea _Cabiosa_, or _ad Libanum_.――――Another on the borders of Cœlosyria. _Strabo._

=Lāŏdĭcēne=, a province of Syria, which receives its name from Laodicea, its capital.

=Laodŏchus=, a son of Antenor, whose form Minerva borrowed to advise Pandarus to break the treaty which subsisted between the Greeks and Trojans. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4.――――An attendant of Antilochus. ――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A son of Apollo and Phthia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Laogōnus=, a son of Bias, brother to Dardanus, killed by Achilles at the siege of Troy. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 461.――――A priest of Jupiter, killed by Merion in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 604.

=Laogŏras=, a king of the Dryopes, who accustomed his subjects to become robbers. He plundered the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and was killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Laogŏre=, a daughter of Cinyras and Metharme daughter of Pygmalion. She died in Egypt. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Lāŏmĕdon=, son of Ilus king of Troy, married Strymon, called by some Placia, or Leucippe, by whom he had Podarces, afterwards known by the name of Priam, and Hesione. He built the walls of Troy, and was assisted by Apollo and Neptune, whom Jupiter had banished from heaven, and condemned to be subservient to the will of Laomedon for one year. When the walls were finished, Laomedon refused to reward the labours of the gods, and soon after his territories were laid waste by the god of the sea, and his subjects were visited by a pestilence sent by Apollo. Sacrifices were offered to the offended divinities, but the calamities of the Trojans increased; and nothing could appease the gods, according to the words of the oracle, but annually to expose to a sea monster a Trojan virgin. Whenever the monster appeared, the marriageable maidens were assembled, and the lot decided which of them was doomed to death for the good of her country. When this calamity had continued for five or six years, the lot fell upon Hesione, Laomedon’s daughter. The king was unwilling to part with a daughter whom he loved with uncommon tenderness, but his refusal would irritate more strongly the wrath of the gods. In the midst of his fears and hesitations, Hercules came and offered to deliver the Trojans from this public calamity, if Laomedon promised to reward him with a number of fine horses. The king consented, but when the monster was destroyed, he refused to fulfil his engagements, and Hercules was obliged to besiege Troy and take it by force of arms. Laomedon was put to death after a reign of 29 years, his daughter Hesione was given in marriage to Telamon, one of the conqueror’s attendants, and Podarces was ransomed by the Trojans, and placed upon his father’s throne. According to Hyginus, the wrath of Neptune and Apollo was kindled against Laomedon, because he refused to offer on their altars, as a sacrifice, all the first-born of his cattle, according to a vow which he had made. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 2 & 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 6.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 20.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 3.――_Hyginus_, fable 89.――――A demagogue of Messina in Sicily.――――A satrap of Phœnicia, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 10.――――An Athenian, &c. _Plutarch._――――An Orchomenian. _Plutarch._

=Laŏmĕdonteus=, an epithet applied to the Trojans from their king Laomedon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 542; bk. 7, li. 105; bk. 8, li. 18.

=Laŏmĕdontiădæ=, a patronymic given to the Trojans from Laomedon their king. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 248.

=Laonŏme=, the wife of Polyphemus, one of the Argonauts.

=Laonŏmēne=, a daughter of Thespius, by whom Hercules had two sons, Teles and Menippides, and two daughters, Lysidice and Stendedice. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Laŏthoe=, a daughter of Altes, a king of the Leleges, who married Priam and became mother of Lycaon and Polydorus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21, li. 85.――――One of the daughters of Thespius, mother of Antidus by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Laous=, a river of Lacedæmon.

=Lapăthus=, a city of Cyprus.

=Laphria=, a surname of Diana at Patræ in Achaia, where she had a temple with a statue of gold and ivory, which represented her in the habit of a huntress. The statue was made by Menechmus and Soidas, two artists of celebrity. This name was given the goddess from Laphrius the son of Delphus, who consecrated the statue to her. There was a festival of the goddess there, called also Laphria, of which _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18, gives an account.

=Laphystium=, a mountain in Bœotia, where Jupiter had a temple, whence he was called _Laphystius_. It was here that Athamas prepared to immolate Phryxus and Helle, whom Jupiter saved by sending them a golden ram; whence the surname, and the homage paid to the god. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34.

=Lapideus=, a surname of Jupiter among the Romans.

=Lăpĭthæ=, a people of Thessaly. _See:_ Lapithus.

=Lapĭtho=, a city of Cyprus.

=Lăpĭthus=, a son of Apollo by Stilbe. He was brother to Centaurus, and married Orsinome daughter of Euronymus, by whom he had Phorbas and Periphas. The name of _Lapithæ_ was given to the numerous children of Phorbas and Periphas, or rather to the inhabitants of the country, of which they had obtained the sovereignty. The chief of the Lapithæ assembled to celebrate the nuptials of Pirithous, one of their number, and among them were Theseus, Dryas, Hopleus, Mopsus, Phalerus, Exadius, Prolochus, Titaresius, &c. The Centaurs were also invited to partake the common festivity, and the amusements would have been harmless and innocent, had not one of the intoxicated Centaurs offered violence to Hippodamia the wife of Pirithous. The Lapithæ resented the injury, and the Centaurs supported their companions, upon which the quarrel became universal, and ended in blows and slaughter. Many of the Centaurs were slain, and they at last were obliged to retire. Theseus among the Lapithæ showed himself brave and intrepid in supporting the cause of his friends, and Nestor also was not less active in the protection of chastity and innocence. This quarrel arose from the resentment of Mars, whom Pirithous forgot or neglected to invite among the other gods at the celebration of his nuptials, and therefore the divinity punished the insult by sowing dissension among the festive assembly. _See:_ Centauri. Hesiod has described the battle of the Centaurs and Lapithæ, as also Ovid in a more copious manner. The invention of bits and bridles for horses is attributed to the Lapithæ. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 115; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 601; bk. 7, li. 305. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 530; bk. 14, li. 670. ――_Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Pindar_, bk. 2, _Pythian_.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 304.

=Lapithæum=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 20.

=Lara=, or =Laranda=, one of the Naiads, daughter of the river Almon in Latium, famous for her beauty and her loquacity, which her parents long endeavoured to correct, but in vain. She revealed to Juno the amours of her husband Jupiter with Juturna, for which the god cut off her tongue, and ordered Mercury to conduct her to the infernal regions. The messenger of the gods fell in love with her by the way, and gratified his passion. Lara became mother of two children, to whom the Romans have paid divine honours, according to the opinion of some, under the name of Lares. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 599.

=Larentia= and =Laurentia=, a courtesan in the first ages of Rome. _See:_ Acca.

=Lăres=, gods of inferior power at Rome, who presided over houses and families. They were two in number, sons of Mercury by Lara. _See:_ Lara. In process of time their power was extended not only over houses, but also over the country and the sea, and we find Lares _Urbani_ to preside over the cities, _Familiares_ over houses, _Rustici_ over the country, _Compitales_ over cross-roads, _Marini_ over the sea, _Viales_ over the roads, _Patellarii_, &c. According to the opinion of some, the worship of the gods Lares, who are supposed to be the same as the manes, arises from the ancient custom among the Romans and other nations of burying their dead in their houses, and from their belief that their spirits continually hovered over their houses, for the protection of the inhabitants. The statues of the Lares resembling monkeys, and covered with the skin of a dog, were placed in a niche behind the doors of the houses, or around the hearths. At the feet of the Lares was the figure of a dog barking, to intimate their care and vigilance. Incense was burnt on their altars, and a sow was also offered on particular days. Their festivals were observed at Rome in the month of May, when their statues were crowned with garlands of flowers, and offerings of fruit presented. The word Lares seems to be derived from the Etruscan word _Lars_, which signifies conductor, or leader. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 129.――_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 8.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Romanæ_.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10. ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 23.――_Plautus_, _Aulularia_ & _Cistellaria_.

=Largra=, a well-known prostitute in Juvenal’s age. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 25.

=Largus=, a Latin poet, who wrote a poem on the arrival of Antenor in Italy, where he built the town of Padua. He composed with ease and elegance. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 16, li. 17.

=Larīdes=, a son of Daucus or Daunus, who assisted Turnus against Æneas, and had his hand cut off with one blow by Pallas the son of Evander. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 391.

=Lārīna=, a virgin of Italy, who accompanied Camilla in her war against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 655.

=Larīnum=, or =Lārīna=, now _Larino_, a town of the Frentani on the Tifernus, before it falls into the Adriatic. The inhabitants were called _Larinates_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 565.――_Cicero_, _For Aulus Cluentius_, chs. 63, 64; _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 12; bk. 7, ltr. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 18; bk. 27, ch. 40.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 23.

=Larissa=, a daughter of Pelasgus, who gave her name to some cities in Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 23.――――A city between Palestine and Egypt, where Pompey was murdered and buried, according to some accounts.――――A large city on the banks of the Tigris. It had a small pyramid near it, greatly inferior to those of Egypt.――――A city of Asia Minor, on the southern confines of Troas. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――――Another in Æolia, 70 stadia from Cyme. It is surnamed _Phriconis_ by Strabo, by way of distinction. _Strabo_, bk. 13. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 640.――――Another near Ephesus. ――――Another on the borders of the Peneus in Thessaly, also called _Cremaste_ from its situation (_Pensilis_), the most famous of all the cities of that name. It was here that Acrisius was inadvertently killed by his grandson Perseus. Jupiter had there a famous temple, on account of which he is called _Larissæus_. The same epithet is also applied to Achilles, who reigned there. It is still extant, and bears the same name. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 542. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 197.――_Lucan_, bk. 6.――_Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 46; bk. 42, ch. 56.――――A citadel of Argos, built by Danaus.

=Larissæus.= _See:_ Larissa.

=Larissus=, a river of Peloponnesus flowing between Elis and Achaia. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 31.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 43.

=Larius=, a large lake of Cisalpine Gaul, through which the Addua runs in its way into the Po, above Cremona. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 159.

=Larnos=, a small desolate island on the coast of Thrace.

=Laronia=, a shameless courtesan in Juvenal’s age. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 86.

=Lars Tolumnius=, a king of the Veientes, conquered by the Romans, and put to death, A.U.C. 329. _Livy_, bk. 4, chs. 17 & 19.

=Titus Lartius Flavius=, a consul who appeased a sedition raised by the poorer citizens, and was the first dictator ever chosen at Rome, B.C. 498. He made Spurius Cassius his master of horse. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――――Spurius, one of the three Romans who alone withstood the fury of Porsenna’s army at the head of a bridge, while the communication was cutting down behind them. His companions were Cocles and Herminius. _See:_ Cocles. _Livy_, bk. 2, chs. 10 & 18. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2. ――――The name of Lartius has been common to many Romans.

=Lartolætani=, a people of Spain.

=Larvæ=, a name given to the wicked spirits and apparitions which, according to the notions of the Romans, issued from their graves in the night and came to terrify the world. As the word _larva_ signifies a _mask_, whose horrid and uncouth appearance often serves to frighten children, that name has been given to the ghosts or spectres which superstition believes to hover around the graves of the dead. Some call them Lemures. _Servius_, _Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil_, bk. 5, li. 64; bk. 6, li. 152.

=Larymna=, a town of Bœotia, where Bacchus had a temple and a statue. ――――Another in Caria. _Strabo_, bks. 9 & 16.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16; bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Larysium=, a mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 22.

=Lassia=, an ancient name of Andros.

=Lassus=, or =Lasus=, a dithyrambic poet, born at Hermione, in Peloponnesus, about 500 years before Christ, and reckoned among the wise men of Greece by some. He is particularly known by the answer he gave to a man who asked him what could best render life pleasant and comfortable? “Experience.” He was acquainted with music. Some fragments of his poetry are to be found in Athenæus. He wrote an ode upon the Centaurs, and a hymn to Ceres, without inserting the letter S in the composition. _Athenæus_, bk. 10.

=Lasthĕnes=, a governor of Olynthus, corrupted by Philip king of Macedonia.――――A Cretan demagogue, conquered by Metellus the Roman general.――――A cruel minister at the court of the Seleucidæ, kings of Syria.

=Lasthĕnīa=, a woman who disguised herself to come and hear Plato’s lectures. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Latăgus=, a king of Pontus, who assisted Æetes against the Argonauts, and was killed by Darapes. _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 584.――――One of the companions of Æneas, killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 697.

=Laterānus Plautus=, a Roman consul elect, A.D. 65. A conspiracy with Piso against the emperor Nero proved fatal to him. He was led to execution, where he refused to confess the associates of the conspiracy, and did not even frown at the executioner who was as guilty as himself; but when a first blow could not sever his head from his body, he looked at the executioner, and shaking his head, he returned it to the hatchet with the greatest composure, and it was cut off. There exists now a celebrated palace at Rome, which derives its name from its ancient possessors the Laterani.

=Latĕrium=, the villa of Quintus Cicero at Arpinum, near the Liris. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 10, ltr. 1; bk. 4, ltr. 7; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltr. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 15, ch. 15.

=Latiālis=, a surname of Jupiter, who was worshipped by the inhabitants of Latium upon mount Albanus at stated times. The festivals, which were first instituted by Tarquin the Proud, lasted 15 days. _Livy_, bk. 21. _See:_ Feriæ Latinæ.

=Latīni=, the inhabitants of Latium. _See:_ Latium.

=Latīnus Latiaris=, a celebrated informer, &c. _Tacitus._

=Latīnus=, a son of Faunus by Marica, king of the Aborigines in Italy, who from him were called Latini. He married Amata, by whom he had a son and a daughter. The son died in his infancy, and the daughter, called Lavinia, was secretly promised in marriage by her mother to Turnus king of the Rutuli, one of her most powerful admirers. The gods opposed this union, and the oracles declared that Lavinia must become the wife of a foreign prince. The arrival of Æneas in Italy seemed favourable to this prediction, and Latinus, by offering his daughter to the foreign prince, and making him his friend and ally, seemed to have fulfilled the commands of the oracle. Turnus, however, disapproved of the conduct of Latinus; he claimed Lavinia as his lawful wife, and prepared to support his cause by arms. Æneas took up arms in his own defence, and Latium was the seat of the war. After mutual losses it was agreed that the quarrel should be decided by the two rivals, and Latinus promised his daughter to the conqueror. Æneas obtained the victory and married Lavinia. Latinus soon after died, and was succeeded by his son-in-law. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, &c.; _Fasti_, bk. 2, &c. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 43, ch. 1.――――A son of Sylvius Æneas, surnamed also Sylvius. He was the fifth king of the Latins, and succeeded his father. He was father to Alba his successor. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――A son of Ulysses and Circe also bore this name.

=Lătium=, a country of Italy near the river Tiber. It was originally very circumscribed, extending only from the Tiber to Circeii, but afterwards it comprehended the territories of the Volsci, Æqui, Hernici, Ausones, Umbri, and Rutuli. The first inhabitants were called _Aborigines_, and received the name of Latini, from Latinus their king. According to others the word is derived from _lateo_, _to conceal_, because Saturn concealed himself there when flying the resentment of his son Jupiter. Laurentum was the capital of the country in the reign of Latinus, Lavinium under Æneas, and Alba under Ascanius. _See:_ Alba. The Latins, though originally known only among their neighbours, soon rose in consequence when Romulus had founded the city of Rome in their country. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 38; bk. 8, li. 322.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ ――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Tacitus_, bk. 4, _Annals_, ch. 5.

=Latius=, a surname of Jupiter at Rome. _Statius_, bk. 5, _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li. 392.

=Latmus=, a mountain of Caria near Miletus. It is famous for the residence of Endymion, whom Diana regularly visited in the night, whence he is often called _Latmius Heros_. _See:_ Endymion. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 299; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 83.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Cicero_, bk. 1, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, ch. 28.

=Latobius=, the god of health among the Corinthians.

=Latobrigri=, a people of Belgic Gaul.

=Latōis=, a name of Diana, as being the daughter of Latona.――――A country house near Ephesus.

=Latomiæ=. _See:_ ♦Lautumiæ.

♦ ‘Latumiæ’ replaced with ‘Lautumiæ’

=Latōna=, a daughter of Cœus the Titan and Phœbe, or, according to Homer, of Saturn. She was admired for her beauty, and celebrated for the favours which she granted to Jupiter. Juno, always jealous of her husband’s amours, made Latona the object of her vengeance, and sent the serpent Python to disturb her peace and persecute her. Latona wandered from place to place in the time of her pregnancy, continually alarmed for fear of Python. She was driven from heaven, and Terra, influenced by Juno, refused to give her a place where she might find rest and bring forth. Neptune, moved with compassion, struck with his trident, and made immovable the island of Delos, which before wandered in the Ægean, and appeared sometimes above, and sometimes below, the surface of the sea. Latona, changed into a quail by Jupiter, came to Delos, where she resumed her original shape, and gave birth to Apollo and Diana, leaning against a palm tree or an olive. Her repose was of short duration. Juno discovered the place of her retreat, and obliged her to fly from Delos. She wandered over the greatest part of the world, and in Caria, where her fatigue compelled her to stop, she was insulted and ridiculed by peasants of whom she asked for water, while they were weeding a marsh. Their refusal and insolence provoked her, and she intreated Jupiter to punish their barbarity. They were all changed into frogs. She was exposed to repeated insults by Niobe, who boasted herself greater than the mother of Apollo and Diana, and ridiculed the presents which the piety of her neighbours had offered to Latona. _See:_ Niobe. Her beauty proved fatal to the giant Tityus, whom Apollo and Diana put to death. _See:_ Tityus. At last Latona, though persecuted and exposed to the resentment of Juno, became a powerful deity, and saw her children receive divine honours. Her worship was generally established where her children received adoration, particularly at Argos, Delos, &c., where she had temples. She had an oracle in Egypt, celebrated for the true, decisive answers which it gave. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 155.――_Pausanias_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21; _Hymns to Aphrodite & Artemis_. ――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 160.――_Hyginus_, fable 140.

=Latopŏlis=, a city of Egypt. _Strabo._

=Latous=, a name ♦given to Apollo, as son of Latona. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 9.

♦ ‘give’ replaced with ‘given’

=Latreus=, one of the Centaurs, who, after killing Halesus, was himself slain by Cæneus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 463.

=Laudămia=, a daughter of Alexander king of Epirus, and Olympias daughter of Pyrrhus, killed in a temple of Diana, by the enraged populace. _Justin_, bk. 28, ch. 3.――――The wife of Protesilaus. _See:_ Laodamia.

=Laudice.= _See:_ Laodice.

=Laverna=, the goddess of thieves and dishonest persons at Rome. She did not only preside over robbers, called from her _Laverniones_, but she protected such as deceived others, or performed their secret machinations in obscurity and silence. Her worship was very popular, and the Romans raised her an altar near one of the gates of the city, which from that circumstance was called the gate of Laverna. She was generally represented by a head without a body. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 16, li. 60.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――――A place mentioned by _Plutarch_, &c.

=Lavernium=, a temple of Laverna, near Formiæ. _Cicero_, bk. 7, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 8.

=Laufella=, a wanton woman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 319.

=Laviana=, a province of Armenia Minor.

=Lăvīnia=, a daughter of king Latinus and Amata. She was betrothed to her relation king Turnus, but because the oracle ordered her father to marry her to a foreign prince, she was given to Æneas after the death of Turnus. _See:_ Latinus. At her husband’s death she was left pregnant, and being fearful of the tyranny of Ascanius her son-in-law, she fled into the woods, where she brought forth a son called Æneas Sylvius. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 6 & 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 507.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Lavīnium=, or =Lavīnum=, a town of Italy, built by Æneas, and called by that name in honour of Lavinia, the founder’s wife. It was the capital of Latium during the reign of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 262.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1. ――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Justin_, bk. 43, ch. 2.

=Laura=, a place near Alexandria in Egypt.

=Laureacum=, a town at the confluence of the Ens and the Danube, now _Lorch_.

=Laurentālia=, certain festivals celebrated at Rome in honour of Laurentia, on the last day of April and the 23rd of December. They were, in process of time, part of the Saturnalia. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 57.

=Laurentes agri=, the country in the neighbourhood of Laurentum. _Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 41.

=Laurentia.= _See:_ Acca.

=Laurentīni=, the inhabitants of Latium. They received this name from the great number of laurels which grew in the country. King Latinus found one of uncommon largeness and beauty, when he was going to build a temple to Apollo, and the tree was consecrated to the god, and preserved with the most religious ceremonies. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 59.

=Laurentius=, belonging to Laurentum or Latium. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 709.

=Laurentum=, now _Paterno_, the capital of the kingdom of Latium in the reign of Latinus. It is on the sea coast, east of the Tiber. _See:_ Laurentini. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 171.

=Laurion=, a place of Attica, where were gold mines, from which the Athenians drew considerable revenues, and with which they built their fleets by the advice of Themistocles. These mines failed before the age of Strabo. _Thucydides_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 1. ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Lauron=, a town of Spain, where Pompey’s son was conquered by Cæsar’s army.

=Laus=, now _Laino_, a town on the river of the same name, which forms the southern boundary of Lucania. _Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Laus Pompeia=, a town of Italy, founded by a colony sent thither by Pompey.

=Lausus=, a son of Numitor and brother of Ilia. He was put to death by his uncle Amulius, who usurped his father’s throne. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 54.――――A son of Mezentius king of the Tyrrhenians, killed by Æneas in the war which his father and Turnus made against the Trojans. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 649; bk. 10, li. 426, &c.

=Lautium=, a city of Latium.

=Lautumiæ=, or =Latomiæ=, a prison at Syracuse, cut out of the solid rock by Dionysius, and now converted into a subterraneous garden filled with numerous shrubs, flourishing in luxuriant variety. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 27; bk. 32, ch. 26.

=Leades=, a son of Astacus, who killed Eteoclus. _Apollodorus._

=Lēæi=, a nation of Pæonia, near Macedonia.

=Leæna=, an Athenian harlot. _See:_ Læna.

=Leander=, a youth of Abydos, famous for his amours with Hero. _See:_ Hero.――――A Milesian who wrote an historical commentary upon his country.

=Leandre=, a daughter of Amyclas, who married Arcas. _Apollodorus._

=Leandrias=, a Lacedæmonian refugee of Thebes, who declared, according to an ancient oracle, that Sparta would lose the superiority over Greece when conquered by the Thebans at Leuctra. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Leanira=, a daughter of Amyclas. _See:_ Leandre.

=Learchus=, a son of Athamas and Ino, crushed to death against a wall by his father, in a fit of madness. _See:_ Athamas. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 490.

=Lebădēa=, now _Lioadias_, a town of Bœotia, near mount Helicon. It received this name from the mother of Aspledon, and became famous for the oracle and cave of Trophonius. No moles could live there, according to Pliny. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 16, ch. 36. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 59.

=Lebĕdus=, or =Lebĕdos=, a town of Ionia, at the north of Colophon, where festivals were yearly observed in honour of Bacchus, and where Trophonius had a cave and a temple. Lysimachus destroyed it, and carried part of the inhabitants to Ephesus. It had been founded by an Athenian colony, under one of the sons of Codrus. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 11, li. 7.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 142. ――_Cicero_, bk. 1, _Divination_, ch. 33.

=Lebēna=, a commercial town of Crete, with a temple sacred to Æsculapius. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.

=Lĕbinthos= and =Lebynthos=, an island in the Ægean sea, near Patmos. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 222.

=Lechæum=, now _Pelago_, a port of Corinth in the bay of Corinth. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 2, li. 381.――_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 23.

=Lectum=, a promontory, now cape _Baba_, separating Troas from Æolia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 37.

=Lecythus=, a town of Eubœa.

=Leda=, a daughter of king Thespius and Eurythemis, who married Tyndarus king of Sparta. She was seen bathing in the river Eurotas by Jupiter, when she was some few days advanced in her pregnancy, and the god, struck with her beauty, resolved to deceive her. He persuaded Venus to change herself into an eagle, while he assumed the form of a swan, and, after this metamorphosis, Jupiter, as if fearful of the tyrannical cruelty of the bird of prey, fled through the air into the arms of Leda, who willingly sheltered the trembling swan from the assaults of his superior enemy. The caresses with which the naked Leda received the swan, enabled Jupiter to avail himself of his situation, and nine months after this adventure, the wife of Tyndarus brought forth two eggs, of one of which sprang Pollux and Helena, and of the other Castor and Clytemnestra. The two former were deemed the offspring of Jupiter, and the others claimed Tyndarus for their father. Some mythologists attributed this amour to Nemesis, and not to Leda; and they further mention, that Leda was entrusted with the education of the children which sprang from the eggs brought forth by Nemesis. _See:_ Helena. To reconcile this diversity of opinions, others maintain that Leda received the name of Nemesis after death. Homer and Hesiod make no mention of the metamorphosis of Jupiter into a swan, whence some have imagined that the fable was unknown to these two ancient poets, and probably invented since their age. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 109.――_Hesiod_, bk. 17, li. 55.――_Hyginus_, fable 77. ――_Isocrates_, _Helen_.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Euripides_, _Helen_.――――A famous dancer in the age of _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 63.

=Ledæa=, an epithet given to Hermione, &c., as related to Leda. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 328.

=Ledus=, now _Lez_, a river of Gaul, near the modern Montpelier. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Lĕgio=, a corps of soldiers in the Roman armies, whose numbers have been different at different times. The legion under Romulus consisted of 3000 foot and 300 horse, and was soon after augmented to 4000, after the admission of the Sabines into the city. When Annibal was in Italy it consisted of 5000 soldiers, and afterwards it decreased to 4000, or 4500. Marius made it consist of 6200, besides 700 horse. This was the period of its greatness in numbers. Livy speaks of 10, and even 18, legions kept at Rome. During the consular government it was usual to levy and fit up four legions, which were divided between the two consuls. This number was, however, often increased, as time and occasion required. Augustus maintained a standing army of 23 or 25 legions, and this number was seldom diminished. In the reign of Tiberius there were 27 legions, and the peace establishment of Adrian maintained no less than 30 of these formidable brigades. They were distributed over the Roman empire, and their stations were settled and permanent. The peace of Britain was protected by three legions; 16 were stationed on the banks of the Rhine and Danube, viz. two in Lower, and three in Upper Germany; one in Noricum, one in Rhætia, three in Mœsia, four in Pannonia, and two in Dacia. Eight were stationed on the Euphrates, six of which remained in Syria, and two in Cappadocia; while the remote provinces of Egypt, Africa, and Spain were guarded each by a single legion. Besides these the tranquillity of Rome was preserved by 20,000 soldiers, who, under the titles of city cohorts and of pretorian guards, watched over the safety of the monarch and of the capital. The legions were distinguished by different appellations, and generally borrowed their name from the order in which they were first raised, as _prima_, _secunda_, _tertia_, _quarta_, &c. Besides this distinction, another more expressive was generally added, as from the name of the emperor who embodied them, as _Augusta_, _Claudiana_, _Galbiana_, _Flavia_, _Ulpia_, _Trajana_, _Antoniana_, &c.; from the provinces or quarters where they were stationed, as _Britannica_, _Cyreniaca_, _Gallica_, &c.; from the provinces which had been subdued by their valour, as _Parthica_, _Scythica_, _Arabica_, _Africana_, &c.; from the names of the deities whom their generals particularly worshipped, as _Minervia_, _Apollinaris_, &c.; or from more trifling accidents, as _Martia_, _Fulminatrix_, _Rapax_, _Adjutrix_, &c. Each legion was divided into 10 _cohorts_, each cohort into three _manipuli_, and every manipulus into two centuries or _ordines_. The chief commander of the legion was called _legatus_, lieutenant. The standards borne by the legions were various. In the first ages of Rome a wolf was the standard, in honour of Romulus; after that a hog, because that animal was generally sacrificed at the conclusion of a treaty, and therefore it indicated that war is undertaken for the obtaining of peace. A minotaur was sometimes the standard, to intimate the secrecy with which the general was to act, in commemoration of the labyrinth. Sometimes a horse or boar was used, till the age of Marius, who changed all these for the eagle, being a representation of that bird in silver, holding sometimes a thunderbolt in its claws. The Roman eagle ever after remained in use, though Trajan made use of the dragon.

=Leitus=, or =Letus=, a commander of the Bœotians at the siege of Troy. He was saved from the victorious hand of Hector and from death by Idomeneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2, 6 & 17.――――One of the Argonauts, son of Alector. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.

=Lelaps=, a dog that never failed to seize and conquer whatever animal he was ordered to pursue. It was given to Procris by Diana, and Procris reconciled herself to her husband by presenting him with that valuable present. According to some, Procris had received it from Minos, as a reward for the dangerous wounds of which she had cured him. _Hyginus_, fable 128.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 771. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 19.――――One of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 211.

=Lĕlĕges= (_a_ λεγω, _to gather_), a wandering people, composed of different unconnected nations. They were originally inhabitants of Caria, and went to the Trojan war with Altes their king. Achilles plundered their country, and obliged them to retire to the neighbourhood of Halicarnassus, where they fixed their habitation. The inhabitants of Laconia and Megara bore this name for some time, from Lelex, one of their kings. _Strabo_, bks. 7 & 8.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21, li. 85.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7; bk. 5, ch. 30. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 725.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Lelegeis=, a name applied to Miletus, because once possessed by the Leleges. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Lelex=, an Egyptian, who came with a colony to Megara, where he reigned about 200 years before the Trojan war. His subjects were called from him _Leleges_, and the place _Lelegeia mœnia_. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A Greek, who was the first king of Laconia in Peloponnesus. His subjects were also called _Leleges_, and the country where he reigned _Lelegia_. _Pausanias._

=Lemanis=, a place in Britain, where Cæsar is supposed to have first landed, and therefore placed by some at Lime in Kent.

=Lemannus=, a lake in the country of the Allobroges, through which the Rhone flows by Geneva. It is now called the lake of Geneva or Lausanne. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 396.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Lemnos=, an island in the Ægean sea between Tenedos, Imbros, and Samothrace. It was sacred to Vulcan, called _Lemnius pater_, who fell there when kicked down from heaven by Jupiter. _See:_ Vulcanus. It was celebrated for two horrible massacres; that of the Lemnian women murdering their husbands [_See:_ ♦Hypsipyle], and that of the Lemnians, or Pelasgi, in killing all the children they had had by some Athenian women, whom they had carried away to become their wives. These two acts of cruelty have given rise to the proverb of _Lemnian actions_, which is applied to all barbarous and inhuman deeds. The first inhabitants of Lemnos were the Pelasgi, or rather the Thracians, who were murdered by their wives. After them came the children of the Lemnian widows by the Argonauts, whose descendants were at last expelled by the Pelasgi, about 1100 years before the christian era. Lemnos is about 112 miles in circumference, according to Pliny, who says that it is often shadowed by mount Athos, though at the distance of 87 miles. It has been called ♦_Hypsipyle_, from queen ♦Hypsipyle. It is famous for a certain kind of earth or chalk, called _terra Lemnia_ or _terra sigillata_, from the seal or impression which it can bear. As the inhabitants were blacksmiths, the poets have taken occasion to fix the forges of Vulcan in that island, and to consecrate the whole country to his divinity. Lemnos is also celebrated for a labyrinth, which, according to some traditions, surpassed those of Crete and Egypt. Some remains of it were still visible in the age of Pliny. The island of Lemnos, now called _Stalimene_, was reduced under the power of Athens by Miltiades, and the Carians, who then inhabited it, were obliged to emigrate. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 454.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 593.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_.――_Strabo_, bks. 1, 2, & 7. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 140.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1, _Argonautica_.――_Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 78.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 672.――_Statius_, bk. 3, _Thebiad_, li. 274.

♦ ‘Hipsipyle’ replaced with ‘Hypsipyle’ for consistency

=Lemovices=, a people of Gaul, now _Limousin_ and _Limoges_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7; ch. 4.

=Lemovii=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_.

=Lĕmŭres=, the manes of the dead. The ancients supposed that the souls after death wandered all over the world, and disturbed the peace of its inhabitants. The good spirits were called _Lares familiares_, and the evil ones were known by the name of _Larvæ_, or _Lemures_. They terrified the good, and continually haunted the wicked and impious; and the Romans had the superstition to celebrate festivals in their honour, called _Lemuria_, or ♦_Lemuralia_, in the month of May. They were first instituted by Romulus to appease the manes of his brother Remus, from whom they were called _Remuria_, and, by corruption, _Lemuria_. These solemnities continued three nights, during which the temples of the gods were shut and marriages prohibited. It was usual for the people to throw black beans on the graves of the deceased, or to burn them, as the smell was supposed to be insupportable to them. They also muttered magical words, and, by beating kettles and drums, they believed that the ghosts would depart and no longer come to terrify their relations upon earth. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 421, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 209.――_Persius_, bk. 5, li. 185.

♦ ‘Lemurialia’ replaced with ‘Lemuralia’

=Lĕmūria= and =Lĕmŭrālia=. _See:_ Lemures.

=Lenæus=, a surname of Bacchus, from ληνος, _a wine-press_. There was a festival called _Lenæa_, celebrated in his honour, in which the ceremonies observed at the other festivals of the god chiefly prevailed. There were, besides, poetical contentions, &c. _Pausanias._ ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 4; _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 207. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 14.――――A learned grammarian, ordered by Pompey to translate into Latin some of the physical manuscripts of Mithridates king of Pontus.

=Lentŭlus=, a celebrated family at Rome, which produced many great men in the commonwealth. The most illustrious were Lucius Cornelius Lentulus, a consul, A.U.C. 427, who dispersed some robbers who infested Umbria.――――Batiatus Lentulus, a man who trained up some gladiators at Capua, which escaped from his school.――――Cornelius Lentulus, surnamed _Sura_. He joined in Catiline’s conspiracy, and assisted in corrupting the Allobroges. He was convicted in full senate by Cicero, and put in prison and afterwards executed.――――A consul who triumphed over the Samnites.――――Cnæus Lentulus, surnamed _Gætulicus_, was made consul A.D. 26, and was some time after put to death by Tiberius, who was jealous of his great popularity. He wrote a history mentioned by Suetonius, and attempted also poetry. ――――Lucius Lentulus, a friend of Pompey, put to death in Africa. ――――Publius Cornelius Lentulus, a pretor, defeated by the rebellious slaves in Sicily.――――Lentulus Spinther, a senator, kindly used by Julius Cæsar, &c.――――A tribune at the battle of Cannæ.――――Publius Lentulus, a friend of Brutus, mentioned by Cicero (_On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 48) as a great and consummate statesman.――――Besides these, there are a few others, whose name is only mentioned in history, and whose life was not marked by any uncommon event. The consulship was in the family of the Lentuli in the years of Rome 427, 479, 517, 518, 553, 555, 598, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.――_Livy._――_Florus._――_Pliny._ ――_Plutarch._――_Eutropius._

=Leo=, a native of Byzantium, who flourished 350 years before the christian era. His philosophical and political talents endeared him to his countrymen, and he was always sent upon every important occasion as ambassador to Athens, or to the court of Philip king of Macedonia. This monarch, well acquainted with the abilities of Leo, was sensible that his views and claims to Byzantium would never succeed while it was protected by the vigilance of such a patriotic citizen. To remove him he had recourse to artifice and perfidy. A letter was forged, in which Leo made solemn promises of betraying his country to the king of Macedonia for money. This was no sooner known than the people ran enraged to the house of Leo, and the philosopher, to avoid their fury, and without attempting his justification, strangled himself. He had written some treatises upon physic, and also the history of his country, and the wars of Philip in seven books, which have been lost. _Plutarch._――――A Corinthian at Syracuse, &c.――――A king of Sparta.――――A son of Eurycrates. _Athenæus_, bk. 12. ――_Philostratus._――――An emperor of the east, surnamed the _Thracian_. He reigned 17 years, and died A.D. 474, being succeeded by Leo II. for 10 months, and afterwards by Zeno.

=Leocorion=, a monument and temple erected by the Athenians to Pasithea, Theope, and Eubele, daughters of Leos, who immolated themselves when an oracle had ordered that, to stop the raging pestilence, some of the blood of the citizens must be shed. _Ælian_, bk. 12, ch. 28. ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Leocrătes=, an Athenian general, who flourished B.C. 460, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.

=Leodămas=, a son of Eteocles, one of the seven Theban chiefs who defended the city against the Argives. He killed Ægialeus, and was himself killed by Alcmæon.――――A son of Hector and Andromache. _Dictys Cretensis._

=Leodŏcus=, one of the Argonauts. _Flaccus._

=Leogŏras=, an Athenian debauchee, who maintained the courtesan Myrrhina.

=Leon=, a king of Sparta. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204.――――A town of Sicily, near Syracuse. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 25.

=Leona=, a courtesan, called also Læna. _See:_ Læna.

=Leonătus=, one of Alexander’s generals. His father’s name was Eunus. He distinguished himself in Alexander’s conquest of Asia, and once saved the king’s life in a dangerous battle. After the death of Alexander, at the general division of the provinces, he received for his portion that part of Phrygia which borders on the Hellespont. He was empowered by Perdiccas to assist Eumenes in making himself master of the province of Cappadocia, which had been allotted to him. Like the rest of the generals of Alexander, he was ambitious of power and dominion. He aspired to the sovereignty of Macedonia, and secretly communicated to Eumenes the different plans he meant to pursue to execute his designs. He passed from Asia into Europe to assist Antipater against the Athenians, and was killed in a battle which was fought soon after his arrival. Historians have mentioned, as an instance of the luxury of Leonatus, that he employed a number of camels to procure some earth from Egypt to wrestle upon, as, in his opinion, it seemed better calculated for that purpose. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 8.――_Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 2.――_Diodorus_, bk. 18.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_.――――A Macedonian with Pyrrhus in Italy against the Romans.

=Leonĭdas=, a celebrated king of Lacedæmon, of the family of the Eurysthenidæ, sent by his countrymen to oppose Xerxes king of Persia, who had invaded Greece with about five millions of souls. He was offered the kingdom of Greece by the enemy, if he would not oppose his views; but Leonidas heard the proposal with indignation, and observed, that he preferred death for his country, to an unjust though extensive dominion over it. Before the engagement Leonidas exhorted his soldiers, and told them all to dine heartily, as they were to sup in the realms of Pluto. The battle was fought at Thermopylæ, and the 300 Spartans who alone had refused to abandon the scene of action, withstood the enemy with such vigour, that they were obliged to retire wearied and conquered during three successive days, till Ephialtes, a Trachinian, had the perfidy to conduct a detachment of Persians by a secret path up the mountains, whence they suddenly fell upon the rear of the Spartans, and crushed them to pieces. Only one escaped of the 300; he returned home, where he was treated with insult and reproaches, for flying ingloriously from a battle in which his brave companions, with their royal leader, had perished. This celebrated battle, which happened 480 years before the christian era, taught the Greeks to despise the number of the Persians, and to rely upon their own strength, and intrepidity. Temples were raised to the fallen hero, and festivals, called _Leonidea_, yearly celebrated at Sparta, in which free-born youths contended. Leonidas, as he departed for the battle from Lacedæmon, gave no other injunction to his wife but, after his death, to marry a man of virtue and honour, to raise from her children deserving of the name and greatness of her first husband. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 120, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Themistocles_.――_Justin_, bk. 2.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 6. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_ & _Cleomenes_. ――――A king of Sparta after Areus II., ♦257 years before Christ. He was driven from his kingdom by Cleombrotus his son-in-law, and afterwards re-established.――――A preceptor to Alexander the Great. ――――A friend of Parmenio, appointed commander, by Alexander, of the soldiers who lamented the death of Parmenio, and who formed a separate cohort. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――――A learned man of Rhodes, greatly commended by Strabo, &c.

♦ omitted word ‘years’ added

=Leontium= and =Leontīni=, a town of Sicily, about five miles distant from the sea-shore. It was built by a colony from Chalcis in Eubæa, and was, according to some accounts, once the habitation of the Lætrygones, for which reason the neighbouring fields are often called _Læstrygonii campi_. The country was extremely fruitful, whence Cicero calls it the grand magazine of Sicily. The wine which it produced was the best of the island. The people of Leontium implored the assistance of the Athenians against the Syracusans, B.C. 427. _Thucydides_, bk. 6.――_Polybius_, bk. 7.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 467.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 126.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 5.

=Leontium=, a celebrated courtesan of Athens, who studied philosophy under Epicurus, and became one of his most renowned pupils. She prostituted herself to the philosopher’s scholars, and even to Epicurus himself, if we believe the reports which were raised by some of his enemies. _See:_ Epicurus. Metrodorus shared her favours in the most unbounded manner, and by him she had a son, to whom Epicurus was so partial, that he recommended him to his executors on his dying bed. Leontium not only professed herself a warm admirer and follower of the doctrines of Epicurus, but she even wrote a book in support of them against Theophrastus. This book was valuable, if we believe the testimony and criticism of Cicero, who praised the purity and elegance of its style, and the truly Attic turn of the expressions. Leontium had also a daughter called Danae, who married Sophron. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 33.

=Leontocephălus=, a strongly fortified city of Phrygia. _Plutarch._

=Leonton=, or =Leontopŏlis=, a town of Egypt where lions were worshipped. _Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 12, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Leontychides.= _See:_ Leotychides.

=Leos=, a son of Orpheus, who immolated his three daughters for the good of Athens. _See:_ Leocorion.

=Leosthĕnes=, an Athenian general, who, after Alexander’s death, drove Antipater to Thessaly, where he besieged him in the town of Lamia. The success which for a while attended his arms was soon changed by a fatal blow, which he received from a stone thrown by the besieged, B.C. 323. The death of Leosthenes was followed by the total defeat of the Athenian forces. The funeral oration over his body was pronounced at Athens by Hyperides, in the absence of Demosthenes, who had been lately banished for taking a bribe from Harpalus. _See:_ Lamiacum. _Diodorus_, bks. 17 & 18.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――――Another general of Athens, condemned on account of the bad success which attended his arms against Peparethos.

=Leotychĭdes=, a king of Sparta, son of Menares, of the family of the Proclidæ. He was set over the Grecian fleet, and, by his courage and valour, he put an end to the Persian war at the famous battle of Mycale. It is said that he cheered the spirits of his fellow-soldiers at Mycale, who were anxious for their countrymen in Greece, by raising a report that a battle had been fought at Platæa, in which the barbarians had been defeated. This succeeded, and though the information was premature, yet a battle was fought at Platæa, in which the Greeks obtained the victory the same day that the Persian fleet was destroyed at Mycale. Leotychides was accused of a capital crime by the Ephori, and, to avoid the punishment which his guilt seemed to deserve, he fled to the temple of Minerva at Tegea, where he perished, B.C. 469, after a reign of 22 years. He was succeeded by his grandson Archidamus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 7 & 8.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11.――――A son of Agis king of Sparta by Timæa. The legitimacy of his birth was disputed by some, and it was generally believed that he was the son of Alcibiades. He was prevented from ascending the throne of Sparta by Lysander, though Agis had declared him upon his death-bed his lawful son and heir, and Agesilaus was appointed in his place. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus_.――_Plutarch._――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Lephyrium=, a city of Cilicia.

=Lepĭda=, a noble woman, accused of attempts to poison her husband, from whom she had been separated for 20 years. She was condemned under Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 22.――――A woman who married Scipio.――――Domitia, a daughter of Drusus and Antonia, great niece to Augustus, and aunt to the emperor Nero. She is described by Tacitus as a common prostitute, infamous in her manners, violent in her temper, and yet celebrated for her beauty. She was put to death by means of her rival Agrippina, Nero’s mother. _Tacitus._――――A wife of Galba the emperor.――――A wife of Cassius, &c.

=Lepĭdus Marcus Æmĭlius=, a Roman, celebrated as being one of the triumvirs with Augustus and Antony. He was of an illustrious family, and, like the rest of his contemporaries, he was remarkable for his ambition, to which were added a narrowness of mind, and a great deficiency of military abilities. He was sent against Cæsar’s murderers, and some time after, he leagued with Marcus Antony, who had gained the heart of his soldiers by artifice, and that of their commander by his address. When his influence and power among the soldiers had made him one of the triumvirs, he showed his cruelty, like his colleagues, by his proscriptions, and even suffered his own brother to be sacrificed to the dagger of the triumvirate. He received Africa as his portion in the division of the empire; but his indolence soon rendered him despicable in the eyes of his soldiers and of his colleagues; and Augustus, who was well acquainted with the unpopularity of Lepidus, went to his camp and obliged him to resign the power to which he was entitled as being a triumvir. After this degrading event, he sunk into obscurity, and retired, by order of Augustus, to Cerceii, a small town on the coast of Latium, where he ended his days in peace, B.C. 13, and where he was forgotten as soon as out of power. _Appian._――_Plutarch_, _Life of Augustus_.――_Florus_, bk. 4, chs. 6 & 7.――――A Roman consul, sent to be the guardian of young Ptolemy Epiphanes, whom his father had left to the care of the Roman people. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 67.――_Justin_, bk. 30, ch. 3.――――A son of Julia the granddaughter of Augustus. He was intended by Caius as his successor in the Roman empire. He committed adultery with Agrippina when young. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 59.――――An orator mentioned by _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――A censor, A.U.C. 734.

=Lepīnus=, a mountain of Italy. _Columella_, bk. 10.

=Lepontii=, a people at the source of the Rhine. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 20.

=Lepreos=, a son of Pyrgeus, who built a town in Elis, which he called after his own name. He laid a wager that he would eat as much as Hercules; upon which he killed an ox and ate it up. He afterwards challenged Hercules to a trial of strength, and was killed. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 5.

=Leprium=, or =Lepreos=, a town of Elis. _Cicero_, bk. 6, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Leptĭnes=, a general of Demetrius, who ordered Cnæus Octavius, one of the Roman ambassadors, to be put to death.――――A son of Hermocrates of Syracuse, brother to Dionysius. He was sent by his brother against the Carthaginians, and experienced so much success, that he sunk 50 of their ships. He was afterwards defeated by Mago, and banished by Dionysius. He always continued a faithful friend to the interests of his brother, though naturally an avowed enemy to tyranny and oppression. He was killed in a battle with the Carthaginians. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――A famous orator at Athens, who endeavoured to set the people free from oppressive taxes. He was opposed by Demosthenes.――――A tyrant of Appollonia in Sicily, who surrendered to Timoleon. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Leptis=, the name of two cities of Africa, one of which, called _Major_, now _Lebida_, was near the Syrtes, and had been built by a Tyrian or Sidonian colony. The other, called _Minor_, now _Lemta_, was about 18 Roman miles from Adrumentum. It paid every day a talent to the republic of Carthage, by way of tribute. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 251.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 19.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 77. ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 3, li. 256.――_Cæsar_. _Civil Wars_, bk. 2, ch. 38.――_Cicero_, bk. 5, _Against Verres_, ch. 59.

=Leria=, an island in the Ægean sea, on the coast of Caria, about 18 miles in circumference, peopled by a Milesian colony. Its inhabitants were very dishonest. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 125.

=Lerĭna=, or =Planasia=, a small island in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Gaul, at the east of the Rhone. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Lerna=, a country of Argolis, celebrated for a grove and a lake, where, according to the poets, the Danaides threw the heads of their murdered husbands. It was there also that Hercules killed the famous hydra. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 803; bk. 12, li. 517.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 597.――_Lucretius_, bk. 5.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 638. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――――There was a festival, called _Lernæa_, celebrated there in honour of Bacchus, Proserpine, and Ceres. The Argives used to carry fire to this solemnity from a temple upon mount Crathis, dedicated to Diana. _Pausanias._

=Lero=, a small island on the coast of Gaul, called also Lerina.

=Leros.= _See:_ Leria.

=Lesbos=, a large island in the Ægean sea, now known by the name of _Metelin_, 168 miles in circumference. It has been severally called _Ægira_, _Lasia_, _Æthiope_, and _Pelasgia_, from the Pelasgi, by whom it was first peopled, _Macaria_, from Macareus who settled in it, and _Lesbos_, from the son-in-law and successor of Macareus, who bore the same name. The chief towns of Lesbos were Methymna and Mitylene. Lesbos was originally governed by kings, but they were afterwards subjected to the neighbouring powers. The wine which it produced was greatly esteemed by the ancients, and still is in the same repute among the moderns. The Lesbians were celebrated among the ancients for their skill in music, and their women for their beauty; but the general character of the people was so debauched and dissipated, that the epithet of _Lesbian_ was often used to signify debauchery and extravagance. Lesbos has given birth to many illustrious persons, such as Arion, Terpander, &c. The best verses were by way of eminence often called _Lesboum carmen_, from Alcæus and Sappho, who distinguished themselves for their poetical compositions, and were also natives of the place. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 13. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 90.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 11. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 160.

=Lesbus=, or =Lesbos=, a son of Lapithas, grandson of Æolus, who married Methymna daughter of Macareus. He succeeded his father-in-law, and gave his name to the island over which he reigned.

=Lesches=, a Greek poet of Lesbos, who flourished B.C. 600. Some suppose him to be the author of the little Iliad, of which only few verses remain, quoted by _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 25.

=Lestrȳgŏnes.= _See:_ Læstrygones.

=Letānum=, a town of Propontis, built by the Athenians.

=Lethæus=, a river of Lydia, flowing by Magnesia into the Mæander. _Strabo_, bk. 10, &c.――――Another of Macedonia,――――of Crete.

=Lēthe=, one of the rivers of hell, whose waters the souls of the dead drank after they had been confined for a certain space of time in Tartarus. It had the power of making them forget whatever they had done, seen, or heard before, as the name implies, ληθη, _oblivion_. ――――Lethe is a river of Africa, near the Syrtes, which runs under the ground, and some time after rises again, whence the origin of the fable of the Lethean streams of oblivion.――――There is also a river of that name in Spain.――――Another in Bœotia, whose waters were drunk by those who consulted the oracle of Trophonius. _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 355. ――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 47.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 545; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 714.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 235; bk. 10, li. 555.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 39.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 7, li. 27.

=Letus=, a mountain of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 18.

=Levāna=, a goddess of Rome, who presided over the action of the person who took up from the ground a newly born child, after it had been placed there by the midwife. This was generally done by the father, and so religiously observed was this ceremony, that the legitimacy of a child could be disputed without it.

=Leuca=, a town of the Salentines, near a cape of the same name in Italy. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 376.――――A town of Ionia,――――of Crete, ――――of Argolis. _Strabo_, bk. 6, &c.

=Leucas=, or =Leucadia=, an island of the Ionian sea, now called _St. Maura_, near the coast of Epirus, famous for a promontory called _Leucate_, _Leucas_, or _Leucates_, where desponding lovers threw themselves into the sea. Sappho had recourse to this leap to free herself from the violent passion which she entertained for Phaon. The word is derived from λευκος, _white_, on account of the whiteness of its rocks. Apollo had a temple on the promontory, whence he is often called _Leucadius_. The island was formerly joined to the continent by a narrow isthmus, which the inhabitants dug through after the Peloponnesian war. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 15, li. 171.――_Strabo_, bk. 6, &c.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 302.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 274; bk. 8, li. 677.――――A town of Phœnicia.

=Leucasion=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Leucaspis=, a Lycian, one of the companions of Æneas, drowned in the Tyrrhene sea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 334.

=Leucate.= _See:_ Leucas.

=Leuce=, a small island in the Euxine sea, of a triangular form, between the mouths of the Danube and the Borysthenes. According to the poets, the souls of the ancient heroes were placed there as in the Elysian fields, where they enjoyed perpetual felicity, and reaped the repose to which their benevolence to mankind, and their exploits during life, seemed to entitle them. From that circumstance it has often been called the island of the blessed, &c. According to some accounts Achilles celebrated there his nuptials with Iphigenia, or rather Helen, and shared the pleasures of the place with the manes of Ajax, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ammianus_, bk. 22.――_Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bk. 2, li. 773.――――One of the Oceanides whom Pluto carried into his kingdom.

=Leuci=, a people of Gaul, between the Moselle and the Maese. Their capital is now called _Toul_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 40. ――――Mountains on the west of Crete, appearing at a distance like _white_ clouds, whence the name.

=Leucippe=, one of the Oceanides.

=Leucippĭdes=, the daughters of Leucippus. _See:_ Leucippus.

=Leucippus=, a celebrated philosopher of Abdera, about 428 years before Christ, disciple to Zeno. He was the first who invented the famous system of atoms and of a vacuum, which was afterwards more fully explained by Democritus and Epicurus. Many of his hypotheses have been adopted by the moderns, with advantage. _Diogenes Laërtius_ has written his life.――――A brother of Tyndarus king of Sparta, who married Philodice daughter of Inachus, by whom he had two daughters, Hilaira and Phœbe, known by the patronymic of Leucippides. They were carried away by their cousins Castor and Pollux, as they were going to celebrate their nuptials with Lynceus and Idas. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 701.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 17 & 26.――――A son of Xanthus, descended from Bellerophon. He became deeply enamoured of one of his sisters, and when he was unable to restrain his unnatural passion, he resolved to gratify it. He acquainted his mother with it, and threatened to murder himself if she attempted to oppose his views or remove the object of his affection. The mother, rather than lose a son whom she tenderly loved, cherished his passion, and by her consent her daughter yielded herself to the arms of her brother. Some time after the father resolved to give his daughter in marriage to a Lycian prince. The future husband was informed that the daughter of Xanthus secretly entertained a lover, and he communicated the intelligence to the father. Xanthus upon this secretly watched his daughter, and when Leucippus had introduced himself to her bed, the father, in his eagerness to discover the seducer, occasioned a little noise in the room. The daughter was alarmed, and as she attempted to escape she received a mortal wound from her father, who took her to be the lover. Leucippus came to her assistance, and stabbed his father in the dark, without knowing who he was. This accidental parricide obliged Leucippus to fly from his country. He came to Crete, where the inhabitants refused to give him an asylum, when acquainted with the atrociousness of his crime, and he at last came to Ephesus, where he died in the greatest misery and remorse. _Hermesianax referenced by Parthenius_, ch. 5.――――A son of Œnomaus, who became enamoured of Daphne, and to obtain her confidence disguised himself in a female dress, and attended his mistress as a companion. He gained the affections of Daphne by his obsequiousness and attention, but his artifice at last proved fatal through the influence and jealousy of his rival Apollo; for when Daphne and her attendants were bathing in the Ladon, the sex of Leucippus was discovered, and he perished by the darts of the females. _Parthenius_, _Narrationes Amatoriæ_, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 20.――――A son of Hercules by Marse, one of the daughters of Thespius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Leucŏla=, a part of Cyprus.

=Leucon=, a tyrant of Bosphorus, who lived in great intimacy with the Athenians. He was a firm patron of the useful arts, and greatly encouraged commerce. _Strabo._――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 14.――――A son of Athamas and Themisto. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 22.――――A king of Pontus killed by his brother, whose bed he had defiled. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 3.――――A town of Africa near Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 160.

=Leucōne=, a daughter of Aphidas, who gave her name to a fountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44.

=Leucōnes=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._

=Leuconoe=, a daughter of Lycambes. The Leuconoe to whom Horace addressed his bk. 1, ode 11, seems to be a fictitious name.

=Leucopĕtra=, a place on the isthmus of Corinth, where the Achæans were defeated by the consul Mummius.――――A promontory six miles east from Rhegium in Italy, where the Apennines terminate and sink into the sea.

=Leucŏphrys=, a temple of Diana, with a city of the same name, near the Mæander. The goddess was represented under the figure of a woman with many breasts, and crowned with victory.――――An ancient name of Tenedos. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 14.――_Strabo_, bks. 13 & 14.

=Leucopŏlis=, a town of Caria.

=Leucos=, a river of Macedonia near Pydna.――――A man, &c. _See:_ Idomeneus.

=Leucosia=, a small island in the Tyrrhene sea. It received its name from one of the companions of Æneas, who was drowned there, or from one of the Sirens, who was thrown there by the sea. _Strabo_, bk. 5. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 708.

=Leucosy̆rii=, a people of Asia Minor, called afterwards Cappadocians. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――――The same name is given to the inhabitants of Cilicia, where it borders on Cappadocia. _Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 14, ch. 1.

=Leucŏthoe=, or =Leucothea=, the wife of Athamas, changed into a sea deity. _See:_ Ino. She was called Matuta by the Romans, who raised her a temple, where all the people, particularly women, offered vows to their brother’s children. They did not entreat the deity to protect their own children, because Ino had been unfortunate in hers. No female slaves were permitted to enter the temple; or if their curiosity tempted them to transgress this rule, they were beaten away with the greatest severity. To this supplicating for other people’s children, Ovid alludes in these lines, _Fasti_, bk. 6:

_Non tamen hanc pro stirpe suâ pia mater adorat, Ipsa parum felix visa fuisse parens._

――――A daughter of king Orchamus by Eurynome. Apollo became enamoured of her, and to introduce himself to her with greater facility, he assumed the shape and features of her mother. Their happiness was complete, when Clytia, who tenderly loved Apollo, and was jealous of his amours with Leucothoe, discovered the whole intrigue to her father, who ordered his daughter to be buried alive. The lover, unable to save her from death, sprinkled nectar and ambrosia on her tomb, which, penetrating as far as the body, changed it into a beautiful tree, which bears frankincense. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 196.――――An island in the Tyrrhene sea, near Capreæ.――――A fountain of Samos.――――A town of Egypt,――――of Arabia. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A part of Asia which produces frankincense.

=Leuctra=, a village of Bœotia, between Platæa and Thespia, famous for the victory which Epaminondas the Theban general obtained over the superior force of Cleombrotus king of Sparta, on the 8th of July, B.C. 371. In this famous battle 4000 Spartans were killed with their king Cleombrotus, and no more than 300 Thebans. From that time the Spartans lost the empire of Greece, which they had obtained for nearly 500 years. _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_ & _Agesilaus_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.――_Justin_, bk. 6, ch. 6.――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.――_Pausanias_, _Laconia_.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 1, ch. 18; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 46; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 6, ltr. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Leuctrum=, a town of Laconia. _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Leucus=, one of the companions of Ulysses, killed before Troy by Antiphus son of Priam. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 491.

=Leucyanias=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing into the Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 21.

=Levinus.= _See:_ Lævinus.

=Leutychĭdes=, a Lacedæmonian, made king of Sparta on the expulsion of Demaratus. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 65, &c. _See:_ Leotychides.

=Lexovii=, a people of Gaul, at the mouth of the Seine, conquered with great slaughter by a lieutenant of Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Libānius=, a celebrated sophist of Antioch in the age of the emperor Julian. He was educated at Athens, and opened a school at Antioch, which produced some of the best and most learned of the literary characters of the age. Libanius was naturally vain and arrogant, and he contemptuously refused the offers of the emperor Julian, who wished to purchase his friendship and intimacy by raising him to offices of the highest splendour and affluence in the empire. When Julian had imprisoned the senators of Antioch for their impertinence, Libanius undertook the defence of his fellow-citizens, and paid a visit to the emperor, in which he astonished him by the boldness and independence of his expressions, and the firmness and resolution of his mind. Some of his orations, and above 1600 of his letters, are extant; they discover much affectation and obscurity of style, and we cannot perhaps much regret the loss of writings which afforded nothing but a display of pedantry, and quotations from Homer. Julian submitted his writings to the judgment of Libanius with the greatest confidence, and the sophist freely rejected or approved, and showed that he was more attached to the person than the fortune and greatness of his prince. The time of his death is unknown. The best edition of Libanius seems to be that of Paris, folio, 1606, with a second volume published by Morell, 1627. His epistles have been edited by Wolf, folio, 1738.

=Libănus=, a high mountain of Syria, famous for its cedars. _Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Libentīna=, a surname of Venus, who had a temple at Rome, where the young women used to dedicate the toys and childish amusements of their youth, when arrived at nubile years. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 6.

=Līber=, a surname of Bacchus, which signifies _free_. He received this name from his delivering some cities of Bœotia from slavery, or, according to others, because wine, of which he was the patron, delivered mankind from their cares, and made them speak with freedom and unconcern. The word is often used for wine itself. _Seneca_, _de Tranquilitate Animi_.

=Libĕra=, a goddess, the same as Proserpine. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 48.――――A name given to Ariadne by Bacchus, or Liber, when he had married her. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 513.

=Libĕrālia=, festivals yearly celebrated in honour of Bacchus, the 17th of March. Slaves were then permitted to speak with freedom, and everything bore the appearance of independence. They were much the same as the Dionysia of the Greeks. _Varro._

=Libertas=, a goddess of Rome who had a temple on mount Aventine, raised by Tiberius Gracchus, and improved and adorned by Pollio with many elegant statues and brazen columns, and a gallery in which were deposited the public acts of the state. She was represented as a woman in a light dress, holding a rod in one hand and a cap in the other, both signs of independence, as the former was used by the magistrates in the manumission of slaves, and the latter was worn by slaves, who were soon to be set at liberty. Sometimes a cat was placed at her feet, as this animal is very fond of liberty, and impatient when confined. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 16; bk. 25, ch. 7. ――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 1, li. 72.――_Plutarch_, _Gracchus_. ――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 44.

=Lībēthra=, a fountain of Magnesia in Thessaly, or of Bœotia, according to some, sacred to the muses, who from thence are called _Libethrides_. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7, li. 21.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bks. 9 & 10.

=Lībethrĭdes=, a name given to the Muses from the fountain Libethra, or from mount Libethrus in Thrace.

=Libici=, =Libecii=, or =Libri=, a people of Gaul who passed into Italy, A.U.C. 364. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 35; bk. 21, ch. 38.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.

=Libĭtīna=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over funerals. According to some, she is the same as Venus, or rather Proserpine. Servius Tullius first raised her a temple at Rome, where everything necessary for funerals was exposed to sale, and where the registers of the dead were usually kept. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 19.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Romanæ_.

=Libo=, a friend of Pompey, who watched over the fleet, &c. _Plutarch._ ――――A Roman citizen, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 19.――――A friend of the first triumvirate, who killed himself and was condemned after death.

=Libon=, a Greek architect who built the famous temple of Jupiter Olympius. He flourished about 450 years before the christian era.

=Libophœnīces=, the inhabitants of the country near Carthage.

=Liburna=, a town of Dalmatia.

=Liburnia=, now _Croatia_, a country of Illyricum, between Istria and Dalmatia, whence a colony came to settle in Apulia, in Italy. There were at Rome a number of men whom the magistrates employed as public heralds, who were called _Liburni_, probably from being originally of Liburnian extraction. Some ships of a light construction but with strong beaks were also called _Liburnian_. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 11, li. 44.――_Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 75.――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 50, li. 33.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 37, li. 30; Epode 1, li. 1.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 534.――_Pliny the Younger_, bk. 6, ltr. 16.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 2, ch. 17.

=Liburnĭdes=, an island on the coast of Liburnia, in the Adriatic. _Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Liburnum mare=, the sea which borders on the coasts of Liburnia.

=Liburnus=, a mountain of Campania.

=Lĭbya=, a daughter of Epaphus and ♦Cassiope, who became mother of Agenor and Belus by Neptune. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.――――A name given to Africa, one of the three grand divisions of the ancient globe. Libya, properly speaking, is only a part of Africa, bounded on the east by Egypt, and on the west by that part called by the moderns the kingdom of Tripoli. The ancients, according to some traditions mentioned by Herodotus and others, sailed round Africa, by steering westward from the Red sea, and entered the Mediterranean by the columns of Hercules, after a perilous navigation of three years. From the word Libya, are derived the epithets of _Libys_, _Libyssa_, _Libysis_, _Libystis_, _Libycus_, _Libysticus_, _Libystinus_, _Libystæus_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 106; bk. 5, li. 37.――_Lucan_, bk. 4.――_Sallust_, &c.

♦ ‘Cassiopea’ replaced with ‘Cassiope’ for consistency

=Liby̆cum mare=, that part of the Mediterranean which lies on the coast of Cyrene. _Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Libycus= and =Libystis=. _See:_ Libya.

=Libys=, a sailor, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.

=Libyssa=, a river of Bithynia, with a town of the same name, where was the tomb of Annibal, still extant in the age of Pliny.

=Licates=, a people of Vindelicia.

=Licha=, a city near Lycia.

=Lichades=, small islands near Cæneum, a promontory of Eubœa, called from Lichas. _See:_ Lichas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, lis. 155, 218.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Lichas=, a servant of Hercules who brought him the poisoned tunic from Dejanira. He was thrown by his master into the sea with great violence, and changed into a rock in the Eubœan sea, by the compassion of the gods. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 211.

=Liches=, an Arcadian who found the bones of Orestes buried at Tegea, &c. _Herodotus._

=Licĭnia lex=, was enacted by Lucius Licinius Crassus and Quintus Mutius, consuls, A.U.C. 659. It ordered all the inhabitants of Italy to be enrolled on the list of citizens in their respective cities. ――――Another, by Caius Licinius Crassus the tribune, A.U.C. 608. It transferred the right of choosing priests from the college to the people. It was proposed, but did not pass.――――Another, by Caius Licinius Stolo the tribune. It forbade any person to possess 500 acres of land, or keep more than 100 head of large cattle, or 500 of small.――――Another, by Publius Licinius Varus, A.U.C. 545, to settle the day for the celebration of the _Ludi Apollinares_, which was before uncertain.――――Another, by Publius Licinius Crassus Dives, B.C. 110. It was the same as the Fannian law, and further required that no more than 30 _asses_ should be spent at any table on the Calends, nones, or nundinæ, and only three pounds of fresh and one of salt meat, on ordinary days. None of the fruits of the earth were forbidden.――――Another, _de sodalitiis_, by Marcus Licinius the consul, 692. It imposed a severe penalty on party clubs, or societies assembled or frequented for election purposes, as coming under the definition of _ambitus_, and of offering violence in some degree to the freedom and independence of the people.――――Another, called also _Æbutia_, by Licinius and Æbutius the tribunes. It enacted, that when any law was proffered with respect to any office or power, the person who proposed the bill, as well as his colleagues in office, his friends and relations, should be declared incapable of being invested with the said office or power.

=Licĭnia=, the wife of Caius Gracchus, who attempted to dissuade her husband from his seditious measures by a pathetic speech. She was deprived of her dowry after the death of Caius.――――A vestal virgin accused of incontinence, but acquitted, A.U.C. 636.――――Another vestal, put to death for her lasciviousness under Trajan.――――The wife of Mæcenas, distinguished for conjugal tenderness. She was sister to Proculeius, and bore also the name of Terentia. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 12, li. 13.

=Caius Licĭnius=, a tribune of the people, celebrated for the consequence of his family, for his intrigues and abilities. He was a plebeian, and was the first of that body who was raised to the office of a master of horse to the dictator. He was surnamed _Stolo_, or _useless sprout_, on account of the law which he had enacted during his tribuneship. _See:_ Licinia lex, by Stolo. He afterwards made a law which permitted the plebeians to share the consular dignity with the patricians, A.U.C. 388. He reaped the benefit of this law, and was one of the first plebeian consuls. This law was proposed and passed by Licinius, as it is reported, at the instigation of his ambitious wife, who was jealous of her sister, who had married a patrician, and who seemed to be of a higher dignity in being the wife of a consul. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 34.――_Plutarch._――――Caius Calvus, a celebrated orator and poet in the age of Cicero. He distinguished himself by his eloquence in the forum, and his poetry, which some of the ancients have compared to Catullus. His orations are greatly commended by Quintilian. Some believe that he wrote annals quoted by Dionysius of Halicarnassus. He died in the 30th year of his age. _Quintilian._――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 81.――――Macer, a Roman accused by Cicero when pretor. He derided the power of his accuser, but when he saw himself condemned he grew so desperate that he killed himself. _Plutarch._――――Publius Crassus, a Roman sent against Perseus king of Macedonia. He was at first defeated, but afterwards repaired his losses and obtained a complete victory, &c.――――A consul sent against Annibal.――――Another, who defeated the robbers that infested the Alps.――――A high priest.――――Caius Imbrex, a comic poet in the age of Africanus, preferred by some in merit to Ennius and Terence. His Nævia and Neæra are quoted by ancient authors, but of all his poetry only two verses are preserved. _Aulus Gellius._――――A consul, &c.――――Lucullus. _See:_ Lucullus.――――Crassus. _See:_ Crassus. ――――Mucianus, a Roman who wrote about the history and geography of the eastern countries, often quoted by Pliny. He lived in the reign of Vespasian.――――Publius Tegula, a comic poet of Rome about 200 years before Christ. He is ranked as the fourth of the best comic poets which Rome produced. Few lines of his compositions are extant. He wrote an ode, which was sung all over the city of Rome by nine virgins during the Macedonian war. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 12.――――Varro Muræna, a brother of Proculeius, who conspired against Augustus with Fannius Cæpio, and suffered for his crime. Horace addressed his bk. 2, ode 10 to him, and recommended equanimity in every situation. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 54.――――Caius Flavius Valerianus, a celebrated Roman emperor. His father was a poor peasant of Dalmatia, and himself a common soldier in the Roman armies. His valour recommended him to the notice of Galerius Maximianus, who had once shared with him the inferior and subordinate offices of the army, and had lately been invested with the imperial purple by Diocletian. Galerius loved him for his friendly services, particularly during the Persian war, and he showed his regard for his merit by taking him as a colleague in the empire, and appointing him over the province of Pannonia and Rhœtia. Constantine, who was also one of the emperors, courted the favour of Licinius, and made his intimacy more durable by giving him his sister Constantia in marriage, A. D. 313. The continual successes of Licinius, particularly against Maximinus, increased his pride, and rendered him jealous of the greatness of his brother-in-law. The persecutions of the christians, whose doctrines Constantine followed, soon caused a rupture, and Licinius had the mortification to lose two battles, one in Pannonia, and the other near Adrianopolis. Treaties of peace were made between the contending powers, but the restless ambition of Licinius soon broke them; and after many engagements a decisive battle was fought near Chalcedonia. Ill fortune again attended Licinius, who was conquered, and fled to Nicomedia, where soon the conqueror obliged him to surrender, and to resign the imperial purple. The tears of Constantia obtained forgiveness for her husband, yet Constantine knew what a turbulent and active enemy had fallen into his hands therefore he ordered him to be strangled at Thessalonica, A.D. 324. His family was involved in his ruin. The avarice, licentiousness, and cruelty of Licinius are as conspicuous as his misfortunes. He was an enemy to learning, and this aversion totally proceeded from his ignorance of letters, and the rusticity of his education. His son by Constantia bore also the same name. He was honoured with the title of Cæsar when scarce 20 months old. He was involved in his father’s ruin, and put to death by order of Constantine.

=Licīnus=, a barber and freedman of Augustus, raised by his master to the rank and dignity of a senator, merely because he hated Pompey’s family. _Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 301.

=Licymnius=, a son of Electryon and brother of Alcmena. He was so infirm in his old age, that when he walked, he was always supported by a slave. Triptolemus son of Hercules, seeing the slave inattentive to his duty, threw a stick at him, which unfortunately killed Licymnius. The murderer fled to Rhodes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, poem 7.

=Lide=, a mountain of Caria. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 105.

=Quintus Ligarius=, a Roman proconsul of Africa, after Confidius. In the civil wars he followed the interest of Pompey, and was pardoned when Cæsar had conquered his enemies. Cæsar, however, and his adherents were determined upon the ruin of Ligarius; but Cicero, by an eloquent oration, still extant, defeated his accusers, and he was pardoned. He became afterwards one of Cæsar’s murderers. _Cicero_, _For Ligarius_.――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.

=Ligea=, one of the Nereides. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4.

=Liger=, a Rutulian killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 576.

=Liger=, or =Ligĕris=, now _La Loire_, a large river of Gaul, falling into the Atlantic ocean near Nantes. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 18.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, chs. 55 & 75.

=Ligŏras=, an officer of Antiochus king of Syria, who took the town of Sardis by stratagem, &c.

=Ligŭres=, the inhabitants of Liguria. _See:_ Liguria.

=Ligŭria=, a country on the west of Italy, bounded on the east by the river Macra, on the south by part of the Mediterranean called the _Ligustic sea_, on the west by the Varus, and on the north by the Po. The commercial town of Genoa was anciently and is now the capital of the country. The origin of the inhabitants is not known, though in their character they are represented as vain, unpolished, and addicted to falsehood. According to some they were descended from the ancient Gauls and Germans, or, as others support, they were of Greek origin, perhaps the posterity of the Ligyes mentioned by Herodotus. Liguria was subdued by the Romans, and its chief harbour now bears the name of _Leghorn_. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 442.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 4, &c.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 15. ――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 35; bk. 22, ch. 33; bk. 39, ch. 6, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 8.

=Ligurīnus=, a poet. _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 50.――――A beautiful youth in the age of Horace, bk. 4, ode 1, li. 33.

=Ligus=, a woman who inhabited the Alps. She concealed her son from the pursuit of Otho’s soldiers, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 13.

=Ligustĭcæ Alpes=, a part of the Alps which borders on Liguria, sometimes called _Maritimi_.

=Ligusticum mare=, the north part of the Tyrrhene sea, now the gulf of Genoa. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 47.

=Ligyes=, a people of Asia who inhabited the country between Caucasus and the river Phasis. Some suppose them to be a colony of the Ligyes of Europe, more commonly called Ligures. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 72. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 4. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Ligyrgum=, a mountain of Arcadia.

=Lilæa=, a town of Achaia near the Cephisus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 348.

=Lĭly̆bæum=, now _Boco_, a promontory of Sicily, with a town of the same name near the Ægates, now _Marsalla_. The town was strong and very considerable, and it maintained long sieges against the Carthaginians, Romans, &c., particularly one of 10 years against Rome in the first Punic war. It had a port large and capacious, which the Romans, in the wars with Carthage, endeavoured in vain to stop and fill up with stones, on account of its convenience and vicinity to the coast of Africa. Nothing now remains of this once powerful city but the ruins of temples and aqueducts. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 706.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 5. ――_Cæsar_, _African War_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 22.

=Limæa=, a river of Lusitania. _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Limenia=, a town of Cyprus. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Limnæ=, a fortified place on the borders of Laconia and Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A town of the Thracian Chersonesus.

=Limnæum=, a temple of Diana at Limnæ, from which the goddess was called Limnæa, and worshipped under that appellation at Sparta and in Achaia. The Spartans wished to seize the temple in the age of Tiberius, but the emperor interfered, and gave it to its lawful possessors the Messenians. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 14; bk. 7, ch. 20.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 43.

=Limnatidia=, a festival in honour of Diana, surnamed _Limnatis_, from Limnæ, a school of exercise at Trœzene, where she was worshipped, or from λιμναι, _ponds_, because she presided over fishermen.

=Limniăce=, the daughter of the Ganges, mother of Atys. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 48.

=Limnonia=, one of the Nereides. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18.

=Limon=, a place of Campania between Neapolis and Puteoli. _Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 1.

=Limonum=, a town of Gaul, afterwards Pictavi, _Poictiers_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 26.

=Limyra=, a town of Lycia at the mouth of the Limyrus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 645.――_Velleius_, bk. 2, ch. 102.

=Lincasii=, a people of Gaul Narbonensis.

=Lindum=, a colony of Britain, now Lincoln.

=Lindus=, a city on the south-east part of Rhodes, built by Cercaphus son of Sol and Cydippe. The Danaides built there a temple to Minerva, and one of its colonies founded Gela in Sicily. It gave birth to Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men, and to Chares and Laches, who were employed in making and finishing the famous Colossus of Rhodes. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――_Pliny_, bk. 34.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 153.――――A grandson of Apollo. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.

=Lingrŏnes=, now _Langres_, a people of Gallia Belgica, made tributary to Rome by Julius Cæsar. They passed into Italy, where they made some settlements near the Alps at the head of the Adriatic. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 55.――_Martial_, bk. 11, ltr. 57, li. 9; bk. 14, ltr. 159.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 398.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 26.

=Linterna palus=, a lake of Campania. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 278.

=Linternum=, a town of Campania at the mouth of the river Clanis, where Scipio Africanus died and was buried. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 45. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 6, li. 654; bk. 7, li. 278.――_Cicero_, bk. 10, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 713.

=Linus.= This name is common to different persons whose history is confused, and who are often taken one for the other. One was son of Urania and Amphimarus the son of Neptune. Another was son of Apollo by Psammathe, daughter of Crotopus king of Argos. Martial mentions him in his ltr. 78, bk. 9. The third, son of Ismenius, and born at Thebes in Bœotia, taught music to Hercules, who in a fit of anger struck him on the head with his lyre and killed him. He was son of Mercury and Urania, according to Diogenes, who mentions some of his philosophical compositions, in which he asserted that the world had been created in an instant. He was killed by Apollo for presuming to compare himself to him. Apollodorus, however, and Pausanius mention that his ridicule of Hercules on his awkwardness in holding the lyre was fatal to him. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15; bk. 9, ch. 20.――――A fountain in Arcadia, whose waters were said to prevent abortion. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2.

=Liodes=, one of Penelope’s suitors, killed by Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, 22, &c.

=Lipăra=, the largest of the Æolian islands, on the coast of Sicily, now called the _Lipari_. It had a city of the same name, which, according to Diodorus, it received from Liparus the son of Auson, king of these islands, whose daughter Cyane was married by his successor Æolus, according to Pliny. The inhabitants of this island were powerful by sea, and from the great tributes which they paid to Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse, they may be called very opulent. The island was celebrated for the variety of its fruits, and its raisins are still in general repute. It had some convenient harbours, and a fountain whose waters were much frequented on account of their medicinal powers. According to Diodorus, Æolus reigned at Lipara before Liparus. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 28.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 57.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 56; bk. 8, li. 417. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――――A town of Etruria.

=Lipăris=, a river of Cilicia, whose waters were like oil. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Vitruvius_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Liphlum=, a town of the Æqui, taken by the Romans.

=Lipodorus=, one of the Greeks settled in Asia by Alexander, &c.

=Liquentia=, now _Livenza_, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Adriatic sea. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Lircæus=, a fountain near Nemæa. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 711.

=Liriŏpe=, one of the Oceanides, mother of Narcissus by the Cephisus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 311.――――A fountain of Bœotia on the borders of Thespis, where Narcissus was drowned, according to some accounts.

=Liris=, now _Garigliano_, a river of Campania, which it separates from Latium. It falls into the Mediterranean sea. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 17.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 424.――――A warrior killed by Camilla, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 670.

=Lisinias=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 14.

=Lissa=, the name of a fury which Euripides introduces on the stage, as conducted by Iris at the command of Juno, to inspire Hercules with that fatal rage which ended in his death.

=Lisson=, a river of Sicily.

=Lissus=, now _Alesso_, a town of Macedonia, on the confines of Illyricum. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 10.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 719.――――A river of Thrace, falling into the Ægean sea, between Thasos and Samothracia. It was dried up by the army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 109.

=Lista=, a town of the Sabines, whose inhabitants are called Listini.

=Litabrum=, now _Buitrago_, a town of Spain Tarraconensis. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 14; bk. 35, ch. 22.

=Litana=, a wood in Gallia Togata. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 24.

=Litavĭcus=, one of the Ædui, who assisted Cæsar with 10,000 men. _Cæsar_, _Gallic Wars_, bk. 7, ch. 37.

=Liternum=, a town of Campania.

=Lithobŏlia=, a festival celebrated at Trœzene in honour of Lamia and Auxesia, who came from Crete, and were sacrificed by the fury of the seditious populace, and stoned to death. Hence the name of the solemnity, λιθοβολια, _lapidation_.

=Lithrus=, a town of Armenia Minor. _Strabo._

=Lithubium=, a town of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 29.

=Lityersas=, an illegitimate son of Midas king of Phrygia. He made strangers prepare his harvest, and afterwards put them to death. He was at last killed by Hercules. _Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 10.

=Līvia Drusilla=, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of Lucius Drusus Calidianus. She married Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom she had the emperor Tiberius and Drusus Germanicus. The attachment of her husband to the cause of Antony was the beginning of her greatness. Augustus saw her as she fled from the danger which threatened her husband, and he resolved to marry her, though she was then pregnant. He divorced his wife Scribonia, and with the approbation of the augurs, he celebrated his nuptials with Livia. She now took advantage of the passion of Augustus, in the share that she enjoyed of his power and imperial dignity. Her children by Drusus were adopted by the complying emperor; and, that she might make the succession of her son Tiberius more easy and undisputed, Livia is accused of secretly involving in one common ruin the heirs and nearest relations of Augustus. Her cruelty and ingratitude are still more strongly marked, when she is charged with having murdered her own husband to hasten the elevation of Tiberius. If she was anxious for the aggrandizement of her son, Tiberius proved ungrateful, and hated a woman to whom he owed his life, his elevation, and his greatness. Livia died in the 86th year of her age, A.D. 29. Tiberius showed himself as undutiful after her death as before, for he neglected her funeral, and expressly commanded that no honours, either private or public, should be paid to her memory. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 3. ――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_ and _Tiberias_.――_Dio Cassius._――――Another. _See:_ Drusilla.――――Another, called Horestilla, &c. She was debauched by Galba, as she was going to marry Piso. _Suetonius_, _Galba_, ch. 25.――――Another, called also Ocellina. She was Galba’s stepmother, and committed adultery with him. _Suetonius_, _Galba_, ch. 3.

=Līvia lex=, _de sociis_, proposed to make all the inhabitants of Italy free citizens of Rome. Marcus Livius Drusus, who framed it, was found murdered in his house before it passed.――――Another by Marcus Livius Drusus the tribune, A.U.C. 662, which required that the judicial power should be lodged in the hands of an equal number of knights and senators.

=Livineius=, a friend of Pompey, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 11, &c.

=Livilla=, a daughter of Drusus.――――A sister of Caligula, &c. _See:_ Julia.

=Līvius Andronīcus=, a dramatic poet, who flourished at Rome about 240 years before the christian era. He was the first who turned the personal satires and fescennine verses, so long the admiration of the Romans, into the form of a proper dialogue and regular play. Though the character of a player, so valued and applauded in Greece, was reckoned vile and despicable among the Romans, Andronicus acted a part in his dramatic compositions and engaged the attention of his audience, by repeating what he had laboriously formed after the manner of the Greeks. Andronicus was the freedman of Marcus Livius Salinator, whose children he educated. His poetry was grown obsolete in the age of Cicero, whose nicety and judgment would not even recommend the reading of it. Some few of his verses are preserved in the _Corpus Poetarum_.――――Marcus Salinator, a Roman consul, sent against the Illyrians. The success with which he finished the campaign, and the victory which some years after he obtained over Asdrubal, who was passing into Italy with a reinforcement for his brother Annibal, show how deserving he was to be at the head of the Roman armies. _Livy._――――Drusus, a tribune who joined the patricians in opposing the ambitious views of Caius Gracchus. _Plutarch_, _Tiberius Gracchus_.――――An uncle of Cato of Utica. _Plutarch. _――――Titus, a native of Padua, celebrated for his writings. He passed the greatest part of his life at Naples and Rome, but more particularly at the court of Augustus, who liberally patronized the learned, and encouraged the progress of literature. Few particulars of his life are known, yet his fame was so universally spread even in his lifetime, that an inhabitant of Gades traversed Spain, Gaul, and Italy, merely to see the man whose writings had given him such pleasure and satisfaction in the perusal. Livy died at Padua, in his 67th year, and according to some, on that same day Rome was also deprived of another of its brightest ornaments, by the death of the poet Ovid, A.D. 17. It is said that Livia had appointed Livy to be the preceptor to young Claudius the brother of Germanicus, but death prevented the historian from enjoying an honour to which he was particularly entitled by his learning and his universal knowledge. The name of Livy is rendered immortal by his history of the Roman empire. Besides this, he wrote some philosophical treatises and dialogues, with a letter addressed to his son, on the merit of authors, which ought to be read by young men. This letter is greatly commended by Quintilian, who expatiates with great warmth on the judgment and candour of the author. His Roman history was comprehended in 140 books, of which only 35 are extant. It began with the foundation of Rome, and was continued till the death of Drusus in Germany. The merit of this history is well known, and the high rank which Livy holds among historians will never be disputed. He is always great; his style is clear and intelligible, laboured without affectation, diffusive without tediousness, and argumentative without pedantry. In his harangues he is bold and animated, and in his narrations and descriptions he claims a decided superiority. He is always elegant, and though many have branded his provincial words with the name of _Patavinity_, yet the expressions, or rather the orthography of words, which in Livy are supposed to distinguish a native of a province of Italy from a native of Rome, are not loaded with obscurity, and the perfect classic is as familiarly acquainted with the one as with the other. Livy has been censured, and perhaps with justice, for being too credulous, and burdening his history with vulgar notions and superstitious tales. He may disgust when he mentions that milk and blood were rained from heaven, or that an ox spoke, or a woman changed her sex, yet he candidly confesses that he recorded only what made an indelible impression upon the minds of a credulous age. His candour has also been called in question, and he has sometimes shown himself too partial to his countrymen, but everywhere he is an indefatigable supporter of the cause of justice and virtue. The works of Livy have been divided by some of the moderns into 14 decades, each consisting of 10 books. The first decade comprehends the history of 460 years. The second decade is lost, and the third comprehends the history of the second Punic war, which includes about 18 years. In the fourth decade, Livy treats of the wars with Macedonia and Antiochus, which contain about 23 years. For the first five books of the fifth decade, we are indebted to the researches of the moderns. They were found at Worms, A.D. 1431. These are the books that remain of Livy’s history, and the loss which the celebrated work has sustained by the ravages of time, has in some measure been compensated by the labours of Johann Freinshemius, who with great attention and industry has made an epitome of the Roman history, which is now incorporated with the remaining books of Livy. The third decade seems to be superior to the others, yet the author has not scrupled to copy from his contemporaries and predecessors, and we find many passages taken word for word from Polybius, in which the latter has shown himself more informed in military affairs, and superior to his imitator. The best editions of Livy will be found to be those of Maittaire, 6 vols., 12mo, London, 1722; of Drakenborch, 7 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1731; and of Ruddiman, 4 vols., 12mo, Edinburgh, 1751.――――A governor of Tarentum, who delivered his trust to Annibal, &c.――――A high priest who devoted Decius to the Dii Manes.――――A commander of a Roman fleet sent against Antiochus in the Hellespont.

=Lixus=, a river of Mauritania, with a city of the same name. Antæus had a palace there, and according to some accounts it was in the neighbourhood that Hercules conquered him. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 258.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._

=Lobon=, a native of Argos, who wrote a book concerning poets. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Lŏceus=, a man who conspired against Alexander with Dymnus, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Locha=, a large city of Africa, taken and plundered by Scipio’s soldiers.

=Lochias=, a promontory and citadel of Egypt near Alexandria.

=Locri=, a town of Magna Græcia in Italy on the Adriatic, not far from Rhegium. It was founded by a Grecian colony about 757 years before the christian era, as some suppose. The inhabitants were called _Locri_ or _Locrenses_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 399――_Strabo. _――_Pliny._――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 6; bk. 23, ch. 30.――――A town of Locris in ♦Greece.

♦ ‘Greeee’ replaced with ‘Greece’

=Locris=, a country of Greece, whose inhabitants are known by the name of _Ozolæ_, _Epicnemidii_, and _Opuntii_. The country of the Ozolæ, called also _Epizephyrii_ from their westerly situation, was at the north of the bay of Corinth, and extended above 12 miles northward. On the west it was separated from Ætolia by the Evenus, and it had Phocis at the east. The chief city was called Naupactus. The Epicnemidii were at the north of the Ozolæ, and had the bay of Malia at the east, and Œta on the north. They received their name from the situation of their residence, near a mountain called Cnemis. They alone, of all the Locrians, had the privilege of sending members to the council of the Amphictyons. The Opuntii, who received their name from their chief city called Opus, were situated on the borders of the Euripus, and near Phocis and Eubœa. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5. ――_Strabo_, bk. 6, &c.――_Ptolemy._――_Mela._――_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 26; bk. 28, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, _Achaia_ & _Phocis_.

=Locusta=, a celebrated woman at Rome in the favour of Nero. She poisoned Claudius and Britannicus, and at last attempted to destroy Nero himself, for which she was executed. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 66, &c.――_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 33.

=Locutius.= _See:_ Aius.

=Lollia Paulīna=, a beautiful woman, daughter of Marcus Lollius, who married Caius Memmius Regulus, and afterwards Caligula. She was divorced and put to death by means of Agrippina. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 1, &c.

=Lolliānus Spurius=, a general proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in Gaul, and soon after murdered, &c.――――A consul, &c.

=Marcus Lollius=, a companion and tutor of Caius Cæsar the son-in-law of Tiberius. He was consul, and offended Augustus by his rapacity in the provinces. Horace has addressed two of his epistles to him, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3.

=Londīnum=, the capital of Britain, founded, as some suppose, between the age of Julius Cæsar and Nero. It has been severally called _Londinium_, _Lundinum_, &c. Ammianus calls it _vetustum oppidum_. It is represented as a considerable, opulent, and commercial town, in the age of Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 33.――_Ammianus._

=Longārēnus=, a man guilty of adultery with Fausta, Sylla’s daughter. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 67.

=Longimănus=, a surname of Artaxerxes, from his having one hand longer than the other. The Greeks called him _Macrochir_. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_.

=Longīnus Dionysius Cassius=, a celebrated Greek philosopher and critic of Athens. He was preceptor of the Greek language, and afterwards minister, to Zenobia the famous queen of Palmyra, and his ardent zeal and spirited activity in her cause proved at last fatal to him. When the emperor Aurelian entered victorious the gates of Palmyra, Longinus was sacrificed to the fury of the Roman soldiers, A.D. 273. At the moment of death he showed himself great and resolute, and with a philosophical and unparalleled firmness of mind, he even repressed the tears and sighs of the spectators who pitied his miserable end. Longinus has rendered his name immortal by his critical remarks on ancient authors. His treatise on the sublime gives the world reason to lament the loss of his other valuable compositions. The best editions of this author are that of Tollius, 4to, Traja. ad Rhen. 1694, and that of Toup, 8vo, Oxford, 1778.――――Cassius, a tribune driven out of the senate for favouring the interest of Julius Cæsar. He was made governor of Spain by Cæsar, &c.――――A governor of Judæa. ――――A proconsul.――――A lawyer whom, though blind and respected, Nero ordered to be put to death, because he had in his possession a picture of Cassius, one of Cæsar’s murderers. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 6.

=Longobardi=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_.

=Longŭla=, a town of Latium on the borders of the Volsci. _Livy_, bk. 2, chs. 33 & 39; bk. 9, ch. 39.

=Longuntĭca=, a maritime city of Spain Tarraconensis. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 20.

=Longus=, a Roman consul, &c.――――A Greek author who wrote a novel called the amours of Daphnis and Chloe. The age in which he lived is not precisely known. The best editions of this pleasing writer are that of Paris, 4to, 1754, and that of Villoison, 8vo, Paris, 1778.

=Lordi=, a people of Illyricum.

=Lory̆ma=, a town of Doris. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 17.

=Lotis=, or =Lotos=, a beautiful nymph, daughter of Neptune. Priapus offered her violence, and to save herself from his importunities she implored the gods, who changed her into a tree called _Lotus_, consecrated to Venus and Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 348.

=Lotŏphăgi=, a people on the coast of Africa near the Syrtes. They received this name from their living upon the lotus. Ulysses visited their country, at his return from the Trojan war. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 177.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 7; bk. 13, ch. 17.

=Lōus=, or =Aous=, a river of Macedonia near Apollonia.

=Lua=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over things which were purified by lustrations, whence the name (_à luendo_). She is supposed to be the same as Ops or Rhea.

=Luca=, now _Lucca_, a city of Etruria on the river Arnus. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 5; bk. 41, ch. 13.――_Cicero_, bk. 13, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 13.

=Lucăgus=, one of the friends of Turnus, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 575.

=Lūcāni=, a people of Italy, descended from the Samnites, or from the Brutii.

=Lūcānia=, a country of Italy between the Tyrrhene and Sicilian seas, and bounded by Pucetia, the Picentini, and the country of the Brutii. The country was famous for its grapes. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 17; bk. 9, ch. 2; bk. 10, ch. 11.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 178.

=Quintus Lucanius=, a centurion in Cæsar’s army, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5.

=Lūcānus Marcus Annæus=, a native of Corduba in Spain. He was early removed to Rome, where his rising talents, and more particularly his lavished praises and panegyrics, recommended him to the emperor Nero. This intimacy was soon productive of honour, and Lucan was raised to the dignity of an augur and questor before he had attained the proper age. The poet had the imprudence to enter the lists against his imperial patron; he chose for his subject Orpheus, and Nero took the tragical story of Niobe. Lucan obtained an easy victory, but Nero became jealous of his poetical reputation, and resolved upon revenge. The insults to which Lucan was daily exposed, provoked at last his resentment, and he joined Piso in a conspiracy against the emperor. The whole was discovered, and the poet had nothing left but to choose the manner of his execution. He had his veins opened in a warm bath, and as he expired he pronounced with great energy the lines which, in his Pharsalia, bk. 3, lis. 639‒642, he had put into the mouth of a soldier, who died in the same manner as himself. Some have accused him of pusillanimity at the moment of his death, and say that, to free himself from the punishment which threatened him, he accused his own mother, and involved her in the crime of which he was guilty. This circumstance, which throws an indelible blot upon the character of Lucan, is not mentioned by some writers, who observe that he expired with all the firmness of a philosopher. He died in his 26th year, A.D. 65. Of all his compositions none but his _Pharsalia_ remains. This poem, which is an account of the civil wars of Cæsar and Pompey, is unfinished. Opinions are various as to the merit of the poetry. It possesses neither the fire of Homer, nor the melodious numbers of Virgil. If Lucan had lived to a greater age, his judgment and genius would have matured, and he might have claimed a more exalted rank among the poets of the Augustan age. His expressions, however, are bold and animated, his poetry entertaining, though his irregularities are numerous, and, to use the words of Quintilian, he is more an orator than a poet. He wrote a poem upon the burning of Rome, now lost. It is said that his wife Polla Argentaria not only assisted him in the composition of his poem, but even corrected it after his death. Scaliger says that Lucan rather barks than sings. The best editions of Lucan are those of Oudendorp, 4to, Leiden, 1728; of Bentley, 4to, printed at Strawberry-hill, 1760; and of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1767. _Quintilian_, bk. 10.――_Suetonius._――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, &c.――_Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 20.――――Ocellus, or Ucellus, an ancient Pythagorean philosopher, whose age is unknown. He wrote, in the Attic dialect, a book on the nature of the universe, which he deemed eternal, and from it were drawn the systems adopted by Aristotle, Plato, and Philo Judæus. This work was first translated into Latin by Nogarola. Another book of Ocellus on laws, written in the Doric dialect, was greatly esteemed by Archytas and Plato, a fragment of which has been preserved by Stobæus, of which, however, Ocellus is disputed to be the author. There is an edition of Ocellus, with a learned commentary, by C. Emman. Vizzanius, Bononiæ, 1646, in 4to.

=Lŭcăria=, or =Lŭcĕria=, festivals at Rome, celebrated in a large grove between the Via Salaria and the Tiber, where the Romans hid themselves when besieged by the Gauls. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 77.

=Lucius Lucceius=, a celebrated historian, asked by Cicero to write a history of his consulship. He favoured the cause of Pompey, but was afterwards pardoned by Julius Cæsar. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 5, ltr. 12, &c.

=Lucceius Albīnus=, a governor of Mauritania after Galba’s death, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 58.

=Lucentum= (or ia), a town of Spain, now _Alicant_.

=Lŭcĕres=, a body of horse, composed of Roman knights, first established by Romulus and Tatius. It received its name either from _Lucumo_, an Etrurian who assisted the Romans against the Sabines, or from _lucus_, a grove where Romulus had erected an asylum, or a place of refuge for all fugitives, slaves, homicides, &c., that he might people his city. The Luceres were some of these men, and they were incorporated with the legions. _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 31.

=Lucĕria=, a town of Apulia, famous for wool. _Livy_, bk. 9, chs. 2 & 12; bk. 10, ch. 35.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 15, li. 14.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 473.

=Lucerius=, a surname of Jupiter, as the father of light.

=Lucetius=, a Rutulian killed by Ilioneus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 570.

=Luciānus=, a celebrated writer of Samosata. His father was poor in his circumstances, and Lucian was early bound to one of his uncles, who was a sculptor. This employment highly displeased him; he made no proficiency in the art, and resolved to seek his livelihood by better means. A dream in which Learning seemed to draw him to her, and to promise fame and immortality, confirmed his resolutions, and he began to write. The artifices and unfair dealings of a lawyer, a life which he had embraced, disgusted him, and he began to study philosophy and eloquence. He visited different places, and Antioch, Ionia, Greece, Italy, Gaul, and more particularly Athens, became successively acquainted with the depth of his learning and the power of his eloquence. The emperor Marcus Aurelius was sensible of his merit, and appointed him registrar to the Roman governor of Egypt. He died A.D. 180, in his 90th year, and some of the moderns have asserted that he was torn to pieces by dogs for his impiety, particularly for ridiculing the religion of Christ. The works of Lucian, which are numerous, and written in the Attic dialect, consist partly of dialogues, in which he introduces different characters with much dramatic propriety. His style is easy, simple, elegant, and animated, and he has stored his compositions with many lively sentiments, and much of the true Attic wit. His frequent obscenities, and his manner of exposing to ridicule, not only the religion of his country, but also that of every nation, have deservedly drawn upon him the censure of every age, and branded him with the appellation of atheist and blasphemer. He also wrote the life of Sostrates, a philosopher of Bœotia, as also that of the philosopher Demonax. Some have also attributed to him, with great impropriety, the life of Apollonius Thyaneus. The best editions of Lucian are that of Grævius, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1687, and that of Reitzius, 4 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1743.

=Lūcĭfer=, the name of the planet Venus, or morning star. It is called _Lucifer_, when appearing in the morning before the sun; but when it follows it, and appears some time after its setting, it is called _Hesperus_. According to some mythologists, Lucifer was son of Jupiter and Aurora.――――A christian writer, whose work was edited by the Coleti, folio, Venice, 1778.

=Lucifĕri fanum=, a town of Spain.

=Caius Lūcīlius=, a Roman knight born at Aurunca, illustrious not only for the respectability of his ancestors, but more deservedly for the uprightness and the innocence of his own immaculate character. He lived in the greatest intimacy with Scipio the first Africanus, and even attended him in his war against Numantia. He is looked upon as the founder of satire, and as the first great satirical writer among the Romans. He was superior to his poetical predecessors at Rome; and though he wrote with great roughness and inelegance, but with much facility, he gained many admirers, whose praises have been often lavished with too liberal a hand. Horace compares him to a river which rolls upon its waters precious sand, accompanied with mire and dirt. Of the 30 satires which he wrote, nothing but a few verses remain. He died at Naples, in the 46th year of his age, B.C. 103. His fragments have been collected and published with notes by Franciscus Dousa, 4to, Leiden, 1597, and lastly by the Vulpii, 8vo, Patavium, 1735. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2. ――_Horace._――――Lucilius, a famous Roman, who fled with Brutus after the battle of Philippi. They were soon after overtaken by a party of horse, and Lucilius suffered himself to be severely wounded by the dart of the enemy, exclaiming that he was Brutus. He was taken and carried to the conquerors, whose clemency spared his life. _Plutarch._――――A tribune who attempted in vain to elect Pompey to the dictatorship.――――A centurion, &c.――――A governor of Asia under Tiberius.――――A friend of Tiberius.

=Lucilla=, a daughter of Marcus Aurelius, celebrated for the virtues of her youth, her beauty, debaucheries, and misfortunes. At the age of 16 her father sent her to Syria to marry the emperor Verus, who was then employed in a war with the Parthians and ♦Armenians. The conjugal virtues of Lucilla were great at first, but when she saw Verus plunge himself into debauchery and dissipation, she followed his example and prostituted herself. At her return to Rome she saw the incestuous commerce of her husband with her mother, &c., and at last poisoned him. She afterwards married an old but virtuous senator, by order of her father, and was not ashamed soon to gratify the criminal sensualities of her brother Commodus. The coldness and indifference with which Commodus treated her afterwards determined her on revenge, and she with many illustrious senators conspired against his life A.D. 185. The plot was discovered, Lucilla was banished, and soon after put to death by her brother, in the 38th year of her age.

♦ ‘Arminians’ replaced with ‘Armenians’

=Lūcīna=, a goddess, daughter of Jupiter and Juno, or, according to others, of Latona. As her mother brought her into the world without pain, she became the goddess whom women in labour invoked, and she presided over the birth of children. She receives this name either from _lucus_, or from _lux_, as Ovid explains it:

_Gratia Lucinæ, dedit hæc tibi nomina lucus; Aut quia principium tu, Dea, lucis habes._

Some suppose her to be the same as Diana and Juno, because these two goddesses were also sometimes called Lucina, and presided over the labours of women. She is called Ilythia by the Greeks. She had a famous temple at Rome, raised A.U.C. 396. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 27.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 449.――_Horace_, _Carmen Sæculare_.

=Lucius=, a Roman soldier killed at the siege of Jerusalem, by saving in his arms a man who jumped down from one of the walls. _Josephus._ ――――A brother of Marcus Antony. _See:_ Lucius Antonius.――――A Roman general, who defeated the Etrurians, &c.――――A relation of Julius Cæsar. A Roman ambassador, murdered by the Illyrians.――――A consul, &c.――――A writer, called by some Saturantius Apuleius. He was born in Africa, on the borders of Numidia. He studied poetry, music, geometry, &c., at Athens, and warmly embraced the tenets of the Platonists. He cultivated magic, and some miracles are attributed to his knowledge of enchantments. He wrote in Greek and Latin with great ease and simplicity; his style, however, is sometimes affected, though his eloquence was greatly celebrated in his age. Some fragments of his compositions are still extant. He flourished in the reign of Marcus Aurelius.――――A brother of Vitellius, &c.――――A son of Agrippa, adopted by Augustus.――――A man put to death for his incontinence, &c.――――The word Lucius is a prænomen common to many Romans, of whom an account is given under their family names.

=Lūcrētia=, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of Lucretius and wife of Tarquinius Collatinus. Her accomplishments proved fatal to her, and the praises which a number of young nobles at Ardea, among whom were Collatinus and the sons of Tarquin, bestowed upon the domestic virtues of their wives at home, were productive of a revolution in the state. While every one was warm with the idea, it was universally agreed to leave the camp and to go to Rome, to ascertain the veracity of their respective assertions. Collatinus had the pleasure to see his expectations fulfilled in the highest degree, and while the wives of the other Romans were involved in the riot and dissipation of a feast, Lucretia was found at home, employed in the midst of her female servants, and easing their labour by sharing it herself. The beauty and innocence of Lucretia inflamed the passion of Sextus the son of Tarquin, who was a witness of her virtues and industry. He cherished his flame, and he secretly retired from the camp, and came to the house of Lucretia, where he met with a kind reception. He showed himself unworthy of such a treatment, and in the dead of night he introduced himself to Lucretia, who refused to his intreaties what her fear of shame granted to his threats. She yielded to her ravisher when he threatened to murder her, and to slay one of her slaves, and put him in her bed, that this apparent adultery might seem to have met with the punishment it deserved. Lucretia, in the morning, sent for her husband and her father, and, after she had revealed to them the indignities she had suffered from the son of Tarquin, and entreated them to avenge her wrongs, she stabbed herself with a dagger which she had previously concealed under her clothes. This fatal blow was the signal of rebellion. The body of the virtuous Lucretia was exposed to the eyes of the senate, and the violence and barbarity of Sextus, joined with the unpopularity and oppression of his father, so irritated the Roman populace, that that moment they expelled the Tarquins for ever from Rome. Brutus, who was present at the tragical death of Lucretia, kindled the flames of rebellion, and the republican or consular government was established at Rome A.U.C. 244. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 57, &c.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 741.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 1.――_Plutarch._――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 1, ch. 19. ――――The wife of Numa. _Plutarch._

=Lŭcrētĭlis=, now _Libretti_, a mountain in the country of the Sabines, hanging over a pleasant valley, near which the house and farm of Horace were situated. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 1.――_Cicero_, bk. 7, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 11.

=Titius Lŭcrētius Carus=, a celebrated Roman poet and philosopher, who was early sent to Athens, where he studied under Zeno and Phædrus. The tenets of Epicurus and Empedocles, which then prevailed at Athens, were warmly embraced by Lucretius, and when united with the infinite of Anaximander and the atoms of Democritus, they were explained and elucidated in a poem, in six books, which is called _De rerum naturâ_. In this poem the masterly genius and unaffected elegance of the poet are everywhere conspicuous; but the opinions of the philosopher are justly censured, who gives no existence of power to a supreme Being, but is the devoted advocate of atheism and impiety, and earnestly endeavours to establish the mortality of the soul. This composition, which has little claim to be called an heroic poem, was written and finished while the poet laboured under a violent delirium, occasioned by a philter, which the jealousy of his mistress or his wife Lucilia had administered. It is said that he destroyed himself in the 44th year of his age, about 54 years before Christ. Cicero, after his death, revised and corrected his poems, which had been partly written in the lucid intervals of reason and of sense. Lucretius, whose poem shows that he wrote Latin better than any other man ever did, would have proved no mean rival to Virgil, had he lived in the polished age of Augustus. The best editions of his works are that of Creech, 8vo, Oxford, 1695; that of Havercamp, 2 vols., 4to, Leiden, 1725; and that of Glasgow, 12mo, 1759. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 36.――_Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Quintus, a Roman who killed himself because the inhabitants of Sulmo, over which he was appointed with a garrison, seemed to favour the cause of Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 18. He is also called Vespillo.――――Spurius Tricipitinus, father of Lucretia wife of Collatinus, was made consul after the death of Brutus, and soon after died himself. Horatius Pulvillus succeeded him. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 58.――_Plutarch_, _Publicola_.――――An interrex at Rome.――――A consul.――――Osella, a Roman, put to death by Sylla because he had applied for the consulship without his permission. _Plutarch._

=Lucrīnum=, a town of Apulia.

=Lūcrīnus=, a small lake of Campania, opposite Puteoli. Some believe that it was made by Hercules when he passed through Italy with the bulls of Geryon. It abounded with excellent oysters, and was united by Augustus to the Avernus, and a communication formed with the sea, near a harbour called _Julius Portus_. The Lucrine lake disappeared on the 30th of September, 1538, in a violent earthquake, which raised on the spot a mountain four miles in circumference, and about 1000 feet high, with a crater in the middle. _Cicero_, bk. 4, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 10.――_Strabo_, bks. 5 & 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 11, li. 10.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 161.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 15.

=Caius Luctātius Catŭlus=, a Roman consul with Marius. He assisted his colleague in conquering the Cimbrians. _See:_ Cimbricum bellum. He was eloquent as well as valiant, and his history of his consulship, which he wrote with great veracity, convinces us of his literary talents. That history is lost. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――Caius Catulus, a Roman consul, who destroyed the Carthaginian fleet. _See:_ Catulus.

=Lucullea=, a festival established by the Greeks in honour of Lucullus, who had behaved with great prudence and propriety in his province. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.

=Luculli horti=, gardens of Lucullus, situate near Neapolis, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 1.――――Villa, a country seat near mount Misenus, where Tiberius died. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 50.

=Lucullus Lucius Licinius=, a Roman celebrated for his fondness of luxury and for his military talents. He was born about 115 years before the christian era, and soon distinguished himself by his proficiency in the liberal arts, particularly eloquence and philosophy. His first military campaign was in the Marsian war, where his valour and cool intrepidity recommended him to public notice. His mildness and constancy gained him the admiration and confidence of Sylla, and from this connection he derived honour, and during his questorship in Asia and pretorship in Africa, he rendered himself more conspicuous by his justice, moderation, and humanity. He was raised to the consulship A.U.C. 680, and entrusted with the care of the Mithridatic war, and first displayed his military talents in rescuing his colleague Cotta, whom the enemy had besieged in Chalcedonia. This was soon followed by a celebrated victory over the forces of Mithridates, on the borders of the Granicus, and by the conquest of the Bithynia. His victories by sea were as great as those by land, and Mithridates lost a powerful fleet near Lemnos. Such considerable losses weakened the enemy, and Mithridates retired with precipitation towards Armenia to the court of king Tigranes his father-in-law. His flight was perceived, and Lucullus crossed the Euphrates with great expedition, and gave battle to the numerous forces which Tigranes had already assembled to support the cause of his son-in-law. According to the exaggerated account of Plutarch, no less than 100,000 foot and near 55,000 horse of the Armenians lost their lives in that celebrated battle. All this carnage was made by a Roman army amounting to no more than 18,000 men, of whom only five were killed and 100 wounded during the combat. The taking of Tigranocerta the capital of Armenia was the consequence of this immortal victory, and Lucullus there obtained the greatest part of the royal treasures. This continual success, however, was attended with serious consequences. The severity of Lucullus, and the haughtiness of his commands, offended his soldiers, and displeased his adherents at Rome. Pompey was soon after sent to succeed him, and to continue the Mithridatic war, and the interview which he had with Lucullus began with acts of mutual kindness, and ended in the most inveterate reproaches and open enmity. Lucullus was permitted to retire to Rome, and only 1600 of the soldiers who had shared his fortune and his glories were suffered to accompany him. He was received with coldness at Rome, and he obtained with difficulty a triumph which was deservedly claimed by his fame, his successes, and his victories. In this ended the days of his glory; he retired to the enjoyment of ease and peaceful society, and no longer interested himself in the commotions which disturbed the tranquillity of Rome. He dedicated his time to studious pursuits, and to literary conversation. His house was enriched with a valuable library, which was opened for the service of the curious, and of the learned. Lucullus fell into a delirium in the last part of his life, and died in the 67th or 68th year of his age. The people showed their respect for his merit by their wish to give him an honourable burial in the Campus Martius; but their offers were rejected, and he was privately buried, by his brother, on his estate at Tusculum. Lucullus has been admired for his many accomplishments, but he has been censured for his severity and extravagance. The expenses of his meals were immoderate; his halls were distinguished by the different names of the gods; and, when Cicero and Pompey attempted to surprise him, they were astonished at the costliness of a supper which had been prepared upon the word of Lucullus, who had merely said to his servant that he would sup in the hall of Apollo. In his retirement Lucullus was fond of artificial variety; subterraneous caves and passages were dug under the hills on the coast of Campania, and the sea water was conveyed round the house and pleasure grounds, where the fishes flocked in such abundance, that not less than 25,000 pounds worth were sold at his death. In his public character Lucullus was humane and compassionate, and he showed his sense of the vicissitudes of human affairs by shedding tears at the sight of one of the cities of Armenia, which his soldiers reduced to ashes. He was a perfect master of the Greek and Latin languages, and he employed himself for some time to write a concise history of the Marsic war in Greek hexameters. Such are the striking characteristics of a man who meditated the conquest of Parthia, and for a while gained the admiration of all the inhabitants of the east by his justice and moderation, and who might have disputed the empire of the world with a Cæsar or Pompey, had not, at last, his fondness for retirement withdrawn him from the reach of ambition. _Cicero_, _For Archias_, ch. 4; _Quæstiones Academicæ_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Strabo._――_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_, &c.――_Orosius_, bk. 6, &c.――――A consul who went to Spain, &c.――――A Roman put to death by Domitian.――――A brother of Lucius Lucullus, lieutenant under Sylla. ――――A pretor of Macedonia.

=Lŭcŭmo=, the first name of Tarquinius Priscus, afterwards changed into Lucius. The word is Etrurian, and signifies prince or chief. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Lucus=, a king of ancient Gaul.――――A town of Gaul at the foot of the Alps.

=Lugdunensis Gallia=, a part of Gaul, which received its name from Lugdunum, the capital city of the province. It was anciently called Celtica. _See:_ Gallia.

=Lugdūnum=, a town of Gallia Celtica, built at the confluence of the Rhone and the Arar, or Saone, by Manutius Plancus, when he was governor of the province. This town, now called _Lyons_, is the second city of France in point of population. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 44.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――――Batavorum, a town on the Rhine, just as it falls into the ocean. It is now called _Leyden_, and is famous for its university.――――Convenarum, a town at the foot of the Pyrenees, now _St. Bertrand_ in Gascony.

=Lūna= (_the moon_), was the daughter of Hyperion and Terra, and was the same, according to some mythologists, as Diana. She was worshipped by the ancient inhabitants of the earth with many superstitious forms and ceremonies. It was supposed that magicians and enchanters, particularly those of Thessaly, had an uncontrollable power over the moon, and that they could draw her down from heaven at pleasure by the mere force of their incantations. Her eclipses, according to their opinion, proceeded from thence; and on that account it was usual to beat drums and cymbals to ease her labours, and to render the power of magic less effectual. The Arcadians believed that they were older than the moon. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 263, &c.――_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 8, li. 21.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8, li. 69.――――A maritime town of Etruria, famous for the white marble which it produced, and called also _Lunensis portus_. It contained a fine, capacious harbour, and abounded in wine, cheese, &c. The inhabitants were naturally given to augury, and the observation of uncommon phenomena. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 586.――_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 6.――_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 481.

=Lupa= (_a she-wolf_), was held in great veneration at Rome, because Romulus and Remus, according to an ancient tradition, were suckled and preserved by one of these animals. This fabulous story arises from the surname of Lupa, _prostitute_, which was given to the wife of the shepherd Fastulus, to whose care and humanity these children owed their preservation. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 415.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Lupercal=, a place at the foot of mount Aventine sacred to Pan, where festivals called Lupercalia were yearly celebrated, and where the she-wolf was said to have brought up Romulus and Remus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 343.

=Lupercālia=, a yearly festival observed at Rome the 15th of February, in honour of the god Pan. It was usual first to sacrifice two goats and a dog, and to touch with a bloody knife the foreheads of two illustrious youths, who always were obliged to smile while they were touched. The blood was wiped away with soft wool dipped in milk. After this the skins of the victims were cut into thongs, with which whips were made for the youths. With these whips the youths ran about the streets all naked except the middle, and whipped freely all those whom they met. Women in particular were fond of receiving the lashes, as they superstitiously believed that they removed barrenness, and eased the pains of child-birth. This excursion in the streets of Rome was performed by naked youths, because Pan is always represented naked, and a goat was sacrificed because that deity was supposed to have the feet of a goat. A dog was added, as a necessary and useful guardian of the sheepfold. This festival, as Plutarch mentions, was first instituted by the Romans in honour of the she-wolf which suckled Romulus and Remus. This opinion is controverted by others, and Livy, with Dionysius of Halicarnassus, observes that they were introduced into Italy by Evander. The name seems to be borrowed from the Greek name of Pan, _Lycæus_, from λυκος, _a wolf_; not only because these ceremonies were like the Lycæan festivals observed in Arcadia, but because Pan, as god of shepherds, protected the sheep from the rapacity of the wolves. The priests who officiated at the Lupercalia were called _Luperci_. Augustus forbade any person above the age of 14 to appear naked or to run about the streets during the Lupercalia. Cicero, in his Philippics, reproaches Antony for having disgraced the dignity of the consulship by running naked, and armed with a whip, about the streets. It was during the celebration of these festivals that Antony offered a crown to Julius Cæsar, which the indignation of the populace obliged him to refuse. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 427.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Luperci=, a number of priests at Rome, who assisted at the celebration of the Lupercalia, in honour of the god Pan, to whose service they were dedicated. This order of priests was the most ancient and respectable of all the sacerdotal offices. It was divided into two separate colleges, called _Fabiani_ and _Quintiliani_, from Fabius and Quintilius, two of their high priests. The former was instituted in honour of Romulus, and the latter of Remus. To these two sacerdotal bodies Julius Cæsar added a third, called from himself the _Julii_, and this action contributed not a little to render his cause unpopular, and to betray his ambitious and aspiring views. _See:_ Lupercalia. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 45. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 663.

=Lupercus=, a grammarian in the reign of the emperor Gallienus. He wrote some grammatical pieces, which some have preferred to Herodian’s compositions.

=Lupias=, or =Lupia=, now _Lippe_, a town of Germany, with a small river of the same name falling into the Rhine. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, &c.

=Lupus=, a general of the emperor Severus.――――A governor of Britain. ――――A questor in the reign of Tiberius, &c.――――A comic writer of Sicily, who wrote a poem on the return of Menelaus and Helen to Sparta, after the destruction of Troy. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 16, li. 26.――――Publius Rutilius, a Roman, who, contrary to the omens, marched against the Marsi, and was killed with his army. He has been taxed with impiety, and was severely censured in the Augustan age. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 68.

=Lusitania=, a part of ancient Spain, whose extent and situation have not been accurately defined by the ancients. According to the more correct descriptions it extended from the Tagus to the sea of Cantabria, and comprehended the modern kingdom of Portugal. The inhabitants were warlike, and were conquered by the Roman army under Dolabella, B.C. 99, with great difficulty. They generally lived upon plunder, and were rude and unpolished in their manners. It was usual among them to expose their sick in the high-roads, that their diseases might be cured by the directions and advice of travellers. They were very moderate in their meals, and never ate but of one dish. Their clothes were commonly black, and they generally warmed themselves by means of stones heated in the fire. _Strabo_, bk. 3. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 43; bk. 27, ch. 20.

=Lusius=, a river of Arcadia. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22.――_Pausanias_, _Arcadia_, ch. 28.

=Lusones=, a people of Spain, near the Iberus.

=Lustricus Brutianus=, a Roman poet. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 23.

=Lutātius Catŭlus=, a Roman who shut the temple of Janus after peace had been made with Carthage. _See:_ Luctatius.

=Luterius=, a general of the Gauls, defeated by Cæsar, &c.

=Lūtetia=, a town of Belgic Gaul, on the confluence of the rivers Sequana and Matrona, which received its name, as some suppose, from the quantity of clay, _lutum_, which is in its neighbourhood. Julius Cæsar fortified and embellished it, from which circumstance some authors call it _Julii Civitas_. Julian the apostate resided there some time. It is now called _Paris_, the capital of France. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bks. 6 & 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Ammianus_, bk. 20.

=Caius Lutorius Priscus=, a Roman knight, put to death by order of Tiberius, because he had written a poem in which he had bewailed the death of Germanicus, who then laboured under a severe illness. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 49, &c.

=Lyæus=, a surname of Bacchus. It is derived from λυειν, _solvere_, because wine, over which Bacchus presides, gives freedom to the mind, and delivers it from all cares and melancholy. _Horace_, epode 9. ――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 675.

=Lybas=, one of the companions of Ulysses, &c.

=Lybya=, or =Lybissa=, a small village of Bithynia, where Annibal was buried.

=Lycăbas=, an Etrurian who had been banished from his country for murder. He was one of those who offered violence to Bacchus, and who were changed into dolphins. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 624.――――One of the Lapithæ who ran away from the battle which was fought at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 302.

=Lycabētus=, a mountain of Attica, near Athens. _Statius._

=Lycæa=, festivals in Arcadia, in honour of Pan the god of shepherds. They are the same as the Lupercalia of the Romans.――――A festival at Argos in honour of Apollo Lycæus, who delivered the Argives from wolves, &c.

=Lycæum=, a celebrated place near the banks of the Ilissus in Attica. It was in this pleasant and salubrious spot that Aristotle taught philosophy, and as he generally instructed his pupils in walking, they were called Peripatetics, ἀ περιπατεω, _ambulo_. The philosopher continued his instructions for 12 years, till, terrified by the false accusations of Eurymedon, he was obliged to fly to Chalcis.

=Lycæus=, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Jupiter, where a temple was built in honour of the god by Lycaon the son of Pelasgus. It was also sacred to Pan, whose festivals, called _Lycæa_, were celebrated there. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 16; _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 343. ――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 2.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 698.

=Ly̆cambes=, the father of Neobule. He promised his daughter in marriage to the poet Archilochus, and afterwards refused to fulfil his engagement when she had been courted by a man whose opulence had more influence than the fortune of the poet. This irritated Archilochus; he wrote a bitter invective against Lycambes and his daughter, and rendered them both so desperate by the satire of his composition, that they hanged themselves. _Horace_, epode 6, li. 13.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 52.――_Aristotle_, _Rhetoric_, bk. 3.

=Ly̆cāon=, the first king of Arcadia, son of Pelasgus and Melibœa. He built a town called Lycosura on the top of mount Lycæus, in honour of Jupiter. He had many wives, by whom he had a daughter called Callisto, and 50 sons. He was succeeded on the throne by Nyctimus, the eldest of his sons. He lived about 1820 years before the christian era. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Hyginus_, fable 176.――_Catullus_, poem 76. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 2, &c.――――Another king of Arcadia, celebrated for his cruelties. He was changed into a wolf by Jupiter, because he offered human victims on the altars of the god Pan. Some attribute this metamorphosis to another cause. The sins of mankind, as they relate, were become so enormous, that Jupiter visited the earth to punish their wickedness and impiety. He came to Arcadia, where he was announced as a god, and the people began to pay proper adoration to his divinity. Lycaon, however, who used to sacrifice all strangers to his wanton cruelty, laughed at the pious prayers of his subjects, and, to try the divinity of the god, he served up human flesh on his table. This impiety so irritated Jupiter, that he immediately destroyed the house of Lycaon, and changed him into a wolf. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 198, &c. These two monarchs are often confounded together, though it appears that they were two different characters, and that not less than an age elapsed between their reigns.――――A son of Priam and Laothoe. He was taken by Achilles and carried to Lemnos, whence he escaped. He was afterwards killed by Achilles in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21, &c.――――The father of Pandarus, killed by Diomedes before Troy.――――A Gnossian artist, who made the sword which Ascanius gave to Euryalus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 304.

=Ly̆cāŏnia=, a country of Asia, between Cappadocia, Pisidia, Pamphylia, and Phrygia, made a Roman province under Augustus. Iconium was the capital. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 54; bk. 38, ch. 39.――――Arcadia bore also that name, from Lycaon, one of its kings. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――An island in the Tiber.

=Ly̆cas=, a priest of Apollo in the interest of Turnus. He was killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 315.――――Another officer of Turnus. _Æneid_, bk. 10, ch. 561.

=Ly̆caste=, an ancient town of Crete, whose inhabitants accompanied Idomeneus to the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A daughter of Priam by a concubine. She married Polydamas the son of Antenor. ――――A famous courtesan of Drepanum, called Venus on account of her great beauty. She had a son called Eryx, by Butes son of Amycus.

=Lycastum=, a town of Cappadocia.

=Lycastus=, a son of Minos I. He was father of Minos II., by Ida the daughter of Corybas. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――A son of Minos and Philonome daughter of Nyctimus. He succeeded his father on the throne of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 3 & 4.

=Lyce=, one of the Amazons, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 374.

=Lyces=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 33.

=Lycēum.= _See:_ Lycæum.

=Lychnīdus=, now _Achridna_, a city with a lake of the same name, in Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 32; bk. 44, ch. 15.

=Ly̆cia=, a country of Asia Minor, bounded by the Mediterranean on the south, Caria on the west, Pamphylia on the east, and Phrygia on the north. It was anciently called _Milyas_ and _Tremile_, from the Milyæ or Solymi, a people of Crete, who came to settle there. The country received the name of Lycia, from Lycus the son of Pandion, who established himself there. The inhabitants have been greatly commended by all the ancients, not only for their sobriety and justice, but their great dexterity in the management of the bow. They were conquered by Crœsus king of Lydia, and afterwards by Cyrus. Though they were subject to the power of Persia, yet they were governed by their own kings, and only paid a yearly tribute to the Persian monarch. They became part of the Macedonian empire when Alexander came into the east, and afterwards were ceded to the house of the Seleucidæ. The country was reduced into a Roman province by the emperor Claudius. Apollo had there his celebrated oracle at Patara, and the epithet _hiberna_ is applied to the country, because the god was said to pass the winter in his temple. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, lis. 143 & 446; bk. 7, li. 816.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 6, li. 686.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 173.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 16; bk. 38, ch. 39.

=Lycĭdas=, a centaur, killed by the Lapithæ at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 310.――――A shepherd’s name. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_.――――A beautiful youth, the admiration of Rome in the age of Horace. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 4, li. 19.

=Lycimna=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Lycimnia=, a slave, mother of Helenor by a Lydian prince. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 446.

=Lyciscus=, an Athenian archon.――――A Messenian of the family of the Æpytidæ. When his daughters were doomed by lot to be sacrificed for the good of their country, he fled with them to Sparta, and Aristodemus upon this cheerfully gave his own children and soon after succeeded to the throne. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――――A youth of whom Horace was enamoured.

=Ly̆cius=, a son of Hercules and Toxicreta.――――A son of Lycaon.――――An epithet given to Apollo from his temple in Lycia, where he gave oracles, particularly at Patara, where the appellation of _Lyciæ sortes_ was given to his answers, and even to the will of the fates. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 346.――――A surname of Danaus.

=Ly̆cŏmēdes=, a king of Scyros, an island in the Ægean sea, son of Apollo and Parthenope. He was secretly entrusted with the care of young Achilles, whom his mother Thetis had disguised in woman’s clothes, to remove him from the Trojan war, where she knew he must unavoidably perish. Lycomedes has rendered himself infamous for his treachery to Theseus, who had implored his protection when driven from the throne of Athens by the usurper Mnestheus. Lycomedes, as it is reported, either envious of the fame of his illustrious guest, or bribed by the emissaries of Mnestheus, led Theseus to an elevated place, on pretence of showing him the extent of his dominions, and perfidiously threw him down a precipice, where he was killed. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 17; bk. 7, ch. 4. ――――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――――An Arcadian, who, with 500 chosen men, put to flight 1000 Spartans and 500 Argives, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――A seditious person at Tegea.――――A Mantinean general, &c.――――An Athenian, the first who took one of the enemy’s ships at the battle of Salamis. _Plutarch._

=Lycon=, a philosopher of Troas, son of Astyonax, in the age of Aristotle. He was greatly esteemed by Eumenes, Antiochus, &c. He died in the 74th year of his age. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――A man who wrote the life of Pythagoras. ――――A poet.――――A writer of epigrams.――――A player, greatly esteemed by Alexander. A Syracusan who assisted in murdering Dion.――――A peripatetic philosopher.

=Lycōne=, a city of Thrace.――――A mountain of Argolis. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 24.

=Ly̆cōphron=, a son of Periander king of Corinth. The murder of his mother Melissa by his father had such an effect upon him, that he resolved never to speak to a man who had been so wantonly cruel against his relations. This resolution was strengthened by the advice of Procles his maternal uncle, and Periander at last banished to Corcyra a son whose disobedience and obstinacy had rendered him odious. Cypselus, the eldest son of Periander, being incapable of reigning, Lycophron was the only surviving child who had any claim to the crown of Corinth. But when the infirmities of Periander obliged him to look for a successor, Lycophron refused to come to Corinth while his father was there, and he was induced to leave Corcyra, only on promise that Periander would come and dwell there while he remained master of Corinth. This exchange, however, was prevented. The Corcyreans, who were apprehensive of the tyranny of Periander, murdered Lycophron before he left that island. _Herodotus_, bk. 3. ――_Aristotle._――――A brother of Thebe, the wife of Alexander tyrant of Pheræ. He assisted his sister in murdering her husband, and he afterwards seized the sovereignty. He was dispossessed by Philip of Macedonia. _Plutarch._――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A general of Corinth, killed by Nicias. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.――――A native of Cythera, son of Mastor. He went to the Trojan war with Ajax the son of Telamon, after the accidental murder of one of his citizens. He was killed, &c. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15, li. 450.――――A famous Greek poet and grammarian, born at Chalcis, in Eubœa. He was one of the poets who flourished under Ptolemy Philadelphus, and who, from their number, obtained the name of Pleiades. Lycophron died by the wound of an arrow. He wrote tragedies, the titles of 20 of which have been preserved. The only remaining composition of this poet is called _Cassandra_ or _Alexandra_. It contains 1474 verses, whose obscurity has procured the epithet of _Tenebrosus_ to its author. It is a mixture of prophetical effusions, which, as he supposes, were given by Cassandra during the Trojan war. The best editions of Lycophron are that of Basil, 1546, folio, enriched with the Greek commentary of Tzetzes; that of Canter, 8vo, apud Commelin. 1596; and that of Potter, folio, Oxford, 1702. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 533.――_Statius_, bk. 5, _Sylvæ_, poem 3.

=Lycopŏlis=, now _Siut_, a town of Egypt. It received this name on account of the immense number of wolves, λυκοι, which repelled an army of Æthiopians, who had invaded Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 1. ――_Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Lycopus=, an Ætolian who assisted the Cyreneans against Ptolemy. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Lycorea=, a town of Phocis at the top of Parnassus, where the people of Delphi took refuge during Deucalion’s deluge, directed by the howlings of wolves. _Pausanias_, _Phocis_, ch. 6.

=Lycoreus=, the supposed founder of Lycorea, on mount Parnassus, was son of Apollo and Corycia. _Hyginus_, fable 161.

=Ly̆cōrias=, one of the attendant nymphs of Cyrene. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 339.

=Ly̆cōris=, a freedwoman of the senator Volumnius, also called _Cytheris_, and _Volumnia_, from her master. She is celebrated for her beauty and intrigues. The poet Gallus was greatly enamoured of her, and his friend Virgil, in his 10th eclogue, comforts him for the loss of the favours of Cytheris, who followed Marcus Antony’s camp, and was become the Aspasia of Rome. The charms of Cleopatra, however, prevailed over those of Cytheris, and the unfortunate courtesan lost the favours of Antony and of all the world at the same time. Lycoris was originally a comedian. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 10.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 537.

=Lycormas=, a river of Ætolia, whose sands were of a golden colour. It was afterwards called _Evenus_, from king Evenus, who threw himself into it. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 245.

=Lycortas=, the father of Polybius, who flourished B.C. 184. He was chosen general of the Achæan league, and he revenged the death of Philopœmen, &c. _Plutarch._

=Lycosūra=, a city built by Lycaon on mount Lycæus in Arcadia.

=Lyctus=, a town of Crete, the country of Idomeneus, whence he is often called _Lyctius_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 401.

=Lycurgrĭdes=, annual days of solemnity, appointed in honour of the lawgiver of Sparta.――――A patronymic of a son of Lycurgus. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 503.

=Lycurgus=, a king of Nemæa, in Peloponnesus. He was raised from the dead by Æsculapius. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 5, li. 638.――――A giant killed by Osiris in Thrace. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――――A king of Thrace, son of Dryas. He has been represented as cruel and impious, on account of the violence which he offered to Bacchus. He, according to the opinion of the mythologists, drove Bacchus out of his kingdom, and abolished his worship, for which impiety he was severely punished by the gods. He put his own son Dryas to death in a fury, and he cut off his own legs, mistaking them for vine boughs. He was put to death in the greatest torments by his subjects, who had been informed by the oracle that they should not taste wine till Lycurgus was no more. This fable is explained by observing that the aversion of Lycurgus for wine, over which Bacchus presided, arose from the filthiness and disgrace of intoxication, and therefore the monarch wisely ordered all the vines of his dominions to be cut down, that himself and his subjects might be preserved from the extravagance and debauchery which are produced by too free a use of wine. _Hyginus_, fable 132. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 130.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 22.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 14.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 19.――――A son of Hercules and Praxithea daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A son of Pheres the son of Cretheus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――An orator of Athens, surnamed _Ibis_, in the age of Demosthenes, famous for his justice and impartiality when at the head of the government. He was one of the 30 orators whom the Athenians refused to deliver up to Alexander. Some of his orations are extant. He died about 330 years before Christ. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A king of Tegea, son of Aleus, by Neæra the daughter of Pereus. He married Cleophile, called also Eurynome, by whom he had Amphidamas, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.――――A celebrated lawgiver of Sparta, son of king Eunomus and brother to Polydectes. He succeeded his brother on the Spartan throne; but when he saw that the widow of Polydectes was pregnant, he kept the kingdom not for himself, but till Charilaus his nephew was arrived to years of maturity. He had previously refused to marry his brother’s widow, who wished to strengthen him on his throne by destroying her own son Charilaus, and leaving him in the peaceful possession of the crown. The integrity with which he acted, when guardian of his nephew Charilaus, united with the disappointment and the resentment of the queen, raised him many enemies, and he at last yielded to their satire and malevolence, and retired to Crete. He travelled like a philosopher, and visited Asia and Egypt without suffering himself to be corrupted by the licentiousness and luxury which prevailed there. The confusion which followed his departure from Sparta now had made his presence totally necessary, and he returned home at the earnest solicitations of his countrymen. The disorders which reigned at Sparta induced him to reform the government; and the more effectually to execute his undertaking, he had recourse to the oracle of Delphi. He was received by the priestess of the god with every mark of honour, his intentions were warmly approved by the divinity, and he was called the friend of gods, and himself rather god than man. After such a reception from the most celebrated oracle of Greece, Lycurgus found no difficulty in reforming the abuses of the state, and all were equally anxious in promoting a revolution which had received the sanction of heaven. This happened 884 years before the christian era. Lycurgus first established a senate, which was composed of 28 senators, whose authority preserved the tranquillity of the state, and maintained a due and just equilibrium between the kings and the people, by watching over the intrusions of the former, and checking the seditious convulsions of the latter. All distinctions were destroyed, and by making an equal and impartial division of the land among the members of the commonwealth, Lycurgus banished luxury, and encouraged the useful arts. The use of money, either of gold or silver, was totally forbidden, and the introduction of heavy brass and iron coin brought no temptations to the dishonest, and left every individual in the possession of his effects without any fears of robbery or violence. All the citizens dined in common, and no one had greater claims to indulgence or luxury than another. The intercourse of Sparta with other nations was forbidden, and few were permitted to travel. The youths were entrusted to the public master as soon as they had attained their seventh year, and their education was left to the wisdom of the laws. They were taught early to think, to answer in a short and laconic manner, and to excel in sharp repartee. They were instructed and encouraged to carry things by surprise, but if ever the theft was discovered they were subjected to a severe punishment. Lycurgus was happy and successful in establishing and enforcing these laws, and by his prudence and administration the face of affairs in Lacedæmon was totally changed, and it gave rise to a set of men distinguished for their intrepidity, their fortitude, and their magnanimity. After this, Lycurgus retired from Sparta to Delphi, or, according to others, to Crete, and before his departure he bound all the citizens of Lacedæmon by a solemn oath, that neither they nor their posterity would alter, violate, or abolish the laws which he had established before his return. He soon after put himself to death, and he ordered his ashes to be thrown into the sea, fearful lest, if they were carried to Sparta, the citizens would call themselves freed from the oath which they had taken, and empowered to make a revolution. The wisdom and the good effect of the laws of Lycurgus have been firmly demonstrated at Sparta, where for 700 years they remained in full force, but the legislator has been censured as cruel and impolitic. He has shown himself inhumane in ordering mothers to destroy such of their children whose feebleness or deformity in their youth seemed to promise incapability of action in maturer years, and to become a burden to the state. His regulations about marriage must necessarily be censured, and no true conjugal felicity can be expected from the union of a man with a person whom he perhaps never knew before, and whom he was compelled to choose in a dark room, where all the marriageable women in the state assembled on stated occasions. The peculiar dress which was appointed for the females might be termed improper; and the law must for ever be called injudicious, which ordered them to appear naked on certain days of festivity, and wrestle in a public assembly promiscuously, with boys of equal age with themselves. These things indeed contributed as much to corrupt the morals of the Lacedæmonians, as the other regulations seemed to be calculated to banish dissipation, riot, and debauchery. Lycurgus has been compared to Solon, the celebrated legislator of Athens, and it has been judiciously observed, that the former gave his citizens morals conformable to the laws which he had established, and that the latter had given the Athenians laws which coincided with their customs and manners. The office of Lycurgus demanded resolution, and he showed himself inexorable and severe. In Solon artifice was requisite, and he showed himself mild and even voluptuous. The moderation of Lycurgus is greatly commended, particularly when we recollect that he treated with the greatest humanity and confidence Alcander, a youth who had put out one of his eyes in a seditious tumult. Lycurgus had a son called Antiorus, who left no issue. The Lacedæmonians showed their respect for their great legislator, by yearly celebrating a festival in his honour, called Lycurgidæ or Lycurgides. The introduction of money into Sparta in the reign of Agis the son of Archidamus was one of the principal causes which corrupted the innocence of the Lacedæmonians, and rendered them the prey of intrigue and of faction. The laws of Lycurgus were abrogated by Philopœmen, B.C. 188, but only for a little time, as they were soon after re-established by the Romans. _Plutarch_, _Lives_. ――_Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 2, &c.――_Strabo_, bks. 8, 10, 15, &c. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Lycus=, a king of Bœotia, successor to his brother Nycteus, who left no male issue. He was entrusted with the government only during the minority of Labdacus, the son of the daughter of Nycteus. He was further enjoined to make war against Epopeus, who had carried away by force Antiope the daughter of Nycteus. He was successful in this expedition. Epopeus was killed, and Lycus recovered Antiope and married her, though she was his niece. This new connection highly displeased his first wife Dirce, and Antiope was delivered to the unfeeling queen and tortured in the most cruel manner. Antiope at last escaped, and entreated her sons Zethus and Amphion to avenge her wrongs. The children, incensed on account of the cruelties which their mother had suffered, besieged Thebes, killed Lycus, and tied Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her till she died. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A king of Libya, who sacrificed whatever strangers came upon his coast. When Diomedes, at his return from the Trojan war, had been shipwrecked there, the tyrant seized him and confined him. He, however, escaped by means of Callirhoe, the tyrant’s daughter, who was enamoured of him, and who hung herself when she saw herself deserted.――――A son of Neptune by Celæno, made king of a part of Mysia by Hercules. He offered violence to Megara the wife of Hercules, for which he was killed by the incensed hero. Lycus gave a kind reception to the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Hyginus_, fables 18, 31, 32, 137.――――A son of Ægyptus,――――of Mars,――――of Lycaon king of Arcadia,――――of Pandion king of Athens.――――The father of Arcesilaus. ――――One of the companions of Æneas. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 97 & 159.――――An officer of Alexander in the interest of Lysimachus. He made himself master of Ephesus by the treachery of Andron, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――One of the Centaurs.――――A son of Priam.――――A river of Phrygia, which disappears near Colosse, and rises again at the distance of about four stadia, and at last falls into the Mæander. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 273.――――A river of Sarmatia, falling into the Palus Mæotis.――――Another in Paphlagonia, near Heraclea. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _ex Ponto_, poem 1, li. 47.――――Another in Assyria.――――Another in Armenia, falling into the Euxine near the Phasis. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 367.――――One of the friends of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 545.――――A youth beloved by Alcæus. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 32.――――A town of Crete.

=Lyde=, the wife of the poet Antimachus, &c. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 5.――――A woman in Domitian’s reign, who pretended that she could remove barrenness by medicines. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 141.

=Lȳdia=, a celebrated kingdom of Asia Minor, whose boundaries were different at different times. It was first bounded by Mysia Major, Caria, Phrygia Major, and Ionia, but in its more flourishing times it contained the whole country which lies between the Halys and the Ægean sea. It was anciently called _Mæonia_, and received the name of Lydia from Lydus, one of its kings. It was governed by monarchs who, after the fabulous ages, reigned for 249 years in the following order: Ardysus began to reign 797 B.C.; Alyattes, 761; Meles, 747; Candaules, 735; Gyges, 718; Ardysus II., 680; Sadyattes, 631; Alyattes II., 619; and Crœsus, 562, who was conquered by Cyrus, B.C. 548, when the kingdom became a province of the Persian empire. There were three different races that reigned in Lydia, the Atyadæ, Heraclidæ, and Mermnadæ. The history of the first is obscure and fabulous; the Heraclidæ began to reign about the Trojan war, and the crown remained in their family for about 505 years, and was always transmitted from father to son. Candaules was the last of the Heraclidæ; and Gyges the first, and Crœsus the last, of the Mermnadæ. The Lydians were great warriors in the reign of the Mermnadæ. They invented the art of coining gold and silver, and were the first who exhibited public sports, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 6; bk. 3, ch. 90; bk. 7, ch. 74. ――_Strabo_, bks. 2, 5, & 13.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――_Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.――――A mistress of Horace, &c., bk. 1, ode 8.

=Lydias=, a river of Macedonia.

=Lȳdius=, an epithet applied to the Tiber, because it passed near Etruria, whose inhabitants were originally a Lydian colony. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 781; bk. 8, li. 479.

=Lydus=, a son of Atys and Callithea, king of Mæonia, which from him received the name of Lydia. His brother Tyrrhenus led a colony to Italy, and gave the name of Tyrrhenia to the settlement which he made on the coast of the Mediterranean. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 74.――――A eunuch, &c.

=Lygdamis=, or =Lygdamus=, a man who made himself absolute at Naxos. _Polyænus._――――A general of the Cimmerians who passed into Asia Minor, and took Sardis in the reign of Ardyes king of Lydia. _Callimachus._ ――――An athlete of Syracuse, the father of Artemisia the celebrated queen of Halicarnassus. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 99.――――A servant of the poet Propertius, or of his mistress Cynthia.

=Lygii=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 42.

=Lygodesma=, a surname of Diana at Sparta, because her statue was brought by Orestes from Taurus, shielded round with osiers. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26.

=Lygus.= _See:_ Ligus.

=Lymīre=, a town of Lycia. _Ovid_ _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12.

=Lymax=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 41.

=Lyncīdes=, a man at the court of Cepheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_ bk. 4, fable 12.

=Lyncestæ=, a noble family of Macedonia, connected with the royal family. _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 2, &c.

=Lyncestes=, a son of Amyntas, in the army of Alexander, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, &c.――――Alexander, a son-in-law of Antipater, who conspired against Alexander and was put to death. _Curtius_, bk. 7.

=Lyncestius=, a river of Macedonia, whose waters were of an intoxicating quality. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 17, li. 329.

=Lyncēus=, son of Aphareus, was among the hunters of the Calydonian boar, and one of the Argonauts. He was so sharp-sighted that, as it is reported, he could see through the earth, and distinguish objects at the distance of above nine miles. He stole some oxen with his brother Idas, and they were both killed by Castor and Pollux, when they were going to celebrate their nuptials with the daughters of Leucippus. _Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 3.――_Hyginus_, fable.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 303.――_Apollodorus_, _Argonautica_, bk. 1.――――A son of Ægyptus, who married Hypermnestra the daughter of Danaus. His life was spared by the love and humanity of his wife. _See:_ Danaides. He made war against his father-in-law, dethroned him, and seized his crown. Some say that Lynceus was reconciled to Danaus, and that he succeeded him after his death, and reigned 41 years. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 16, 19, 25.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 14.――――One of the companions of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 768.

=Lyncus=, =Lyncæus=, or =Lynx=, a cruel king of Scythia, or, according to others, of Sicily. He received, with feigned hospitality, Triptolemus, whom Ceres had sent all over the world to teach mankind agriculture; and as he was jealous of his commission, he resolved to murder this favourite of the gods in his sleep. As he was going to give the deadly blow to Triptolemus, he was suddenly changed into a lynx, an animal which is the emblem of perfidy and ingratitude. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 657.

=Lyncus=, a town of Macedonia, of which the inhabitants were called Lyncestæ. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103; bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Lyndus=, a town of Sicily.

=Lyrcæ=, a people of Scythia, who live upon hunting.

=Lyrcæus=, a mountain of Arcadia. _See:_ Lycæus.――――A fountain. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 711.

=Lyrcea=, a town of Peloponnesus, formerly called Lyncea. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 35.

=Lyrcus=, a king of Caunus in Caria, &c. _Parthenius._

=Lyrnessus=, a city of Cilicia, the native country of Briseis, called from thence _Lyrnesseis_. It was taken and plundered by Achilles and the Greeks at the time of the Trojan war, and the booty divided among the conquerors. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 197.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 108; _Heroides_, poem 3, li. 5; _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 15.

=Lysander=, a celebrated general of Sparta, in the last years of the Peloponnesian war. He drew Ephesus from the interest of Athens, and gained the friendship of Cyrus the younger. He gave battle to the Athenian fleet, consisting of 120 ships, at Ægospotamos, and destroyed it all, except three ships, with which the enemy’s general fled to Evagoras king of Cyprus. In this celebrated battle, which happened 405 years before the christian era, the Athenians lost 3000 men, and with them their empire and influence among the neighbouring states. Lysander well knew how to take advantage of his victory, and the following year Athens, worn out by a long war of 27 years, and discouraged by its misfortunes, gave itself up to the power of the enemy, and consented to destroy the Piræus, to deliver up all its ships, except 12, to recall all those who had been banished, and, in short, to be submissive in every degree to the power of Lacedæmon. Besides these humiliating conditions, the government of Athens was totally changed, and 30 tyrants were set over it by Lysander. This glorious success, and the honour of having put an end to the Peloponnesian war, increased the pride of Lysander. He had already begun to pave his way to universal power by establishing aristocracy in the Grecian cities of Asia, and now he attempted to make the crown of Sparta elective. In the pursuit of his ambition he used prudence and artifice; and as he could not easily abolish a form of government which ages and popularity had confirmed, he had recourse to the assistance of the gods. His attempts, however, to corrupt the oracles of Delphi, Dodona, and Jupiter Ammon, proved ineffectual, and he was even accused of using bribes by the priests of the Libyan temple. The sudden declaration of war against the Thebans saved him from the accusations of his adversaries, and he was sent, together with Pausanias, against the enemy. The plans of his military operations were discovered, and the Haliartians, whose ruin he secretly meditated, attacked him unexpectedly, and he was killed in a bloody battle, which ended in the defeat of his troops, 394 years before Christ. His body was recovered by his colleague Pausanias, and honoured with a magnificent funeral. Lysander has been commended for his bravery, but his ambition deserves the severest censure, and his cruelty and his duplicity have greatly stained his character. He was arrogant and vain in his public as well as private conduct, and he received and heard with the greatest avidity the hymns which his courtiers and flatterers sung to his honour. Yet in the midst of all his pomp, his ambition, and intrigues, he died extremely poor, and his daughters were rejected by two opulent citizens of Sparta, to whom they had been betrothed during the life of their father. This behaviour of the lovers was severely punished by the Lacedæmonians, who protected from injury the children of a man whom they hated for his sacrilege, his contempt of religion, and his perfidy. The father of Lysander, whose name was Aristoclites or Aristocrates, was descended from Hercules, though not reckoned of the race of the Heraclidæ. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 13.――――A Trojan chief, wounded by Ajax son of Telamon before Troy. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 491.――――One of the Ephori in the reign of Agis, &c. _Plutarch._――――A grandson of the great Lysander. _Pausanias._

=Lysandra=, a daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, who married Agathocles the son of Lysimachus. She was persecuted by Arsinoe, and fled to Seleucus for protection. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 9, &c.

=Lysaniax=, a man made king of Ituræa by Antony, &c.

=Lyse=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Lysiădes=, an Athenian, son of Phædrus the philosopher, &c. _Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 5.――――An Athenian archon.――――A tyrant of Megalopolis, who died B.C. 226. _Plutarch._

=Lysianassa=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――A daughter of Epaphus, mother of Busiris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Ly̆sias=, a celebrated orator, son of Cephalus, a native of Syracuse. His father left Sicily and went to Athens, where Lysias was born and carefully educated. In his 15th year he accompanied the colony which the Athenians sent to Thurium, and after a long residence there he returned home in his 47th year. He distinguished himself by his eloquence, and by the simplicity, correctness, and purity of his orations, of which he wrote no less than 425 according to Plutarch, though the number may with more probability be reduced to 230. Of these 34 are extant, the best editions of which are that of Taylor, 8vo, Cambridge. 1740, and that of Auger, 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1783. He died in the 81st year of his age, 378 years before the christian era. _Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten Orators_.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_; _On Oratory_.――_Quintilian_, bk. 3, &c.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 2.――――An Athenian general, &c.――――A town of Phrygia. _Strabo._ ――――Another of Syria, now _Berziech_, near Emesa.――――A tyrant of Tarsus, B.C. 267.

=Lysĭcles=, an Athenian sent with Chares into Bœotia, to stop the conquests of Philip of Macedonia. He was conquered at Chæronæa, and sentenced to death for his ill conduct there.

=Lysĭdĭce=, a daughter of Pelops and Hippodamia, who married Mastor the son of Perseus and Andromeda. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.――――A daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Lysimăche=, a daughter of Abas the son of Melampus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A daughter of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Lysimăchia=, now _Hexamili_, a city on the Thracian Chersonesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A town of Ætolia, built by Lysimachus. _Strabo_, bks. 7 & 10.――――Another in Æolia. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Lysimăchus=, a son of Agathocles, who was among the generals of Alexander. After the death of that monarch, he made himself master of part of Thrace, where he built a town which he called Lysimachia. He sided with Cassander and Seleucus against Antigonus and Demetrius, and fought with them at the celebrated battle of Ipsus. He afterwards seized Macedonia, after expelling Pyrrhus from the throne, B.C. 286; but his cruelty rendered him odious, and the murder of his son Agathocles so offended his subjects, that the most opulent and powerful revolted from him and abandoned the kingdom. He pursued them to Asia, and declared war against Seleucus, who had given them a kind reception. He was killed in a bloody battle, 281 years before Christ, in the 80th year of his age, and his body was found in the heaps of slain only by the fidelity of a little dog, which had carefully watched near it. It is said that the love and respect of Lysimachus for his learned master Callisthenes proved nearly fatal to him. He, as Justin mentions, was thrown into the den of a hungry lion, by order of Alexander, for having given Callisthenes poison, to save his life from ignominy and insult; and when the furious animal darted upon him, he wrapped his hand in his mantle, and boldly thrust it into the lion’s mouth, and by twisting his tongue killed an adversary ready to devour him. This act of courage in his self-defence recommended him to Alexander. He was pardoned, and ever after esteemed by the monarch. _Justin_, bk. 15, ch. 3, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 19, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――――An Acarnanian, preceptor to Alexander the Great. He used to call himself Phœnix, his pupil Achilles, and Philip Peleus. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Justin_, bk. 15, ch. 3.――――An historian of Alexandria.――――A son of Aristides, rewarded by the Athenians on account of the virtue of his father. ――――A chief priest among the Jews, about 204 years before Christ, &c. _Josephus._――――A physician greatly attached to the notions of Hippocrates.――――A governor of Heraclea in Pontus, &c.

=Lysimelia=, a marsh of Sicily near Syracuse.

=Lysinoe=, now _Aglasson_, a city of Asia, near Pamphylia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 15.

=Lysippe=, a daughter of Prœtus. _See:_ Prœtides.――――A daughter of Thespius.

=Lysippus=, a famous statuary of Sicyon. He was originally a whitesmith, and afterwards applied himself to painting, till his talents and inclination taught him that he was born to excel in sculpture. He flourished about 325 years before the christian era, in the age of Alexander the Great. The monarch was so partial to the artist, that he forbade any sculptor but Lysippus to make his statue. Lysippus excelled in expressing the hair, and he was the first who made the head of his statues less large, and the body smaller than usual, that they might appear taller. This was observed by one of his friends, and the artist gave for answer, that his predecessors had represented men in their natural form, but that he represented them such as they appeared. Lysippus made no less than 600 statues, the most admired of which were those of Alexander; one of Apollo of Tarentum 40 cubits high; one of a man coming out of a bath, with which Agrippa adorned his baths; one of Socrates; and those of the 25 horsemen who were drowned in the Granicus. These were so valued, that in the age of Augustus, they were bought for their weight in gold. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 164; _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 4, ch. 148.――_Pliny_, bk. 37, ch. 7.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 11. ――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 240.――――A comic poet, some of whose plays are mentioned by Athenæus. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.――――A general of the Achæan league.

=Lysis=, a Pythagorean philosopher, preceptor to Epaminondas. He flourished about 388 years before the christian era. He is supposed by some to be the author of the golden verses which are attributed to Pythagoras. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_, ch. 2.

=Lysistrătus=, an Athenian parasite.――――A brother of Lysippus. He was the first artist who ever made a statue with wax. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8; bk. 35, ch. 12.

=Lysithous=, a son of Priam. _Apollodorus._

=Lyso=, a friend of Cicero, &c. _Cicero_, bk. 13, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 19,

=Lystra=, a town of Lycaonia.

=Lytæa=, a daughter of Hyacinthus, put to death by the Athenians. _Apollodorus._

=Lyzanias=, a king of Chalcis, &c.

M

=Macæ=, a people of Arabia Felix. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 8. They are placed in Africa near the larger Syrtis by _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 175. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 275; bk. 5, li. 194.

=Macar=, a son of Criasius or Crinacus, the first Greek who led a colony to Lesbos. His four sons took possession of the four neighbouring islands, Chios, Samos, Cos, and Rhodes, which were called the seats of the Macares, or the blessed (μακαρ, _beatus_). _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5. ――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Măcăreus=, an ancient historian.――――A son of Æolus, who debauched his sister Canace, and had a son by her. The father being informed of the incest, ordered the child to be exposed, and sent a sword to his daughter, and commanded her to destroy herself. Macareus fled to Delphi, where he became priest of Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_; _Heroides_, poem 11; _Ibis_, li. 562.――――One of the companions of Ulysses, left at Caieta in Italy, where Æneas found him. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 159.――――A son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Măcăria=, a daughter of Hercules and Dejanira. After the death of Hercules, Eurystheus made war against the Heraclidæ, whom the Athenians supported, and the oracle declared, that the descendants of Hercules should obtain the victory if any one of them devoted him self to death. This was cheerfully accepted by Macaria, who refused to endanger the life of the children of Hercules by suffering the victim to be drawn by lot, and the Athenians obtained a victory. Great honours were paid to the patriotic Macaria, and a fountain of Marathon was called by her name. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 32.――――An ancient name of Cyprus.

=Macăris=, an ancient name of Crete.

=Macednus=, a son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus._

=Măcēdo=, a son of Osiris, who had a share in the divine honours which were paid to his father. He was represented clothed in a wolf’s skin, for which reason the Egyptians held that animal in great veneration. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.――――A man who gave his name to Macedonia. Some supposed him to be the same as the son or general of Osiris, whilst others consider him as the grandson of Deucalion by the mother’s side. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Măcēdŏnia=, a celebrated country, situated between Thrace, Epirus, and Greece. Its boundaries have been different at different periods. Philip increased it by the conquest of Thessaly and of part of Thrace, and according to Pliny it contained no less than 150 different nations. The kingdom of Macedonia, first founded B.C. 814, by Caranus, a descendant of Hercules, and a native of Argos, continued in existence 646 years, till the battle of Pydna. The family of Caranus remained in possession of the crown until the death of Alexander the Great, and began to reign in the following order: Caranus, after a reign of 28 years, was succeeded by Cœnus, who ascended the throne 786 B.C.; Thurimas, 774; Perdiccas, 729; Argæus, 678; Philip, 640; Æropas, 602; Alcetas or Alectas, 576; Amyntas, 547; Alexander, 497; Perdiccas, 454; Archelaus, 413; Amyntas, 399; Pausanias, 398; Amyntas II., 397; Argæus the tyrant, 390; Amyntas restored, 390; Alexander II., 371; Ptolemy Alorites, 370; Perdiccas III., 366; Philip son of Amyntas, 360; Alexander the Great, 336; Philip Aridæus, 323; Cassander, 316; Antipater and Alexander, 298; Demetrius king of Asia, 294; Pyrrhus, 287; Lysimachus, 286; Ptolemy Ceraunus, 280; Meleager, two months; Antipater the Etesian, 45 days; Antigonus Gonatas, 277; Demetrius, 243; Antigonus Doson, 232; Philip, 221; Perseus, 179; conquered by the Romans 168 B.C. at Pydna. Macedonia has been severally called Æmonia, Mygdonia, Pæonia, Edonia, Æmathia, &c. The inhabitants of Macedonia were naturally warlike, and though in the infancy of their empire they were little known beyond the borders of their country, yet they signalized themselves greatly in the reign of Philip, and added the kingdom of Asia to their European dominions by the valour of Alexander. The Macedonian phalanx, or body of soldiers, was always held in the highest repute, and it resisted and subdued the repeated attacks of the bravest and most courageous enemies. _Livy_, bk. 44.――_Justin_, bk. 6, ch. 9; bk. 7, ch. 1, &c. ――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 3, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10, &c.――_Curtius_, bks. 3 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 7.

=Macedonĭcum bellum=, was undertaken by the Romans against Philip king of Macedonia, some few months after the second Punic war, B.C. 200. The cause of this war originated in the hostilities which Philip had exercised against the Achæans, the friends and allies of Rome. The consul Flaminius had the care of the war, and he conquered Philip on the confines of Epires, and afterwards in Thessaly. The Macedonian fleets were also defeated; Eubœa was taken; and Philip, after continual losses, sued for peace, which was granted him in the fourth year of the war. The ambition and cruelty of Perseus, the son and successor of Philip, soon irritated the Romans. Another war was undertaken, in which the Romans suffered two defeats. This, however, did not discourage them; Paulus Æmilius was chosen consul in the 60th year of his age, and entrusted with the care of the war. He came to a general engagement near the city of Pydna. The victory sided with the Romans, and 20,000 of the Macedonian soldiers were left on the field of battle. This decisive blow put an end to the war, which had already continued for three years, 168 years before the christian era. Perseus and his sons Philip and Alexander were taken prisoners, and carried to Rome to adorn the triumph of the conqueror. About 15 years after, new seditions were raised in Macedonia, and the false pretensions of Andriscus, who called himself the son of Perseus, obliged the Romans to send an army to quell the commotions. Andriscus at first obtained many considerable advantages over the Roman forces, till at last he was conquered and delivered to the consul Metellus, who carried him to Rome. After these commotions, which are sometimes called the third Macedonian war, Macedonia was finally reduced into a Roman province, and governed by a regular proconsul, about 148 years before the christian era.

=Macedonĭcus=, a surname given to Metellus, from his conquests in Macedonia. It was also given to such as had obtained any victory in that province.

=Macella=, a town of Sicily, taken by the consul Duillius. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 21.

=Macer Æmylius=, a Latin poet of Verona, intimate with Tibullus and Ovid, and commended for his genius, his learning, and the elegance of his poetry. He wrote some poems upon serpents, plants, and birds, mentioned by Ovid. He also composed a poem upon the ruins of Troy, to serve as a supplement to Homer’s Iliad. His compositions are now lost. He died B.C. 16. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 44; _ex Ponto_, bk. 2, ltr. 10.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Lucius Claudius, a propretor of Africa in the reign of Nero. He assumed the title of emperor, and was put to death by order of Galba.

=Machæra=, a river of Africa.――――A common crier at Rome. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 9.

=Machanĭdas=, a man who made himself absolute at Sparta. He was killed by Philopœmen, after being defeated at Mantinea, B.C. 208. Nabis succeeded him. _Plutarch._――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 30; bk. 28, chs. 5 & 7.

=Măchāon=, a celebrated physician, son of Æsculapius and brother to Podalirus. He went to the Trojan war with the inhabitants of Trica, Ithome, and Œchalia. According to some he was king of Messenia. As physician to the Greeks, he healed the wounds which they received during the Trojan war, and was one of those concealed in the wooden horse. Some suppose that he was killed before Troy by Eurypylus the son of Telephus. He received divine honours after death, and had a temple in Messenia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, &c.――_Ovid_ _ex Ponto_, bk. 3, ltr. 4.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bk. 6, li. 409.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, lis. 263 & 426.

=Macra=, a river flowing from the Apennines, and dividing Liguria from Etruria. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 426.――_Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 32.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Macri campi=, a plain in Cisalpine Gaul, near the river Gabellus. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 18; bk. 45, ch. 12.――――A plain near Mutina bears the same name. _Columella_, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Macriānus Titus Fulvius Julius=, an Egyptian of obscure birth, who, from a private soldier, rose to the highest command in the army, and proclaimed himself emperor when Valerian had been made prisoner by the Persians, A.D. 260. His liberality supported his usurpation; his two sons Macrianus and Quietus were invested with the imperial purple, and the enemies of Rome were severely defeated, either by the emperors or their generals. When he had supported his dignity for a year in the eastern parts of the world, Macrianus marched towards Rome, to crush Gallienus, who had been proclaimed emperor. He was defeated in Illyricum by the lieutenant of Gallienus, and put to death with his son, at his own expressive request, A.D. 262.

=Macrīnus Marcus Opilius Severus=, a native of Africa, who rose from the most ignominious condition to the rank of prefect of the pretorian guards, and at last of emperor, after the death of Caracalla, whom he inhumanly ♦sacrificed to his ambition, A.D. 217. The beginning of his reign was popular; the abolition of the taxes, and an affable and complaisant behaviour, endeared him to his subjects. These promising appearances did not long continue, and the timidity which Macrinus betrayed in buying the peace of the Persians by a large sum of money, soon rendered him odious; and while he affected to imitate the virtuous Aurelius without possessing the good qualities of his heart, he became contemptible and insignificant. This affectation irritated the minds of the populace, and when severe punishments had been inflicted on some of the disorderly soldiers the whole army mutinied; and their tumult was increased by their consciousness of their power and numbers, which Macrinus had the imprudence to betray, by keeping almost all the military force of Rome encamped together in the plains of Syria. Heliogabalus was proclaimed emperor, and Macrinus attempted to save his life by flight. He was, however, seized in Cappadocia, and his head was cut off and sent to his successor, June 7th, A.D. 218. Macrinus reigned about two months and three days. His son, called Diadumenianus, shared his father’s fate.――――A friend of the poet Persius, to whom his second satire is inscribed.

♦ ‘sacrified’ replaced with ‘sacrificed’

=Macro=, a favourite of the emperor Tiberius, celebrated for his intrigues, perfidy, and cruelty. He destroyed Sejanus, and raised himself upon the ruins of that unfortunate favourite. He was accessary to the murder of Tiberius, and conciliated the good opinion of Caligula, by prostituting to him his own wife called Ennia. He soon after became unpopular, and was obliged by Caligula to kill himself together with his wife, A.D. 38.

=Macrŏbii=, a people of Æthiopia, celebrated for their justice and the innocence of their manners. They generally lived to their 120th year, some say 1000 years; and indeed from that longevity they have obtained their name (μακρος βιος, _long life_), to distinguish them more particularly from the other inhabitants of Æthiopia. After so long a period spent in virtuous actions, and freed from the ♦indulgences of vice, and from maladies, they dropped into the grave as to sleep, without pain and without terror. _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_, li. 1105.――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 48.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

♦ ‘induligencies’ replaced with ‘indulgences’

=Macrobius=, a Latin writer, who died A.D. 415. Some suppose that he was chamberlain to the emperor Theodosius II.; but this appears groundless, when we observe that Macrobius was a follower of paganism, and that none were admitted to the confidence of the emperor, or to the enjoyment of high stations, except such as were of the christian religion. Macrobius has rendered himself famous for a composition called _Saturnalia_, a miscellaneous collection of antiquities and criticism, supposed to have been the result of a conversation of some of the learned Romans during the celebration of the Saturnalia. This was written for the use of his son, and the bad latinity which the author has often introduced, proves that he was not born in a part of the Roman empire where the Latin tongue was spoken, as he himself candidly confesses. The Saturnalia are useful for the learned reflections which they contain, and particularly for some curious observations on the two greatest epic poets of antiquity. Besides this, Macrobius wrote a commentary on Cicero’s _Somnium Scipionis_, which was likewise composed for the improvement of the author’s son, and dedicated to him. The best editions are that of Gronovius, 8vo, Leiden, 1670, and that of Lipscomb, 8vo, 1777.

=Macrŏchir=, a Greek name of Artaxerxes, the same as _Longimanus_. This surname arises from his having one _hand longer_ than the other. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_.

=Macrōnes=, a nation of Pontus, on the confines of Colchis and Armenia. _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 153.――_Herodotus._

=Mactorium=, a town of Sicily at the south, near Gela.

=Măcŭlōnus=, a rich and penurious Roman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 40.

=Madaura=, a town on the borders of Numidia and Gætulia, of which the inhabitants were called _Madaurenses_. It was the native place of Apuleius. _Apuleius_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11.

=Madestes=, a town of Thrace.

=Madetes=, a general of Darius, who bravely defended a place against Alexander. The conqueror resolved to put him to death, though 30 orators pleaded for his life. Sisygambis prevailed over the almost inexorable Alexander, and Madetes was pardoned. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Maduatēni=, a people of Thrace. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 40.

=Madyes=, a Scythian prince who pursued the Cimmerians in Asia, and conquered Cyaxares, B.C. 623. He held for some time the supreme power of Asia Minor. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 103.

=Mæander=, a son of Oceanus and Tethys.――――A celebrated river of Asia Minor, rising near Celænæ, and flowing through Caria and Ionia into the Ægean sea between Miletus and Priene, after it has been increased by the waters of the Marsyas, Lycus, Eudon, Lethæus, &c. It is celebrated among the poets for its windings, which amount to no less than 600, and from which all obliquities have received the name of _Mæanders_. It forms in its course, according to the observations of some travellers, the Greek letters ε, ζ, ξ, ς, and ω, and from its windings Dædalus had the first idea of his famous labyrinth. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 145, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 254.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 208; bk. 6, li. 471.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Cicero_, _Piso_, ch. 22.――_Strabo_, bk. 12, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.

=Mæandria=, a city of Epirus.

=Mæatæ=, a people at the south of Scotland. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 76, ch. 12.

=Mæcenas.= _See:_ Mecænas.

=Mædi=, a people of _Mædica_, a district of Thrace, near Rhodope. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 25; bk. 40, ch. 21.

=Mælius=, a Roman, thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, for aspiring to tyranny at Rome in the early ages of the republic.

=Mæmacteria=, sacrifices offered to Jupiter at Athens in the winter month Mæmacterion. The god surnamed _Mæmactes_ was intreated to send mild and temperate weather, as he presided over the seasons, and was the god of the air.

=Mænădes=, a name of the Bacchantes, or priestesses of Bacchus. The word is derived from μαινομαι, _to be furious_, because in the celebration of their festivals, their gestures and actions were those of mad women. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 458.

=Mænăla=, a town of Spain.

=Mænălus= (plural, Mænala), a mountain of Arcadia sacred to the god Pan, and greatly frequented by shepherds. It received its name from Mænalus, a son of Lycaon. It was covered with pine trees, whose echo and shade have been greatly celebrated by all the ancient poets. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 216.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 17; _Eclogues_ poem 8, li. 24.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3. ――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――A town of Arcadia.――――A son of Lycaon.――――The father of Atalanta.

=Mænius=, a Roman consul.――――A dictator accused and honourably acquitted, &c.――――A spendthrift at Rome. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 15, li. 26.

=Mænon=, a tyrant of Sicily, B.C. 285.

=Mænus=, a river of Germany, now called _the Mayne_, falling into the Rhine at Mayence.

=Mæŏnia=, a country of Asia Minor, the same as Lydia. It is to be observed, that only part of Lydia was known by the name of Mæonia, that is, the neighbourhood of mount Tmolus, and the country watered by the Pactolus. The rest on the sea coast was called Lydia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_.――――The Etrurians, as being descended from a Lydian colony, are often called _Mæonidæ_ (_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 759), and even the lake Thrasymenus in their country is called _Mæonius lacus_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 35.

=Mæŏnĭdes=, a name given to the Muses, because Homer, their greatest and worthiest favourite, was supposed to be a native of Mæonia.

=Mæŏnĭdes=, a surname of Homer, because, according to the opinion of some writers, he was born in Mæon. _Ovid._――――The surname is also applied to Bacchus, as he was worshipped in Mæonia.

=Mæŏnis=, an epithet applied to Omphale, as queen of Lydia or Mæonia. _Ovid._――――The epithet is also applied to Arachne, as a native of Lydia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6.

=Mæōtæ=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia.

=Mæōtis Palus=, a large lake, or part of the sea between Europe and Asia, at the north of the Euxine, to which it communicates by the Cimmerian Bosphorus, now called the _sea of Azof_ or _Zaback_. It was worshipped as a deity by the Massagetæ. It extends about 390 miles from south-west to north-east, and is about 600 miles in circumference. The Amazons are called _Mæotides_, as living in the neighbourhood. _Strabo._――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, &c.――_Ovid_, ♦_Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 12; _epistles of Sabinus_, ltr. 2, li. 9. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 739.

♦ ‘Fasti’ replaced with ‘Tristia’

=Mæsia sylva=, a wood in Etruria, near the mouth of the Tiber. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33.

=Mævia=, an immodest woman. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 22.

=Mævius=, a poet of inferior note in the Augustan age, who made himself known by his illiberal attacks on the character of the first writers of his time, as well as by his affected compositions. His name would have sunk in oblivion if Virgil had not ridiculed him in his third eclogue, and Horace in his 10th epode.

=Magas=, a king of Cyrene, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He reigned 50 years, and died B.C. 257. _Polyænus_, bk. 2.

=Magella=, a town of Sicily about the middle of the island.

=Magetæ=, a people of Africa.

=Magi=, a religious sect among the eastern nations of the world, and particularly in Persia. They had great influence in the political as well as religious affairs of the state, and a monarch seldom ascended the throne without their previous approbation. Zoroaster was founder of their sect. They paid particular homage to fire, which they deemed a deity, as pure in itself, and the purifier of all things. In their religious tenets they had two principles, one good, the source of everything good; and the other evil, from whence sprang all manner of ills. Their professional skill in the mathematics and philosophy rendered everything familiar to them, and from their knowledge of the phenomena of the heavens, the word Magi was applied to all learned men; and in process of time, the Magi, from their experience and profession, were confounded with the magicians who impose upon the superstitious and credulous. Hence the word _Magi_ and _Magicians_ became synonymous among the vulgar. Smerdis, one of the Magi, usurped the crown of Persia after the death of Cambyses, and the fraud was not discovered till the seven noble Persians conspired against the usurper, and elected Darius king. From this circumstance there was a certain day on which none of the Magi were permitted to appear in public, as the populace had the privilege of murdering whomsoever of them they met. _Strabo._――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 62, &c.

=Magius=, a lieutenant of Piso, &c.――――A man in the interest of Pompey, grandfather to the historian Velleius Paterculus, &c. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 115.

=Magna Græcia=, a part of Italy. _See:_ Græcia Magna.

=Magna Mater=, a name given to Cybele.

=Magnentius=, an ambitious Roman, who distinguished himself by his cruelty and perfidy. He conspired against the life of Constans, and murdered him in his bed. This cruelty was highly resented by Constantius; and the assassin, unable to escape from the fury of his antagonist, murdered his own mother and the rest of his relations, and afterwards killed himself by falling upon a sword, which he had thrust against a wall. He was the first of the followers of christianity who ever murdered his lawful sovereign, A.D. 353.

=Magnes=, a young man who found himself detained by the iron nails which were under his shoes as he walked over a stone mine. This was no other than the magnet, which received its name from the person who had been first sensible of its powers. Some say that Magnes was a slave of Medea, whom that enchantress changed into a magnet. _Orphic Lithica_, bk. 10, li. 7.――――A son of Æolus and Anaretta, who married Nais, by whom he had Pierus, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A poet and musician of Smyrna, in the age of Gyges king of Lydia.

=Magnēsia=, a town of Asia Minor on the Mæander, about 15 miles from Ephesus, now called _Guzelhizar_. It is celebrated for the death of Themistocles, and for a battle which was fought there 187 years before the christian era, between the Romans and Antiochus king of Syria. The forces of Antiochus amounted to 70,000 men, according to Appian, or 70,000 foot and 12,000 horse, according to Livy, which have been exaggerated by ♦Florus to 300,000 men; the Roman army consisted of about 28,000 or 30,000 men, 2000 of which were employed in guarding the camp. The Syrians lost 50,000 foot and 4000 horse, and the Romans only 300 killed, with 25 horse. It was founded by a colony from Magnesia in Thessaly, and was commonly called _Magnesia ad Mæandrum_, to distinguish it from another called _Magnesia ad Sipylum_ in Lydia, at the foot of mount Sipylus. This last was destroyed by an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius.――――A country on the eastern parts of Thessaly, at the south of Ossa. It was sometimes called _Æmonia_ and _Magnes Campus_. The capital was also called Magnesia.――――A promontory of Magnesia in Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 37. ――_Florus_, bk. 2.――_Appian._

♦ ‘Florius’ replaced with ‘Florus’

=Mago=, a Carthaginian general sent against Dionysius tyrant of Sicily. He obtained a victory, and granted peace to the conquered. In a battle which soon after followed this treaty of peace, Mago was killed. His son, of the same name, succeeded to the command of the Carthaginian army, but he disgraced himself by flying at the approach of Timoleon, who had come to assist the Syracusans. He was accused in the Carthaginian senate, and he prevented by suicide the execution of the sentence justly pronounced against him. His body was hung on a gibbet, and exposed to public ignominy.――――A brother of Annibal the Great. He was present at the battle of Cannæ, and was deputed by his brother to carry to Carthage the news of the celebrated victory which had been obtained over the Roman armies. His arrival at Carthage was unexpected, and more powerfully to astonish his countrymen on account of the victory of Cannæ, he emptied in the senate-house the three bushels of golden rings which had been taken from the Roman knights slain in battle. He was afterwards sent to Spain, where he defeated the two Scipios, and was himself, in another engagement, totally ruined. He retired to the Baleares, which he conquered; and one of the cities there still bears his name, and is called Portus Magonis, _Port Mahon_. After this he landed in Italy with an army, and took possession of part of Insubria. He was defeated in a battle by Quintilius Varus, and died of a mortal wound 203 years before the christian era. _Livy_, bk. 30, &c. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_, ch. 8, gives a very different account of his death, and says he either perished in a shipwreck, or was murdered by his servants. Perhaps Annibal had two brothers of that name.――――A Carthaginian, more known by the excellence of his writings than by his military exploits. He wrote 28 volumes upon husbandry; these were preserved by Scipio, at the taking of Carthage, and presented to the Roman senate. They were translated into Greek by Cassius Dionysius of Utica, and into Latin by order of the Roman senate, though Cato had already written so copiously upon the subject; and the Romans, as it has been observed, consulted the writings of Mago with greater earnestness than the books of the Sybilline verses. _Columella._――――A Carthaginian sent by his countrymen to assist the Romans against Pyrrhus and the Tarentines, with a fleet of 120 sail. This offer was politely refused by the Roman senate. This Mago was father of Asdrubal and Hamilcar. _Valerius Maximus._

=Magon=, a river of India falling into the Ganges. _Arrian._

=Māgrontiăcum=, or =Magontea=, a large city of Germany, now called _Mentz_. _Tacitus_, bk. 4, _Histories_, bks. 15 & 23.

=Magus=, an officer of Turnus, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 522.

=Maherbal=, a Carthaginian who was at the siege of Saguntum, and who commanded the cavalry of Annibal at the battle of Cannæ. He advised the conqueror immediately to march to Rome, but Annibal required time to consider on so bold a measure; upon which Maherbal observed, that Annibal knew how to conquer, but not how to make a proper use of victory.

=Maīa=, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione, mother of Mercury by Jupiter. She was one of the Pleiades, the most luminous of the seven sisters. _See:_ Pleiades. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 301.――――A surname of Cybele.

=Majestas=, a goddess among the Romans, daughter of Honour and Reverence. _Ovid_, bk. 5; _Fasti_, li. 25.

=Majoriānus Julius Valerius=, an emperor of the western Roman empire, raised to the imperial throne A.D. 457. He signalized himself by his private as well as public virtues. He was massacred, after a reign of 37 years, by one of his generals, who envied in his master the character of an active, virtuous, and humane emperor.

=Majorca=, the greatest of the islands called Baleares, on the coast of Spain, in the Mediterranean. _Strabo._

=Mala Fortuna=, the goddess of evil fortune, was worshipped among the Romans. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.

=Malēa=, a promontory of Lesbos.――――Another in Peloponnesus, at the south of Laconia. The sea is so rough and boisterous there, that the dangers which attended a voyage round it gave rise to the proverb of _Cum ad Maleam deflexeris, obliviscere quæ sunt domi_. _Strabo_, bks. 8 & 9.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 58.――_Plutarch_, _Aratus_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 193.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 44.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 16, li. 24; poem 11, li. 20. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 23.

=Maleventum=, the ancient name of Beneventum. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 27.

=Malho=, or =Matho=, a general of an army of Carthaginian mercenaries, 258 B.C.

=Malia=, a city of Phthiotis, near mount Œta and Thermopylæ. There were in its neighbourhood some hot mineral waters which the poet Catullus has mentioned. From Malia a gulf or small bay in the neighbourhood, at the western extremities of the island of Eubœa, has received the name of the gulf of Malia, _Maliacum Fretum_, or _Maliacus Sinus_. Some call it the gulf of Lamia, from its vicinity to Lamia. It is often taken for the _Sinus Pelasgicus_ of the ancients. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Herodotus._

=Malii=, a people of Mesopotamia.

=Malis=, a servant-maid of Omphale, beloved by Hercules.

=Mallea=, or =Mallia aqua=. _See:_ Malia.

=Malleŏlus=, a man who murdered his mother, &c. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 1, ch. 13.

=Mallius=, a Roman consul defeated by the Gauls, &c.

=Mallophŏra= (_lanam ferens_), a surname under which Ceres had a temple at Megara, because she had taught the inhabitants the utility of wool, and the means of tending sheep to advantage. This temple is represented as so old in the age of Pausanias, that it was falling to decay. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.

=Mallos=, a town of Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 227.

=Malthīnus=, a name under which Horace has lashed some of his friends or enemies. Bk. 1, satire 2, li. 27.

=Mamaus=, a river of Peloponnesus.

=Mamercus=, a tyrant of Catana, who surrendered to Timoleon. His attempts to speak in a public assembly at Syracuse were received with groans and hisses, upon which he dashed his head against a wall, and endeavoured to destroy himself. The blows were not fatal, and Mamercus was soon after put to death as a robber, B.C. 340. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_.――――A dictator at Rome, B.C. 437.――――A consul with Decimus Brutus.

=Mamerthes=, a Corinthian who killed his brother’s son in hopes of reigning, upon which he was torn to pieces by his brother. _Ovid_, _Ibis_.

=Mamertīna=, a town of Campania, famous for its wines.――――A name of Messana in Sicily. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 117.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Mamertīni=, a mercenary band of soldiers which passed from Campania into Sicily, at the request of Agathocles. When they were in the service of Agathocles, they claimed the privilege of voting at the election of magistrates at Syracuse, and had recourse to arms to support their unlawful demands. The sedition was appeased by the authority of some leading men, and the Campanians were ordered to leave Sicily. In their way to the coast they were received with great kindness by the people of Messana, and soon returned perfidy for hospitality. They conspired against the inhabitants, murdered all the males in the city, and married their wives and daughters, and rendered themselves masters of the place. After this violence they assumed the name of Mamertini, and called their city _Mamertina_, from a provincial word, which in their language signified _martial_ or _warlike_. The Mamertines were afterwards defeated by Hiero, and totally disabled from repairing their ruined affairs. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_, &c.

=Mamilia lex=, _de limitibus_, by the tribune Mamilius. It ordained that in the boundaries of the lands five or six feet of land should be left uncultivated, which no person could convert into private property. It also appointed commissioners to see it carried into execution.

=Mamilii=, a plebeian family at Rome, descended from the Aborigines. They first lived at Tusculum, from whence they came to Rome. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 29.

=Mamilius Octavius=, a son-in-law of Tarquin, who behaved with uncommon bravery at the battle of Regillæ. He is also called Manilius. _See:_ Manilius.

=Mammea=, the mother of the emperor Severus, who died A.D. 235.

=Mamŭrius Veturius=, a worker in brass in Numa’s reign. He was ordered by the monarch to make a number of ancylia or shields, like that one which had fallen from heaven, that it might be difficult to distinguish the true one from the others. He was very successful in his undertaking, and he asked for no other reward, but that his name might be frequently mentioned in the hymns which were sung by the Salii in the feast of the Ancylia. This request was granted. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 392.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 6.

=Mamurra=, a Roman knight born at Formiæ. He followed the fortune of Julius Cæsar in Gaul, where he greatly enriched himself. He built a magnificent palace on mount Cœlius, and was the first who incrusted his walls with marble. Catullus has attacked him in his epigrams. Formiæ is sometimes called _Mamurrarum urbs_. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 6.

=Manastăbal=, son of Masinissa, who was father to the celebrated Jugurtha. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.

=Caius Mancīnus=, a Roman general, who, though at the head of an army of 30,000 men, was defeated by 4000 Numantians, B.C. 138. He was dragged from the senate, &c. _Cicero_, _Orator_, bk. 1, ch. 40.

=Mandāne=, a daughter of king Astyages, married by her father to Cambyses, an ignoble person of Persia. The monarch had dreamed that his daughter’s urine had drowned all his city, which had been interpreted in an unfavourable manner by the soothsayers, who assured him that his daughter’s son would dethrone him. The marriage of Mandane with Cambyses would, in the monarch’s opinion, prevent the effects of the dream, and the children of this connection would, like their father, be poor and unnoticed. The expectations of Astyages were frustrated. He was dethroned by his grandson. _See:_ Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 107.

=Mandānes=, an Indian prince and philosopher, whom Alexander invited by his ambassador, on pain of death, to come to his banquet, as being the son of Jupiter. The philosopher ridiculed the threats and promises of Alexander, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 15.

=Mandēla=, a village in the country of the Sabines, near Horace’s country seat. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 105.

=Mandonius=, a prince of Spain, who for some time favoured the cause of the Romans. When he heard that Scipio the Roman commander was ill, he raised commotions in the provinces, for which he was severely reprimanded and punished. _Livy_, bk. 29.

=Mandrŏcles=, a general of Artaxerxes, &c. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.

=Mandron=, a king of the Bebryces, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Mandubii=, a people of Gaul (now _Burgundy_), in Cæsar’s army, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 78.

=Mandubratius=, a young Briton who came over to Cæsar in Gaul. His father Immanuentius was king in Britain, and had been put to death by order of Cassivelaunus. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 20.

=Manduria=, a city of Calabria near Tarentum, whose inhabitants were famous for eating dog’s flesh. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 15.

=Manes=, a son of Jupiter and Tellus, who reigned in Mæonia. He was father of Cotys, by Callirrhoe the daughter of Oceanus.

=Mānes=, a name generally applied by the ancients to the souls when separated from the body. They were reckoned among the infernal deities, and generally supposed to preside over the burying places and the monuments of the dead. They were worshipped with great solemnity, particularly by the Romans. The augurs always invoked them when they proceeded to exercise their sacerdotal offices. Virgil introduces his hero as sacrificing to the infernal deities, and to the Manes, a victim whose blood was received in a ditch. The word _manes_ is supposed to be derived from Mania, who was by some reckoned the mother of those tremendous deities. Others derive it from _manare, quod per omnia ætherea terrenaque manabant_, because they filled the air, particularly in the night, and were intent to molest and disturb the peace of mankind. Some say that _manes_ comes from _manis_, an old Latin word which signified _good_ or _propitious_. The word _manes_ is differently used by ancient authors; sometimes it is taken for the infernal regions, and sometimes it is applied to the deities of Pluto’s kingdom, whence the epitaphs of the Romans were always superscribed with D. M., _Dîs Manibus_, to remind the sacrilegious and profane not to molest the monuments of the dead, which were guarded with such sanctity. _Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 19. ――_Virgil_, bk. 4, _Georgics_, li. 469; _Æneid_, bk. 3, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 8, li. 28.――――A river of Locris.

=Manētho=, a celebrated priest of Heliopolis in Egypt, surnamed the Mendesian, B.C. 261. He wrote in Greek a history of Egypt, which has been often quoted and commended by the ancients, particularly by Josephus. It was chiefly collected from the writings of Mercury, and from the journals and annals which are preserved in the Egyptian temples. This history has been greatly corrupted by the Greeks. The author supported that all the gods of the Egyptians had been mere mortals, and had all lived upon earth. This history, which is now lost, had been epitomized, and some fragments of it are still extant. There is extant a Greek poem ascribed to Manetho, in which the power of the stars, which preside over the birth and fate of mankind, is explained. The Apotelesmata of this author were edited in 4to, by Gronovious, Leiden, 1698.

=Mania=, a goddess, supposed to be the mother of the Lares and Manes. ――――A female servant of queen Berenice the daughter of Ptolemy.――――A mistress of Demetrius Poliorcetes, called also Demo, and Mania, from her folly. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.

=Manilia lex=, by Manilius the tribune, A.U.C. 678. It required that all the forces of Lucullus and his province, together with Bithynia, which was then under the command of Glabrio, should be delivered to Pompey, and that this general should, without any delay, declare war against Mithridates, and still retain the command of the Roman fleet, and the empire of the Mediterranean, as before.――――Another, which permitted all those whose fathers had not been invested with public offices, to be employed in the management of affairs.――――A woman famous for her debaucheries. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 242.

=Mānīlius=, a Roman who married the daughter of Tarquin. He lived at Tusculum, and received his father-in-law in his house, when banished from Rome, &c. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――――Caius, a celebrated mathematician and poet of Antioch, who wrote a poetical treatise on astronomy, of which five books are extant, treating of the fixed stars. The style is not elegant. The age in which he lived is not known, though some suppose that he flourished in the Augustan age. No author, however, in the age of Augustus has made mention of Manilius. The best editions of Manilius are those of Bentley, 4to, London, 1739, and Stoeberus, 8vo, Strasbourg, 1767.――――Titus, a learned historian in the age of Sylla and Marius. He is greatly commended by Cicero, _pro Roscio_.――――Marcus, another mentioned by _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 48, as supporting the character of a great lawyer, and of an eloquent and powerful orator.

=Manĭmi=, a people in Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 43.

=Manlia lex=, by the tribune Publius Manlius, A.U.C. 557. It revived the office of _treviri epulones_, first instituted by Numa. The _epulones_ were priests, who prepared banquets for Jupiter and the gods at public festivals, &c.

=Manlius Torquātus=, a celebrated Roman, whose youth was distinguished by a lively and cheerful disposition. These promising talents were, however, impeded by a difficulty of speaking; and the father, unwilling to expose his son’s rusticity at Rome, detained him in the country. The behaviour of the father was publicly censured, and Marius Pomponius the tribune cited him to answer for his unfatherly behaviour to his son. Young Manlius was informed of this, and with a dagger in his hand he entered the house of the tribune, and made him solemnly promise that he would drop the accusation. This action of Manlius endeared him to the people, and soon after he was chosen military tribune. In a war against the Gauls, he accepted the challenge of one of the enemy, whose gigantic stature and ponderous arms had rendered him terrible and almost invincible in the eyes of the Romans. The Gaul was conquered, and Manlius stripped him of his arms, and from the collar (_torquis_) which he took from the enemy’s neck, he was ever after surnamed _Torquatus_. Manlius was the first Roman who was raised to the dictatorship without having been previously consul. The severity of Torquatus to his son has been deservedly censured. This father had the courage and heart to put to death his son, because he had engaged one of the enemy, and obtained an honourable victory, without his previous permission. This uncommon rigour displeased many of the Romans; and though Torquatus was honoured with a triumph, and commended by the senate for his services, yet the Roman youth showed their disapprobation of the consul’s severity, by refusing him at his return the homage which every other conqueror received. Some time after the censorship was offered to him, but he refused it, observing that the people could not bear his severity, nor he the vices of the people. From the rigour of Torquatus, all edicts and actions of severity and justice have been called _Manliana edicta_. _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 10.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 9.――――Marcus, a celebrated Roman, whose valour was displayed in the field of battle, even at the early age of 16. When Rome was taken by the Gauls, Manlius with a body of his countrymen fled into the Capitol, which he defended when it was suddenly surprised in the night by the enemy. This action gained him the surname of _Capitolinus_, and the geese, which by their clamour had awakened him to arm himself in his own defence, were ever after held sacred among the Romans. A law which Manlius proposed to abolish the taxes on the common people, raised the senators against him. The dictator Cornelius Cossus seized him as a rebel, but the people put on mourning, and delivered from prison their common father. This did not in the least check his ambition; he continued to raise factions, and even secretly to attempt to make himself absolute, till at last the tribunes of the people themselves became his accusers. He was tried in the Campius Martius; but when the distant view of the Capitol which Manlius had saved seemed to influence the people in his favour, the court of justice was removed, and Manlius was condemned. He was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, A.U.C. 371, and to render his ignominy still greater, none of his family were afterwards permitted to bear the surname of _Marcus_, and the place where his house had stood was deemed unworthy to be inhabited. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 31; bk. 6, ch. 5.――_Florus_, bk. 1, chs. 13 & 26.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 825. ――――Imperiosus, father of Manlius Torquatus. He was made dictator. He was accused of detaining his son at home. _See:_ Manlius Torquatus. ――――Volsco, a Roman consul who received an army of Scipio in Asia, and made war against the Gallo-grecians, whom he conquered. He was honoured with a triumph at his return, though it was at first strongly opposed. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 12, &c.――――Caius, or Aulus, a senator sent to Athens to collect the best and wisest laws of Solon, A.U.C. 300. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 54; bk. 3, ch. 31.――――Another, called also Cincinnatus. He made war against the Etrurians and Veientes with great success, and he died of a wound which he had received in a battle.――――Another, who in his pretorship reduced Sardinia. He was afterwards made dictator.――――Another, who was defeated by a rebel army of slaves in Sicily.――――A pretor in Gaul, who fought against the Boii, with very little success.――――Another, called Attilius, who defeated a Carthaginian fleet, &c.――――Another, who conspired with Catiline against the Roman republic.――――Another, in whose consulship the temple of Janus was shut.――――Another, who was banished under Tiberius for his adultery.――――A Roman appointed judge between his son Silanus and the province of Macedonia. When all the parties had been heard, the father said, “It is evident that my son has suffered himself to be bribed, therefore I deem him unworthy of the republic and of my house, and I order him to depart from my presence.” Silanus was so struck at the rigour of his father, that he hanged himself. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 5.――――A learned man in the age of Cicero.

=Mannus=, the son of Thiasto, both famous divinities among the Germans. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 2.

=Julius Mansuētus=, a friend of Vitellius, who entered the Roman armies, and left his son, then very young, at home. The son was promoted by Galba, and soon after met a detachment of the partisans of Vitellius in which his father was. A battle was fought, and Mansuetus was wounded by the hand of his son, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 25.

=Mantinea=, a town of Arcadia in Peloponnesus. It was taken by Aratus and Antigonus, and, on account of the latter, it was afterwards called _Antigonia_. The emperor Adrian built there a temple in honour of his favourite Alcinous. It is famous for the battle which was fought there between Epaminondas at the head of the Thebans, and the combined forces of Lacedæmon, Achaia, Elis, Athens, and Arcadia, about 363 years before Christ. The Theban general was killed in the engagement, and from that time Thebes lost its power and consequence among the Grecian states. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Mantineus=, the father of Ocalea, who married Abas the son of Lynceus and Hypermnestra. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.

=Mantinōrum oppidum=, a town of Corsica, now supposed to be _Bastia_.

=Mantius=, a son of Melampus.

=Manto=, a daughter of the prophet Tiresias, endowed with the gift of prophecy. She was made prisoner by the Argives when the city of Thebes fell into their hands, and as she was the worthiest part of the booty, the conquerors sent her to Apollo the god of Delphi, as the most valuable present they could make. Manto, often called Daphne, remained for some time at Delphi, where she officiated as priestess, and where she gave oracles. From Delphi she came to Claros in Ionia, where she established an oracle of Apollo. Here she married Rhadius the sovereign of the country, by whom she had a son called Mopsus. Manto afterwards visited Italy, where she married Tiberinus the king of Alba, or, as the poets mention, the god of the river Tiber. From this marriage sprang Ocnus, who built a town in the neighbourhood, which, in honour of his mother, he called Mantua. Manto, according to a certain tradition, was so struck at the misfortunes which afflicted Thebes, her native country, that she gave way to her sorrow, and was turned into a fountain. Some suppose her to be the same who conducted Æneas into hell, and who sold the Sibylline books to Tarquin the Proud. She received divine honours after death. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 199; bk. 10, li. 199.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 157.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bks. 14 & 16.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 10 & 33; bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Mantua=, a town of Italy beyond the Po, founded about 300 years before Rome, by Bianor or Ocnus the son of Manto. It was the ancient capital of Etruria. When Cremona, which had followed the interest of Brutus, was given to the soldiers of Octavius, Mantua also, which was in the neighbourhood, shared the common calamity, though it had favoured the party of Augustus, and many of the inhabitants were tyrannically deprived of their possessions. Virgil, who was among them, and a native of the town, and from thence often called _Mantuanus_, applied for redress to Augustus, and obtained it by means of his poetical talents. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 1, &c.; _Georgics_, ch. 3, li. 12; _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 180.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 15.

=Maracanda=, a town of Sogdiana.

=Mărătha=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28.

=Mărăthon=, a village of Attica, 10 miles from Athens, celebrated for the victory which the 10,000 Athenians and 1000 Platæans, under the command of Miltiades, gained over the Persian army, consisting of 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, or, according to Valerius Maximus, of 300,000, or, as Justin says, of 600,000, under the command of Datis and Artaphernes, on the 28th of Sept. 490, B.C. In this battle, according to Herodotus, the Athenians lost only 192 men, and the Persians 6300. Justin has raised the loss of the Persians in this expedition and in the battle to 200,000 men. To commemorate this immortal victory of their countrymen, the Greeks raised small columns, with the names inscribed on the tombs of the fallen heroes. It was also in the plains of Marathon that Theseus overcame a celebrated bull, which ravaged the neighbouring country. Erigone is called _Marathonia virgo_, as being born at Marathon. _Statius_, bk. 5, _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 74.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades._ ――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_――――A king of Attica, son of Epopeus, who gave his name to a small village there. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A king of Sicyon.

=Marăthos=, a town of Phœnicia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 12.

=Marcella=, a daughter of Octavia the sister of Augustus by Marcellus. She married Agrippa.

=Marcellīnus Ammiānus=, a celebrated historian who carried arms under Constantius, Julian, and Valens, and wrote a history of Rome from the reign of Domitian, where Suetonius stops, to the emperor Valens. His style is neither elegant nor laboured, but it is greatly valuable for its veracity, and in many of the actions he mentions, the author was nearly concerned. This history was composed at Rome, where Ammianus retired from the noise and troubles of the camp, and does not betray that severity against the christians which other writers have manifested, though the author was warm in favour of paganism, the religion which for a while was seated on the throne. It was divided into 31 books, of which only the 18 last remain, beginning at the death of Magnentius. Ammianus has been liberal in his encomiums upon Julian, whose favours he enjoyed and who so eminently patronised his religion. The negligence with which some facts are sometimes mentioned, has induced many to believe that the history of Ammianus has suffered much from the ravages of time, and that it has descended to us mutilated and imperfect. The best editions of Ammianus are those of Gronovius, folio, and 4to, Leiden, 1693, and of Ernesti, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1773.――――An officer under Julian.

=Marcellus Marcus Claudius=, a famous Roman general, who, after the first Punic war, had the management of an expedition against the Gauls, where he obtained the _Spolia opima_, by killing with his own hand Viridomarus the king of the enemy. Such success rendered him popular, and soon after he was entrusted to oppose Annibal in Italy. He was the first Roman who obtained some advantage over this celebrated Carthaginian, and showed his countrymen that Annibal was not invincible. The troubles which were raised in Sicily by the Carthaginians at the death of Hieronymus, alarmed the Romans, and Marcellus, in his third consulship, was sent with a powerful force against Syracuse. He attacked it by sea and land, but his operations proved ineffectual, and the invention and industry of a philosopher [_See:_ Archimedes] were able to baffle all the efforts, and to destroy all the great and stupendous machines and military engines of the Romans during three successive years. The perseverance of Marcellus at last obtained the victory. The inattention of the inhabitants during their nocturnal celebration of the festivals of Diana, favoured his operations; he forcibly entered the town, and made himself master of it. The conqueror enriched the capital of Italy with the spoils of Syracuse, and when he was accused of rapaciousness, for stripping the conquered city of all its paintings and ornaments, he confessed that he had done it to adorn the public buildings of Rome, and to introduce a taste for the fine arts and elegance of the Greeks among his countrymen. After the conquest of Syracuse, Marcellus was called upon by his country to oppose a second time Annibal. In this campaign he behaved with greater vigour than before; the greatest part of the towns of the Samnites, which had revolted, were recovered by force of arms, and 3000 of the soldiers of Annibal made prisoners. Some time after an engagement with the Carthaginian general proved unfavourable; Marcellus had the disadvantage; but on the morrow a more successful skirmish vindicated his military character, and the honour of the Roman soldiers. Marcellus, however, was not sufficiently vigilant against the snares of his adversary. He imprudently separated himself from his camp, and was killed in an ambuscade in the 60th year of his age, in his fifth consulship, A.U.C. 546. His body was honoured with a magnificent funeral by the conqueror, and his ashes were conveyed in a silver urn to his son. Marcellus claims our commendation for his private as well as public virtues; and the humanity of the general will ever be remembered who, at the surrender of Syracuse, wept at the thought that many were going to be exposed to the avarice and rapaciousness of an incensed soldiery, which the policy of Rome and the laws of war rendered inevitable. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 855.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 38.――_Plutarch_, _Lives_, &c.――――One of his descendants, who bore the same name, signalized himself in the civil wars of Cæsar and Pompey, by his firm attachment to the latter. He was banished by Cæsar, but afterwards recalled at the request of the senate. Cicero undertook his defence in an oration which is still extant.――――The grandson of Pompey’s friend rendered himself popular by his universal benevolence and affability. He was son of Marcellus, by Octavia the sister of Augustus. He married Julia, that emperor’s daughter, and was publicly intended as his successor. The suddenness of his death, at the early age of 18, was the cause of much lamentation at Rome, particularly in the family of Augustus, and Virgil procured himself great favours by celebrating the virtues of this amiable prince. _See:_ Octavia. Marcellus was buried at the public expense. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 883.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_.――_Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.――_Seneca_, _de Consolatione ad Marciam_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 93.――――The son of the great Marcellus who took Syracuse, was caught in the ambuscade which proved fatal to his father, but he forced his way from the enemy and escaped. He received the ashes of his father from the conqueror. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.――――A man who conspired against Vespasian.――――The husband of Octavia the sister of Augustus.――――A conqueror of Britain.――――An officer under the emperor Julian.――――A man put to death by Galba.――――A man who gave Cicero information of Catiline’s conspiracy.――――A colleague of Cato in the questorship.――――A native of Pamphylia, who wrote an heroic poem on physic, divided into 42 books. He lived in the reign of Marcus Aurelius.――――A Roman drowned in a storm, &c.

=Marcia lex=, by Marcius Censorinus. It forbade any man to be invested with the office of censor more than once.

=Marcia=, the wife of Regulus. When she heard that her husband had been put to death at Carthage in the most excruciating manner, she retorted the punishment, and shut up some Carthaginian prisoners in a barrel, which she had previously filled with sharp nails. The senate was obliged to stop the wantonness of her cruelty. _Diodorus_, bk. 24. ――――A favourite of the emperor Commodus, whom he poisoned.――――A vestal virgin, punished for her incontinence.――――A daughter of Philip, who married Cato the censor. Her husband gave her to his friend Hortensius for the sake of procreating children, and after his death he took her again to his own house.――――An ancient name of the island of Rhodes.――――A daughter of Cato of Utica.――――A stream of water. _See:_ Martia aqua.

=Marciāna=, a sister of the emperor Trajan, who, on account of her public and private virtues and her amiable disposition, was declared Augusta and empress by her brother. She died A.D. 113.

=Marcianopŏlis=, the capital of Lower Mœsia in Greece. It receives its name in honour of the empress Marciana.

=Marciānus=, a native of Thrace, born of an obscure family. After he had for some time served in the army as a common soldier, he was made private secretary to one of the officers of Theodosius. His winning address and uncommon talents raised him to higher stations; and on the death of Theodosius II., A.D. 450, he was invested with the imperial purple in the east. The subjects of the Roman empire had reason to be satisfied with their choice. Marcianus showed himself active and resolute, and when Attila, the barbarous king of the Huns, asked of the emperor the annual tribute, which the indolence and cowardice of his predecessors had regularly paid, the successor of Theodosius firmly said that he kept his gold for his friends, but that iron was the metal which he had prepared for his enemies. In the midst of universal popularity Marcianus died, after a reign of six years, in the 69th year of his age, as he was making warlike preparations against the barbarians that had invaded Africa. His death was lamented, and indeed his merit was great, since his reign has been distinguished by the appellation of the golden age. Marcianus married Pulcheria, the sister of his predecessor. It is said, that in the years of his obscurity he found a man who had been murdered, and that he had the humanity to give him a private burial, for which circumstance he was accused of the homicide and imprisoned. He was condemned to lose his life, and the sentence would have been executed, had not the real murderer been discovered, and convinced the world of the innocence of Marcianus.――――Capella, a writer. _See:_ Capella.

=Marcus Marcius Sabīnus=, was the progenitor of the Marcian family at Rome. He came to Rome with Numa, and it was he who advised Numa to accept of the crown which the Romans offered to him. He attempted to make himself king of Rome, in opposition to Tullus Hostilius, and when his efforts proved unsuccessful he killed himself. His son, who married a daughter of Numa, was made high priest by his father-in-law. He was father of Ancus Marcius. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.――――A Roman who accused Ptolemy Auletes king of Egypt of misdemeanour in the Roman senate.――――A Roman consul, defeated by the Samnites. He was more successful against the Carthaginians, and obtained a victory, &c. ――――Another consul, who obtained a victory over the Etrurians. ――――Another, who defeated the Hernici.――――A Roman who fought against Asdrubal.――――A man whom Catiline hired to assassinate Cicero.

=Marcius Saltus=, a place in Liguria, &c.

=Marcomanni=, a people of Germany, who originally dwelt on the banks of the Rhine and the Danube. They proved powerful enemies to the Roman emperors. Augustus granted them peace, but they were afterwards subdued by Antoninus and Trajan, &c. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 109. ――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, chs. 46 & 62; _Germania_, ch. 42.

=Marcus=, a prænomen common to many of the Romans. _See:_ Æmilius, Lepidus, &c.――――A son of Cato, killed at Philippi, &c.――――Caryensis, a general of the Achæan league, 255 B.C.

=Mardi=, a people of Persia, on the confines of Media. They were very poor, and generally lived upon the flesh of wild beasts. Their country, in later times, became the residence of the famous assassins destroyed by Hulakou the grandson of Zingis Khan. _Herodotus_, bks. 1 & 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16.

=Mardia=, a place of Thrace, famous for a battle between Constantine and Licinius, A.D. 315.

=Mardonius=, a general of Xerxes, who, after the defeat of his master at Thermopylæ and Salamis, was left in Greece with an army of 300,000 chosen men, to subdue the country, and reduce it under the power of Persia. His operations were rendered useless by the courage and vigilance of the Greeks; and in a battle at Platæa, Mardonius was defeated and left among the slain, B.C. 479. He had been commander of the armies of Darius in Europe, and it was chiefly by his advice that Xerxes invaded Greece. He was son-in-law of Darius. _Plutarch_, _Aristotle_.――_Herodotus_, bks. 6, 7, & 8.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11. ――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 13, &c.

=Mardus=, a river of Media, falling into the Caspian sea.

=Mare Mortuum=, called also, from the _bitumen_ which it throws up, the lake _Asphaltites_, is situate in Judæa, and is near 100 miles long and 25 broad. Its waters are ♦saltier than those of the sea, but the vapours exhaled from them are not so pestilential as have been generally represented. It is supposed that the 13 cities, of which Sodom and Gomorrah, as mentioned in the Scriptures, were the capital, were destroyed by a volcano, and on the site a lake formed. Volcanic appearances now mark the face of the country, and earthquakes are frequent. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Josephus_, _Jewish War_, bk. 4, ch. 27.――_Strabo_, bk. 16, p. 764.――_Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 3.

♦ ‘salter’ replaced with ‘saltier’

=Măreōtis=, now _Siwah_, a lake in Egypt near Alexandria. Its neighbourhood is famous for wine, though some make the _Mareoticum vinum_ grow in Epirus, or in a certain part of Libya, called also Mareotis, near Egypt. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 91.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 38, li. 14.――_Lucan_, bks. 3 & 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Marginia= and =Margiania=, a town and country near the river Oxus, at the east of Hyrcania, celebrated for its wines. The vines are so uncommonly large that two men can scarcely grasp the trunk of one of them. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 10.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5.

=Margītes=, a man against whom, as some suppose, Homer wrote a poem, to ridicule his superficial knowledge, and to expose his affectation. When Demosthenes wished to prove Alexander an inveterate enemy to Athens, he called him another Margites.

=Margus=, a river of Mœsia falling into the Danube, with a town of the same name, now _Kastolatz_.

=Mariăba=, a city in Arabia, near the Red sea.

=Maria lex=, by Caius Marius the tribune, A.U.C. 634. It ordered the planks called _pontes_, on which the people stood up to give their votes in the _comitia_, to be narrower, that no other might stand there to hinder the proceedings of the assembly by appeal, or other disturbances.――――Another, called also _Porcia_, by Lucius Marius and Porcius, tribunes, A.U.C. 691. It fined a certain sum of money such commanders as gave a false account to the Roman senate of the number of the slain in a battle. It obliged them to swear to the truth of their return when they entered the city, according to the best computation.

=Mariamna=, a Jewish woman, who married Herodes, &c.

=Mariānæ fossæ=, a town of Gaul Narbonensis, which received its name from the _dyke_ (_fossa_) which Marius opened from thence to the sea. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Mariandynum=, a place near Bithynia, where the poets feign that Hercules dragged Cerberus out of hell. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ ――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 19; bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Mariānus=, a surname given to Jupiter from a temple built to his honour by Marius. It was in this temple that the Roman senate assembled to recall Cicero, a circumstance communicated to him in a dream. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Marīca=, a nymph of the river Liris, near Minturnæ. She married king Faunus, by whom she had king Latinus, and she was afterwards called Fauna and Fatua, and honoured as a goddess. A city of Campania bore her name. Some suppose her to be the same as Circe. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 47.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 37.――――A wood on the borders of Campania bore also the name of _Marica_, as being sacred to the nymph. _Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 37.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 17, li. 7.

=Marīcus=, a Gaul thrown to lions, in the reign of Vitellius, who refused to devour him, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 61.

=Marīna=, a daughter of Arcadius, &c.

=Marīnis=, a friend of Tiberius, put to death, &c.

=Marion=, a king of Tyre in the age of Alexander the Great.

=Marissa=, an opulent town of Judæa.

=Marīta lex.= _See:_ Julia de Maritandis.

=Maris=, a river of Scythia.――――A son of Armisodares, who assisted Priam against the Greeks, and was killed by Antilochus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 317.

=Marisus=, a river of Dacia.

=Caiaus Marius=, a celebrated Roman, who, from a peasant, became one of the most powerful and cruel tyrants that Rome ever beheld during her consular government. He was born at Arpinum, of obscure and illiterate parents. His father bore the same name as himself, and his mother was called Fulcinia. He forsook the meaner occupations of the country for the camp, and signalized himself under Scipio at the siege of Numantia. The Roman general saw the courage and intrepidity of young Marius, and foretold the era of his future greatness. By his seditions and intrigues at Rome, while he exercised the inferior offices of the state, he rendered himself known; and his marriage with Julia, who was of the family of the Cæsars, contributed in some measure to raise him to consequence. He passed into Africa as lieutenant to the consul Metellus against Jugurtha, and after he had there ingratiated himself with the soldiers, and raised enemies to his friend and benefactor, he returned to Rome, and canvassed for the consulship. The extravagant promises he made to the people, and his malevolent insinuations about the conduct of Metellus, proved successful. He was elected, and appointed to finish the war against Jugurtha. He showed himself capable in every degree to succeed Metellus. Jugurtha was defeated and afterwards betrayed into the hands of the Romans by the perfidy of Bocchus. No sooner was Jugurtha conquered, than new honours and fresh trophies awaited Marius. The provinces at Rome were suddenly invaded by an army of 300,000 barbarians, and Marius was the only man whose activity and boldness could resist so powerful an enemy. He was elected consul, and sent against the Teutones. The war was prolonged, and Marius was a third and fourth time invested with the consulship. At last two engagements were fought, and not less than 200,000 of the barbarian forces of the Ambrones and Teutones were slain in the field of battle, and 90,000 made prisoners. The following year was also marked by a total overthrow of the Cimbri, another horde of barbarians, in which 140,000 were slaughtered by the Romans, and 60,000 taken prisoners. After such honourable victories, Marius, with his colleague Catulus, entered Rome in triumph, and for his eminent services, he deserved the appellation of the third founder of Rome. He was elected consul a sixth time; and, as his intrepidity had delivered his country from its foreign enemies, he sought employment at home, and his restless ambition began to raise seditions and to oppose the power of Sylla. This was the cause and the foundation of a civil war. Sylla refused to deliver up the command of the forces with which he was empowered to prosecute the Mithridatic war, and he resolved to oppose the authors of a demand which he considered as arbitrary and improper. He advanced to Rome, and Marius was obliged to save his life by flight. The unfavourable winds prevented him from seeking a safer retreat in Africa, and he was left on the coasts of Campania, where the emissaries of his enemy soon discovered him in a marsh, where he had plunged himself in the mud, and left only his mouth above the surface for respiration. He was violently dragged to the neighbouring town of Minturnæ, and the magistrates, all devoted to the interest of Sylla, passed sentence of immediate death on their magnanimous prisoner. A Gaul was commanded to cut off his head in the dungeon, but the stern countenance of Marius disarmed the courage of the executioner, and, when he heard the exclamation of _Tune, homo, audes occidere Caium Marium_, the dagger dropped from his hand. Such an uncommon adventure awakened the compassion of the inhabitants of Minturnæ. They released Marius from prison, and favoured his escape to Africa, where he joined his son Marius, who had been arming the princes of the country in his cause. Marius landed near the walls of Carthage, and he received no small consolation at the sight of the venerable ruins of a once powerful city, which, like himself, had been exposed to calamity, and felt the cruel vicissitude of fortune. This place of his retreat was soon known, and the governor of Africa, to conciliate the favours of Sylla, compelled Marius to fly to a neighbouring island. He soon after learned that Cinna had embraced his cause at Rome, when the Roman senate had stripped him of his consular dignity and bestowed it upon one of his enemies. This intelligence animated Marius; he set sail to assist his friend, only at the head of 1000 men. His army, however, gradually increased, and he entered Rome like a conqueror. His enemies were inhumanly sacrificed to his fury. Rome was filled with blood, and he who had once been called the father of his country, marched through the streets of the city, attended by a number of assassins, who immediately slaughtered all those whose salutations were not answered by their leader. Such were the signals for bloodshed. When Marius and Cinna had sufficiently gratified their resentment, they made themselves consuls, but Marius, already worn out with old age and infirmities, died 16 days after he had been honoured with the consular dignity for the seventh time, B.C. 86. His end was probably hastened by the uncommon quantities of wine which he drank when labouring under a dangerous disease, to remove, by intoxication, the stings of a guilty conscience. Such was the end of Marius, who rendered himself conspicuous by his victories, and by his cruelty. As he was brought up in the midst of poverty and among peasants, it will not appear wonderful that he always betrayed rusticity in his behaviour, and despised in others those polished manners and that studied address which education had denied him. He hated the conversation of the learned only because he was illiterate, and if he appeared an example of sobriety and temperance, he owed these advantages to the years of obscurity which he had passed at Arpinum. His countenance was stern, his voice firm and imperious, and his disposition untractable. He always betrayed the greatest timidity in the public assemblies, as he had not been early taught to make eloquence and oratory his pursuit. He was in the 70th year of his age when he died, and Rome seemed to rejoice at the fall of a man whose ambition had proved fatal to so many of her citizens. His only qualifications were those of a great general, and with these he rendered himself the most illustrious and powerful of the Romans, because he was the only one whose ferocity seemed capable to oppose the barbarians of the north. The manner of his death, according to some opinions, remains doubtful, though some have charged him with the crime of suicide. Among the instances which are mentioned of his firmness this may be recorded: A swelling in the leg obliged him to apply to a physician, who urged the necessity of cutting it off. Marius gave it, and saw the operation performed without a distortion of the face, and without a groan. The physician asked the other, and Marius gave it with equal composure. _Plutarch_, _Lives_. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 245, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 69.――――Caius, the son of the great Marius, was as cruel as his father, and shared his good and his adverse fortune. He made himself consul in the 25th year of his age, and murdered all the senators who opposed his ambitious views. He was defeated by Sylla, and fled to Præneste, where he killed himself. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.――――Priscus, a governor of Africa, accused of extortion in his province by Pliny the younger, and banished from Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ltr. 11.――_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 48.――――A lover, &c. _See:_ Hellas.――――One of the Greek fathers of the fifth century, whose works were edited by Garner, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1673; and by Baluzius, Paris, 1684.――――Marcus Aurelius, a native of Gaul, who, from the mean employment of a blacksmith, became one of the generals of Gallienus, and at last caused himself to be saluted emperor. Three days after this elevation, a man who had shared his poverty without partaking of his more prosperous fortune, publicly assassinated him, and he was killed by a sword which he himself had made in the time of his obscurity. Marius has been often celebrated for his great strength, and it is confidently reported that he could stop, with one of his fingers only, the wheel of a chariot in its most rapid course.――――Maximus, a Latin writer, who published an account of the Roman emperors from Trajan to Alexander, now lost. His compositions were entertaining, and executed with great exactness and fidelity. Some have accused him of inattention, and complain that his writings abounded with many fabulous and insignificant stories.――――Celsus, a friend of Galba, saved from death by Otho, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 45.――――Sextus, a rich Spaniard, thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, on account of his riches, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 19.

=Marmăcus=, the father of Pythagoras. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Marmărenses=, a people of Lycia.

=Marmărĭca.= _See:_ Marmaridæ.

=Marmărĭdæ=, the inhabitants of that part of Lybia called _Marmarica_, between Cyrene and Egypt. They were swift in running, and pretended to possess some drugs or secret power to destroy the poisonous effects of the bite of serpents. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 300; bk. 11, li. 182.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 680; bk. 9, li. 894.

=Marmărion=, a town of Eubœa, whence Apollo is called _Marmarinus_. _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Maro.= _See:_ Virgilius.

=Marobodui=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 42.

=Maron=, a son of Evanthes, high priest of Apollo in Africa, when Ulysses touched upon the coast. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 9, li. 179. ――――An Egyptian who accompanied Osiris in his conquests, and built a city in Thrace, called from him Maronea. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Maronēa=, a city of the Cicones, in Thrace, near the Hebrus, of which Bacchus is the chief deity. The wine has always been reckoned excellent, and with it, it was supposed that Ulysses intoxicated the Cyclops Polyphemus. _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 4.――_Herodotus._――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2,――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 57.

=Marpĕsia=, a celebrated queen of the Amazons, who waged a successful war against the inhabitants of mount Caucasus. The mountain was called _Marpesius Mons_ from its female conqueror. _Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6.

=Marpessa=, a daughter of the Evenus, who married Idas, by whom she had Cleopatra the wife of Meleager. Marpessa was tenderly loved by her husband; and when Apollo endeavoured to carry her away, Idas followed the ravisher with a bow and arrows, resolved on revenge. Apollo and Idas were separated by Jupiter, who permitted Marpessa to go with that of the two lovers whom she most approved of. She returned to her husband. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 549.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 305.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2; bk. 5, ch. 18.

=Marpesus=, a town of Mysia.――――A mountain of Paros, abounding in white marble, whence _Marpesia cautes_. The quarries are still seen by modern travellers. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 471.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 36, ch. 5.

=Marres=, a king of Egypt, who had a crow which conveyed his letters wherever he pleased. He raised a celebrated monument to this faithful bird near the city of crocodiles. _Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Marrucīni=, a people of Picenum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 564.

=Marrŭvium=, or =Marrubium=, now _San Benedetto_, a place near the Liris, in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 750.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 497.

=Mars=, the god of war among the ancients, was the son of Jupiter and Juno, according to Hesiod, Homer, and all the Greek poets, or of Juno alone, according to Ovid. This goddess, as the poet mentions, wished to become a mother without the assistance of the other sex, like Jupiter, who had produced Minerva all armed from his head, and she was shown a flower by Flora in the plains near Olenus, whose very touch made women pregnant. _See:_ Juno. The education of Mars was entrusted by Juno to the god Priapus, who instructed him in dancing and in every manly exercise. His trial before the celebrated court of the Areopagus, according to the authority of some authors, for the murder of Hallirhotius, forms an interesting epoch in history. _See:_ Areopagitæ. The amours of Mars and Venus are greatly celebrated. The god of war gained the affection of Venus, and obtained the gratification of his desires; but Apollo, who was conscious of their familiarities, informed Vulcan of his wife’s debaucheries, and awakened his suspicions. Vulcan secretly laid a net around the bed, and the two lovers were exposed in each other’s arms, to the ridicule and satire of all the gods, till Neptune prevailed upon the husband to set them at liberty. This unfortunate discovery so provoked Mars, that he changed into a cock his favourite Alectryon, whom he had stationed at the door to watch against the approach of the sun [_See:_ Alectryon], and Venus also showed her resentment by persecuting with the most inveterate fury the children of Apollo. In the wars of Jupiter and the Titans, Mars was seized by Otus and Ephialtes, and confined for 15 months, till Mercury procured him his liberty. During the Trojan war Mars interested himself on the side of the Trojans, but whilst he defended these favourites of Venus with uncommon activity, he was wounded by Diomedes, and hastily retreated to heaven to conceal his confusion and his resentment, and to complain to Jupiter that Minerva had directed the unerring weapon of his antagonist. The worship of Mars was not very universal among the ancients; his temples were not numerous in Greece, but in Rome he received the most unbounded honours, and the warlike Romans were proud of paying homage to a deity whom they esteemed as the patron of their city, and the father of the first of their monarchs. His most celebrated temple at Rome was built by Augustus after the battle of Philippi. It was dedicated to Mars ultor, or the _avenger_. His priests among the Romans were called Salii; they were first instituted by Numa, and their chief office was to guard the sacred Ancylia, one of which, as was supposed, had fallen down from heaven. Mars was generally represented in the naked figure of an old man, armed with a helmet, a pike, and a shield. Sometimes he appeared in a military dress, and with a long flowing beard, and sometimes without. He generally rode in a chariot drawn by furious horses, which the poets called Flight and Terror. His altars were stained with the blood of the horse, on account of his warlike spirit, and of the wolf, on account of his ferocity. Magpies and vultures were also offered up to him, on account of their greediness and voracity. The Scythians generally offered him asses, and the people of Caria dogs. The weed called dog-grass was sacred to him, because it grows, as it is commonly reported, in places which are fit for fields of battle, or where the ground has been stained with the effusion of human blood. The surnames of Mars are not numerous. He was called Gradivus, Mavors, Quirinus, Salisubsulus, among the Romans. The Greeks called him Ares, and he was the Enyalus of the Sabines, the Camulus of the Gauls, and the Mamers of Carthage. Mars was father of Cupid, Anteros, and Harmonia, by the goddess Venus. He had Ascalaphus and Ialmenus by Astyoche; Alcippe by Agraulos; Molus, Pylus, Evenus, and Thestius, by Demonice the daughter of Agenor. Besides these, he was the reputed father of Romulus, Œnomaus, Bythis, Thrax, Diomedes of Thrace, &c. He presided over gladiators, and was the god of hunting, and of whatever exercises or amusements have something manly and warlike. Among the Romans it was usual for the consul, before he went on an expedition, to visit the temple of Mars, where he offered his prayers, and in a solemn manner shook the spear which was in the hand of the ♦statue of the god, at the same time exclaiming, “_Mars vigila!_ god of war, watch over the safety of this city.” _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 231; _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 925.――_Hyginus_, fable 148.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 346; _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 701.――_Lucian_, _Electrum_.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1; _Iliad_, bk. 5.――_Flaccus_, bk. 6.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Pindar_, ode 4, _Pythian_. ――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bk. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 21 & 28. ――_Juvenal_, satire 9, li. 102.

♦ ‘staute’ replaced with ‘statue’

=Marsala=, a town of Sicily.

=Marsæus=, a Roman, ridiculed by Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 35, for his prodigality to courtesans.

=Marse=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Marsi=, a nation of Germany, who afterwards came to settle near the lake Fucinus in Italy, in a country chequered with forests, abounding with wild boars and other ferocious animals. They at first proved very inimical to the Romans, but in process of time they became their firmest supporters. They are particularly celebrated for the civil war in which they were engaged, and which from them has received the name of the _Marsian war_. The large contributions which they made to support the interest of Rome, and the number of men which they continually supplied to the republic, rendered them bold and aspiring, and they claimed, with the rest of the Italian states, a share of the honours and privileges which were enjoyed by the citizens of Rome, B.C. 91. This petition, though supported by the interest, the eloquence, and the integrity of the tribune Drusus, was received with contempt by the Roman senate; and the Marsi, with their allies, showed their dissatisfaction by taking up arms. Their resentment was increased when Drusus, their friend at Rome, had been basely murdered by the means of the nobles; and they erected themselves into a republic, and Corfinium was made the capital of their new empire. A regular war was now begun, and the Romans led into the field an army of 100,000 men, and were opposed by a superior force. Some battles were fought in which the Roman generals were defeated, and the allies reaped no inconsiderable advantages from their victories. A battle, however, near Asculum, proved fatal to their cause: 4000 of them were left dead on the spot; their general, Francus, a man of uncommon experience and abilities, was slain, and such as escaped from the field perished by hunger in the Apennines, where they had sought a shelter. After many defeats, and the loss of Asculum, one of their principal cities, the allies, grown dejected and tired of hostilities which had already continued for three years, sued for peace one by one, and tranquillity was at last re-established in the republic, and all the states of Italy were made citizens of Rome. The armies of the allies consisted of the Marsi, the Peligni, the Vestini, the Hirpini, Pompeiani, Marcini, Picentes, Venusini, Ferentani, Apuli, Lucani, and Samnites. The Marsi were greatly addicted to magic. _Horace_, epode 5, li. 76; epode 27, li. 29.――_Appian._――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Sertorius_, _Caius Marius_, &c. ――_Cicero_, _For Cornelius Balbus_.――_Strabo._――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, chs. 50 & 56; _Germania_, ch. 2.

=Marsigni=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 43.

=Marsus Domitius=, a Latin poet.

=Marsyaba=, a town of Arabia.

=Marsyas=, a celebrated piper of Celænæ, in Phrygia, son of Olympus, or of Hyagnis, or Œagrus. He was so skilful in playing on the flute, that he is generally deemed the inventor of it. According to the opinion of some, he found it when Minerva had thrown it aside on account of the distortion of her face when she played upon it. Marsyas was enamoured of Cybele, and he travelled with her as far as Nysa, where he had the imprudence to challenge Apollo to a trial of his skill as a musician. The god accepted the challenge, and it was mutually agreed that he who was defeated should be flayed alive by the conquerer. The Muses, or according to Diodorus, the inhabitants of Nysa, were appointed umpires. Each exerted his utmost skill, and the victory, with much difficulty, was adjudged to Apollo. The god, upon this, tied his antagonist to a tree, and flayed him alive. The death of Marsyas was universally lamented; the Fauns, Satyrs, and Dryads wept at his fate, and from their abundant tears, arose a river of Phrygia, well known by the name of Marsyas. The unfortunate Marsyas is often represented on monuments as tied, his hands behind his back, to a tree, while Apollo stands before him with his lyre in his hand. In independent cities among the ancients the statue of Marsyas was generally erected in the forum, to represent the intimacy which subsisted between Bacchus and Marsyas, as the emblems of liberty. It was also erected at the entrance of the Roman forum, as a spot where usurers and merchants resorted to transact business, being principally intended _in terrorem litigatorum_; a circumstance to which Horace seems to allude, bk. 1, satire 6, li. 120. At Celænæ, the skin of Marsyas was shown to travellers for some time; it was suspended in the public place in the form of a bladder, or a foot-ball. _Hyginus_, fable 165.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 707; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 503.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29; bk. 7, ch. 56. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 30.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――――The sources of the Marsyas were near those of the Mæander, and those two rivers had their confluence a little below the town of Celænæ. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 265.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 208.――――A writer who published a history of Macedonia, from the first origin and foundation of that empire till the reign of Alexander, in which he lived.――――An Egyptian who commanded the armies of Cleopatra against her brother Ptolemy Physcon, whom she attempted to dethrone.――――A man put to death by Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily.

=Martha=, a celebrated prophetess of Syria, whose artifice and fraud proved of the greatest service to Caius Marius in the numerous expeditions which he undertook. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.

=Martia=, a vestal virgin, put to death for her incontinence.――――A daughter of Cato. _See:_ Marcia.

=Martia aqua=, water at Rome, celebrated for its clearness and salubrity. It was conveyed to Rome, at the distance of above 30 miles, from the lake Fucinus, by Ancus Martius, whence it received its name. _Tibullus_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 26.――_Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 3; bk. 36, ch. 15.

=Martiāles ludi=, games celebrated at Rome in honour of Mars.

=Martiālis Marcus Valerius=, a native of Bilbilis, in Spain, who came to Rome about the 20th year of his age, where he recommended himself to notice by his poetical genius. As he was the panegyrist of the emperors, he gained the greatest honours, and was rewarded in the most liberal manner. Domitian gave him the tribuneship; but the poet, unmindful of the favours he received, after the death of his benefactor, exposed to ridicule the vices and cruelties of a monster, whom in his lifetime he had extolled as the pattern of virtue, goodness, and excellence. Trajan treated the poet with coldness, and Martial, after he had passed 35 years in the capital of the world, in the greatest splendour and affluence, retired to his native country, where he had the mortification to be the object of malevolence, satire, and ridicule. He received some favours from his friends, and his poverty was alleviated by the ♦liberality of Pliny the younger, whom he had panegyrized in his poems. Martial died about the 104th year of the christian era, in the 75th year of his age. He is now well known by the 14 books of epigrams which he wrote, and whose merit is now best described by the candid confession of the author in this line,

_Sunt bona, sunt quædam mediocria, sunt mala plura._

But the genius which he displays in some of his epigrams deserves commendation, though many critics are liberal in their censure upon his style, his thoughts, and particularly upon his puns, which are often low and despicable. In many of his epigrams the poet has shown himself a declared enemy to decency, and the book is to be read with caution which can corrupt the purity of morals, and initiate the votaries of virtue in the mysteries of vice. It has been observed of Martial, that his talent was epigrams. Everything which he did was the subject of an epigram. He wrote inscriptions upon monuments in the epigrammatical style, and even a new year’s gift was accompanied with a distich, and his poetical pen was employed in begging a favour as well as in satirizing a fault. The best editions of Martial are those of Rader, folio, Mogunt. 1627; of Schriverius, 12mo, Leiden, 1619; and of Smids, 8vo, Amsterdam, 1701.――――A friend of Otho.――――A man who conspired against Caracalla.

♦ ‘liberalty’ replaced with ‘liberality’

=Martiānus.= _See:_ Marcianus.

=Martīna=, a woman skilled in the knowledge of poisonous herbs, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 79, &c.

=Martiniānus=, an officer, made Cæsar by ♦Licinius, to oppose Constantine. He was put to death by order of Constantine.

♦ ‘Linicius’ replaced with ‘Licinius’

=Martius=, a surname of Jupiter in Attica, expressive of his power and valour. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 14.――――A Roman consul sent against Perseus, &c.――――A consul against the Dalmatians, &c.――――Another, who defeated the Carthaginians in Spain.――――Another, who defeated the Privernates, &c.

=Marullus=, a tribune of the people, who tore the garlands which had been placed upon Cæsar’s statues, and who ordered those that had saluted him king to be imprisoned. He was deprived of his consulship by Julius Cæsar. _Plutarch._――――A governor of Judæa.――――A Latin poet in the age of Marcus Aurelius. He satirized the emperor with great licentiousness, but his invectives were disregarded, and himself despised.

=Marus= (the _Morava_), a river of Germany, which separates modern Hungary and Moravia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 63.

=Massa Bæbius=, an informer at the court of Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 35.

=Masæsylii=, a people of Libya, where Syphax reigned. _See:_ Massyla.

=Masinissa=, son of Gala, was king of a small part of Africa, and assisted the Carthaginians in their wars against Rome. He proved a most indefatigable and courageous ally, but an act of generosity rendered him amicable to the interests of Rome. After the defeat of Asdrubal, Scipio, the first Africanus who had obtained the victory, found, among the prisoners of war, one of the nephews of Masinissa. He sent him back to his uncle loaded with presents, and conducted him with a detachment for the safety and protection of his person. Masinissa was struck with the generous action of the Roman general; he forgot all former hostilities, and joined his troops to those of Scipio. This change of sentiments was not the effect of a wavering or unsettled mind, but Masinissa showed himself the most attached and the firmest ally the Romans ever had. It was to his exertions they owed many of their victories in Africa, and particularly in that battle which proved fatal to Asdrubal and Syphax. The Numidian conqueror, charmed with the beauty of Sophonisba, the captive wife of Syphax, carried her to his camp and married her; but when he perceived that this new connection displeased Scipio, he sent poison to his wife, and recommended her to destroy herself, since he could not preserve her life in a manner which became her rank, her dignity, and fortune, without offending his Roman allies. In the battle of Zama, Masinissa greatly contributed to the defeat of the great Annibal, and the Romans, who had been so often spectators of his courage and valour, rewarded his fidelity with the kingdom of Syphax, and some of the Carthaginian territories. At his death Masinissa showed the confidence which he had in the Romans, and the esteem he entertained for the rising talents of Scipio Æmilianus, by entrusting him with the care of his kingdom, and empowering him to divide it among his sons. Masinissa died in the 97th year of his age, after a reign of above 60 years, 149 years before the christian era. He experienced adversity as well as prosperity, and in the first years of his reign he was exposed to the greatest danger, and obliged often to save his life by seeking a retreat among his savage neighbours. But his alliance with the Romans was the beginning of his greatness, and he ever after lived in the greatest affluence. He is remarkable for the health which he long enjoyed. In the last years of his life he was seen at the head of his armies behaving with the most indefatigable activity, and he often remained for many successive days on horseback without a saddle under him, or a covering upon his head, and without showing the least mark of fatigue. This strength of mind and body he chiefly owed to the temperance which he observed. He was seen eating brown bread at the door of his tent like a private soldier the day after he had obtained an immortal victory over the armies of Carthage. He left 54 sons, three of whom were legitimate, Micipsa, Gulussa, and Manastabal. The kingdom was fairly divided among them by Scipio, and the illegitimate children received, as their portion, very valuable presents. The death of Gulussa and Manastabal soon after left Micipsa sole master of the large possessions of Masinissa. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Polybius._――_Appian_, _Lybica [Punic Wars]_.――_Cicero_, _de Senectute_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――_Livy_, bk. 25, &c.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 769.――_Justin_, bk. 33, ch. 1; bk. 38, ch. 6.

=Maso=, a name common to several persons mentioned by Cicero.

=Massăga=, a town of India, taken by Alexander the Great.

=Massăgĕte=, a people of Scythia, who had their wives in common, and dwelt in tents. They had no temples, but worshipped the sun, to whom they offered horses, on account of their swiftness. When their parents had come to a certain age, they generally put them to death, and ate their flesh mixed with that of cattle. Authors are divided with respect to the place of their residence. Some place them near the Caspian sea, others at the north of the Danube, and some confound them with the Getæ and the Scythians. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 35, li. 40.――_Dionysius Periegeta_, li. 738.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 204. ――_Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 50. ――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Massāna.= _See:_ Messana.

=Massāni=, a nation at the mouth of the Indus.

=Massĭcus=, a mountain of Campania near Minturnæ, famous for its wine, which even now preserves its ancient character. _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 6.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 1, li. 19.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 143.――――An Etrurian prince, who assisted Æneas against Turnus with 1000 men. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 166, &c.

=Massilia=, a maritime town of Gaul Narbonensis, now called _Marseilles_, founded B.C. 539, by the people of Phocæa, in Asia, who quitted their country to avoid the tyranny of the Persians. It is celebrated for its laws, its fidelity for the Romans, and for its being long the seat of literature. It acquired great consequence by its commercial pursuits during its infancy, and even waged war against Carthage. By becoming the ally of Rome, its power was established; but in warmly espousing the cause of Pompey against Cæsar, its views were frustrated, and it was so much reduced by the insolence and resentment of the conqueror, that it never after recovered its independence and warlike spirit. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 164.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 37, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Horace_, epode 16.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Cicero_, _For Flaccus_, ch. 26; _De Officiis_, bk. 2, ♦ch. 28.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 44; _Agricola_, ch. 4.

♦ ‘8’ replaced with ‘28’

=Massȳla=, an inland part of Mauritania near mount Atlas. When the inhabitants, called _Massyli_, went on horseback, they never used saddles or bridles, but only sticks. Their character was warlike, their manners simple, and their love of liberty unconquerable. Some suppose them to be the same as the Masæylii, though others say half the country belonged only to this last-mentioned people. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 48; bk. 28, ch. 17; bk. 29, ch. 32.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 282; bk. 16, li. 171.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 682.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 132.

=Mastramela=, a lake near Marseilles, now _mer de Martegues_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Măsŭrius=, a Roman knight under Tiberius, learned, but poor. _Persius_, bk. 5, li. 90.

=Masus Domitius=, a Latin poet. _See:_ Domitius.

=Matho=, an infamous informer, patronized by Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 32.

=Matiēni=, a people in the neighbourhood of Armenia.

=Matĭnus=, a mountain of Apulia, abounding in yew trees and bees. _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 184.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 2, li. 27; epode 16, li. 28.

=Matisco=, a town of the Ædui in Gaul, now called _Macon_.

=Matrālia=, a festival at Rome, in honour of Matuta or Ino. Only matrons and freeborn women were admitted. They made offerings of flowers, and carried their relations’ children in their arms, recommending them to the care and patronage of the goddess whom they worshipped. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 22.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 47. ――_Plutarch_, _Camillus_.

=Matrōna=, a river of Gaul, now called the _Marne_, falling into the Seine. _Ausonius_, _Mosella_, li. 462.――――One of the surnames of Juno, because she presided over marriage and over child-birth.

=Matronālia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Mars, celebrated by married women, in commemoration of the rape of the Sabines, and of the peace which their intreaties had obtained between their fathers and husbands. Flowers were then offered in the temples of Juno. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 229.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Mattiăci=, a nation of Germany, now _Marpurg_, in Hesse. The _Mattiacæ aquæ_ was a small town, now _Wisbaden_, opposite Mentz. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 29; _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 56.

=Mātūta=, a deity among the Romans, the same as the Leucothoe of the Greeks. She was originally Ino, who was changed into a sea deity [_See:_ Ino and Leucothoe], and she was worshipped by sailors as such, at Corinth, in a temple sacred to Neptune. Only married women and freeborn matrons were permitted to enter her temples at Rome, where they generally brought the children of their relations in their arms. _Livy_, bk. 5, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, li. 19.

=Mavors=, a name of Mars. _See:_ Mars.

=Mavortia=, an epithet applied to every country whose inhabitants were warlike, but especially to Rome, founded by the reputed son of Mavors. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 280, and to Thrace, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 13.

=Mauri=, the inhabitants of Mauritania. This name is derived from their black complexion (μαυροι). Everything among them grew in greater abundance and greater perfection than in other countries. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Martial_, bk. 5, ltr. 29; bk. 12, ltr. 67.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 569; bk. 10, li. 402.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Justin_, bk. 19, ch. 2.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 206.

=Mauritānia=, a country on the western part of Africa, which forms the modern kingdom of _Fez_ and _Morocco_. It was bounded on the west by the Atlantic, south by Gætulia, and north by the Mediterranean, and is sometimes called _Maurusia_. It became a Roman province in the reign of the emperor Claudius. _See:_ Mauri.

=Maurus=, a man who flourished in the reign of Trajan, or, according to others, of the Antonini. He was governor of Syene, in Upper Egypt. He wrote a Latin poem upon the rules of poetry and versification.

=Maurūsii=, the people of Maurusia, a country near the columns of Hercules. It is also called Mauritania. _See:_ Mauritania. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 206.

=Mausōlus=, a king of Caria. His wife Artemisia was so disconsolate at his death, which happened B.C. 353, that she drank up his ashes, and resolved to erect one of the grandest and noblest monuments of antiquity, to celebrate the memory of a husband whom she tenderly loved. This famous monument, which passed for one of the seven wonders of the world, was called _Mausoleum_, and from it all other magnificent sepulchres and tombs have received the same name. It was built by four different architects. Scopas erected the side which faced the east, Timotheus had the south, Leochares had the west, and Bruxis the north. Pithis was also employed in raising a pyramid over this stately monument, and the top was adorned by a chariot drawn by four horses. The expenses of this edifice were immense, and this gave an occasion to the philosopher Anaxagoras to exclaim, when he saw it, “How much money changed into stones!” _See:_ Artemisia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 99.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 16.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 10, ch. 18.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 2, li. 21.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 100.

=Maxentius Marcus Aurelius Valerius=, a son of the emperor Maximianus Hercules. Some suppose him to have been a supposititious child. The voluntary abdication of Diocletian, and of his father, raised him in the state, and he declared himself independent emperor, or Augustus, A.D. 306. He afterwards incited his father to reassume his imperial authority, and in a perfidious manner destroyed Severus, who had delivered himself into his hands and relied upon his honour for the safety of his life. His victories and successes were impeded by Galerius Maximianus, who opposed him with a powerful force. The defeat and voluntary death of Galerius soon restored peace to Italy, and Maxentius passed into Africa, where he rendered himself odious by his cruelty and oppression. He soon after returned to Rome, and was informed that Constantine was come to dethrone him. He gave his adversary battle near Rome, and, after he had lost the victory, he fled back to the city. The bridge over which he crossed the Tiber was in a decayed state, and he fell into the river and was drowned, on the 24th of September, A.D. 317. The cowardice and luxuries of Maxentius are as conspicuous as his cruelties. He oppressed his subjects with heavy taxes to gratify the cravings of his pleasures, or the avarice of his favourites. He was debauched in his manners, and neither virtue nor innocence were safe whenever he was inclined to voluptuous pursuits. He was naturally deformed, and of an unwieldy body. To visit a pleasure ground, or to exercise himself under a marble portico, or to walk on a shady terrace, was to him a Herculean labour, which required the greatest exertions of strength and resolution.

=Cornelius Maximiliāna=, a vestal virgin, buried alive for incontinency, A.D. 92.

=Maximiānus Herculius Marcus Aurelius Valerius=, a native of Sirmium, in Pannonia, who served as a common soldier in the Roman armies. When Diocletian had been raised to the imperial throne, he remembered the valour and courage of his fellow-soldier Maximianus, and rewarded his fidelity by making him his colleague in the empire, and by ceding to him the command of the provinces of Italy, Africa, and Spain, and the rest of the western territories of Rome. Maximianus showed the justness of the choice of Diocletian by his victories over the barbarians. In Britain success did not attend his arms; but in Africa he defeated and put to death Aurelius Julianus, who had proclaimed himself emperor. Soon after Diocletian abdicated the imperial purple, and obliged Maximianus to follow his example on the 1st of April, A.D. 304. Maximianus reluctantly complied with the command of a man to whom he owed his greatness, but before the first year of his resignation had elapsed, he was roused from his indolence and retreat by the ambition of his son Maxentius. He reassumed the imperial dignity, and showed his ingratitude to his son by wishing him to resign the sovereignty, and to sink into a private person. This proposal was not only rejected with the contempt which it deserved, but the troops mutinied against Maximianus, and he fled for safety to Gaul, to the court of Constantine, to whom he gave his daughter Faustina in marriage. Here he again acted a conspicuous character, and reassumed the imperial power, which his misfortunes had obliged him to relinquish. This offended Constantine. But, when open violence seemed to frustrate the ambitious views of Maximianus, he had recourse to artifice. He prevailed upon his daughter Faustina to leave the doors of her chamber open in the dead of night; and when she promised faithfully to execute his commands, he secretly introduced himself to her bed, where he stabbed to the heart the man who slept by the side of his daughter. This was not Constantine; Faustina, faithful to her husband, had apprised him of her father’s machinations, and a eunuch had been placed in his bed. Constantine watched the motions of his father-in-law, and when he heard the fatal blow given to the eunuch, he rushed in with a band of soldiers, and secured the assassin. Constantine resolved to destroy a man who was so inimical to his nearest relations, and nothing was left to Maximianus but to choose his own death. He strangled himself at Marseilles, A.D. 310, in the 60th year of his age. His body was found fresh and entire in a leaden coffin about the middle of the 11th century.――――Galerius Valerius, a native of Dacia, who, in the first years of his life, was employed in keeping his father’s flocks. He entered the army, where his valour and bodily strength recommended him to the notice of his superiors, and particularly to Diocletian, who invested him with the imperial purple in the east, and gave him his daughter Valeria in marriage. Galerius deserved the confidence of his benefactor. He conquered the Goths and Dalmatians, and checked the insolence of the Persians. In a battle, however, with the king of Persia, Galerius was defeated; and, to complete his ignominy, and render him more sensible of his disgrace, Diocletian obliged him to walk behind his chariot arrayed in his imperial robes. This humiliation stung Galerius to the quick; he assembled another army, and gave battle to the Persians. He gained a complete victory, and took the wives and children of his enemy. This success elated Galerius to such a degree, that he claimed the most dignified appellations, and ordered himself to be called the son of Mars. Diocletian himself dreaded his power, and even, it is said, abdicated the imperial dignity by means of his threats. This resignation, however, is attributed by some to a voluntary act of the mind, and to a desire of enjoying solitude and retirement. As soon as Diocletian had abdicated, Galerius was proclaimed Augustus, A.D. 304, but his cruelty soon rendered him odious, and the Roman people, offended at his oppression, raised Maxentius to the imperial dignity the following year, and Galerius was obliged to yield to the torrent of his unpopularity, and to fly before his more fortunate adversary. He died in the greatest agonies, A.D. 311. The bodily pains and sufferings which preceded his death were, according to the christian writers, the effects of the vengeance of an offended providence for the cruelty which he had exercised against the followers of Christ. In his character Galerius was wanton and tyrannical, and he often feasted his eyes with the sight of dying wretches, whom his barbarity had delivered to bears and other wild beasts. His aversion to learned men arose from his ignorance of letters; and, if he was deprived of the benefits of education, he proved the more cruel and the more inexorable. _Lactantius_, _de Mortibus Persecutorum_, ch. 33. ――_Eusebius_, bk. 8, ch. 16.

=Maximīnus Caius Julius Verus=, the son of a peasant in Thrace. He was originally a shepherd, and, by heading his countrymen against the frequent attacks of the neighbouring barbarians and robbers, he inured himself to the labours and to the fatigues of a camp. He entered the Roman armies, where he gradually rose to the first offices; and on the death of Alexander Severus he caused himself to be proclaimed emperor, A. D. 235. The popularity which he had gained when general of the armies, was at an end when he ascended the throne. He was delighted with acts of the greatest barbarity, and no less than 400 persons lost their lives on the false suspicion of having conspired against the emperor’s life. They died in the greatest torments, and, that the tyrant might the better entertain himself with their sufferings, some were exposed to wild beasts, others expired by blows, some were nailed on crosses, while others were shut up in the bellies of animals just killed. The noblest of the Roman citizens were the objects of his cruelty; and, as if they were more conscious than others of his mean origin, he resolved to spare no means to remove from his presence a number of men whom he looked upon with an eye of envy, and who, as he imagined, hated him for his oppression, and despised him for the poverty and obscurity of his early years. Such is the character of the suspicious and tyrannical Maximinus. In his military capacity he acted with the same ferocity; and, in an expedition in Germany, he not only cut down the corn, but he totally ruined and set fire to the whole country, to the extent of 450 miles. Such a monster of tyranny at last provoked the people of Rome. The Gordians were proclaimed emperors, but their innocence and pacific virtues were unable to resist the fury of Maximinus. After their fall, the Roman senate invested 20 men of their number with the imperial dignity and entrusted into their hands the care of the republic. These measures so highly irritated Maximinus, that at the first intelligence, he howled like a wild beast, and almost destroyed himself by knocking his head against the walls of his palace. When his fury was abated he marched to Rome, resolved on slaughter. His bloody machinations were stopped, and his soldiers, ashamed of accompanying a tyrant whose cruelties had procured him the name of Busiris, Cyclops, and Phalaris, assassinated him in his tent before the walls of Aquileia, A.D. 236, in the 65th year of his age. The news of his death was received with the greatest rejoicings at Rome; public thanksgivings were offered, and whole hecatombs flamed on the altars. Maximinus has been represented by historians as of a gigantic stature; he was eight feet high, and the bracelets of his wife served as rings to adorn the fingers of his hand. His voracity was as remarkable as his corpulence; he generally ate 40 pounds of flesh every day, and drank 18 bottles of wine. His strength was proportionable to his gigantic shape; he could alone draw a loaded waggon, and, with a blow of his fist, he often broke the teeth in a horse’s mouth; he also broke the hardest stones between his fingers, and cleft trees with his hand. _Herodian._――_Jornandes_, _Getica_. ――_Capitol._ Maximinus made his son, of the same name, emperor, as soon as he was invested with the purple, and his choice was unanimously approved by the senate, by the people, and by the army. ――――Galerius Valerius, a shepherd of Thrace, who was raised to the imperial dignity by Diocletian, A.D. 305. He was nephew to Galerius Maximianus, by his mother’s side, and to him he was indebted for his rise and consequence in the Roman armies. As Maximinus was ambitious and fond of power, he looked with an eye of jealousy upon those who shared the dignity of emperor with himself. He declared war against Licinius, his colleague on the throne, but a defeat, which soon after followed, on the 30th of April, A.D. 313, between Heraclea and Adrianopolis, left him without resources and without friends. His victorious enemy pursued him, and he fled beyond mount Taurus, forsaken and almost unknown. He attempted to put an end to his miserable existence, but his efforts were ineffectual, and though his death is attributed by some to despair, it is more universally believed that he expired in the greatest agonies of a dreadful distemper, which consumed him, day and night, with inexpressible pains, and reduced him to a mere skeleton. This miserable end, according to the ecclesiastical writers, was the visible punishment of heaven, for the barbarities which Maximinus had exercised against the followers of christianity, and for the many blasphemies which he had uttered. _Lactantius._――_Eusebius._――――A minister of the emperor Valerian.――――One of the ambassadors of young Theodosius to Attila king of the Huns.

=Maxĭmus Magnus=, a native of Spain, who proclaimed himself emperor, A.D. 383. The unpopularity of Gratian favoured his usurpation, and he was acknowledged by his troops. Gratian marched against him, but he was defeated, and soon after assassinated. Maximus refused the honours of a burial to the remains of Gratian; and, when he had made himself master of Britain, Gaul, and Spain, he sent ambassadors into the east, and demanded of the emperor Theodosius to acknowledge him as his associate on the throne. Theodosius endeavoured to amuse and delay him, but Maximus resolved to support his claim by arms, and crossed the Alps. Italy was laid desolate, and Rome opened her gates to the conqueror. Theodosius now determined to revenge the audaciousness of Maximus, and had recourse to artifice. He began to make a naval armament, and Maximus, not to appear inferior to his adversary, had already embarked his troops, when Theodosius, by secret and hastened marches, fell upon him, and besieged him at Aquileia. Maximus was betrayed by his soldiers, and the conqueror, moved with compassion at the sight of his fallen and dejected enemy, granted him life, but the multitude refused him mercy, and instantly struck off his head, A.D. 388. His son Victor, who shared the imperial dignity with him, was soon after sacrificed to the fury of the soldiers.――――Petronius, a Roman, descended of an illustrious family. He caused Valentinian III. to be assassinated, and ascended the throne; and, to strengthen his usurpation, he married the empress, to whom he had the weakness and imprudence to betray that he had sacrificed her husband to his love for her person. This declaration irritated the empress; she had recourse to the barbarians to avenge the death of Valentinian, and Maximus was stoned to death by his soldiers, and his body thrown into the Tiber, A.D. 455. He reigned only 77 days.――――Pupianus. _See:_ ♦Pupianus.――――A celebrated cynic philosopher and magician of Ephesus. He instructed the emperor Julian in magic; and according to the opinion of some historians, it was in the conversation and company of Maximus that the apostacy of Julian originated. The emperor not only visited the philosopher, but he even submitted his writings to his inspection and censure. Maximus refused to live in the court of Julian, and the emperor, not dissatisfied with the refusal, appointed him high pontiff in the province of Lydia, an office which he discharged with the greatest moderation and justice. When Julian went into the east, the philosopher promised him success, and even said that his conquests would be more numerous and extensive than those of the son of Philip. He persuaded his imperial pupil that, according to the doctrine of metempsychosis, his body was animated by the soul which once animated the hero whose greatness and victories he was going to eclipse. After the death of Julian, Maximus was almost sacrificed to the fury of the soldiers, but the interposition of his friends saved his life, and he retired to Constantinople. He was soon after accused of magical practices before the emperor Valens, and beheaded at Ephesus, A.D. 366. He wrote some philosophical and rhetorical treatises, some of which were dedicated to Julian. They are all now lost. _Ammianus._――――Tyrius, a Platonic philosopher in the reign of Marcus Aurelius. This emperor, who was naturally fond of study, became one of the pupils of Maximus, and paid great deference to his instructions. There are extant of Maximus 41 dissertations on moral and philosophical subjects, written in Greek, the best editions of which are that of Davis, 8vo, Cambridge, 1703; and that of Reiske, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1774.――――One of the Greek fathers of the seventh century, whose works were edited by Combesis, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1675.――――Paulus Fabius, a consul with Marcus Antony’s son. Horace speaks of him, bk. 4, ode 1, li. 10, as of a gay, handsome youth, fond of pleasure, yet industrious and indefatigable.――――An epithet applied to Jupiter, as being the greatest and most powerful of all the gods.――――A native of Sirmium, in Pannonia. He was originally a gardener, but, by enlisting in the Roman army, he became one of the military tribunes, and his marriage with a woman of rank and opulence soon rendered him independent. He was father to the emperor Probus.――――A general of Trajan, killed in the eastern provinces.――――One of the murderers of Domitian, &c.――――A philosopher, native of Byzantium, in the age of Julian the emperor.

♦ Reference not found.

=Mazăca=, a large city of Cappadocia, the capital of the province. It was called Cæsarea by Tiberius, in honour of Augustus.

=Mazāces=, a Persian governor of Memphis. He made a sally against the Grecian soldiers of Alexander, and killed great numbers of them. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Mazæus=, a satrap of Cilicia, under Artaxerxes Ochus.――――A governor of Babylon, son-in-law to Darius. He surrendered to Alexander, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Mazāres=, a satrap of Media, who reduced Priene under the power of Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 161.

=Mazaxes= (singular, Mazax), a people of Africa, famous for shooting arrows. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 681.

=Mazĕras=, a river of Hyrcania, falling into the Caspian sea. _Plutarch._

=Mazīces= and =Mazȳges=, a people of Libya, very expert in the use of missile weapons. The Romans made use of them as couriers, on account of their great swiftness. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 30.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 684.

=Mecænas=, or =Mecœnas Caius ♦Cilnius=, a celebrated Roman knight, descended from the kings of Etruria. He has rendered himself immortal by his liberal patronage of learned men and of letters; and to his prudence and advice Augustus acknowledged himself indebted for the security which he enjoyed. His fondness for pleasure removed him from the reach of ambition, and he preferred to die, as he was born, a Roman knight, to all the honours and dignities which either the friendship of Augustus or his own popularity could heap upon him. It was from the result of his advice, against the opinion of Agrippa, that Augustus resolved to keep the supreme power in his hands, and not by a voluntary resignation to plunge Rome into civil commotions. The emperor received the private admonitions of Mecœnas in the same friendly manner as they were given, and he was not displeased with the liberty of his friend, who threw a paper to him with these words, “Descend from the tribunal, thou butcher!” while he sat in the judgment-seat, and betrayed revenge and impatience in his countenance. He was struck with the admonition, and left the tribunal without passing sentence of death on the criminals. To the interference of Mecœnas, Virgil owed the restitution of his lands, and Horace was proud to boast that his learned friend had obtained his forgiveness from the emperor, for joining the cause of Brutus at the battle of Philippi. Mecœnas was himself fond of literature, and, according to the most received opinion, he wrote a history of animals, a journal of the life of Augustus, a treatise on the different natures and kinds of precious stones, besides the two tragedies of Octavia and Prometheus, and other things, all now lost. He died eight years before Christ; and, on his death-bed, he particularly recommended his poetical friend Horace to the care and confidence of Augustus. Seneca, who has liberally commended the genius and abilities of Mecœnas, has not withheld his censure from his dissipation, indolence, and effeminate luxury. From the patronage and encouragement which the princes of heroic and lyric poetry among the Latins received from the favourite of Augustus, all patrons of literature have ever since been called _Mecœnates_. Virgil dedicated to him his Georgics, and Horace his odes. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 66, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Augustus_.――_Herodian_, bk. 7.――_Seneca_, ltrs. 19 & 92.

♦ ‘Cilnus’ replaced with ‘Cilnius’

=Mechaneus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his patronizing undertakings. He had a statue near the temple of Ceres at Argos, and there the people swore, before they went to the Trojan war, either to conquer or to perish. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.

=Mecisteus=, son of Echius, or Talaus, was one of the companions of Ajax. He was killed by Polydamus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 28, &c.――――A son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus._

=Mecrida=, the wife of Lysimachus. _Polyænus_, bk. 6.

=Mēdēa=, a celebrated magician, daughter of Æetes king of Colchis. Her mother’s name, according to the more received opinion of Hesiod and Hyginus, was Idyia, or, according to others, Ephyre, Hecate, Asterodia, Antiope, or Neræa. She was the niece of Circe. When Jason came to Colchis in quest of the golden fleece, Medea became enamoured of him, and it was to her well-directed labours that the Argonauts owed their preservation. _See:_ Jason and Argonautæ. Medea had an interview with her lover in the temple of Hecate, where they bound themselves by the most solemn oaths, and mutually promised eternal fidelity. No sooner had Jason overcome all the difficulties which Æetes had placed in his way, than Medea embarked with the conquerors for Greece. To stop the pursuit of her father, she tore to pieces her brother Absyrtus, and left his mangled limbs in the way through which Æetes was to pass. This act of barbarity some have attributed to Jason, and not to her. When Jason reached Iolchos, his native country, the return and victories of the Argonauts were celebrated with universal rejoicings; but Æson the father of Jason was unable to assist at the solemnity, on account of the infirmities of his age. Medea, at her husband’s request, removed the weakness of Æson, and by drawing away the blood from his veins, and filling them again with the juice of certain herbs, she restored to him the vigour and sprightliness of youth. This sudden change in Æson astonished the inhabitants of Iolchos, and the daughters of Pelias were also desirous to see their father restored, by the same power, to the vigour of youth. Medea, willing to revenge the injuries which her husband’s family had suffered from Pelias, increased their curiosity, and by cutting to pieces an old ram and making it again, in their presence, a young lamb, she totally determined them to try the same experiment upon their father’s body. They accordingly killed him of their own accord, and boiled his flesh in a cauldron; but Medea refused to perform the same friendly offices to Pelias which she had done to Æson, and he was consumed by the heat of the fire, and even deprived of a burial. This action greatly irritated the people of Iolchos, and Medea, with her husband, fled to Corinth to avoid the resentment of an offended populace. Here they lived for 10 years with much conjugal tenderness; but the love of Jason for Glauce, the king’s daughter, soon interrupted their mutual harmony, and Medea was divorced. Medea revenged the infidelity of Jason by causing the death of Glauce, and the destruction of her family. _See:_ Glauce. This action was followed by another still more atrocious. Medea killed two of her children in their father’s presence, and when Jason attempted to punish the barbarity of the mother, she fled through the air upon a chariot drawn by winged dragons. From Corinth Medea came to Athens, where, after she had undergone the necessary purification of her murder, she married king Ægeus, or, according to others, lived in an adulterous manner with him. From her connection with Ægeus, Medea had a son, who was called Medus. Soon after, when Theseus wished to make himself known to his father [_See:_ Ægeus], Medea, jealous of his fame, and fearful of his power, attempted to poison him at a feast which had been prepared for his entertainment. Her attempts, however, failed of success, and the sight of the sword which Theseus wore by his side, convinced Ægeus that the stranger against whose life he had so basely conspired was no less than his own son. The father and the son were reconciled, and Medea, to avoid the punishment which her wickedness deserved, mounted her fiery chariot, and disappeared through the air. She came to Colchis, where, according to some, she was reconciled to Jason, who had sought her in her native country after her sudden departure from Corinth. She died at Colchis, as Justin mentions, when she had been restored to the confidence of her family. After death she married Achilles in the Elysian fields, according to the traditions mentioned by Simonides. The murder of Mermerus and Pheres, the youngest of Jason’s children by Medea, is not attributed to their mother according to Ælian, but the Corinthians themselves assassinated them in the temple of Juno Acræa. To avoid the resentment of the gods, and deliver themselves from the pestilence which visited their country after so horrid a massacre, they engaged the poet Euripides, for five talents, to write a tragedy, which cleared them of the murder, and represented Medea as the cruel assassin of her own children. And besides, that this opinion might be the better credited, festivals were appointed, in which the mother was represented with all the barbarity of a fury murdering her own sons. _See:_ Heræa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Hyginus_, fables 21, 22, 23, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Dionysius Periegetes._ ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 5, ch. 21.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 8, ch. 11.――_Euripides_, _Medea_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 1; _Medicamina Faciei Femineæ_. ――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 19. ――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 3, &c.――_Orpheus._――_Flaccus._ ――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 556.

=Medesicaste=, a daughter of Priam, who married Imbrius son of Mentor, who was killed by Teucer during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, ch. 172.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.

=Media=, a celebrated country of Asia, bounded on the north by the Caspian sea, west by Armenia, south by Persia, and east by Parthia and Hyrcania. It was originally called _Aria_, till the age of Medus the son of Medea, who gave it the name of Media. The province of Media was first raised into a kingdom by its revolt from the Assyrian monarchy, B.C. 820; and after it had for some time enjoyed a kind of republican government, Deioces, by his artifice, procured himself to be called king, 700 B.C. After a reign of 53 years he was succeeded by Phraortes, B.C. 647; who was succeeded by Cyaxares, B.C. 625. His successor was Astyages, B.C. 585, in whose reign Cyrus became master of Media, B.C. 551; and ever after the empire was transferred to the Persians. The Medes were warlike in the primitive ages of their power; they encouraged polygamy, and were remarkable for the homage which they paid to their sovereigns, who were styled kings of kings. This title was afterwards adopted by their conquerors the Persians, and it was still in use in the age of the Roman emperors. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Polybius_, bks. 5 & 10.――_Curtius_, bk. 5, &c.――_Diodorus Siculus_, bk. 13.――_Ctesias._

=Medias=, a tyrant of Mysia, &c.

=Medĭcus=, a prince of Larissa, in Thessaly, who made war against Lycophron tyrant of Pheræ. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Mediolānum=, now _Milan_, the capital of Insubria at the mouth of the Po. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34; bk. 34, ch. 46.――――Aulercorum, a town of Gaul, now _Evreux_, in Normandy.――――Santŏnum, another, now _Saintes_, in Guienne.

=Mediomatrices=, a nation that lived on the borders of the Rhine, now _Metz_. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Mediterraneum mare=, a sea which divides Europe and Asia Minor from Africa. It receives its name from its situation, _medio terræ_, situate in _the middle of the land_. It has a communication with the Atlantic by the columns of Hercules, and with the Euxine through the Ægean. The word Mediterraneum does not occur in the classics; but it is sometimes called _internum_, _nostrum_, or _medius liquor_, and is frequently denominated in Scripture the _Great_ sea. The first naval power that ever obtained the command of it, as recorded in the fabulous epochs of the writer Castor, was Crete, under Minos. Afterwards it passed into the hands of the Lydians, B.C. 1179; of the Pelasgi, 1058; of the Thracians, 1000; of the Rhodians, 916; of the Phrygians, 893; of the Cyprians, 868; of the Phœnicians, 826; of the Egyptians, 787; of the Milesians, 753; of the Carians, 734; and of the Lesbians, 676, which they retained for 69 years. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 3, li. 46.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 668.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 17.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 42.

=Meditrīna=, the goddess of medicines, whose festivals, called _Meditrinalia_, were celebrated at Rome the last day of September, when they made offerings of fruits. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Medoacus=, or =Meduacus=, a river in the country of the Veneti, falling into the Adriatic sea. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 2.

=Medobithyni=, a people of Thrace.

=Medobriga=, a town of Lusitania, now destroyed. _Hirtius_, ch. 48.

=Medon=, son of Codrus, the seventeenth and last king of Athens, was the first Archon that was appointed with regal authority, B.C. 1070. In the election Medon was preferred to his brother Neleus, by the oracle of Delphi, and he rendered himself popular by the justice and moderation of his administration. His successors were called from him _Medontidæ_, and the office of archon remained for above 200 years in the family of Codrus under 12 perpetual archons. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――A man killed in the Trojan war. Æneas saw him in the infernal regions. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 483.――――A statuary of Lacedæmon, who made a famous statue of Minerva, seen in the temple of Juno at Olympia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17. ――――One of the Centaurs, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 303. ――――One of the Tyrrhene sailors changed into dolphins by Bacchus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 671.――――A river of Peloponnesus. ――――An illegitimate son of Ajax Oileus. _Homer._――――One of Penelope’s suitors. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 1.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed by the Argonauts.――――A king of Argos, who died about 990 years B.C.――――A son of Pylades by Electra. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.

=Medontias=, a woman of Abydos, with whom Alcibiades cohabited as with a wife. She had a daughter, &c. _Lysias._

=Meduacus=, two rivers (_Major_, now _Brenta_, and _Minor_, now _Bachilione_), falling, near Venice, into the Adriatic sea. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 2.

=Meduana=, a river of Gaul, flowing into the Ligeris, now the _Mayne_. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 438.

=Medullīna=, a Roman virgin ravished by her father, &c. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――An infamous courtesan in Juvenal’s age, satire 6, li. 321.

=Medus=, now _Kur_, a river of Media, falling into the Araxes. Some take Medus adjectively, as applying to any of the great rivers of Media. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 9, li. 21.――――A son of Ægeus and Medea, who gave his name to a country of Asia. Medus, when arrived to years of maturity, went to seek his mother, whom the arrival of Theseus in Athens had driven away. _See:_ Medea. He came to Colchis, where he was seized by his uncle Perses, who usurped the throne of Æetes, his mother’s father, because the oracle had declared that Perses should be murdered by one of the grandsons of Æetes. Medus assumed another name, and called himself Hippotes son of Creon. Meanwhile Medea arrived in Colchis, disguised in the habit of a priestess of Diana, and when she heard that one of Creon’s children was imprisoned, she resolved to hasten the destruction of a person whose family she detested. To effect this with more certainty, she told the usurper that Hippotes was really a son of Medea, sent by his mother to murder him. She begged Perses to give her Hippotes, that she might sacrifice him to her resentment. Perses consented. Medea discovered that it was her own son, and she instantly armed him with the dagger which she had prepared against his life, and ordered him to stab the usurper. He obeyed, and Medea discovered who he was, and made her son Medus sit on his grandfather’s throne. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Justin_, bk. 42.――_Seneca_, _Medea_.――_Diodorus._

=Medūsa=, one of the three Gorgons, daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. She was the only one of the Gorgons who was subject to mortality. She is celebrated for her personal charms and the beauty of her locks. Neptune became enamoured of her, and obtained her favours in the temple of Minerva. This violation of the sanctity of the temple provoked Minerva, and she changed the beautiful locks of Medusa, which had inspired Neptune’s love, into serpents. According to Apollodorus and others, Medusa and her sisters came into the world with snakes on their heads, instead of hair, with yellow wings and brazen hands. Their bodies were also covered with impenetrable scales, and their very looks had the power of killing or turning to stones. Perseus rendered his name immortal by his conquest of Medusa. He cut off her head, and the blood that dropped from the wound produced the innumerable serpents that infest Africa. The conqueror placed Medusa’s head on the ægis of Minerva, which he had used in his expedition. The head still retained the same petrifying power as before, as it was fatally known in the court of Cepheus. _See:_ Andromeda. Some suppose that the Gorgons were a nation of women, whom Perseus conquered. _See:_ Gorgones. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 618. ――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 624.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_ fable 151. ――――A daughter of Priam.――――A daughter of Sthenelus. _Apollodorus._

=Megabizi=, certain priests in Diana’s temple at Ephesus. They were all eunuchs. _Quintilian_, bk. 5, ch. 12.

=Megabyzus=, one of the noble Persians who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. He was set over an army in Europe by king Darius, where he took Perinthus and conquered all Thrace. He was greatly esteemed by his sovereign. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, &c.――――A son of Zopyrus, satrap to Darius. He conquered Egypt, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 160.――――A satrap of Artaxerxes. He revolted from his king, and defeated two large armies that had been sent against him. The interference of his friends restored him to the king’s favour, and he showed his attachment to Artaxerxes by killing a lion which threatened his life in hunting. This act of affection in Megabyzus was looked upon with envy by the king. He was discarded and afterwards reconciled to the monarch by means of his mother. He died in the 76th year of his age, B.C. 447, greatly regretted. _Ctesias._

=Megăcles=, an Athenian archon, who involved the greatest part of the Athenians in the sacrilege which was committed in the conspiracy of Cylon. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.――――A brother of Dion, who assisted his brother against Dionysius, &c.――――A son of Alcmæon, who revolted with some Athenians after the departure of Solon from Athens. He was ejected by Pisistratus.――――A man who exchanged dress with Pyrrhus, when assisting the Tarentines in Italy. He was killed in that disguise.――――A native of Messana in Sicily, famous for his inveterate enmity to Agathocles tyrant of Syracuse.――――A man who destroyed the leading men of Mitylene, because he had been punished.――――A man who wrote an account of the lives of illustrious persons.――――The maternal grandfather of Alcibiades.

=Megaclides=, a peripatetic philosopher in the age of Protagoras.

=Megæra=, one of the furies, daughter of Nox and Acheron. The word is derived from μεγαιρειν, _invidere, odisse_, and she is represented as employed by the gods, like her sisters, to punish the crimes of mankind, by visiting them with diseases, with inward torments, and with death. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 846. _See:_ Eumenides.

=Megăle=, the Greek name of Cybele the mother of the gods, whose festivals were called Megalesia.

=Megaleas=, a seditious person of Corinth. He was seized for his treachery to king Philip of Macedonia, upon which he destroyed himself to avoid punishment.

=Megalesia=, games in honour of Cybele, instituted by the Phrygians, and introduced at Rome in the second Punic war, when the statue of the goddess was brought from Pessinus. _Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 14. ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 337.

=Megalia=, a small island of Campania, near Neapolis. _Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylvæ_, ♦poem 3, li. 80.

♦ omitted from text

=Megalŏpŏlis=, a town of Arcadia in Peloponnesus, built by Epaminondas. It joined the Achæan league, B.C. 232, and was taken and ruined by Cleomenes king of Sparta. The inhabitants were called _Megalopolitæ_, or _Megalopolitani_. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 14. ――_Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 8.

=Megamēde=, the wife of Thestius, mother by him of 50 daughters. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Meganīra=, the wife of Celeus king of Eleusis in Attica. She was mother of Triptolemus, to whom Ceres, as she travelled over Attica, taught agriculture. She received divine honours after death, and she had an altar raised to her, near the fountain where Ceres had first been seen when she arrived in Attica. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 39. ――――The wife of Arcas. _Apollodorus._

=Megapenthes=, an illegitimate son of Menelaus, who, after his father’s return from the Trojan war, was married to a daughter of Alector, a native of Sparta. His mother’s name was Teridae, a slave of Menelaus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.

=Megāra=, a daughter of Creon king of Thebes, given in marriage to Hercules, because he had delivered the Thebans from the tyranny of the Orchomenians. _See:_ Erginus. When Hercules went to hell by order of Eurystheus, violence was offered to Megara by Lycus, a Theban exile, and she would have yielded to her ravisher had not Hercules returned that moment and punished him with death. This murder displeased Juno, and she rendered Hercules so delirious, that he killed Megara and the three children he had by her, in a fit of madness, thinking them to be wild beasts. Some say that Megara did not perish by the hand of her husband, but that he afterwards married her to his friend Iolas. The names of Megara’s children by Hercules were Creontiades, Therimachus, and Deicoon. _Hyginus_, fable 82. ――_Seneca_, _Hercules_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Megāra= (æ, and plural, orum), a city of Achaia, the capital of a country called _Megaris_, founded about 1131 B.C. It is situate nearly at an equal distance from Corinth and Athens, on the Sinus Saronicus. It was built upon two rocks, and is still in being, and preserves its ancient name. It was called after Megareus the son of Neptune, who was buried there, or from Megareus, a son of Apollo. It was originally governed by 12 kings, but became afterwards a republic, and fell into the hands of the Athenians, from whom it was rescued by the Heraclidæ. At the battle of Salamis the people of Megara furnished 20 ships for the defence of Greece, and at Platæa they had 300 men in the army of Pausanias. There was here a sect of philosophers called the _Megaric_, who held the world to be eternal. _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 4, ch. 42; _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 17; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 39. ――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――A town of Sicily, founded by a colony from Megara in Attica, about 728 years before the christian era. It was destroyed by Gelon king of Syracuse; and before the arrival of the Megarean colony it was called _Hybla_. _Strabo_, ♦bk. 6, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 689.

♦ ‘26’ replaced with ‘6’

=Megareus=, the father of Hippomenes, was son of Onchestus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 605.――――A son of Apollo.

=Megāris=, a small country of Achaia, between Phocis on the west and Attica on the east. Its capital city was called Megara. _See:_ Megara. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 7.

=Megarsus=, a town of Sicily,――――of Cilicia.――――A river of India.

=Megasthĕnes=, a Greek historian in the age of Seleucus Nicanor, about 300 years before Christ. He wrote about the oriental nations, and particularly the Indians. His history is often quoted by the ancients. What now passes as his composition is spurious.

=Meges=, one of Helen’s suitors, governor of Dulichium and of the Echinades. He went with 40 ships to the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Megilla=, a native of Locris, remarkable for beauty, and mentioned by Horace, bk. 1, ode 27, li. 11.

=Megista=, an island of Lycia, with a harbour of the same name. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 22.

=Megistias=, a soothsayer, who told the Spartans that defended Thermopylæ, that they all should perish, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 219, &c.――――A river. _See:_ Mella.

=Mela Pomponius=, a Spaniard, who flourished about the 45th year of the christian era, and distinguished himself by his geography divided into three books, and written with elegance, with great perspicuity and brevity. The best editions of this book, called _De Situ Orbis_, are those of Gronovius, 8vo, Leiden, 1722, and of Reinhold, 4to, Eton, 1761.

=Melænæ=, a village of Attica. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 12, li. 619.

=Melampus=, a celebrated soothsayer and physician of Argos, son of Amythaon and Idomenea, or Dorippe. He lived at Pylos in Peloponnesus. His servants once killed two large serpents, which had made their nests at the bottom of a large oak, and Melampus paid so much regard to these two reptiles, that he raised a burning pile and burned them upon it. He also took particular care of their young ones, and fed them with milk. Some time after this the young serpents crept to Melampus as he slept on the grass near the oak, and, as if sensible of the favours of their benefactor, they wantonly played around him, and softly licked his ears. This awoke Melampus, who was astonished at the sudden change which his senses had undergone. He found himself acquainted with the chirping of the birds, and with all their rude notes, as they flew around him. He took advantage of this supernatural gift, and soon made himself perfect in the knowledge of futurity, and Apollo also instructed him in the art of medicine. He had soon after the happiness of curing the daughters of Prœtus, by giving them hellebore, which from this circumstance has been called _melampodium_, and as a reward for his trouble he married the eldest of these princesses. _See:_ Prœtides. The tyranny of his uncle Neleus king of Pylos obliged him to leave his native country, and Prœtus, to show himself more sensible of his services, gave him part of his kingdom, over which he established himself. About this time the personal charms of Pero the daughter of Neleus had gained many admirers, but the father promised his daughter only to him who brought into his hands the oxen of Iphiclus. This condition displeased many; but Bias, who was also one of her admirers, engaged his brother Melampus to steal the oxen, and deliver them to him. Melampus was caught in the attempt and imprisoned, and nothing but his services as a soothsayer and physician to Iphiclus would have saved him from death. All this pleaded in favour of Melampus, but when he had taught the childless Iphiclus how to become a father, he not only obtained his liberty, but also the oxen, and with them he compelled Neleus to give Pero in marriage to Bias. A severe distemper, which had rendered the women of Argos insane, was totally removed by Melampus, and Anaxagoras, who then sat on the throne, rewarded his merit by giving him part of his kingdom, where he established himself, and where his posterity reigned during six successive generations. He received divine honours after death, and temples were raised to his memory. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 287; bk. 15, li. 225. ――_Herodotus_, bks. 2 & 9.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18; bk. 4, ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 550. ――――The father of Cisseus and Gyas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10.――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――One of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.

=Melampyges=, a surname of Hercules, from the black and hairy appearance of his back, &c.

=Melanchætes=, one of Actæon’s dogs, so called from his _black hair_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.

=Melanchlæni=, a people near the Cimmerian Bosphorus.

=Melanchrus=, a tyrant of Lesbos, who died about 612 B.C.

=Melane=, the same as Samothrace.

=Melaneus=, a son of Eurytus, from whom Eretria has been called Melaneis.――――A centaur. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12.――――One of Actæon’s dogs. _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.――――An Æthiopian, killed at the nuptials of Perseus. _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5.

=Melanida=, a surname of Venus.

=Melanion=, the same as Hippomenes, who married Atalanta, according to some mythologists. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.

=Melanippe=, a daughter of Æolus, who had two children by Neptune, for which her father put out both her eyes, and confined her in a prison. Her children, who had been exposed and preserved, delivered her from confinement, and Neptune restored to her her eye-sight. She afterwards married Metapontus. _Hyginus_, fable 186.――――A nymph who married Itonus son of Amphictyon, by whom she had Bœotus, who gave his name to Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1.

=Melanippĭdes=, a Greek poet about 520 years before Christ. His grandson, of the same name, flourished about 60 years after at the court of Perdiccas II. of Macedonia. Some fragments of their poetry are extant.

=Melanippus=, a priest of Apollo at Cyrene, killed by the tyrant Nicocrates. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.――――A son of Astacus, one of the Theban chiefs who defended the gates of Thebes against the army of Adrastus king of Argos. He was opposed by Tydeus, whom he slightly wounded, and at last was killed by Amphiaraus, who carried his head to Tydeus. Tydeus, to take revenge of the wound he had received, bit the head with such barbarity, that he swallowed the brains, and Minerva, offended with his conduct, took away the herb which she had given him to cure his wound, and he died. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8. ――_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 18. ――――A son of Mars, who became enamoured of Cometho, a priestess of Diana Triclaria. He concealed himself in the temple, and ravished his mistress, for which violation of the sanctity of the place the two lovers soon after perished by a sudden death, and the country was visited by a pestilence, which was stopped only after the offering of a human sacrifice by the direction of the oracle. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 19.――――A Trojan, killed by Antilochus in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15.――――Another, killed by Patroclus.――――Another, killed by Teucer.――――A son of Agrius.――――Another, son of Priam.――――A son of Theseus.

=Melanosyri=, a people of Syria.

=Melanthii=, rocks near the island of Samos.

=Melanthius=, a man who wrote a history of Attica.――――A famous painter of Sicyon. _Pliny_, bk. 35.――――A tragic poet of a very malevolent disposition in the age of Phocion. _Plutarch._――――A Trojan, killed by Eurypylus in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.――――A shepherd in _Theocritus_, _Idylls_.――――A goat-herd, killed by Telemachus after the return of Ulysses. _Ovid_, ltr. 1, _Heroides_.――――An elegiac poet.

=Melantho=, a daughter of Proteus, ravished by Neptune under the form of a dolphin. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 12.――――One of Penelope’s women, sister to Melanthius. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 18.

=Melanthus=, =Melanthes=, or =Melanthius=, a son of Andropompus, whose ancestors were kings of Pylos. He was driven from his paternal kingdom by the Heraclidæ, and came to Athens, where king Thymœtes resigned the crown to him, provided he fought a battle against Xanthus, a general of the Bœotians, who made war against him. He fought and conquered [_See:_ Apaturia], and his family, surnamed the _Neliadæ_, sat on the throne of Athens, till the age of Codrus. He succeeded to the crown 1128 years B.C., and reigned 37 years. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――――A man of Cyzicus. _Flaccus._――――A river of European Sarmatia, falling into the Borysthenes. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 10, li. 55.

=Melas= (æ), a river of Peloponnesus.――――Of Thrace, at the west of the Thracian Chersonesus.――――Another in Thessaly,――――in Achaia,――――in Bœotia,――――in Sicily,――――in Ionia,――――in Cappadocia.――――A son of Neptune.――――Another, son of Proteus.――――A son of Phryxus, who was among the Argonauts, and was drowned in that part of the sea which bore his name. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.

=Meldæ=, or =Meldorum urbs=, a city of Gaul, now _Meaux_, in Champagne.

=Mĕleāger=, a celebrated hero of antiquity, son of Œneus king of Ætolia, by Althæa daughter of Thestius. The Parcæ were present at the moment of his birth, and predicted his future greatness. Clotho said that he would be brave and courageous, Lachesis foretold his uncommon strength, and Atropos declared that he should live as long as that fire-brand, which was on the fire, remained entire and unconsumed. Althæa no sooner heard this, than she snatched the stick from the fire, and kept it with the most jealous care, as the life of her son was destined to depend upon its preservation. The fame of Meleager increased with his years; he signalized himself in the Argonautic expedition, and afterwards delivered his country from the neighbouring inhabitants, who made war against his father, at the instigation of Diana, whose altars Œneus had neglected. _See:_ Œneus. No sooner were they destroyed than Diana punished the negligence of Œneus by a greater calamity. She sent a huge wild boar, which laid waste all the country, and seemed invincible on account of its immense size. It became soon a public concern; all the neighbouring princes assembled to destroy this terrible animal, and nothing became more famous in mythological history than the hunting of the Calydonian boar. The princes and chiefs who assembled, and who are mentioned by mythologists, are Meleager son of Œneus, Idas and Lynceus sons of Aphareus, Dryas son of Mars, Castor and Pollux sons of Jupiter and Leda, Pirithous son of Ixion, Theseus son of Ægeus, Anceus and Cepheus sons of Lycurgus, Admetes son of Pheres, Jason son of Æson, Peleus and Telamon sons of Æacus, Iphicles son of Amphitryon, Eurytryon son of Actor, Atalanta daughter of Schœneus, Iolas the friend of Hercules, the sons of Thestius, Amphiaraus son of Oileus, Protheus, Cometes, the brothers of Althæa, Hippothous son of Cercyon, Leucippus, Adrastus, Ceneus, Phileus, Echeon, Lelex, Phœnix son of Amyntor, Panopeus, Hyleus, Hippasus, Nestor, Menœtius the father of Patroclus, Amphicides, Laertes the father of Ulysses, and the four sons of Hippocoon. This troop of armed men attacked the boar with unusual fury, and it was at last killed by Meleager. The conqueror gave the skin and the head to Atalanta, who had first wounded the animal. This partiality to a woman irritated the others, and particularly Toxeus and Plexippus the brothers of Althæa, and they endeavoured to rob Atalanta of the honourable present. Meleager defended a woman, of whom he was enamoured, and killed his uncles in the attempt. Meantime the news of this celebrated conquest had already reached Calydon, and Althæa went to the temple of the gods to return thanks for the victory which her son had gained. As she went she met the corpses of her brothers that were brought from the chase, and at this mournful spectacle she filled the whole city with her lamentations. She was upon this informed that they had been killed by Meleager, and in the moment of resentment, to revenge the death of her brothers, she threw into the fire the fatal stick on which her son’s life depended, and Meleager died as soon as it was consumed. Homer does not mention the fire-brand, whence some have imagined that this fable is posterior to that poet’s age. But he says that the death of Toxeus and Plexippus so irritated Althæa, that she uttered the most horrible curses and imprecations upon the head of her son. Meleager married Cleopatra the daughter of Idas and Marpessa, as also Atalanta, according to some accounts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8. ――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 1, li. 997; bk. 3, li. 518. ――_Flaccus_, bks. 1 & 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 31.――_Hyginus_, fable 14.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9. ――――A general who supported Aridæus when he had been made king, after the death of his brother Alexander the Great.――――A brother of Ptolemy, made king of Macedonia B.C. 280 years. He was but two months invested with the regal authority.――――A Greek poet in the reign of Seleucus, the last of the Seleucidæ. He was born at Tyre, and died at Cos. It is to his well-directed labours that we are indebted for the _Anthologia_, or collection of Greek epigrams, which he selected from 46 of the best and most esteemed poets. The original collection of Meleager has been greatly altered by succeeding editors. The best edition of the _Anthologia_ is that of Brunck, in three vols., 4to and 8vo, Strasbourg, 1772.

=Mĕleāgrĭdes=, the sisters of Meleager, daughters of Œneus and Althæa. They were so disconsolate at the death of their brother Meleager, that they refused all aliments, and were, at the point of death, changed into birds called Meleagrides, whose feathers and eggs, as it is supposed, are of a different colour. The youngest of the sisters, Gorge and Dejanira, who had been married, escaped this metamorphosis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 540. ――_Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 26.

=Melesander=, an Athenian general, who died B.C. 414.

=Meles= (ētis), a river of Asia Minor, in Ionia, near Smyrna. Some of the ancients supposed that Homer was born on the banks of that river, from which circumstance they call him _Melisigènes_, and his compositions _Meletææ chartæ_. It is even supported that he composed his poems in a cave near the source of that river. _Strabo_, bk. 12. ――_Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylvæ_, poem 7, li. 34.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 201.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――A beautiful Athenian youth, greatly beloved by Timagoras, whose affections he repaid with the greatest coldness and indifference. He even ordered Timagoras to leap down a precipice, from the top of the citadel of Athens, and Timagoras, not to disoblige him, obeyed, and was killed in the fall. This token of true friendship and affection had such an effect upon Meles, that he threw himself down from the place, to atone by his death for the ingratitude which he had shown to Timagoras. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 30.――――A king of Lydia, who succeeded his father Alyattes, about 747 years before Christ. He was father to Candaules.

=Melesigĕnes=, or =Melesigĕna=, a name given to Homer. _See:_ Meles.

=Melia=, a daughter of Oceanus, who married Inachus.――――A nymph, &c. _Apollodorus._――――A daughter of Oceanus, sister to Caanthus. She became mother of Ismarus and Tenerus by Apollo. Tenerus was endowed with the gift of prophecy, and the river Ladon in Bœtia assumed the name of Ismarus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.――――One of the Nereides. ――――A daughter of Agenor.

=Mĕlĭbœa=, a daughter of Oceanus, who married Pelasgus.――――A daughter of Amphion and Niobe. _Apollodorus._――――A maritime town of Magnesia in Thessaly, at the foot of mount Ossa, famous for dyeing wool. The epithet of _Melibœus_ is applied to Philoctetes, because he reigned there. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 401; bk. 5, li. 251. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 188.――――Also an island at the mouth of the Orontes in Syria, whence _Melibœa purpura_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Melibœus=, a shepherd introduced in Virgil’s eclogues.

=Mĕlĭcerta=, =Melicertes=, or =Melicertus=, a son of Athamas and Ino. He was saved by his mother from the fury of his father, who prepared to dash him against the wall as he had done his brother Learchus. The mother was so terrified that she threw herself into the sea, with Melicerta in her arms. Neptune had compassion on the misfortunes of Ino and her son, and changed them both into sea deities. Ino was called Leucothoe or Matuta, and Melicerta was known among the Greeks by the name of Palæmon, and among the Latins by that of Portumnus. Some suppose that the Isthmian games were in honour of Melicerta. _See:_ Isthmia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 4. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.――_Hyginus_, fables 1 & 2.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 529, &c.――_Plutarch_ _de Convivium Septem Sapientium_.

=Meligūnis=, one of the Æolian islands near Sicily.

=Melīna=, a daughter of Thespius, mother of Laomedon by Hercules.

=Melīsa=, a town of Magna Græcia.

=Melissa=, a daughter of Melissus king of Crete, who, with her sister Amalthæa, fed Jupiter with the milk of goats. She first found out the means of collecting honey; whence some have imagined that she was changed into a bee, as her name is the Greek word for that insect. _Columella._――――One of the Oceanides, who married Inachus, by whom she had Phoroneus and Ægialus.――――A daughter of Procles, who married Periander the son of Cypselus, by whom, in her pregnancy, she was killed with a blow of his foot, by the false accusation of his concubines. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 28.――――A woman of Corinth, who refused to initiate others in the festivals of Ceres, after she had received admission. She was torn to pieces upon this disobedience, and the goddess made a swarm of bees rise from her body.

=Melissus=, a king of Crete, father to Melissa and Amalthæa. _Hyginus_, _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Lactantius [Placidus]_, bk. 1, ch. 22.――――An admiral of the Samian fleet, B.C. 441. He was defeated by Pericles, &c. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.――――A philosopher of Samos, who maintained that the world was infinite, immovable, and without a vacuum. According to his doctrines, no one could advance any argument upon the power or attributes of Providence, as all human knowledge was weak and imperfect. Themistocles was among his pupils. He flourished about 440 years before the christian era. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A freedman of Mecænas, appointed librarian to Augustus. He wrote some comedies. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 16, li. 30. ――_Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_.

=Melĭta=, an island in the Libyan sea, between Sicily and Africa, now called _Malta_. The soil was fertile, and the country famous for its wool. It was first peopled by the Phœnicians. St. Paul was shipwrecked there, and cursed all venomous creatures, which now are not to be found in the whole island. Some, however, suppose that the island on which the Apostle was shipwrecked, was another island of the same name in the Adriatic on the coast of Illyricum, now called _Melede_. Malta is now remarkable as being the residence of the knights of Malta, formerly of St. John of Jerusalem, settled there A. D. 1530, by the concession of Charles V., after their expulsion from Rhodes by the Turks. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 46.――――Another on the coast of Illyricum, in the Adriatic, now _Melede_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 26.――――An ancient name of Samothrace. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――――One of the Nereides. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 825.

=Melitene=, a province of Armenia.

=Melĭtus=, a poet and orator of Athens, who became one of the principal accusers of Socrates. After his eloquence had prevailed, and Socrates had been put ignominiously to death, the Athenians repented of their severity to the philosopher, and condemned his accusers. Melitus perished among them. His character was mean and insidious, and his poems had nothing great or sublime. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Spurius Melius=, a Roman knight accused of aspiring to tyranny, on account of his uncommon liberality to the populace. He was summoned to appear by the dictator Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, and when he refused to obey, he was put to death by Ahala the master of horse, A.U.C. 314.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 3.

=Melixandrus=, a Milesian, who wrote an account of the wars of the Lapithæ and Centaurs. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 11, ch. 2.

=Mella=, or =Mela=, a small river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Ollius, and with it into the Po. _Catullus_, poem 68, li. 33. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 278.

=Mella Annæus=, the father of Lucan. He was accused of being privy to Piso’s conspiracy against Nero, upon which he opened his veins. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 17.

=Melobōsis=, one of the Oceanides.

=Melon=, an astrologer, who feigned madness and burnt his house that he might not go to an expedition, which he knew would be attended with great calamities.――――An interpreter of king Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 13.

=Melos=, now _Milo_, an island between Crete and Peloponnesus, about 24 miles from Scyllæum, about 60 miles in circumference, and of an oblong figure. It enjoyed its independence for above 700 years before the time of the Peloponnesian war. This island was originally peopled by a Lacedæmonian colony, 1116 years before the christian era. From this reason the inhabitants refused to join the rest of the islands and the Athenians against the Peloponnesians. This refusal was severely punished. The Athenians took Melos, and put to the sword all such as were able to bear arms. The women and children were made slaves, and the island left desolate. An Athenian colony repeopled it, till Lysander reconquered it and re-established the original inhabitants in their possessions. The island produced a kind of earth successfully employed in painting and medicine. _Strabo_, bk. 7. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 35, ch. 9. ――_Thucydides_, bk. 2, &c.

=Melpes=, now _Melpa_, a river of Lucania, falling into the Tyrrhene sea. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Melpia=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.

=Melpŏmĕne=, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over tragedy. Horace has addressed the finest of his odes to her, as to the patroness of lyric poetry. She was generally represented as a young woman with a serious countenance. Her garments were splendid; she wore a buskin, and held a dagger in one hand, and in the other a sceptre and crowns. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.

=Memaceni=, a powerful nation of Asia, &c. _Curtius._

=Memmia Sulpitia=, a woman who married the emperor Alexander Severus. She died when young.

=Memmia lex=, ordained that no one should be entered on the calendar of criminals who was absent on the public account.

=Memmius=, a Roman citizen, accused of _ambitus_. _Cicero_, _Letters to his brother Quintus_, bk. 3.――――A Roman knight, who rendered himself illustrious for his eloquence and poetical talents. He was made tribune, pretor, and afterwards governor of Bithynia. He was accused of extortion in his province, and banished by Julius Cæsar, though Cicero undertook his defence. Lucretius dedicated his poem to him. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――Regulus, a Roman of whom Nero observed, that he deserved to be invested with the imperial purple. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 47.――――A Roman who accused Jugurtha before the Roman people.――――A lieutenant of Pompey, &c.――――The family of the Memmii were plebeians. They were descended, according to some accounts, from Mnestheus the friend of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 117.

=Memnon=, a king of Æthiopia, son of Tithonus and Aurora. He came with a body of 10,000 men to assist his uncle Priam, during the Trojan war, where he behaved with great courage, and killed Antilochus, Nestor’s son. The aged father challenged the Æthiopian monarch, but Memnon refused it on account of the venerable age of Nestor, and accepted that of Achilles. He was killed in the combat, in the sight of the Grecian and Trojan armies. Aurora was so disconsolate at the death of her son, that she flew to Jupiter all bathed in tears, and begged the god to grant her son such honours as might distinguish him from other mortals. Jupiter consented, and immediately a numerous flight of birds issued from the burning pile on which the body was laid, and after they had flown three times round the flames, they divided themselves into two separate bodies, and fought with such acrimony, that above half of them fell down into the fire, as victims to appease the manes of Memnon. These birds were called _Memnonides_; and it has been observed by some of the ancients, that they never failed to return yearly to the tomb of Memnon in Troas, and repeat the same bloody engagement, in honour of the hero, from whom they received their name. The Æthiopians or Egyptians, over whom Memnon reigned, erected a celebrated statue to the honour of their monarch. This statue had the wonderful property of uttering a melodious sound every day, at sun-rising, like that which is heard at the breaking of the string of a harp when it is wound up. This was effected by the rays of the sun when they fell upon it. At the setting of the sun, and in the night the sound was lugubrious. This is supported by the testimony of the geographer Strabo, who confesses himself ignorant whether it proceeded from the basis of the statue, or the people that were then round it. This celebrated statue was dismantled by order of Cambyses, when he conquered Egypt, and its ruins still astonish modern travellers by their grandeur and beauty. Memnon was the inventor of the alphabet, according to Anticlides, a writer mentioned by Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 56. _Moschus_, _Epitaphios Bionis_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 578, &c.――_Ælian_, bk. 5, ch. 1. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 42; bk. 10, ch. 31.――_Strabo_, bks. 13 & 17.――_Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 5.――_Philostratus_, on _Apollodorus_. ――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 9.――_Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus]._――――A general of the Persian forces, when Alexander invaded Asia. He distinguished himself for his attachment to the interest of Darius, his valour in the field, the soundness of his counsels, and his great sagacity. He defended Milotus against Alexander, and died in the midst of his successful enterprises, B.C. 333. His wife Barsine was taken prisoner with the wife of Darius. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A governor of Cœlosyria.――――A man appointed governor of Thrace by Alexander.――――A man who wrote a history of Heraclea in Pontus, in the age of Augustus.

=Memphis=, a celebrated town of Egypt, on the western banks of the Nile, above the Delta. It once contained many beautiful temples, particularly those of the god Apis (_bos Memphites_), whose worship was observed with the greatest ceremonies. _See:_ Apis. It was in the neighbourhood of Memphis that those famous pyramids were built, whose grandeur and beauty still astonish the modern traveller. These noble monuments of Egyptian vanity, which pass for one of the wonders of the world, are about 20 in number, three of which, by their superior size, particularly claim attention. The largest of these is 481 feet in height measured perpendicularly, and the area of its basis is on 480,249 square feet, or something more than 11 English acres of ground. It has steps all round with massy and polished stones, so large that the breadth and depth of every step is one single stone. The smallest stone, according to an ancient historian, is not less than 30 feet. The number of steps, according to modern observation, amounts to 208, a number which is not always adhered to by travellers. The place where Memphis formerly stood is not now known; the ruins of its fallen grandeur were conveyed to Alexandria to beautify its palaces, or to adorn the neighbouring cities. _Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 7, li. 28.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 660.――_Strabo_, bk. 17. ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 10, &c.――_Josephus_, _Jewish Antiquities_, bk. 8.――――A nymph, daughter of the Nile, who married Ephesus, by whom she had Libya. She gave her name to the celebrated city of Memphis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――The wife of Danaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Memphītis=, a son of Ptolemy Physcon king of Egypt. He was put to death by his father.

=Mena=, a goddess worshipped at Rome, and supposed to preside over the monthly infirmities of women. She was the same as Juno. According to some, the sacrifices offered to her were young puppies that still sucked their mother. _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 2. ――_Pliny_, bk. 29, ch. 4.

=Mena=, or =Menes=, the first king of Egypt, according to some accounts.

=Menalcas=, a shepherd in Virgil’s eclogues.

=Menalcĭdas=, an intriguing Lacedæmonian in the time of the famous Achæan league. He was accused before the Romans, and he killed himself.

=Menalippe=, a sister of Antiope queen of the Amazons, taken by Hercules when that hero made war against this celebrated nation. She was ransomed, and Hercules received in exchange the arms and belt of the queen. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 229.――――A daughter of the centaur Chiron, beloved and ravished by Æolus son of Hellen. She retired into the woods to hide her disgrace from the eyes of her father, and when she had brought forth she entreated the gods to remove her totally from the pursuits of Chiron. She was changed into a mare, and called Ocyroe. Some suppose that she assumed the name of Menalippe, and lost that of Ocyroe. She became a constellation after death, called the horse. Some authors call her Hippe, or Evippe. _Hyginus_, _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――_Pollux_, bk. 4.――――Menalippe is a name common to other persons, but it is generally spelt _Melanippe_ by the best authors. _See:_ Melanippe.

=Menalippus.= _See:_ Melanippus.

=Menander=, a celebrated comic poet of Athens, educated under Theophrastus. He was universally esteemed by the Greeks, and received the appellation of Prince of the New Comedy. He did not disgrace his compositions, like Aristophanes, by mean and indecent reflections and illiberal satire, but his writings were replete with elegance, refined wit, and judicious observations. Of 108 comedies which he wrote, nothing remains but a few fragments. It is said that Terence translated all these, and indeed we may have cause to lament the loss of such valuable writings, when we are told by the ancients that the elegant Terence, so much admired, was in the opinion of his countrymen reckoned inferior to Menander. It is said that Menander drowned himself in the 52nd year of his age, B.C. 293, because the compositions of his rival Philemon obtained more applause than his own. Only eight of his numerous comedies were rewarded with a poetical prize. The name of his father was Diopythus, and that of his mother Hegistrata. His fragments, with those of Philemon, were published by Clericus, 8vo, 1709. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――――A man who wrote an account of embassies, &c.――――A king of Bactria, whose ashes were divided among his subjects, &c.――――An historian of Ephesus.――――Another of Pergamus. ――――An Athenian general defeated at Ægospotamos by Lysander.――――An Athenian sent to Sicily with Nicias.――――A man put to death by Alexander for deserting a fortress of which he had the command.――――An officer under Mithridates, sent against Lucullus.

=Menapii=, a people of Belgic Gaul, near the Mosa. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Menapis=, a Persian exile, made satrap of Hyrcania by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 4.

=Menas=, a freedman of Pompey the Great, who distinguished himself by the active and perfidious part which he took in the civil wars which were kindled between the younger Pompey and Augustus. When Pompey invited Augustus to his galley, Menas advised his master to seize the person of his enemy, and at the same time the Roman empire, by cutting the cables of his ship. “No,” replied Pompey, “I would have approved of the measure if you had done it without consulting me; but I scorn to break my word.” _Suetonius_, _Octavius Augustus_. Horace, epode 4, has ridiculed the pride of Menas, and recalled to his mind his former meanness and obscurity.

=Menchēres=, the twelfth king of Memphis.

=Mendes=, a city of Egypt, near Lycopolis, on one of the mouths of the Nile, called the Mendesian mouth. Pan, under the form of a goat, was worshipped there with the greatest solemnity. It was unlawful to kill one of these animals, with which the Egyptians were not ashamed to have public commerce, to the disgrace of human nature, from the superstitious notion that such embraces had given birth to the greatest heroes of antiquity, as Alexander, Scipio, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 42 & 46.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Menĕcles=, an orator of Alabanda in Caria, who settled at Rhodes. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 53.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Meneclides=, a detractor of the character of Epaminondas. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.

=Menecrătes=, a physician of Syracuse, famous for his vanity and arrogance. He was generally accompanied by some of his patients, whose disorders he had cured. He disguised one in the habit of Apollo, and the other in that of Æsculapius, while he reserved for himself the title and name of Jupiter, whose power was extended over those inferior deities. He crowned himself like the master of the gods; and in a letter which he wrote to Philip king of Macedon, he styled himself in these words, _Menecrates Jupiter to king Philip, greeting_. The Macedonian monarch answered, _Philip to Menecrates, greeting, and better sense_. Philip also invited him to one of his feasts, but when the meats were served up, a table was put separate for the physician, on which he was served only with perfumes and frankincense, like the father of the gods. This entertainment displeased Menecrates; he remembered that he was a mortal, and hurried away from the company. He lived about 360 years before the christian era. The book which he wrote on cures is lost. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 10, ch. 51. ――_Athenæus_, bk. 7, ch. 13.――――One of the generals of Seleucus.――――A physician under Tiberius.――――A Greek historian of Nysa, disciple to Aristarchus, B.C. 119. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――――An Ephesian architect who wrote on agriculture. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_.――――An historian. ――――A man appointed to settle the disputes of the Athenians and Lacedæmonians in the eighth year of the Peloponnesian war. His father’s name was Amphidorus.――――An officer in the fleet of Pompey the son of Pompey the Great.

=Menedēmus=, an officer of Alexander, killed by the ♦Dahæ. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――――A Socratic philosopher of Eretria, who was originally a tent-maker, an employment which he left for the profession of arms. The persuasive eloquence and philosophical lectures of Plato had such an influence over him, that he gave up his offices in the state to cultivate literature. It is said that he died through melancholy when Antigonus, one of Alexander’s generals, had made himself master of his country, B.C. 301, in the 74th year of his age. Some attribute his death to a different cause, and say that he was falsely accused of treason, for which he became so desperate that he died, after he had passed seven days without taking any aliments. He was called the _Eretrian Bull_, on account of his gravity. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Diogenes Laërtius._――――A cynic philosopher of Lampsacus, who said that he was come from hell to observe the sins and wickedness of mankind. His habit was that of the furies, and his behaviour was a proof of his insanity. He was the disciple of Colotes of Lampsacus. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An officer of Lucullus.――――A philosopher of Athens. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 19.

♦ ‘Danæ’ replaced with ‘Dahæ’

=Menegetas=, a boxer or wrestler in Philip of Macedon’s army, &c. _Polyænus._

=Menĕlāi portus=, a harbour on the coast of Africa, between Cyrene and Egypt. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus_, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 1.――――Mons, a hill near Sparta, with a fortification, called _Menelaium_. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 28.

=Mĕnĕlāia=, a festival celebrated at Therapnæ in Laconia, in honour of Menelaus. He had there a temple, where he was worshipped with his wife Helen, as one of the supreme gods.

=Mĕnĕlāus=, a king of Sparta, brother to Agamemnon. His father’s name was Atreus, according to Homer, or, according to the more probable opinion of Hesiod, Apollodorus, &c., he was the son of Plisthenes and Ærope. _See:_ Plisthenes. He was educated with his brother Agamemnon in the house of Atreus, but soon after the death of this monarch, Thyestes his brother usurped the kingdom, and banished the two children of Plisthenes. Menelaus and Agamemnon came to the court of Œneus king of Calydonia, who treated them with tenderness and paternal care. From Calydonia they went to Sparta, where, like the rest of the Grecian princes, they solicited the marriage of Helen the daughter of king Tyndarus. By the artifice and advice of Ulysses, Helen was permitted to choose a husband, and she fixed her eyes upon Menelaus, and married him, after her numerous suitors had solemnly bound themselves by an oath to defend her, and protect her person against the violence or assault of every intruder. _See:_ Helena. As soon as the nuptials were celebrated, ♦Tyndarus resigned the crown to his son-in-law, and their happiness was complete. This was, however, of short duration; Helen was the fairest woman of the age, and Venus had promised Paris the son of Priam to reward him with such a beauty. _See:_ Paris. The arrival of Paris in Sparta was the cause of great revolutions. The absence of Menelaus in Crete gave opportunities to the Trojan prince to corrupt the fidelity of Helen, and to carry away home what the goddess of beauty had promised to him as his due. This action was highly resented by Menelaus; he reminded the Greek princes of their oath and solemn engagements when they courted the daughter of Tyndarus, and immediately all Greece took up arms to defend his cause. The combined forces assembled at Aulis in Bœotia, where they chose Agamemnon for their general, and Calchas for their high priest; and after their applications to the court of Priam for the recovery of Helen had proved fruitless, they marched to meet their enemies in the field. During the Trojan war Menelaus behaved with great spirit and courage, and Paris must have fallen by his hand, had not Venus interposed and redeemed him from certain death. He also expressed his wish to engage Hector, but Agamemnon hindered him from fighting so powerful an adversary. In the tenth year of the Trojan war, Helen, as it is reported, obtained the forgiveness and the good graces of Menelaus by introducing him with Ulysses, the night that Troy was reduced to ashes, into the chamber of Deiphobus, whom she had married after the death of Paris. This perfidious conduct totally reconciled her to her first husband; and she returned with him to Sparta, during a voyage of eight years. He died some time after his return. He had a daughter called Hermione, and Nicostratus, according to some, by Helen, and a son called Megapenthes by a concubine. Some say that Menelaus went to Egypt on his return from the Trojan war to obtain Helen, who had been detained there by the king of the country. _See:_ Helena. The palace which Menelaus once inhabited was still entire in the days of Pausanias, as well as the temple which had been raised to his memory by the people of Sparta. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4, &c.; _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 14 & 19.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, &c.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_ bk. 14.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poems 5 & 13.――_Hyginus_ fable 79.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.――_Propertius_, bk. 2.――_Sophocles._――――A lieutenant of Ptolemy, set over Salamis. _Polyænus._――_Pausanias._――――A city of Egypt. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A mathematician in the age of the emperor Trajan.

♦ ‘Tyndaros’ replaced with ‘Tyndarus’

=Menēnius Agrippa=, a celebrated Roman who appeased the Roman populace in the infancy of the consular government by repeating the well-known fable of the belly and limbs. He flourished 495 B.C. _Livy_, bk. 2, chs. 16, 32, 33.――――A Roman consul.――――An insane person in the age of Horace.

=Menĕphron=, a man who attempted to offer violence to his own mother. He was changed into a wild beast. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 387.

=Mēnes=, the first king of Egypt. He built the town of Memphis, as is generally supposed, and deserved, by his abilities and popularity, to be called a god after death. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 90. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Menesthēi portus=, a town of Hispania ♦Bætica.

♦ ‘Bœtica’ replaced with ‘Bætica’

=Menesteus=, =Menestheus=, or =Mnestheus=, a son of Pereus, who so insinuated himself into the favour of the people of Athens, that, during the long absence of Theseus, he was elected king. The lawful monarch at his return home was expelled, and Mnestheus established his usurpation by his popularity and great moderation. As he had been one of Helen’s suitors, he went to the Trojan war at the head of the people of Athens, and died in his return in the island of Melos. He reigned 23 years B.C. 1205, and was succeeded by Demophoon the son of Theseus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A son of Iphicrates, who distinguished himself in the Athenian armies. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_.

=Menesthius=, a Greek killed by Paris in the Trojan war.

=Menetas=, a man set governor over Babylon by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Meninx=, or =Lotophagītis insula=, now _Zerbi_, an island on the coast of Africa, near the Syrtis Minor. It was peopled by the people of Neritos, and thence called _Neritia_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 7. ――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 318.

=Menippa=, one of the Amazons who assisted Ætes, &c.

=Menippides=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._

=Menippus=, a cynic philosopher of Phœnicia. He was originally a slave, and obtained his liberty with a sum of money, and became one of the greatest usurers at Thebes. He grew so desperate from the continual reproaches and insults to which he was daily exposed on account of his meanness, that he destroyed himself. He wrote 13 books of satires, which have been lost. Marcus Varro composed satires in imitation of his style, and called them _Menippean_.――――A native of Stratonice, who was preceptor to Cicero for some time. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 91.

=Menius=, a plebeian consul at Rome. He was the first who made the rostrum at Rome with the beaks (_rostra_) of the enemy’s ships.――――A son of Lycaon, killed by the same thunderbolt which destroyed his father. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 472.

=Mennis=, a town of Assyria abounding in bitumen. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Menodŏtus=, a physician.――――A Samian historian.

=Menœceus=, a Theban, father of Hipponome, Jocasta, and Creon.――――A young Theban, son of Creon. He offered himself to death when Tiresias, to ensure victory on the side of Thebes against the Argive forces, ordered the Thebans to sacrifice one of the descendants of those who sprang from the dragon’s teeth, and he killed himself near the cave where the dragon of Mars had formerly resided. The gods required this sacrifice because the dragon had been killed by Cadmus, and no sooner was Creon dead than his countrymen obtained the victory. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 10, li. 614.――_Euripides_, _Phœnician Women_. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 98.――_Sophocles_, _Antigone_.

=Menœtes=, the pilot of the ship Gyas, at the naval games exhibited by Æneas at the anniversary of his father’s death. He was thrown into the sea by Gyas for his inattention, and saved himself by swimming to a rock. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 161, &c.――――An Arcadian, killed by Turnus in the wars of Æneas. _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 517.

=Menœtiades.= _See:_ Menœtius.

=Menœtius=, a son of Actor and Ægina after her amour with Jupiter. He left his mother and went to Opus, where he had, by Sthenele, or, according to others, by Philomela or Polymela, Patroclus, often called from him _Menœtiades_. Menœtius was one of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 4, ch. 24.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 307. ――_Hyginus_, fable 97.

=Menon=, a Thessalian commander in the expedition of Cyrus the younger against his brother Artaxerxes. He was dismissed on the suspicion that he had betrayed his fellow-soldiers. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――――A Thessalian refused the freedom of Athens, though he furnished a number of auxiliaries to the people.――――The husband of Semiramis. ――――A sophist in the age of Socrates.――――One of the first kings of Phrygia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A scholar of Phidias, &c.

=Menophĭlus=, a eunuch to whom Mithridates, when conquered by Pompey, entrusted the care of his daughter. Menophilus murdered the princess for fear of her falling into the enemy’s hands. _Ammianus_, bk. 16.

=Menta=, or =Minthe=. _See:_ Minthe.

=Mentes=, a king of the Taphians in Ætolia, son of Anchialus, in the time of the Trojan war.

=Mentissa=, a town of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 17.

=Mento=, a Roman consul, &c.

=Mentor=, a faithful friend of Ulysses.――――A son of Hercules.――――A king of Sidonia, who revolted against Artaxerxes Ochus, and afterwards was restored to favour by his treachery to his allies, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――An excellent artist in polishing cups and engraving flowers on them. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 11.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 63, ltr. 16.

=Menyllus=, a Macedonian set over the garrison which Antipater had stationed at Athens. He attempted in vain to corrupt the innocence of Phocion. _Plutarch._

=Mera=, a priest of Venus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 478.――――A dog of Icarius, which by his cries showed Erigone where her murdered father had been thrown. Immediately after this discovery the daughter hung herself in despair, and the dog pined away, and was made a constellation in the heavens known by the name of Canis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 363.――_Hyginus_, fable 130.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 7, ch. 28.

=Mera=, or =Mœra=, one of the Atlantides, who married Tegeates son of Lycaon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 48.

=Mercurii promontorium=, a cape of Africa near Clypea. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 44; bk. 29, ch. 27.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.

=Mercŭrius=, a celebrated god of antiquity, called Hermes by the Greeks. There were no less than five of this name according to Cicero; a son of Cœlus and Lux; a son of Valens and Coronis; a son of the Nile; a son of Jupiter and Maia; and another called by the Egyptians Thaut. Some add a sixth, a son of Bacchus and Proserpine. To the son of Jupiter and Maia, the actions of all the others have been probably attributed, as he is the most famous and the best known. Mercury was the messenger of the gods, and of Jupiter in particular; he was the patron of travellers and of shepherds; he conducted the souls of the dead into the infernal regions, and not only presided over orators, merchants, declaimers, but he was also the god of thieves, pickpockets, and all dishonest persons. His name is derived _a mercibus_, because he was the god of merchandise among the Latins. He was born, according to the more received opinion, in Arcadia, on mount Cyllene, and in his infancy he was entrusted to the care of the Seasons. The day that he was born, or more probably the following day, he gave an early proof of his craftiness and dishonesty, in stealing away the oxen of Admetus which Apollo tended. He gave another proof of his thievish propensity, by taking also the quiver and arrows of the divine shepherd, and he increased his fame by robbing Neptune of his trident, Venus of her girdle, Mars of his sword, Jupiter of his sceptre, and Vulcan of many of his mechanical instruments. These specimens of his art recommended him to the notice of the gods, and Jupiter took him as his messenger, interpreter, and cup-bearer in the assembly of the gods. This last office he discharged till the promotion of Ganymede. He was presented by the king of heaven with a winged cap called _petasus_, and with wings for his feet called _talaria_. He had also a short sword called _herpe_, which he lent to Perseus. With these he was enabled to go into whatever part of the universe he pleased with the greatest celerity; and besides, he was permitted to make himself invisible, and to assume whatever shape he pleased. As messenger of Jupiter he was entrusted with all his secrets. He was the ambassador and plenipotentiary of the gods, and he was concerned in all alliances and treaties. He was the confidant of Jupiter’s amours, and he often was set to watch over the jealousy and intrigues of Juno. The invention of the lyre and its seven strings is ascribed to him. This he gave to Apollo, and received in exchange the celebrated caduceus with which the god of poetry used to drive the flocks of king Admetus. _See:_ Caduceus. In the wars of the giants against the gods, Mercury showed himself brave, spirited, and active. He delivered Mars from the long confinement which he suffered from the superior power of the Aloides. He purified the Danaides of the murder of their husbands, he tied Ixion to his wheel in the infernal regions, he destroyed the hundred-eyed Argus, he sold Hercules to Omphale the queen of Lydia, he conducted Priam to the tent of Achilles, to redeem the body of his son Hector, and he carried the infant Bacchus to the nymphs of Nysa. Mercury had many surnames and epithets. He was called Cyllenius, Caduceator, Acacetos, from Acacos, an Arcadian; Acacesius, Tricephalos, Triplex, Chthonius, Camillus, Agoneus, Delius, Arcas, &c. His children are also numerous as well as his amours. He was father of Autolycus by Chione; of Myrtillus by Cleobula; of Libys by Libya; of Echion and Eurytus by Antianira; of Cephalus by Creusa; of Prylis by Issa; and of Priapus, according to some. He was also father of Hermaphroditus by Venus; of Eudorus by Polimela; of Pan by Dryope, or Penelope. His worship was well established, particularly in Greece, Egypt, and Italy. He was worshipped at Tanagra in Bœotia, under the name of Criophorus, and represented as carrying a ram on his shoulders, because he delivered the inhabitants from a pestilence by telling them to carry a ram in that manner round the walls of their city. The Roman merchants yearly celebrated a festival on the 15th of May, in honour of Mercury, in a temple near the Circus Maximus. A pregnant sow was then sacrificed, and sometimes a calf and particularly the tongues of animals were offered. After the votaries had sprinkled themselves with water with laurel leaves, they offered prayers to the divinity, and entreated him to be favourable to them, and to forgive whatever artful measures, false oaths, or falsehoods they had used or uttered in the pursuit of gain. Sometimes Mercury appears on monuments with a large cloak round his arm, or tied under his chin. The chief ensigns of his power and offices are his _caduceus_, his _petasus_, and his _talaria_. Sometimes he is represented sitting upon a crayfish, holding in one hand his caduceus, and in the other the claws of the fish. At other times he is like a young man without a beard, holding in one hand a purse, as being the tutelary god of merchants, with a cock on his wrists as an emblem of vigilance, and at his feet a goat, a scorpion, and a fly. Some of his statues represented him as a youth _fascino erecto_. Sometimes he rests his foot upon a tortoise. In Egypt his statues represented him with the head of a dog, whence he was often confounded with Anubis, and received the sacrifice of a stork. Offerings of milk and honey were made because he was the god of eloquence, whose powers were sweet and persuasive. The Greeks and Romans offered tongues to him by throwing them into the fire, as he was the patron of speaking of which the tongue is the organ. Sometimes his statues represent him as without arms, because, according to some, the power of speech can prevail over everything, even without the assistance of arms. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, &c.; _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.; _Hymn to Hermes_.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi Mortuorum_. ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 667; _Metamorphoses_, bks. 1, 4, 11, 14.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 35.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4. ――_Pausanias_, bks. 1, 7, 8, & 9.――_Orpheus._――_Plutarch_, _Numa_. ――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 6.――_Plato_, _Phædras_.――_Livy_, bk. 36.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1; _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 48. ――_Diodorus_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1, 2, & 3. ――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 1.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 10. ――_Hyginus_, _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2.――_Tzetzes_, _Lycophron_, li. 219.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_.――_Lactantius [Placidus]. _――_Philostratus_, bk. 1, _Imagines_, ch. 27.――_Marcus Manilius. _――_Macrobius_, bk. 1, _Saturnalia_, ch. 19.――――Trismegistus, a priest and philosopher of Egypt, who taught his countrymen how to cultivate the olive, and measure their lands, and to understand hieroglyphics. He lived in the age of Osiris, and wrote 40 books on theology, medicine, and geography, from which Sanchoniathon the Phœnician historian has taken his theogonia. _Diodorus_, bks. 1, & 5. ――_Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_.――_Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Natura Deorum_.

=Merĕtrix=, a name under which Venus was worshipped at Abydos and at Samos, because both those places had been benefited by the intrigues or the influence of courtesans. _Athenæus_, bk. 13.

=Mēriŏnes=, a charioteer of Idomeneus king of Crete during the Trojan war, son of Molus, a Cretan prince, and Melphidis. He signalized himself before Troy, and fought with Deiphobus the son of Priam, whom he wounded. He was greatly admired by the Cretans, who even paid him divine honours after death. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 6, li. 15.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, &c.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, fable 1.――――A brother of Jason son of Æson, famous for his great opulence and for his avarice. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 1.

=Mermĕros=, a centaur. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 305.――――A Trojan, killed by Antilochus.――――A son of Jason and Medea, who was father to Ilus of Corinth. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Mermnadæ=, a race of kings in Lydia, of which Gyges was the first. They sat on the Lydian throne till the reign of Crœsus, who was conquered by Cyrus king of Persia. They were descendants of the Heraclidæ, and probably received the name of Mermnadæ from Mermnas, one of their own family. They were descended from Lemnos, or, according to others, from Agelaus, the son of Omphale by Hercules. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 14.

=Meroe=, now _Nuabia_, an island of Æthiopia, with a town of the same name, celebrated for its wines. Its original name was _Saba_, and Cambyses gave it that of Meroe from his sister. _Strabo_, bk. 17. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 31.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 173.――_Mela_, bk. 1.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, lis. 3, 33; bk. 10, lis. 163 & 303. =Merŏpe=, one of the Atlantides. She married Sisyphus son of Æolus, and, like her sisters, was changed into a constellation after death. _See:_ Pleiades. It is said, that in the constellation of the Pleiades the star of Merope appears more dim and obscure than the rest, because she, as the poets observe, married a mortal, while her sisters married some of the gods or their descendants. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 175.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 192.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A daughter of Cypselus, who married Cresphontes king of Messenia, by whom she had three children. Her husband and two of her children were murdered by Polyphontes. The murderer obliged her to marry him, and she would have been forced to comply had not Epytus or Telephontes, her third son, revenged his father’s death by assassinating Polyphontes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Œnopion, beloved by Orion. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――――A daughter of the Cebrenus, who married Æsacus the son of Priam.――――A daughter of Erechtheus, mother of Dædalus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A daughter of Pandarus.――――A daughter of the river Sangarius, who married king Priam.

=Merops=, a king of the island of Cos, who married Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was changed into an eagle and placed among the constellations. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 763. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Hyginus_, _Poetica astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――――A celebrated soothsayer of Percosus in Troas, who foretold the death of his sons Adrastus and Amphius, who were engaged in the Trojan war. They slighted their father’s advice, and were killed by Diomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――One of the companions of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 702.

=Meros=, a mountain of India sacred to Jupiter. It is called by Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 21, Nysa. Bacchus was educated upon it, whence arose the fable that Bacchus was confined in the thigh (μηρος) of his father. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 13.――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 10.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Merŭla Cornelius=, a Roman who fought against the Gauls, and who was made consul by Octavius in the place of Cinna. He some time after killed himself in despair, &c. _Plutarch._

=Mesabătes=, a eunuch in Persia, flayed alive by order of Parysatis, because he had cut off the head and right hand of Cyrus. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.

=Mesabius=, a mountain of Bœotia, hanging over the Euripus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22.

=Mesapia=, an ancient name of Bœotia.

=Mesaubius=, a servant of Eumæus the steward of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 14, li. 449.

=Mesembria=, now _Miseuria_, a maritime city of Thrace. Hence _Mesembriacus_. _Ovid_, bk. 1, _Tristia_, bk. 6, li. 37.――――Another at the mouth of the Lissus.

=Mesene=, an island in the Tigris where Apamea was built, now _Disel_. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27.

=Mesomēdes=, a lyric poet in the age of the emperor Antoninus.

=Mesopotămia=, a country of Asia, which receives its name from its situation (μεσος ποταμος) _between_ the _rivers_ Tigris and Euphrates. It is yearly inundated by the Euphrates, and the water properly conveyed over the country by canals. It is now called _Diarbec_. _Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 52.

=Messāla=, a name of Valerius Corvinus, from his having conquered Messana in Sicily. This family was very ancient; the most celebrated was a friend of Brutus, who seized the camp of Augustus at Philippi. He was afterwards reconciled to Augustus, and died A.D. 9, in his 77th year. _Plutarch._――――Another consul, &c.――――The father of Valeria, who married the dictator Sylla. _Plutarch._――――A great flatterer at the court of Tiberius.――――A governor of Syria.――――A tribune in one of the Roman legions during the civil war between Vespasian and Vitellius, of which he wrote an historical account mentioned by Tacitus, _Dialogue on Oratory_, ch. 14.――――A consul with Domitius, &c.――――A painter at Rome, who flourished B.C. 235.――――A writer, whose book _de Augusti progenie_ was edited 12mo, Leiden, 1648.

=Messalīna Valeria=, a daughter of Messala Barbatus. She married the emperor Claudius, and disgraced herself by her cruelties and incontinence. Her husband’s palace was not the only seat of her lasciviousness, but she prostituted herself in the public streets, and few men there were at Rome who could not boast of having enjoyed the favours of the impure Messalina. Her extravagancies at last irritated her husband; he commanded her to appear before him to answer all the accusations which were brought against her, upon which she attempted to destroy herself, and when her courage failed, one of the tribunes, who had been sent to her, despatched her with his sword, A.D. 48. It is in speaking of her debaucheries and lewdness that a celebrated satirist says,

_Et lassata viris, necdum satiata, recessit_.

_Juvenal._――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 37.――_Suetonius_, _Claudius_.――_Dio Cassius._――――Another, called also Statilia. She was descended from a consular family, and married the consul Atticus Vistinus, whom Nero murdered. She received with great marks of tenderness her husband’s murderer and married him. She had married four husbands before she came to the imperial throne; and after the death of Nero she retired to literary pursuits and peaceful occupations. Otho courted her, and would have married her had he not destroyed himself. In his last moments he wrote her a very pathetic and consolatory letter, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.

=Messālīnus Marcus Valerius=, a Roman officer in the reign of Tiberius. He was appointed governor of Dalmatia, and rendered himself known by his opposition to Piso, and by his attempts to persuade the Romans of the necessity of suffering women to accompany the camps on their different expeditions. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3.――――One of Domitian’s informers.――――A flatterer of the emperor Tiberius.

=Messāna=, an ancient and celebrated town of Sicily, on the straits which separate Italy from Sicily. It was anciently called _Zancle_, and was founded 1600 years before the christian era. The inhabitants, being continually exposed to the depredation of the people of Cuma, implored the assistance of the Messenians of Peloponnesus, and with them repelled the enemy. After this victorious campaign, the Messenians entered Zancle, and lived in such intimacy with the inhabitants that they changed their name, and assumed that of the Messenians, and called their city Messana. Another account say that Anaxilaus tyrant of Rhegium made war against the Zancleans, with the assistance of the Messenians of Peloponnesus, and that after he had obtained a decisive victory, he called the conquered city Messana in compliment to his allies, about 494 years before the christian era. After this revolution at Zancle, the Mamertini took possession of it, and made it the capital of the neighbouring country. _See:_ Mamertini. It afterwards fell into the hands of the Romans, and was for some time the chief of their possessions in Sicily. The inhabitants were called Messanii, Messanienses, and Mamertini. The straits of Messana have always been looked upon as very dangerous, especially by the ancients, on account of the rapidity of the currents, and the irregular and violent flowing and ebbing of the sea. _Strabo_, bk. 6. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 23.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 23; bk. 7, ch. 28.

=Messapia=, a country of Italy, between Tarentum and Brundusium. It is the same as Calabria. It received its name from Messapus the son of Neptune, who left a part of Bœotia called _Messapia_, and came to Italy, where he assisted the Rutulians against Æneas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 513.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 691; bk. 8, li. 6; bk. 9, li. 27.

=Messatis=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.

=Messe=, a town in the island of Cythera. _Statius_, bk. 1, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 226.

=Messeis=, a fountain of Thessaly. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Messēne=, a daughter of Triopas king of Argos, who married Polycaon, son of Lelex king of Laconia. She encouraged her husband to levy troops, and to seize a part of Peloponnesus, which, after it had been conquered, received her name. She received divine honours after her death, and had a magnificent temple at Ithome, where her statue was made half of gold and half of Parian marble. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, chs. 1 & 13.

=Messēne=, or =Messēna=, now _Maura-Matra_, a city in the Peloponnesus, the capital of the country called Messenia. The inhabitants have rendered themselves famous for the war which they carried on against the Spartans, and which received the appellation of the _Messenian war_. The first Messenian war arose from the following circumstances. The Messenians offered violence to some Spartan women, who had assembled to offer sacrifices in a temple which was common to both nations, and which stood on the borders of their respective territories; and, besides, they killed Teleclus the Spartan king, who attempted to defend the innocence of the females. This account, according to the Spartan traditions, is contradicted by the Messenians, who observe that Teleclus, with a chosen body of Spartans, assembled at the temple before mentioned, disguised in women’s clothes, and all secretly armed with daggers. This hostile preparation was to surprise some of the neighbouring inhabitants; and in a quarrel which soon after arose, Teleclus and his associates were all killed. These quarrels were the cause of the first Messenian war, which began B.C. 743. It was carried on with vigour and spirit on both sides, and after many obstinate and bloody battles had been fought and continued for 19 years, it was at last finished by the taking of Ithome by the Spartans, a place which had stood a siege of 10 years, and been defended with all the power of the Messenians. The insults to which the conquered Messenians were continually exposed at last excited their resentment, and they resolved to shake off the yoke. They suddenly revolted, and the second Messenian war was begun 685 B.C., and continued 14 years. The Messenians at first gained some advantage, but a fatal battle in the third year of the war so totally disheartened them, that they fled to Ira, where they resolved to maintain an obstinate siege against their victorious pursuers. The Spartans were assisted by the Samians in besieging Ira, and the Messenians were at last obliged to submit to the superior power of their adversaries. The taking of Ira by the Lacedæmonians, after a siege of 11 years, put an end to the second Messenian war. Peace was re-established for some time in Peloponnesus, but after the expiration of 200 years, the Messenians attempted a third time to free themselves from the power of Lacedæmon, B.C. 465. At that time the Helots had revolted from the Spartans, and the Messenians, by joining their forces to these wretched slaves, looked upon their respective calamities as common, and thought themselves closely interested in each other’s welfare. The Lacedæmonians were assisted by the Athenians, but they soon grew jealous of one another’s power, and their political connection ended in the most inveterate enmity, and at last in open war. Ithome was the place in which the Messenians had a second time gathered all their forces, and though 10 years had already elapsed, both parties seemed equally confident of victory. The Spartans were afraid of storming Ithome, as the oracle of Delphi had threatened them with the greatest calamities if they offered any violence to a place which was dedicated to the service of Apollo. The Messenians, however, were soon obliged to submit to their victorious adversaries, B.C. 453, and they consented to leave their native country, and totally to depart from the Peloponnesus, solemnly promising that if they ever returned into Messenia, they would suffer themselves to be sold as slaves. The Messenians upon this, miserably exiled, applied to the Athenians for protection, and were permitted to inhabit Naupactus, whence some of them were afterwards removed to take possession of their ancient territories in Messenia, during the Peloponnesian war. The third Messenian war was productive of great revolutions in Greece, and though almost a private quarrel, it soon engaged the attention of all the neighbouring states, and kindled the flames of dissension everywhere. Every state took up arms as if in its own defence, or to prevent additional power and dominion from being lodged in the hands of its rivals. The descendants of the Messenians at last returned to Peloponnesus, B.C. 370, after a long banishment of 300 years. _Pausanias_, _Messenia_, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 4, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 6, &c.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, &c. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 11, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Cimon_, &c.――_Polyænus_, bk. 3.――_Polybius_, bk. 4, &c.

=Messēnia=, a province of Peloponnesus, situate between Laconia, Elis, Arcadia, and the sea. Its chief city is Messena. _See:_ Messena.

=Mestor=, a son of Perseus and Andromeda, who married Lysidice daughter of Pelops, by whom he had Hippothoe.――――A son of Pterilaus.――――of Priam. _Apollodorus._

=Mesūla=, a town of Italy, in the country of the Sabines.

=Metăbus=, a tyrant of the Privernates. He was father of Camilla, whom he consecrated to the service of Diana, when he had been banished from his kingdom by his subjects. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 540.

=Metagitnia=, a festival in honour of Apollo, celebrated by the inhabitants of Melite, who migrated to Attica. It receives its name from its being observed in the month called Metagitnion.

=Metanīra=, the wife of Celeus king of Eleusis, who first taught mankind agriculture. She is also called Meganira. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.

=Metapontum=, a town of Lucania in Italy, founded about 1269 years B.C. by Metabus the father of Camilla, or Epeus, one of the companions of Nestor. Pythagoras retired there for some time, and perished in a sedition. Annibal made it his head-quarters when in that part of Italy, and its attachment to Carthage was afterwards severely punished by the Roman conquerors, who destroyed its liberties and independence. A few broken pillars of marble are now the only vestiges of Metapontum. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――_Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bks. 1, 8, 25, 27, &c.

=Metapontus=, a son of Sisyphus, who married ♦Theano. _See:_ ♦Theano. _Hyginus_, fable 166.

♦ ‘Theana’ replaced with ‘Theano’ for consistency

=Metaurus=, now _Metro_, a town with a small river of the same name, in the country of the Brutii. The river Metaurus falls into the Tyrrhene sea above Sicily.――――Another, in Umbria, famous for the defeat of Asdrubal by the consuls Livy and Nero. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 38. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 495.

=Metella=, the wife of Sylla.

=Metelli [Metellus]=, the surname of the family of the Cæcilii at Rome, the most known of whom were:――A general who defeated the Achæans, took Thebes, and invaded Macedonia, &c.――――Quintus Cæcilius, who rendered himself illustrious by his successes against Jugurtha the Numidian king, from which he was surnamed _Numidicus_. He took, in this expedition, the celebrated Marius as his lieutenant, and he had soon cause to repent of the confidence he had placed in him. Marius raised himself to power by defaming the character of his benefactor, and Metellus was recalled to Rome, and accused of extortion and ill-management. Marius was appointed successor to finish the Numidian war, and Metellus was acquitted of the crimes laid to his charge before the tribunal of the Roman knights, who observed that the probity of his whole life and the greatness of his exploits were greater proofs of his innocence than the most powerful arguments. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 48.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――――Lucius Cæcilius, another, who saved from the flames the palladium, when Vesta’s temple was on fire. He was then high priest. He lost his sight and one of his arms in doing it, and the senate, to reward his zeal and piety, permitted him always to be drawn to the senate-house in a chariot, an honour which no one had ever before enjoyed. He also gained a great victory over the Carthaginians in the first Punic war, and led in his triumph 13 generals and 120 elephants taken from the enemy. He was honoured with the dictatorship, and the office of master of horse, &c. ――――Quintus Cæcilius Celer, another, who distinguished himself by his spirited exertions against Catiline. He married Clodia the sister of Clodius, who disgraced him by her incontinence and lasciviousness. He died 57 years B.C. He was greatly lamented by Cicero, who shed tears at the loss of one of his most faithful and valuable friends. _Cicero_, _For Marcus Cæcilius._――――Lucius Cæcilius, a tribune in the civil wars of Julius Cæsar and Pompey. He favoured the cause of Pompey, and opposed Cæsar when he entered Rome with a victorious army. He refused to open the gates of Saturn’s temple, in which were deposited great treasures, upon which they were broken open by Cæsar, and Metellus retired, when threatened with death.――――Quintus Cæcilius, the grandson of the high priest, who saved the palladium from the flames, was a warlike general, who, from his conquest of Crete and Macedonia, was surnamed _Macedonicus_. He had six sons, of whom four are particularly mentioned by Plutarch.――――Quintus Cæcilius, surnamed _Balearicus_, from his conquest of the Baleares.――――Lucius Cæcilius, surnamed _Diadematus_, but supposed the same as that called Lucius with the surname of _Dalmaticus_, from a victory obtained over the Dalmatians during his consulship with Mutius Scævola.――――Caius Cæcilius, surnamed _Caprarius_, who was consul with Carbo, A.U.C. 641.――――The fourth was Marcus, and of these four brothers it is remarkable, that two of them triumphed in one day, but over what nations is not mentioned by _Eutropius_, ch. 4.――――Nepos, a consul, &c.――――Another, who accused Caius Curio, his father’s detractor, and who also vented his resentment against Cicero when going to banishment.――――Another, who, as tribune, opposed the ambition of Julius Cæsar.――――A general of the Roman armies against the Sicilians and Carthaginians. Before he marched he offered sacrifices to all the gods, except Vesta, for which neglect the goddess was so incensed that she demanded the blood of his daughter Metella. When Metella was going to be immolated, the goddess placed a heifer in her place, and carried her to a temple at Lanuvium, of which she became the priestess.――――Lucius Cæcilius, or Quintus, surnamed _Creticus_, from his conquest in Crete, B.C. 66, is supposed by some to be the son of Metellus Macedonicus.――――Cimber, one of the conspirators against Julius Cæsar. It was he who gave the signal to attack and murder the dictator in the senate-house. ――――Pius, a general in Spain, against Sertorius, on whose head he set a price of 100 talents, and 20,000 acres of land. He distinguished himself also in the Marsian war, and was high priest. He obtained the name of _Pius_ from the sorrow he showed during the banishment of his father Metellus _Numidicus_, whom he caused to be recalled. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 44.――――A consul who commanded in Africa, &c. _Valerius Maximus._ ――_Pliny._――_Plutarch._――_Livy._――_Paterculus_, bk. 2.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, chs. 8 & 13.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, &c.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 138. ――_Appian_, _Civil Wars_.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.

=Metharma=, a daughter of Pygmalion king of Cyprus, and mother of Adonis by Cinyras, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Methīon=, the father of Phorbas, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 3.

=Methodius=, a bishop of Tyre, who maintained a controversy against Porphyry. The best edition of his works is that of Paris, folio, 1657.

=Methōne=, a town of Peloponnesus, where king Philip gained his first battle over the Athenians, B.C. 360.――――A town of Macedonia, south of Pella, in the siege of which, according to _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 6, Philip lost his right eye.――――Another in Magnesia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 71.

=Methydrium=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Megalopolis. _Valerius Flaccus._

=Methymna= (now _Porto Petero_), a town of the island of Lesbos, which received its name from a daughter of ♦Macareus. It is the second city of the island in greatness, population, and opulence, and its territory is fruitful, and the wines it produces excellent. It was the native place of Arion. When the whole island of Lesbos revolted from the power of the Athenians, Methymna alone remained firm to its ancient allies. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Thucydides_, bk. 3.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 8, li. 50.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 90.

♦ ‘Marcareus’ replaced with ‘Macareus’

=Metiadūsa=, a daughter of Eupalamus, who married Cecrops, by whom she had Pandion. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Metilia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 536, to settle the power of the dictator, and of his master of horse, within certain bounds.

=Metilii=, a patrician family, brought from Alba to Rome by Tullus Hostilius. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Metilius=, a man who accused Fabius Maximus before the senate, &c.

=Mētiŏchus=, a son of Miltiades, who was taken by the Phœnicians, and given to Darius king of Persia. He was tenderly treated by the monarch, though his father had conquered the Persian armies in the plains of Marathon. _Plutarch._――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 41.――――An Athenian entrusted with the care of the roads, &c. _Plutarch._

=Metion=, a son of Erechtheus king of Athens and Praxithea. He married Alcippe daughter of Mars and Agraulos. His sons drove Pandion from the throne of Athens, and were afterwards expelled by Pandion’s children. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Metis=, one of the Oceanides. She was Jupiter’s first wife, celebrated for her great prudence and sagacity above the rest of the gods. Jupiter, who was afraid lest she should bring forth into the world a child more cunning and greater than himself, devoured her in the first month of her pregnancy. Some time after this adventure the god had his head opened, from which issued Minerva, armed from head to foot. According to Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2, Metis gave a portion to Saturn, and obliged him to throw up the children whom he had devoured. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 890.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 7, ch. 3. ――_Hyginus._

=Metiscus=, a charioteer to Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 469.

=Metius Curtius=, one of the Sabines who fought against the Romans, on account of the stolen virgins.――――Suffetius, a dictator of Alba, in the reign of Tullus Hostilius. He fought against the Romans, and at last, finally to settle their disputes, he proposed a single combat between the Horatii and Curiatii. The Albans were conquered, and Metius promised to assist the Romans against their enemies. In a battle against the Veientes and Fidenates, Metius showed his infidelity by forsaking the Romans at the first onset, and retired to a neighbouring eminence, to wait for the event of the battle, and to fall upon whatever side proved victorious. The Romans obtained the victory, and Tullus ordered Metius to be tied between two chariots, which were drawn by four horses two different ways, and his limbs were torn away from his body, about 669 years before the christian era. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 23, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 642.――――A critic. _See:_ Tarpa.――――Carus, a celebrated informer under Domitian, who enriched himself with the plunder of those who were sacrificed to the emperor’s suspicion.

=Metœcia=, festivals instituted by Theseus in commemoration of the people of Attica having removed to Athens.

=Meton=, an astrologer and mathematician of Athens. His father’s name was Pausanias. He refused to go to Sicily with his countrymen, and pretended to be insane, because he foresaw the calamities that attended that expedition. In a book called _Enneadecaterides_, or the cycle of 19 years, he endeavoured to adjust the course of the sun and the moon, and supported that the solar and lunar years could regularly begin from the same point in the heavens. This is called by the moderns _the golden numbers_. He flourished B.C. 432. _Vitruvius_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Nicias_. A native of Tarentum, who pretended to be intoxicated that he might draw the attention of his countrymen, when he wished to dissuade them from making an alliance with king Pyrrhus. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.

=Metŏpe=, the wife of the river Sangarius. She was mother of Hecuba. ――――The daughter of Ladon, who married the Asopus.――――A river of Arcadia.

=Metra=, the daughter of Eresichthon, a Thessalian prince, beloved by Neptune. When her father had spent all his fortune to gratify the canine hunger under which he laboured, she prostituted herself to her neighbours, and received for reward oxen, goats, and sheep, which she presented to Eresichthon. Some say that she had received from Neptune the power of changing herself into whatever animal she pleased, and that her father sold her continually to gratify his hunger, and that she instantly assumed a different shape, and became again his property. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 21.

=Metragryrte=, one of the names of Tellus, or Cybele.

=Metrobius=, a player greatly favoured by Sylla. _Plutarch._

=Metrŏcles=, a pupil of Theophrastus, who had the care of the education of Cleombrotus and Cleomenes. He suffocated himself when old and infirm. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Metrodōrus=, a physician of Chios, B.C. 444. He was the disciple of Democritus, and had Hippocrates among his pupils. His compositions on medicine, &c., are lost. He supported that the world was eternal and infinite, and denied the existence of motion. _Diogenes Laërtius._ ――――A painter and philosopher of Stratonice, B.C. 171. He was sent to Paulus Æmylius, who, after the conquest of Perseus, demanded of the Athenians a philosopher and a painter; the former to instruct his children, and the latter to make a painting of his triumphs. Metrodorus was sent, as in him alone were united the philosopher and the painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, bk. 5, _De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, ch. 1; _On Oratory_, bk. 4; _Academica._ ――♦_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Epicurus_.――――A friend of Mithridates, sent as ambassador to Tigranes king of Armenia. He was remarkable for his learning, moderation, humanity, and justice. He was put to death by his royal master for his infidelity, B.C. 72. _Strabo._――_Plutarch._ ――――Another, of a very retentive memory.

♦ ‘Diod.’ replaced with ‘Diogenes Laërtius’

=Metrophănes=, an officer of Mithridates, who invaded Eubœa, &c.

=Metropŏlis=, a town of Phrygia on the Mæander.――――Another of Thessaly near Pharsalia.

=Mettius=, a chief of the Gauls, imprisoned by Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Mettus.= _See:_ Metius.

=Metulum=, a town of Liburnia, in besieging of which Augustus was wounded. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 49.

=Mevania=, now _Bevagna_, a town of Umbria, on the Clitumnus, the birthplace of the poet Propertius. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 473. ――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 124.

=Mevius=, a wretched poet. _See:_ Mævius.

=Mezentius=, a king of the Tyrrhenians when Æneas came into Italy. He was remarkable for his cruelties, and put his subjects to death by slow tortures, or sometimes tied a man to a dead corpse face to face, and suffered him to die in that condition. He was expelled by his subjects, and fled to Turnus, who employed him in his war against the Trojans. He was killed by Æneas, with his son Lausus. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――_Justin_, bk. 43, ch. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 648; bk. 8, li. 482.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 881.

=Micea=, a virgin of Elis, daughter of Philodemus, murdered by a soldier called Lucius, &c. _Plutarch_, _Mulierum virtutes_.

=Micipsa=, a king of Numidia, son of Masinissa, who, at his death, B.C. 119, left his kingdom between his sons Adherbal and Hiempsal, and his nephew Jugurtha. Jugurtha abused his uncle’s favours by murdering his two sons. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Gaius Gracchus_.

=Micythus=, a youth through whom Diomedon, by order of the Persian king, made an attempt to bribe Epaminondas. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_, ch. 4.――――A slave of Anaxilaus of Rhegium. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 170.

=Mĭdas=, a king of Phrygia, son of Gordius, or Gorgius. In the early part of his life, according to some traditions, he found a large treasure, to which he owed his greatness and opulence. The hospitality he showed to Silenus the preceptor of Bacchus, who had been brought to him by some peasants, was liberally rewarded; and Midas, when he conducted the old man back to the god, was permitted to choose whatever recompence he pleased. He had the imprudence and the avarice to demand of the god that whatever he touched might be turned into gold. His prayer was granted, but he was soon convinced of his injudicious choice; and when the very meats which he attempted to eat became gold in his mouth, he begged Bacchus to take away a present which must prove so fatal to the receiver. He was ordered to wash himself in the river Pactolus, whose sands were turned into gold by the touch of Midas. Some time after this adventure, Midas had the imprudence to support that Pan was superior to Apollo in singing and playing upon the flute, for which rash opinion the offended god changed his ears into those of an ass, to show his ignorance and stupidity. This Midas attempted to conceal from the knowledge of his subjects, but one of his servants saw the length of his ears, and being unable to keep the secret, and afraid to reveal it, apprehensive of the king’s resentment, he opened a hole in the earth, and after he had whispered there that Midas had the ears of an ass, he covered the place as before, as if he had buried his words in the ground. On that place, as the poets mention, grew a number of reeds, which, when agitated by the wind, uttered the same sound that had been buried beneath, and published to the world that Midas had the ears of an ass. Some explain the fable of the ears of Midas by the supposition that he kept a number of informers and spies, who were continually employed in gathering every seditious word that might drop from the mouths of his subjects. Midas, according to Strabo, died of drinking hot bull’s blood. This he did, as Plutarch mentions, to free himself from the numerous ill dreams which continually tormented him. Midas, according to some, was son of Cybele. He built a town, which he called Ancyræ. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 5.――_Plutarch_, _de Superstitione_.――_Strabo_, bk. 1. ――_Hyginus_, fables 191, 274.――_Maximus Tyrius_, ch. 30.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 14.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bks. 4 & 12.――_Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 36; bk. 2, ch. 31.

=Midea=, a town of Argolis. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 20.――――Of Lycia. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 45.――――Of Bœotia, drowned by the inundations of the lake Copais. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――――A nymph, who had Aspledon by Neptune. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 38.――――A mistress of Electryon. _Apollodorus._

=Milānion=, a youth who became enamoured of Atalanta. He is supposed by some to be the same as Meleager or Hippomanes. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 188.――――A son of Amphidamas.

=Mīlēsii=, the inhabitants of Miletus. _See:_ Miletus.

=Milesiorum murus=, a place of Egypt, at the entrance of one of the mouths of the Nile.

=Milesius=, a surname of Apollo.――――A native of Miletus.

=Milētia=, one of the daughters of Scedasus, ravished with her sister by some young Thebans. _Plutarch_ & _Pausanias_.

=Milētium=, a town of Calabria, built by the people of Miletus of Asia. ――――A town of Crete. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 154.

=Mīlētus=, a son of Apollo, who fled from Crete to avoid the wrath of Minos, whom he meditated to dethrone. He came to Caria, where he built a city which he called by his own name. Some suppose that he only conquered a city there called Anactoria, which assumed his name. They further say, that he put the inhabitants to the sword, and divided the women among his soldiers. Cyanea, a daughter of the Mæander, fell to his share. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 446.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A celebrated town of Asia Minor, the capital of all Ionia, situate about 10 stadia south of the mouth of the river Mæander, near the sea coast on the confines of Ionia and Caria. It was founded by a Cretan colony under Miletus, or, according to others, by Neleus the son of Codrus, or by Sarpedon, Jupiter’s son. It has successively been called _Lelegeis_, _Pithyusa_, and _Anactoria_. The inhabitants, called _Milesii_, were very powerful, and long maintained an obstinate war against the kings of Lydia. They early applied themselves to navigation, and planted no less than 80 colonies, or, according to Seneca, 380, in different parts of the world. Miletus gave birth to Thales, Anaximenes, Anaximander, Hecatæus, Timotheus the musician, Pittacus, one of the seven wise men, &c. Miletus was also famous for a temple and an oracle of Apollo Didymæus, and for its excellent wool, with which were made stuffs and garments, held in the highest reputation, both for softness, elegance, and beauty. The words _Milesiæ fabulæ_, or _Milesiaca_, were used to express wanton and ludicrous plays. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 413. ――_Capitolinus_, _Life of Albinus_, ch. 11.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 306.――_Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c. ――_Seneca_, _de Consolatione ad Helviam_.

=Milias=, a part of Lycia.

=Milichus=, a freedman who discovered Piso’s conspiracy against Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 54.

=Milinus=, a Cretan king, &c.

=Milionia=, a town of the Samnites, taken by the Romans.

=Mīlo=, a celebrated athlete of Crotona in Italy. His father’s name was Diotimus. He early accustomed himself to carry the greatest burdens, and by degrees became a monster in strength. It is said that he carried on his shoulders a young bullock four years old, for above 40 yards, and afterwards killed it with one blow of his fist, and ate it up in one day. He was seven times crowned at the Pythian games, and six at Olympia. He presented himself a seventh time, but no one had the courage or boldness to enter the lists against him. He was one of the disciples of Pythagoras, and to his uncommon strength the learned preceptor and his pupils owed their life. The pillar which supported the roof of the school suddenly gave way, but Milo supported the whole weight of the building, and gave the philosopher and his auditors time to escape. In his old age Milo attempted to pull up a tree by the roots and break it. He partly effected it, but his strength being gradually exhausted, the tree, when half cleft, re-united, and his hands remained pinched in the body of the tree. He was then alone, and being unable to disentangle himself, he was eaten up by the wild beasts of the place, about 300 years before the christian era. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15.――_Cicero_, _de Senectute_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 16. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 11.――――Titus Annius, a native of Lanuvium, who attempted to obtain the consulship at Rome by intrigue and seditious tumults. Clodius the tribune opposed his views, yet Milo would have succeeded had not an unfortunate event totally frustrated his hopes. As he was going into the country, attended by his wife and a numerous retinue of gladiators and servants, he met on the Appian road his enemy Clodius, who was returning to Rome with three of his friends and some domestics completely armed. A quarrel arose between the servants. Milo supported his attendants, and the dispute became general. Clodius received many severe wounds, and was obliged to retire to a neighbouring cottage. Milo pursued his enemy in his retreat, and ordered his servants to despatch him. Eleven of the servants of Clodius shared his fate, as also the owner of the house who had given them a reception. The body of the murdered tribune was carried to Rome, and exposed to public view. The enemies of Milo inveighed bitterly against the violence and barbarity with which the sacred person of a tribune had been treated. Cicero undertook the defence of Milo, but the continual clamours of the friends of Clodius, and the sight of an armed soldiery, which surrounded the seat of judgment, so terrified the orator, that he forgot the greatest part of his arguments, and the defence he made was weak and injudicious. Milo was condemned and banished to Massilia. Cicero soon after sent his exiled friend a copy of the oration which he had delivered in his defence, in the form in which we have it now; and Milo, after he had read it, exclaimed, “O Cicero, hadst thou spoken before my accusers in those terms, Milo would not be now eating figs at Marseilles.” The friendship and cordiality of Cicero and Milo were the fruits of long intimacy and familiar intercourse. It was by the successful labours of Milo that the orator was recalled from banishment and restored to his friends. _Cicero_, _For Milo_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, chs. 47 & 68.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 40.――――A general of the forces of Pyrrhus. He was made governor of Tarentum, and that he might be reminded of his duty to his sovereign, Pyrrhus sent him as a present a chain, which was covered with the skin of Nicias the physician, who had perfidiously offered the Romans to poison his royal master for a sum of money. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, &c.――――A tyrant of Pisa in Elis, thrown into the river Alpheus by his subjects for his oppression. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 325.

=Milōnius=, a drunken buffoon at Rome, accustomed to dance when intoxicated. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 24.

=Miltas=, a soothsayer, who assisted Dion in explaining prodigies, &c.

=Miltiădes=, an Athenian, son of Cypselus, who obtained a victory in a chariot race at the Olympic games, and led a colony of his countrymen to the Chersonesus. The causes of this appointment are striking and singular. The Thracian Dolonci, harassed by a long war with the Absynthians, were directed by the oracle of Delphi to take for their king the first man they met in their return home, who invited them to come under his roof and partake of his entertainments. This was Miltiades, whom the appearance of the Dolonci, their strange arms and garments, had struck. He invited them to his house, and was made acquainted with the commands of the oracle. He obeyed, and when the oracle of Delphi had approved a second time the choice of the Dolonci, he departed for the Chersonesus, and was invested by the inhabitants with sovereign power. The first measure he took was to stop the further incursions of the Absynthians, by building a strong wall across the isthmus. When he had established himself at home, and fortified his dominions against foreign invasion, he turned his arms against Lampsacus. His expedition was unsuccessful; he was taken in an ambuscade, and made prisoner. His friend Crœsus king of Lydia was informed of his captivity, and he procured his release by threatening the people of Lampsacus with his severest displeasure. He lived a few years after he had recovered his liberty. As he had no issue, he left his kingdom and his possessions to Stesagoras the son of Cimon, who was his brother by the same mother. The memory of Miltiades was greatly honoured by the Dolonci, and they regularly celebrated festivals and exhibited shows in commemoration of a man to whom they owed their greatness and preservation. Some time after Stesagoras died without issue, and Miltiades the son of Cimon, and the brother of the deceased, was sent by the Athenians with one ship to take possession of the Chersonesus. At his arrival Miltiades appeared mournful, as if lamenting the recent death of his brother. The principal inhabitants of the country visited the new governor to condole with him; but their confidence in his sincerity proved fatal to them. Miltiades seized their persons, and made himself absolute in Chersonesus; and to strengthen himself he married Hegesipyla, the daughter of Olorus the king of the Thracians. His prosperity, however, was of short duration. In the third year of his government his dominions were threatened by an invasion of the Scythian Nomades, whom Darius had some time before irritated by entering their country. He fled before them, but as their hostilities were but momentary, he was soon restored to his kingdom. Three years after he left Chersonesus and set sail for Athens, where he was received with great applause. He was present at the celebrated battle of Marathon, in which all the chief officers ceded their power to him, and left the event of the battle to depend upon his superior abilities. He obtained an important victory [_See:_ Marathon] over the more numerous forces of his adversaries; and when he had demanded of his fellow-citizens an olive crown as the reward of his valour in the field of battle, he was not only refused, but severely reprimanded for presumption. The only reward, therefore, that he received for a victory which proved so beneficial to the interests of universal Greece, was in itself simple and inconsiderable, though truly great in the opinion of that age. He was represented in the front of a picture among the rest of the commanders who fought at the battle of Marathon, and he seemed to exhort and animate his soldiers to fight with courage and intrepidity. Some time after Miltiades was entrusted with a fleet of 70 ships, and ordered to punish those islands which had revolted to the Persians. He was successful at first, but a sudden report that the Persian fleet was coming to attack him, changed his operations as he was besieging Paros. He raised the siege and returned to Athens, where he was accused of treason, and ♦particularly of holding a correspondence with the enemy. The falsity of these accusations might have appeared, if Miltiades had been able to come into the assembly. A wound which he had received before Paros detained him at home, and his enemies, taking advantage of his absence, became more eager in their accusations and louder in their clamours. He was condemned to death, but the rigour of the sentence was retracted on the recollection of his great services to the Athenians, and he was put into prison till he had paid a fine of 50 talents to the state. His inability to discharge so great a sum detained him in confinement, and soon after his wounds became incurable, and he died about 489 years before the christian era. His body was ransomed by his son Cimon, who was obliged to borrow and pay the 50 talents, to give his father a decent burial. The crimes of Miltiades were probably aggravated in the eyes of his countrymen when they remembered how he made himself absolute in Chersonesus; and in condemning the barbarity of the Athenians towards a general who was the source of their military prosperity, we must remember the jealousy which ever reigns among a free and independent people, and how watchful they are in defence of the natural rights which they see wrested from others by violence and oppression. Cornelius Nepos has written the life of Miltiades the son of Cimon; but his history is incongruous and not authentic; and the author, by confounding the actions of the son of Cimon with those of the son of Cypselus, has made the whole dark and unintelligible. Greater reliance in reading the actions of both the Miltiades is to be placed on the narration of Herodotus, whose veracity is confirmed, and who was indisputably more informed and more capable of giving an account of the life and exploits of men who flourished in his age, and of which he could see the living monuments. Herodotus was born about six years after the famous battle of Marathon, and Cornelius Nepos, as a writer of the Augustan age, flourished about 450 years after the age of the father of history. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 137; bk. 6, ch. 34, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Cimon_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Justin_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias._――――An Archon of Athens.

♦ ‘paticularly’ replaced with ‘particularly’

=Milto=, a favourite mistress of Cyrus the younger. _See:_ Aspasia.

=Milvius=, a parasite at Rome, &c. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 7.――――A bridge at Rome over the Tiber, now called _Pont de Molle_. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 13, ltr. 33.――_Sallust_, _Catilinæ Coniuratio_, ch. 45.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 47.

=Milyas=, a country of Asia Minor, better known by the name of Lycia. Its inhabitants, called _Milyades_, and afterwards _Solymi_, were among the numerous nations which formed the army of Xerxes in his invasion of Greece. _Herodotus._――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1, ch. 38.

=Mimallŏnes=, the Bacchanals, who, when they celebrated the orgies of Bacchus, put horns on their heads. They are also called _Mimallonides_, and some derive their name from the mountain Mimas. _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 99.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, li. 541. ――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 660.

=Mimas=, a giant whom Jupiter destroyed with thunder. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4.――――A high mountain of Asia Minor, near Colophon. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 5.――――A Trojan, son of Theano and Amycus, born on the same night as Paris, with whom he lived in great intimacy. He followed the fortune of Æneas, and was killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 702.

=Mimnermus=, a Greek poet and musician of Colophon in the age of Solon. He chiefly excelled in elegiac poetry, whence some have attributed the invention of it to him; and, indeed, he was the poet who made elegy an amorous poem, instead of a mournful and melancholy tale. In the expression of love, Propertius prefers him to Homer, as this verse shows:

_Plus in amore valet Mimnermi versus Homero_.

In his old age Mimnermus became enamoured of a young girl called Nanno. Some few fragments of his poetry remain, collected by Stobæus. He is supposed by some to be the inventor of the pentameter verse, which others, however, attribute to Callinus or Archilochus. The surname of _Ligustiades_, λιγυς (_shrill-voiced_), has been applied to him, though some imagine the word to be the name of his father. _Strabo_, bks. 1 & 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 1.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 11.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 65.

=Mincius=, now _Mincio_, a river of Venetia, flowing from the lake Benacus, and falling into the Po. Virgil was born on its banks. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7, li. 13; _Germania_, ch. 3, li. 15; _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 206.

=Mindărus=, a commander of the Spartan fleet during the Peloponnesian war. He was defeated by the Athenians, and died 410 B.C. _Plutarch._

=Mīnēĭdes=, the daughters of Minyas or Mineus, king of Orchomenos in Bœotia. They were three in number, Leuconoe, Leucippe, and Alcithoe. Ovid calls the two first Clymene and Iris. They derided the orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety the god inspired them with an unconquerable desire of eating human flesh. They drew lots which of them should give up her son as food to the rest. The lot fell upon Leucippe, and she gave up her son Hippasus, who was instantly devoured by the three sisters. They were changed into bats. In commemoration of this bloody crime, it was usual among the Orchomenians for the high priest, as soon as the sacrifice was finished, to pursue, with a drawn sword, all the women who had entered the temple, and even to kill the first he came up to. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 12.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Græcæ_, ch. 38.

=Mĭnerva=, the goddess of wisdom, war, and all the liberal arts, was produced from Jupiter’s brain without a mother. The god, as it is reported, married Metis, whose superior prudence and sagacity above the rest of the gods, made him apprehend that the children of such a union would be of a more exalted nature, and more intelligent than their father. To prevent this, Jupiter devoured Metis in her pregnancy, and some time after, to relieve the pains which he suffered in his head, he ordered Vulcan to cleave it open. Minerva came all armed and grown up from her father’s brain, and immediately was admitted into the assembly of the gods, and made one of the most faithful counsellors of her father. The power of Minerva was great in heaven; she could hurl the thunders of Jupiter, prolong the life of men, bestow the gift of prophecy, and, indeed, she was the only one of all the divinities whose authority and consequence were equal to those of Jupiter. The actions of Minerva are numerous, as well as the kindnesses by which she endeared herself to mankind. Her quarrel with Neptune concerning the right of giving a name to the capital of Cecropia deserves attention. The assembly of the gods settled the dispute by promising the preference to whichever of the two gave the most useful and necessary present to the inhabitants of the earth. Neptune, upon this, struck the ground with his trident, and immediately a horse issued from the earth. Minerva produced the olive, and obtained the victory by the unanimous voice of the gods, who observed that the olive, as the emblem of peace, is far preferable to the horse, the symbol of war and bloodshed. The victorious deity called the capital _Athenæ_, and became the tutelar goddess of the place. Minerva was always very jealous of her power, and the manner in which she punished the presumption of Arachne is well known. _See:_ Arachne. The attempts of Vulcan to offer her violence, are strong marks of her virtue. Jupiter had sworn by the Styx to give to Vulcan, who had made him a complete suit of armour, whatever he desired. Vulcan demanded Minerva, and the father of the gods, who had permitted Minerva to live in perpetual celibacy, consented, but privately advised his daughter to make all the resistance she could to frustrate the attempts of her lover. The prayers and force of Vulcan proved ineffectual, and her chastity was not violated, though the god left on her body the marks of his passion, and, from the impurity which proceeded from this scuffle, and which Minerva threw down upon the earth, wrapped up in wool, was born Erichthon, an uncommon monster. _See:_ Erichthonius. Minerva was the first who built a ship, and it was her zeal for navigation, and her care for the Argonauts, which placed the prophetic tree of Dodona behind the ship Argo, when going to Colchis. She was known among the ancients by many names. She was called Athena, Pallas [_See:_ Pallas], Parthenos, from her remaining in perpetual celibacy; Tritonia, because worshipped near the lake Tritonis; Glaucopis, from the blueness of her eyes; Agorea, from her presiding over markets; Hippia, because she first taught mankind how to manage the horse; Stratea and Area, from her martial character; Coryphagenes, because born from Jupiter’s brain; Sais, because worshipped at Sais, &c. Some attributed to her the invention of the flute, whence she was surnamed Andon, Luscinia, Musica, Salpiga, &c. She, as it is reported, once amused herself in playing upon her favourite flute before Juno and Venus, but the goddesses ridiculed the distortion of her face in blowing the instrument. Minerva, convinced of the justness of their remarks by looking at herself in a fountain near mount Ida, threw away the musical instrument, and denounced a melancholy death to him who found it. Marsyas was the miserable proof of the veracity of her expressions. The worship of Minerva was universally established; she had magnificent temples in Egypt, Phœnicia, all parts of Greece, Italy, Gaul, and Sicily. Sais, Rhodes, and Athens particularly claimed her attention, and it is even said that Jupiter rained a shower of gold upon the island of Rhodes, which had paid so much veneration and such an early reverence to the divinity of his daughter. The festivals celebrated in her honour were solemn and magnificent. _See:_ Panathenæa. She was invoked by every artist, and particularly such as worked in wool, embroidery, painting, and sculpture. It was the duty of almost every member of society to implore the assistance and patronage of a deity who presided over sense, taste, and reason. Hence the poets have had occasion to say,

_Tu nihil invitâ dices faciesve Minervâ_,

and,

_Qui bene placârit Pallada, doctus erit_.

Minerva was represented in different ways, according to the different characters in which she appeared. She generally appeared with a countenance full more of masculine firmness and composure, than of softness and grace. Most usually she was represented with a helmet on her head, with a large plume nodding in the air. In one hand she held a spear, and in the other a shield, with the dying head of Medusa upon it. Sometimes this Gorgon’s head was on her breastplate, with living serpents writhing round it, as well as round her shield and helmet. In most of her statues she is represented as sitting, and sometimes she holds in one hand a distaff, instead of a spear. When she appeared as the goddess of the liberal arts she was arrayed in a variegated veil, which the ancients called _peplum_. Sometimes Minerva’s helmet was covered at the top with the figure of a cock, a bird which, on account of his great courage, is properly sacred to the goddess of war. Some of her statues represented her helmet with a sphinx in the middle, supported on either side by griffins. In some medals, a chariot drawn by four horses, or sometimes a dragon or a serpent, with winding spires, appear at the top of her helmet. She was partial to the olive tree; the owl and the cock were her favourite birds, and the dragon among reptiles was sacred to her. The functions, offices, and actions of Minerva seem so numerous, that they undoubtedly originate in more than one person. Cicero speaks of five persons of this name; a Minerva, mother of Apollo; a daughter of the Nile, who was worshipped at Sais, in Egypt; a third, born from Jupiter’s brain; a fourth, daughter of Jupiter and Coryphe; and a fifth, daughter of Pallas, generally represented with winged shoes. This last put her father to death because he attempted her virtue. _Pausanias_, bks. 1, 2, 3, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 16; bk. 3, ode 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, &c.――_Strabo_, bks. 6, 9, & 13. ――_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, &c.; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 15; bk. 3, ch. 23, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, poem 7.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 354.――_Sophocles_, _Œdipus_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, &c.; _Odyssey_; _Hymn to Pallas Athena_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Aeschylus_, _Eumenides_.――_Lucian_, _Dialogues_.――_Clement of Alexandria_, _Stromateis_, bk. 2. ――_Orpheus_, _Hymns_, poem 31.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bk. 14, li. 448. ――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Hyginus_, fable 168.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 2, li. 721; bk. 7, &c.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Demeter_. ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Pausanias_. ――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_, &c.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5.

=Minervæ Castrum=, a town of Calabria, now _Castro_.――――Promontorium, a cape at the most southern extremity of Campania.

=Mĭnervālia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Minerva, celebrated in the months of March and June. During this solemnity scholars obtained some relaxation from their studious pursuits, and the present, which it was usual for them to offer to their masters, was called _Minerval_, in honour of the goddess Minerva, who patronized over literature. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, li. 809.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 30.

=Mĭnio=, now _Mignone_, a river of Etruria, falling into the Tyrrhene sea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 183.――――One of the favourites of Antiochus king of Syria.

=Minnæi=, a people of Arabia, on the Red sea. _Pliny_, bk. 12, ch. 14.

=Minoa=, a town of Sicily, built by Minos when he was pursuing Dædalus, and called also _Heraclea_.――――A town of Peloponnesus.――――A town of Crete.

=Minois=, belonging to Minos. Crete is called _Minoia regna_, as being the legislator’s kingdom. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 14.――――A patronymic of Ariadne. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 157.

=Minos=, a king of Crete, son of Jupiter and Europa, who gave laws to his subjects, B.C. 1406, which still remained in full force in the age of the philosopher Plato. His justice and moderation procured him the appellation of the favourite of the gods, the confidant of Jupiter, the wise legislator, in every city of Greece; and, according to the poets, he was rewarded for his equity, after death, with the office of supreme and absolute judge in the infernal regions. In this capacity, he is represented sitting in the middle of the shades and holding a sceptre in his hand. The dead plead their different causes before him, and the impartial judge shakes the fatal urn, which is filled with the destinies of mankind. He married Ithona, by whom he had Lycastes, who was the father of Minos II. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 19, li. 178.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 432.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Hyginus_, fable 41.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 28.

=Minos II.=, was a son of Lycastes, the son of Minos I. king of Crete. He married Pasiphae the daughter of Sol and Perseis, and by her he had many children. He increased his paternal dominions by the conquest of the neighbouring islands, but he showed himself cruel in the war which he carried on against the Athenians, who had put to death his son Androgeus. _See:_ Androgeus. He took Megara by the treachery of Scylla [_See:_ Scylla], and, not satisfied with a victory, he obliged the vanquished to bring him yearly to Crete seven chosen boys, and the same number of virgins, to be devoured by the Minotaur. _See:_ Minotaurus. This bloody tribute was at last abolished when Theseus had destroyed the monster. _See:_ Theseus. When Dædalus, whose industry and invention had fabricated the labyrinth, and whose imprudence, in assisting Pasiphae in the gratification of her unnatural desires, had offended Minos, fled from the place of his confinement with wings [_See:_ Dædalus], and arrived safe in Sicily, the incensed monarch pursued the offender, resolved to punish his infidelity. Cocalus king of Sicily, who had hospitably received Dædalus, entertained his royal guest with dissembled friendship; and that he might not deliver to him a man whose ingenuity and abilities he so well knew, he put Minos to death. Some say that it was the daughters of Cocalus who put the king of Crete to death, by detaining him so long in a bath till he fainted, after which they suffocated him. Minos died about 35 years before the Trojan war. He was father of Androgeus, Glaucus, and Deucalion, and two daughters, Phædra and Ariadne. Many authors have confounded the two monarchs of this name, the grandfather and the grandson, but Homer, Plutarch, and Diodorus prove plainly that they were two different persons. _Pausanias_, _Achaia_, ch. 4.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Hyginus_, fable 41.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 141.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 21. ――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――_Athenæus._――_Flaccus_, bk. 14.

=Minōtaurus=, a celebrated monster, half a man and half a bull, according to this verse of Ovid, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 24,

_Semibovemque virum, semivirumque bovem_.

It was the fruit of Pasiphae’s amour with a bull. Minos refused to sacrifice a white bull to Neptune, an animal which he had received from the god for that purpose. This offended Neptune, and he made Pasiphae the wife of ♦Minos enamoured of this fine bull, which had been refused to his altars. Dædalus prostituted his talents in being subservient to the queen’s unnatural desires, and, by his means, Pasiphae’s horrible passions were gratified, and the Minotaur came into the world. Minos confined in the labyrinth a monster which convinced the world of his wife’s lasciviousness and indecency, and reflected disgrace upon his family. The Minotaur usually devoured the chosen young men and maidens, whom the tyranny of Minos yearly extracted from the Athenians. Theseus delivered his country from this shameful tribute, when it had fallen to his lot to be sacrificed to the voracity of the Minotaur, and, by means of Ariadne, the king’s daughter, he destroyed the monster, and made his escape from the windings of the labyrinth. The fabulous traditions of the Minotaur, and of the infamous commerce of Pasiphae with a favourite bull, have been often explained. Some suppose that Pasiphae was enamoured of one of her husband’s courtiers, called Taurus, and that Dædalus favoured the passion of the queen by suffering his house to become the retreat of the two lovers. Pasiphae, some time after, brought twins into the world, one of whom greatly resembled Minos, and the other Taurus. In the natural resemblance of their countenance with that of their supposed fathers originated their name, and consequently the fable of the Minotaur. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 2.――_Hyginus_, fable 40.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Palæphatus._――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 26.

♦ ‘Minys’ replaced with ‘Minos’

=Minthe=, a daughter of Cocytus, loved by Pluto. Proserpine discovered her husband’s amour, and changed his mistress into an herb, called by the same name, _mint_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 729.

=Minturnæ=, a town of Campania, between Sinuessa and Formiæ. It was in the marshes, in its neighbourhood, that Marius concealed himself in the mud, to avoid the partisans of Sylla. The people condemned him to death, but when his voice alone had terrified the executioner, they showed themselves compassionate, and favoured his escape. Marica was worshipped there; hence _Maricæ regna_ applied to the place. _Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 10; bk. 10, ch. 21; bk. 27, ch. 38.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 14.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 424.

=Mĭnŭtia=, a vestal virgin, accused of debauchery on account of the beauty and elegance of her dress. She was condemned to be buried alive because a female supported the false accusation, A.U.C. 418. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 15.――――A public way from Rome to Brundusium. _See:_ Via.

=Mĭnŭtius Augurinus=, a Roman consul slain in a battle against the Samnites.――――A tribune of the people, who put Mælius to death when he aspired to the sovereignty of Rome. He was honoured with a brazen statue for causing the corn to be sold at a reduced price to the people. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 16.――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 3.――――Rufus, a master of horse to the dictator Fabius Maximus. His disobedience to the commands of the dictator was productive of an extension of his prerogative, and the master of the horse was declared equal in power to the dictator. Minutius, soon after this, fought with ill success against Annibal, and was saved by the interference of Fabius; which circumstance had such an effect upon him, that he laid down his power at the feet of his deliverer, and swore that he would never act again but by his directions. He was killed at the battle of Cannæ. _Livy. _――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.――――A Roman consul who defended Coriolanus from the insults of the people, &c.――――Another, defeated by the Æqui, and disgraced by the dictator Cincinnatus.――――An officer under Cæsar, in Gaul, who afterwards became one of the conspirators against his patron. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 29.――――A tribune who warmly opposed the views of Caius Gracchus.――――A Roman, chosen dictator, and obliged to lay down his office, because, during the time of his election, the sudden cry of a rat was heard.――――A Roman, one of the first who were chosen questors.――――Felix, an African lawyer, who flourished 207 A.D. He has written an elegant dialogue in defence of the christian religion, called _Octavius_, from the principal speaker in it. This book was long attributed to Arnobius, and even printed as an eighth book (_Octavus_), till Balduinus discovered the imposition in his edition of Felix, 1560. The two last editions are that of Davies, 8vo, Cambridge, 1712; and of Gronovius, 8vo, Leiden, 1709.

=Minyæ=, a name given to the inhabitants of Orchomenos in Bœotia, from Minyas king of the country. Orchomenos the son of Minyas gave his name to the capital of the country, and the inhabitants still retained their original appellation, in contradistinction to the Orchomenians of Arcadia. A colony of Orchomenians passed into Thessaly and settled in Iolchos; from which circumstance the people of the place, and particularly the Argonauts, were called Minyæ. This name they received, according to the opinion of some, not because a number of Orchomenians had settled among them, but because the chief and noblest of them were descended from the daughters of Minyas. Part of the Orchomenians accompanied the sons of Codrus when they migrated to Ionia. The descendants of the Argonauts, as well as the Argonauts themselves, received the name of Minyæ. They first inhabited Lemnos, where they had been born from the Lemnian women who had murdered their husbands. They were driven from Lemnos by the Pelasgi about 1160 years before the christian era, and came to settle in Laconia, from whence they passed into Calliste with a colony of Lacedæmonians. _Hyginus_, fable 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 6.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1, _Argonautica_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 145.

=Mĭnyas=, a king of Bœotia, son of Neptune and Tritogenia the daughter of Æolus. Some make him the son of Neptune and Callirrhoe, or of Chryses, Neptune’s son, and Chrysogenia the daughter of Halmus. He married Clytodora, by whom he had Presbon, Periclymenus, and Eteoclymenus. He was father of Orchomenos, Diochithondes, and Athamas, by a second marriage with Phanasora the daughter of Paon. According to Plutarch and Ovid, he had three daughters, called Leuconoe, Alcithoe, and Leucippe. They were changed into bats. _See:_ Mineides. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Græcæ_, ch. 38. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, lis. 1 & 468.

=Miny̆cus=, a river of Thessaly, falling into the sea near Arene, called afterwards Orchomenus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Minyeides.= _See:_ Mineides.

=Minyia=, a festival observed at Orchomenus, in honour of Minyas the king of the place. The Orchomenians were called Minyæ, and the river upon whose banks their town was built, Mynos.――――A small island near Patmos.

=Minytus=, one of Niobe’s sons. _Apollodorus._

=Miraces=, a eunuch of Parthia, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 690.

=Misēnum=, or =Misenus=. _See:_ Misenus.

=Misēnus=, a son of Æolus, who was piper to Hector. After Hector’s death he followed Æneas to Italy, and was drowned on the coast of Campania, because he had challenged one of the Tritons. Æneas afterwards found his body on the sea-shore, and buried it on a promontory which bears his name, now _Miseno_. There was also a town of the same name on the promontory, at the west of the bay of Naples, and it had also a capacious harbour, where Augustus and some of the Roman emperors generally kept stationed one of their fleets. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 239; bk. 6, lis. 164 & 234.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 13.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 9; _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 51.

=Misitheus=, a Roman celebrated for his virtues and his misfortunes. He was father-in-law to the emperor Gordian, whose counsels and actions he guided by his prudence and moderation. He was sacrificed to the ambition of Philip, a wicked senator who succeeded him as prefect of the pretorian guards. He died A.D. 243, and left all his possessions to be appropriated for the good of the public.

=Mithras=, a god of Persia, supposed to be the sun, or, according to others, Venus Urania. His worship was introduced at Rome, and the Romans raised him altars, on which was this ♦inscription, _Deo Soli Mithræ_, or _Soli Deo invicto Mithræ_. He is generally represented as a young man, whose head is covered with a turban, after the manner of the Persians. He supports his knee upon a bull that lies on the ground, and one of whose horns he holds in one hand, while with the other he plunges a dagger into his neck. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 1, li. 720.――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Claudian_, _de consulatu Stilichonis_, bk. 1.

♦ ‘incription’ replaced with ‘inscription’

=Mithracenses=, a Persian who fled to Alexander after the murder of Darius by Bessus. _Curtius_, bk. 5.

=Mithradātes=, a herdsman of Astyages, ordered to put young Cyrus to death. He refused, and educated him at home as his own son, &c. _Herodotus._――_Justin._

=Mithrēnes=, a Persian who betrayed Sardes, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 3.

=Mithridātes I.=, was the third king of Pontus. He was tributary to the crown of Persia, and his attempts to make himself independent proved fruitless. He was conquered in a battle, and obtained peace with difficulty. Xenophon calls him merely a governor of Cappadocia. He was succeeded by Ariobarzanes, B.C. 363. _Diodorus._――_Xenophon._

=Mithridātes II.=, king of Pontus, was grandson to Mithridates I. He made himself master of Pontus, which had been conquered by Alexander, and had been ceded to Antigonus at the general division of the Macedonian empire among the conqueror’s generals. He reigned about 26 years, and died at the advanced age of 84 years, B.C. 302. He was succeeded by his son Mithridates III. Some say that Antigonus put him to death, because he favoured the cause of Cassander. _Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.――_Diodorus._

=Mithridātes III.=, was son of the preceding monarch. He enlarged his paternal possessions by the conquest of Cappadocia and Paphlagonia, and died after a reign of 36 years. _Florus._

=Mithridātes IV.=, succeeded his father Ariobarzanes, who was the son of Mithridates III.

=Mithridātes V.=, succeeded his father Mithridates IV., and strengthened himself on his throne by an alliance with Antiochus the Great, whose daughter Laodice he married. He was succeeded by his son Pharnaces.

=Mithridātes VI.=, succeeded his father Pharnaces. He was the first of the kings of Pontus who made alliance with the Romans. He furnished them with a fleet in the third Punic war, and assisted them against Aristonicus, who had laid claim to the kingdom of Pergamus. This fidelity was rewarded; he was called _Evergetes_, and received from the Roman people the province of Phrygia Major, and was called the friend and ally of Rome. He was murdered B.C. 123. _Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.――_Justin_, bk. 37, &c.

=Mithridātes VII.=, surnamed _Eupator_ and _The Great_, succeeded his father Mithridates VI., though only at the age of 11 years. The beginning of his reign was marked by ambition, cruelty, and artifice. He murdered his own mother, who had been left by his father co-heiress of the kingdom, and he fortified his constitution by drinking antidotes against the poison with which his enemies at court attempted to destroy him. He early inured his body to hardship, and employed himself in many manly exercises, often remaining whole months in the country, and making the frozen snow and the earth the place of his repose. Naturally ambitious and cruel, he spared no pains to acquire himself power and dominion. He murdered the two sons whom his sister Laodice had had by Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, and placed one of his own children, only eight years old, on the vacant throne. These violent proceedings alarmed Nicomedes king of Bithynia, who married Laodice the widow of Ariarathes. He suborned a youth to be king of Cappadocia, as the third son of Ariarathes, and Laodice was sent to Rome to impose upon the senate, and assure them that her third son was still alive, and that his pretensions to the kingdom of Cappadocia were just and well grounded. Mithridates used the same arms of dissimulation. He also sent to Rome Gordius, the governor of his son, who solemnly declared before the Roman people, that the youth who sat on the throne of Cappadocia was the third son and lawful heir of Ariarathes, and that he was supported as such by Mithridates. This intricate affair displeased the Roman senate, and finally to settle the dispute between the two monarchs, the powerful arbiters took away the kingdom of Cappadocia from Mithridates, and Paphlagonia from Nicomedes. These two kingdoms, being thus separated from their original possessors, were presented with their freedom and independence; but the Cappadocians refused it, and received Ariobarzanes for king. Such were the first seeds of enmity between Rome and the king of Pontus. _See:_ Mithridaticum bellum. Mithridates never lost an opportunity by which he might lessen the influence of his adversaries; and the more effectually to destroy their power in Asia, he ordered all the Romans that were in his dominions to be massacred. This was done in one night, and no less than 150,000, according to Plutarch, or 80,000 Romans, as Appian mentions, were made, at one blow, the victims of his cruelty. This universal massacre called aloud for revenge. Aquilius, and soon after Sylla, marched against Mithridates with a large army. The former was made prisoner, but Sylla obtained a victory over the king’s generals, and another decisive engagement rendered him master of all Greece, Macedonia, Ionia, and Asia Minor, which had submitted to the victorious arms of the monarch of Pontus. This ill fortune was aggravated by the loss of about 200,000 men, who were killed in the several engagements that had been fought; and Mithridates, weakened by repeated ill success by sea and land, sued for peace from the conqueror, which he obtained on condition of defraying the expenses which the Romans had incurred by the war, and of remaining satisfied with the possessions which he had received from his ancestors. While these negotiations of peace were carried on, Mithridates was not unmindful of his real interests. His poverty, and not his inclinations, obliged him to wish for peace. He immediately took the field, with an army of 140,000 infantry and 16,000 horse, which consisted of his own forces and those of his son-in-law Tigranes king of Armenia. With such a numerous army, he soon made himself master of the Roman provinces in Asia; none dared to oppose his conquests, and the Romans, relying on his fidelity, had withdrawn the greatest part of their armies from the country. The news of his warlike preparations was no sooner heard, than Lucullus the consul marched into Asia, and without delay blocked up the camp of Mithridates, who was then besieging Cyzicus. The Asiatic monarch escaped from him, and fled into the heart of his kingdom. Lucullus pursued him with the utmost celerity, and would have taken him prisoner after a battle, had not the avidity of his soldiers preferred the plundering of a mule loaded with gold, to the taking of a monarch who had exercised such cruelties against their countrymen, and shown himself so faithless to the most solemn engagements. After this escape, Mithridates was more careful about the safety of his person, and he even ordered his wives and sisters to destroy themselves, fearful of their falling into the enemy’s hands. The appointment of Glabrio to the command of the Roman forces, instead of Lucullus, was favourable to Mithridates, and he recovered the greatest part of his dominions. The sudden arrival of Pompey, however, soon put an end to his victories. A battle, in the night, was fought near the Euphrates, in which the troops of Pontus laboured under every disadvantage. The engagement was by moonlight, and, as the moon then shone in the face of the enemy, the lengthened shadows of the arms of the Romans having induced Mithridates to believe that the two armies were close together, the arrows of his soldiers were darted from a great distance, and their efforts rendered ineffectual. A universal overthrow ensued, and Mithridates, bold in his misfortunes, rushed through the thick ranks of the enemy, at the head of 800 horsemen, 500 of which perished in the attempt to follow him. He fled to Tigranes, but that monarch refused an asylum to his father-in-law, whom he had before supported with all the collected forces of his kingdom. Mithridates found a safe retreat among the Scythians, and, though destitute of power, friends, and resources, yet he meditated the destruction of the Roman empire, by penetrating into the heart of Italy by land. These wild projects were rejected by his followers, and he sued for peace. It was denied to his ♦ambassadors, and the victorious Pompey declared that, to obtain it, Mithridates must ask it in person. He scorned to trust himself into the hands of his enemy, and resolved to conquer or to die. His subjects refused to follow him any longer, and they revolted from him, and made his son Pharnaces king. The son showed himself ungrateful to his father, and even, according to some writers, he ordered him to be put to death. This unnatural treatment broke the heart of Mithridates; he obliged his wife to poison herself, and attempted to do the same himself. It was in vain; the frequent antidotes he had taken in the early part of his life strengthened his constitution against the poison, and, when this was unavailing, he attempted to stab himself. The blow was not mortal; and a Gaul, who was then present, at his own request, gave him the fatal stroke, about 63 years before the christian era, in the 72nd year of his age. Such were the misfortunes, abilities, and miserable end of a man, who supported himself so long against the power of Rome, and who, according to the declaration of the Roman authors, proved a more powerful and indefatigable adversary to the capital of Italy, than the great Annibal, and Pyrrhus, Perseus, or Antiochus. Mithridates has been commended for his eminent virtues, and censured for his vices. As a commander he deserves the most unbounded applause, and it may create admiration to see him waging war with such success during so many years against the most powerful people on earth, led to the field by a Sylla, a Lucullus, and a Pompey. He was the greatest monarch that ever sat on a throne, according to the opinion of Cicero; and, indeed, no better proof of his military character can be brought, than the mention of the great rejoicings which happened in the Roman armies and in the capital at the news of his death. No less than 12 days were appointed for public thanksgivings to the immortal gods, and Pompey, who had sent the first intelligence of his death to Rome, and who had partly hastened his fall, was rewarded with the most uncommon honours. _See:_ Ampia lex. It is said that Mithridates conquered 24 nations, whose different languages he knew, and spoke with the same ease and fluency as his own. As a man of letters he also deserves attention. He was acquainted with the Greek language, and even wrote in that dialect a treatise on botany. His skill in physic is well known, and even now there is a celebrated antidote which bears his name, and is called _Mithridate_. Superstition, as well as nature, had united to render him great; and if we rely upon the authority of Justin, his birth was accompanied by the appearance of two large comets, which were seen for 70 days successively, and whose splendour eclipsed the mid-day sun, and covered the fourth part of the heavens. _Justin_, bk. 37, ch. 1, &c.――_Strabo._――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c. ――_Plutarch_, _Sulla_; _Lucullus_; _Caius Marius_; & _Pompey_. ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 6, &c.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 30, &c.――_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 97; bk. 7, ch. 24; bk. 25, ch. 2; bk. 33, ch. 3, &c.――_Cicero_, _On Pompey’s Command_, &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――_Eutropius_, bk. 5. ――_Josephus_, bk. 14.――_Orosius_, bk. 6, &c.

♦ ‘ambassaders’ replaced with ‘ambassadors’

=Mithridātes=, a king of Parthia, who took Demetrius prisoner.――――A man made king of Armenia by Tiberius. He was afterwards imprisoned by Caligula, and set at liberty by Claudius. He was murdered by one of his nephews, and his family were involved in his ruin. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.――――Another, king of Armenia.――――A king of Pergamus, who warmly embraced the cause of Julius Cæsar, and was made king of Bosphorus by him. Some supposed him to be the son of the great Mithridates by a concubine. He was murdered, &c.――――A king of Iberia.――――Another of Comagena.――――A celebrated king of Parthia, who enlarged his possessions by the conquest of some of the neighbouring countries. He examined with a careful eye the constitution and political regulations of the nations he had conquered, and framed from them, for the service of his own subjects, a code of laws. _Justin._――_Orosius._――――Another, who murdered his father, and made himself master of the crown.――――A king of Pontus, put to death by order of Galba, &c.――――A man in the armies of Artaxerxes. He was rewarded by the monarch for having wounded Cyrus the younger; but, when he boasted that he had killed him, he was cruelly put to death. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――――A son of Ariobarzanes, who basely murdered Datames. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.

=Mithridātĭcum bellum=, begun 89 years B.C., was one of the longest and most celebrated wars ever carried on by the Romans against a foreign power. The ambition of Mithridates, from whom it receives its name, may be called the cause and origin of it. His views upon the kingdom of Cappadocia, of which he was stripped by the Romans, first engaged him to take up arms against the republic. Three Romans officers, Lucius Cassius the proconsul, Marcus Aquilius, and Quintus Oppius, opposed Mithridates with the troops of Bithynia, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, and Gallo-græcia. The army of these provinces, together with the Roman soldiers in Asia, amounted to 70,000 men and 6000 horse. The forces of the king of Pontus were greatly superior to these; he led 250,000 foot, 40,000 horse, and 130 armed chariots into the field of battle, under the command of Neoptolemus and Archelaus. His fleet consisted of 400 ships of war, well manned and provisioned. In an engagement the king of Pontus obtained the victory, and dispersed the Roman forces in Asia. He became master of the greatest part of Asia, and the Hellespont submitted to his power. Two of the Roman generals were taken, and Marcus Aquilius, who was principally entrusted with the conduct of the war, was carried about in Asia, and exposed to the ridicule and insults of the populace, and at last put to death by Mithridates, who ordered melted gold to be poured down his throat, as a slur upon the avidity of the Romans. The conqueror took every possible advantage; he subdued all the islands of the Ægean sea, and, though Rhodes refused to submit to his power, yet all Greece was soon overrun by his general Archelaus, and made tributary to the kingdom of Pontus. Meanwhile the Romans, incensed against Mithridates on account of his perfidy, and of his cruelty in massacring 80,000 of their countrymen in one day all over Asia, appointed Sylla to march into the east. Sylla landed in Greece, where the inhabitants readily acknowledged his power; but Athens shut her gates against the Roman commander, and Archelaus, who defended it, defeated, with the greatest courage, all the efforts and operations of the enemy. This spirited defence was of short duration. Archelaus retreated into Bœotia, where Sylla soon followed him. The two hostile armies drew up in a line of battle near Chæronea, and the Romans obtained the victory, and of the almost innumerable forces of the Asiatics, no more than 10,000 escaped. Another battle in Thessaly, near Orchomenos, proved equally fatal to the king of Pontus. Dorylaus, one of his generals, was defeated, and he soon after sued for peace. Sylla listened to the terms of accommodation, as his presence at Rome was now become necessary to quell the commotions and cabals which his enemies had raised against him. He pledged himself to the king of Pontus to confirm him in the possession of his dominions, and to procure him the title of friend and ally of Rome; and Mithridates consented to relinquish Asia and Paphlagonia, to deliver Cappadocia to Ariobarzanes, and Bithynia to Nicomedes, and to pay to the Romans 2000 talents to defray the expenses of the war, and to deliver into their hands 70 galleys, with all their rigging. Though Mithridates seemed to have re-established peace in his dominions, yet Fimbria, whose sentiments were contrary to those of Sylla, and who made himself master of the army of Asia by intrigue and oppression, kept him under continual alarms, and rendered the existence of his power precarious. Sylla, who had returned from Greece to ratify the treaty which had been made with Mithridates, rid the world of the tyrannical Fimbria; and the king of Pontus, awed by the resolution and determined firmness of his adversary, agreed to the conditions, though with reluctance. The hostile preparations of Mithridates, which continued in the time of peace, became suspected by the Romans, and Muræna, who was left as governor of Asia in Sylla’s absence, and who wished to make himself known by some conspicuous action, began hostilities by taking Comana and plundering the temple of Bellona. Mithridates did not oppose him, but he complained of this breach of peace before the Roman senate. Muræna was publicly reprimanded; but, as he did not cease from hostilities, it was easily understood that he acted by the private directions of the Roman people. The king upon this marched against him, and a battle was fought, in which both the adversaries claimed the victory. This was the last blow which the king of Pontus received in this war, which is called the second Mithridatic war, and which continued for about three years. Sylla at that time was made perpetual dictator at Rome, and he commanded Muræna to retire from the kingdom of Mithridates. The death of Sylla changed the face of affairs; the treaty of peace between the king of Pontus and the Romans, which had never been committed to writing, demanded frequent explanations, and Mithridates at last threw off the mask of friendship, and declared war. Nicomedes, at his death, left his kingdom to the Romans, but Mithridates disputed their right to the possessions of the deceased monarch, and entered the field with 120,000 men, besides a fleet of 400 ships in his ports, 16,000 horsemen to follow him, and 100 chariots armed with scythes. Lucullus was appointed over Asia, and entrusted with the care of the Mithridatic war. His valour and prudence showed his merit; and Mithridates, in his vain attempts to take Cyzicum, lost no less than 300,000 men. Success continually attended the Roman arms. The king of Pontus was defeated in several bloody engagements, and with difficulty saved his life, and retired to his son-in-law Tigranes king of Armenia. Lucullus pursued him; and, when his applications for the person of the fugitive monarch had been despised by Tigranes, he marched to the capital of Armenia, and terrified, by his sudden approach, the numerous forces of the enemy. A battle ensued. The Romans obtained an easy victory, and no less than 100,000 foot of the Armenians perished, and only five men of the Romans were killed. Tigranocerta, the rich capital of the country, fell into the conqueror’s hands. After such signal victories, Lucullus had the mortification to see his own troops mutiny, and to be dispossessed of the command by the arrival of Pompey. The new general showed himself worthy to succeed Lucullus. He defeated Mithridates, and rendered his affairs so desperate, that the monarch fled for safety into the country of the Scythians; where, for a while, he meditated the ruin of the Roman empire, and, with more wildness than prudence, secretly resolved to invade Italy by land, and march an army across the northern wilds of Asia and Europe to the Apennines. Not only the kingdom of Mithridates had fallen into the enemy’s hands, but also all the neighbouring kings and princes were subdued, and Pompey saw prostrate at his feet Tigranes himself, that king of kings, who had lately treated the Romans with such contempt. Meantime, the wild projects of Mithridates terrified his subjects; and they, fearful to accompany him in a march of above 2000 miles across a barren and uncultivated country, revolted, and made his son king. The monarch, forsaken in his old age, even by his own children, put an end to his life [_See:_ Mithridates VII.], and gave the Romans cause to rejoice, as the third Mithridatic war was ended in his fall, B.C. 63. Such were the unsuccessful struggles of Mithridates against the power of Rome. He was always full of resources, and the Romans had never a greater or more dangerous war to sustain. The duration of the Mithridatic war is not precisely known. According to Justin, Orosius, Floras, and Eutropius, it lasted 40 years; but the opinion of others, who fix its duration to 30 years, is far more credible; and, indeed, by proper calculation, there elapsed no more than 26 years from the time that Mithridates first entered the field against the Romans, till the time of his death. _Appian_, _ Mithridatic Wars_.――_Justin_, bk. 37, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 2, &c.――_Livy._――_Plutarch_, _Lucullus_, &c.――_Orosius._――_Paterculus._――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Mithridātis=, a ♦daughter of Mithridates the Great. She was poisoned by her father.

♦ ‘daughther’ replaced with ‘daughter’

=Mithrobarzānes=, a king of Armenia, &c.――――An officer sent by Tigranes against Lucullus, &c. _Plutarch._――――The father-in-law of Datames.

=Mĭty̆lēne= and =Hĭty̆lĕnæ=, the capital city of the island of Lesbos, which receives its name from Mitylene the daughter of Macareus, a king of the country. It was greatly commended by the ancients for the stateliness of its buildings and the fruitfulness of its soil, but more particularly for the great men whom it produced. Pittacus, Alcæus, Sappho, Terpander, Theophanes, Hellenicus, &c., were all natives of Mitylene. It was long a seat of learning, and, with Rhodes and Athens, it had the honour of having educated many of the great men of Rome and Greece. In the Peloponnesian war the Mityleneans suffered greatly for their revolt from the power of Athens; and, in the Mithridatic wars, they had the boldness to resist the Romans, and disdain the treaties which had been made between Mithridates and Sylla. _Cicero_, _On the Agrarian Law_.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Diodorus_, bks. 3 & 12.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 4. ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7, &c.――_Thucydides_, bk. 3, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Pompey_, &c.

=Mitys=, a man whose statue fell upon his murderer, and crushed him to death, &c. _Aristotle_, bk. 10, _Poetics_.――――A river of Macedonia.

=Mizæi=, a people of Elymais.

=Mnasalces=, a Greek poet, who wrote epigrams. _Athenæus._――_Strabo._

=Mnasias=, an historian of Phœnicia.――――Another of Colophon.――――A third of Patræ, in Achaia, who flourished 141 B.C.

=Mnasicles=, a general of Thymbro, &c. _Diodorus_, ♦bk. 18.

♦ ‘58’ replaced with ‘18’

=Mnasīlus=, a youth who assisted Chromis to tie the old Silenus, whom they found asleep in a cave. Some imagine that Virgil spoke of Varus under the name of Mnasilus. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li. 13.

=Mnasippidas=, a Lacedæmonian, who imposed upon the credulity of the people, &c. _Polyænus._

=Mnasippus=, a Lacedæmonian, sent with a fleet of 65 ships and 1500 men to Corcyra, where he was killed, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Mnasitheus=, a friend of Aratus.

=Mnason=, a tyrant of Elatia, who gave 1200 pieces of gold for 12 pictures of 12 gods to Asclepiodorus. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 16.

=Mnasyrium=, a place in Rhodes. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Mnemon=, a surname given to Artaxerxes on account of his retentive memory. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_.――――A Rhodian.

=Mnēmŏsy̆ne=, a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, mother of the nine Muses by Jupiter, who assumed the form of a shepherd to enjoy her company. The word _Mnemosyne_ signifies _memory_, and therefore the poets have rightly called memory the mother of the Muses, because it is to that mental endowment that mankind are indebted for their progress in science. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 4.――_Pindar_, _Isthmean_, ch. 6.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――――A fountain of Bœotia, whose waters were generally drunk by those who consulted the oracle of Trophonius. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 39.

=Mnesarchus=, a celebrated philosopher of Greece, pupil to Panætius, &c. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 11.

=Mnesidămus=, an officer who conspired against the lieutenant of Demetrius. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.

=Mnesilaus=, a son of Pollux and Phœbe. _Apollodorus._

=Mnesimăche=, a daughter of Dexamenus king of Olenus, courted by Eurytion, whom Hercules killed. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Mnesimăchus=, a comic poet.

=Mnester=, a freedman of Agrippina, who murdered himself at the death of his mistress. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 9.

=Mnestheus=, a Trojan, descended from Assaracus. He was a competitor for the prize given to the best sailing vessel by Æneas, at the funeral games of Anchises in Sicily, and became the progenitor of the family of the Memmii at Rome. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 116, &c. ――――A son of Peteus. _See:_ Menestheus.――――A freedman of Aurelian, &c. _Eutropius_, bk. 9.――_Aurelius Victor._

=Mnestia=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._

=Mnestra=, a mistress of Cimon.

=Mnĕvis=, a celebrated bull, sacred to the sun in the town of Heliopolis. He was worshipped with the same superstitious ceremonies as Apis, and, at his death, he received the most magnificent funeral. He was the emblem of Osiris. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_.

=Moaphernes=, the uncle of Strabo’s mother, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Modestus=, a Latin writer, whose book _De re Militari_ has been elegantly edited in 2 vols., 8vo, Vesaliæ, 1670.

=Modia=, a rich widow at Rome. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 130.

=Mœcia=, one of the tribes at Rome. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 17.

=Mœnus=, now _Mayne_, a river of Germany, which falls into the Rhine near Mentz. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 28.

=Mœragĕtes=, _fatorum ductor_, a surname of Jupiter. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 15.

=Mœris=, a king of India, who fled at the approach of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 8.――――A steward of the shepherd Menalcas in _Virgil’s_, _Eclogues_, poem 9.――――A king of Egypt. He was the last of the 300 kings from Menes to Sesostris, and reigned 68 years. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――――A celebrated lake in Egypt, supposed to have been dug by the king of the same name. It is about 220 miles in circumference, and intended as a reservoir for the superfluous waters during the inundation of the Nile. There were two pyramids in it, 600 feet high, half of which lay under the water, and the other appeared above the surface. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 4, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 12.

=Mœdi=, a people of Thrace, conquered by Philip of Macedonia.

=Mœon=, a Sicilian, who poisoned Agathocles, &c.

=Mœra=, a dog. _See:_ Mera.

=Mœsia=, a country of Europe, bounded on the south by the mountains of Dalmatia, north by mount Hæmus, extending from the confluence of the Savus and the Danube to the shores of the Euxine. It was divided into Upper and Lower Mœsia. Lower Mœsia was on the borders of the Euxine, and contained that tract of country which received the name of Pontus from its vicinity to the sea, and which is now part of _Bulgaria_. Upper Mœsia lies beyond the other, in the inland country, now called _Servia_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 26.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 102.

=Moleia=, a festival in Arcadia, in commemoration of a battle in which Lycurgus obtained the victory.

=Molion=, a Trojan prince, who distinguished himself in the defence of his country against the Greeks as the friend and companion of Thymbræus. They were slain by Ulysses and Diomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 320.

=Molīŏne=, the wife of Actor son of Phorbas. She became mother of Cteatus and Eurytus, who, from her, are called _Molionides_. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Molo=, a philosopher of Rhodes, called also Apollonius. Some are of opinion that Apollonius and Molo are two different persons, who were both natives of Alabanda, and disciples of Menecles, of the same place. They both visited Rhodes, and there opened a school, but Molo flourished some time after Apollonius. Molo had Cicero and Julius Cæsar among his pupils. _See:_ Apollonius. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_. ――――A prince of Syria, who revolted against Antiochus, and killed himself when his rebellion was attended with ill success.

=Moloeis=, a river of Bœotia, near Platæa.

=Mŏlorchus=, an old shepherd near Cleonæ, who received Hercules with great hospitality. The hero, to repay the kindness he received, destroyed the Nemæan lion, which laid waste the neighbouring country and, therefore, the Nemæan games, instituted on this occasion, are to be understood by the words _Lucus Molorchi_. There were two festivals instituted in his honour, called _Molorcheæ_. _Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 44; bk. 14, ltr. 44.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 19.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 160.

=Mŏlossi=, a people of Epirus, who inhabited that part of the country which was called _Molossia_, or _Molossis_ from king Molossus. This country had the bay of Ambracia on the south, and the country of the Perrhæbeans on the east. The dogs of the place were famous, and received the name of _Molossi_ among the Romans. Dodona was the capital of the country according to some writers. Others, however, reckon it as the chief city of Thesprotia. _Lucretius_, bk. 5, lis. 10, 62.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 440.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Livy._ ――_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――_Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 2, ch. 8. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 495.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 6, li. 114.

=Mŏlossia=, or =Molossis=. _See:_ Molossi.

=Molossus=, a son of Pyrrhus and Andromache. He reigned in Epirus, after the death of Helenus, and part of his dominions received the name of Molossia from him. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――――A surname of Jupiter in Epirus.――――An Athenian general, &c. _Pausanias_, _Theseus_.――――The father of Merion of Crete. _See:_ Molus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 6.

=Molpadia=, one of the Amazons, &c. _Plutarch._

=Molpus=, an author who wrote a history of Lacedæmon.

=Molus=, a Cretan, father of Meriones. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 6.――――A son of Deucalion.――――Another, son of Mars and Demonice.

=Molycrion=, a town of Ætolia, between the Evenus and Naupactum. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Momemphis=, a town of Egypt. _Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Momus=, the god of pleasantry among the ancients, was son of Nox, according to Hesiod. He was continually employed in satirizing the gods, and whatever they did was freely turned to ridicule. He blamed Vulcan, because in the human form which he had made of clay, he had not placed a window in his breast, by which whatever was done or thought there might be easily brought to light. He censured the house which Minerva had made, because the goddess had not made it movable, by which means a bad neighbourhood might be avoided. In the bull which Neptune had produced, he observed that his blows might have been surer if his eyes had been placed near his horns. Venus herself was exposed to his satire; and when the sneering god had found no fault in the body of the naked goddess, he observed, as she retired, that the noise of her feet was too loud, and greatly improper in the goddess of beauty. These illiberal reflections upon the gods were the cause that Momus was driven from heaven. He is generally represented raising a mask from his face, and holding a small figure in his hand. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Lucian_, _Hermotimus_.

=Mona=, an island between Britain and Hibernia, anciently inhabited by a number of Druids. It is supposed by some to be the modern island of _Anglesey_, and by others, the island of _Man_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, chs. 18 & 29.

=Monæses=, a king of Parthia, who favoured the cause of Marcus Antony against Augustus. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 6, li. 9.――――A Parthian in the age of Mithridates, &c.

=Monda=, a river between the Durius, and Tagus, in Portugal. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 22.

=Monēsus=, a general killed by Jason at Colchis, &c.

=Monēta=, a surname of Juno among the Romans. She received it because she advised them to sacrifice a pregnant sow to Cybele, to avert an earthquake. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 15. _Livy_ says (bk. 7, ch. 28) that a temple was vowed to Juno under this name, by the dictator Furius, when the Romans waged war against the Aurunci, and that the temple was raised to the goddess by the senate, on the spot where the house of Manlius Capitolinus had formerly stood. _Suidas_, however, says, that Juno was surnamed _Moneta_, from assuring the Romans, when in the war against Pyrrhus they complained of want of pecuniary resources, that money could never fail to those who cultivated justice.

=Monĭma=, a beautiful woman of Miletus, whom Mithridates the Great married. When his affairs grew desperate, Mithridates ordered his wives to destroy themselves; Monima attempted to strangle herself, but when her efforts were unavailing, she ordered one of her attendants to stab her. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.

=Monimus=, a philosopher of Syracuse.

=Monŏdus=, a son of Prusias. He had one continued bone instead of a row of teeth, whence his name (μονος ὁδους). _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 16.

=Monœcus=, now _Monaco_, a town and port of Liguria, where Hercules had a temple; whence he is called _Monœcius_, and the harbour _Herculis Portus_. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 830.

=Monoleus=, a lake of Æthiopia.

=Monophăge=, sacrifices in Ægina.

=Monophĭlus=, a eunuch of Mithridates. The king entrusted him with the care of one of his daughters; and the eunuch, when he saw the affairs of his master in a desperate situation, stabbed her, lest she should fall into the enemy’s hands, &c.

=Mons Sacer=, a mountain near Rome, where the Roman populace retired in a tumult, which was the cause of the election of the tribunes.

=Mons Sevērus=, a mountain near Rome, &c.

=Montānus=, a poet who wrote in hexameter and elegiac verses. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_.――――An orator under Vespasian.――――A favourite of Messalina. ――――One of the senators whom Domitian consulted about boiling a turbot. _Juvenal_, satire 4.

=Mony̆chus=, a powerful giant, who could root up trees and hurl them like a javelin. He receives his name from his having the feet of a horse, as the word implies. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 11.

=Mony̆ma.= _See:_ Monima.

=Mony̆mus=, a servant of Corinth, who, not being permitted by his master to follow Diogenes the cynic, pretended madness, and obtained his liberty. He became a great admirer of the philosopher, and also of Crates, and even wrote something in the form of facetious stories. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Mophis=, an Indian prince conquered by Alexander.

=Mopsium=, a hill and town of Thessaly, between Tempe and Larissa. _Livy_, bk. 42.

=Mopsopia=, an ancient name of Athens, from Mopsus, one of its kings, and from thence the epithet of _Mopsopius_ is often applied to an Athenian.

=Mopsuhestia=, or =Mopsos=, a town of Cilicia near the sea. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Mopsus=, a celebrated prophet, son of Manto and Apollo, during the Trojan war. He was consulted by Amphimachus king of Colophon, who wished to know what success would attend his arms in a war which he was going to undertake. He predicted the greatest calamities; but Calchas, who had been a soothsayer of the Greeks during the Trojan war, promised the greatest successes. Amphimachus followed the opinion of Calchas, but the opinion of Mopsus was fully verified. This had such an effect upon Calchas that he died soon after. His death is attributed by some to another mortification of the same nature. The two soothsayers, jealous of each other’s fame, came to a trial of their skill in divination. Calchas first asked his antagonist how many figs a neighbouring tree bore. “Ten thousand except one,” replied Mopsus, “and one single vessel can contain them all.” The figs were gathered, and his conjectures were true. Mopsus, now to try his adversary, asked him how many young ones a certain pregnant sow would bring forth. Calchas confessed his ignorance, and Mopsus immediately said that the sow would bring forth on the morrow 10 young ones, of which only one should be a male, all black, and that the females should all be known by their white streaks. The morrow proved the veracity of his prediction, and Calchas died by excess of the grief which this defeat produced. Mopsus after death was ranked among the gods; and had an oracle at Malia, celebrated for the true and decisive answers which it gave. _Strabo_, bk. 9. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Ammianus_, bk. 14, ch. 8.――_Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_.――――A son of Ampyx and Chloris, born at Titaressa in Thessaly. He was the prophet and soothsayer of the Argonauts, and died at his return from Colchis by the bite of a serpent in Libya. Jason erected to him a monument on the sea-shore, where afterwards the Africans built him a temple where he gave oracles. He has often been confounded with the son of Manto, as their professions and their names were alike. _Hyginus_, fables 14, 128, 173.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――――A shepherd of that name in _Virgil_, _Eclogues_.

=Morgantium= (or ia), a town of Sicily, near the mouth of the Simethus. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Morĭni=, a people of Belgic Gaul, on the shores of the British ocean. The shortest passage to Britain was from their territories. They were called _extremi hominum_ by the Romans, because situate on the extremities of Gaul. Their city, called _Morinorum castellum_, is now _Mount Cassel_, in Artois; and _Morinorum civitas_, is _Terouenne_, on the Lis. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 726.――_Cæsar_, bk. 4, _Gallic War_, ch. 21.

=Moritasgus=, a king of the Senones at the arrival of Cæsar in Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Morius=, a river of Bœotia. _Plutarch._

=Morpheus=, the son and minister of the god Somnus, who naturally imitated the grimaces, gestures, words, and manners of mankind. He is sometimes called the god of sleep. He is generally represented as a sleeping child of great corpulence, and with wings. He holds a vase in one hand, and in the other are some poppies. He is represented by Ovid as sent to inform by a dream and a vision the unhappy Alcyone of the fate of her husband Ceyx. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 10.

=Mors=, one of the infernal deities born of Night, without a father. She was worshipped by the ancients, particularly by the Lacedæmonians, with great solemnity, and represented not as an actually existing power, but as an imaginary being. Euripides introduces her in one of his tragedies on the stage. The moderns represent her as a skeleton armed with a scythe and a scymetar.

=Mortuum mare.= _See:_ Mare Mortuum.

=Morys=, a Trojan killed by Meriones during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, &c.

=Mosa=, a river of Belgic Gaul falling into the German ocean, and now called the _Maese_ or _Meuse_. The bridge over it, _Mosæpons_, is now supposed to be _Maestricht_. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 66.

=Moscha=, now _Mascat_, a port of Arabia on the Red sea.

=Moschi=, a people of Asia, at the west of the Caspian sea. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 270.

=Moschion=, a name common to four different writers, whose compositions, character, and native place are unknown. Some fragments of their writings remain, some few verses and a treatise _de morbis mulierum_, edited by Gesner, 4to, Basil, 1566.

=Moschus=, a Phœnician who wrote the history of his country in his own mother tongue.――――A philosopher of Sidon. He is supposed to be the founder of anatomical philosophy. _Strabo._――――A Greek Bucolic poet in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. The sweetness and elegance of his eclogues, which are still extant, make the world regret the loss of poetical pieces no ways inferior to the productions of Theocritus. The best editions of Moschus with Bion is that of Heskin, 8vo, Oxford, 1748.――――A Greek rhetorician of Pergamus in the age of Horace, defended by Torquatus in an accusation of having poisoned some of his friends. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 5, li. 9.

=Mosella=, a river of Belgic Gaul falling into the Rhine at Coblentz, and now called the _Moselle_. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 53.

=Moses=, a celebrated legislator and general among the Jews, well known in sacred history. He was born in Egypt 1571 B.C., and after he had performed his miracles before Pharaoh, conducted the Israelites through the Red sea, and given them laws and ordinances, during their peregrination of 40 years in the wilderness of Arabia, he died at the age of 120. His writings have been quoted and commended by several of the heathen authors, who have divested themselves of their prejudices against a Hebrew, and extolled his learning and the effects of his wisdom. _Longinus._――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Mosychlus=, a mountain of Lemnos. _Nicander._

=Mosynæci=, a nation on the Euxine sea, in whose territories the 10,000 Greeks stayed on their return from Cunaxa. _Xenophon._

=Mothōne=, a town of Magnesia, where Philip lost one of his eyes. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 6. The word is oftener spelt Methone.

=Motya=, a town of Sicily, besieged and taken by Dionysius tyrant of Syracuse.

=Muciānus=, a facetious and intriguing general under Otho and Vitellius, &c.

=Mucius.= _See:_ Mutius.

=Mucræ=, a village of Samnium. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 565.

=Mulcĭber=, a surname of Vulcan (_a mulcendo ferrum_), from his occupation. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 5. _See:_ Vulcanus.

=Mulŭcha=, a river of Africa, dividing Numidia from Mauritania. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 2.

=Mulvius pons=, a bridge on the Flaminian way, about one mile distant from Rome. _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 14.

=Lucius Mummius=, a Roman consul sent against the Achæans, whom he conquered, B.C. 147. He destroyed Corinth, Thebes, and Chalcis, by order of the senate, and obtained the surname of _Achaicus_ from his victories. He did not enrich himself with the spoils of the enemy, but returned home without any increase of fortune. He was so unacquainted with the value of the paintings and works of the most celebrated artists of Greece, which were found in the plunder of Corinth, that he said to those who conveyed them to Rome, that if they lost them or injured them, they should make others in their stead. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 7; bk. 37, ch. 1.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 24.――――Publius, a man commended by Caius Publicius for the versatility of his mind, and the propriety of his manners. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2.――――A Latin poet. _Macrobius_, bk. 1, _Saturnalia_, ch. 10.――――Marcus, a pretor. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_. ――――Spurius, a brother of Achaicus before mentioned, distinguished as an orator, and for his fondness for the stoic philosophy. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 25; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 13, ltr. 6.――――A lieutenant of Crassus defeated, &c. _Plutarch_, _Crassus_.

=Munatius Plancus=, a consul sent to the rebellious army of Germanicus. He was almost killed by the incensed soldiery, who suspected that it was through him that they had not all been pardoned and indemnified by a decree of the senate. Calpurnius rescued him from their fury. ――――An orator and disciple of Cicero. His father, grandfather, and great grandfather bore the same name. He was with Cæsar in Gaul, and was made consul with Brutus. He promised to favour the republican cause for some time, but he deserted again to Cæsar. He was long Antony’s favourite, but he left him at the battle of Actium to conciliate the favours of Octavius. His services were great in the senate; for through his influence and persuasion, that venerable body flattered the conqueror of Antony with the appellation of Augustus. He was rewarded with the office of censor. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_. ――――Gratus, a Roman knight who conspired with Piso against Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 30.――――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 23.――――A friend of Horace, epode 3, li. 31.

=Munda=, a small town of Hispania Bætica, celebrated for a battle which was fought there on the 17th of March, B.C. 45, between Cæsar and the republican forces of Rome, under Labienus and the sons of Pompey. Cæsar obtained the victory after an obstinate and bloody battle, and by this blow put an end to the Roman republic. Pompey lost 30,000 men, and Cæsar only 1000, and 500 wounded. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 400.――_Hirtius_, _Spanish War_, ch. 27.――_Lucan_, bk. 1.

=Munītus=, a son of Laodice, the daughter of Priam by Acamas. He was entrusted to the care of Æthra as soon as born, and at the taking of Troy he was made known to his father, who saved his life, and carried him to Thrace, where he was killed by the bite of a serpent. _Parthenius_, ch. 10.

=Muny̆chia= (and æ), a port of Attica, between the Piræus and the promontory of Sunium, called after king _Munychus_, who built there a temple to Diana, and in whose honour he instituted festivals called _Munychia_. The temple was held so sacred that whatever criminals fled there for refuge were pardoned. During the festivals they offered small cakes which they called _amphiphontes_, ἀπο τον ἁμφιφαειν, _from shining all round_, because there were lighted torches hung round when they were carried to the temple, or because they were offered at the full moon, at which time the solemnity was observed. It was particularly in honour of Diana, who is the same as the moon, because it was full moon when Themistocles conquered the Persian fleet at Salamis. The port of Munychia was well fortified and of great consequence; therefore the Lacedæmonians, when sovereigns of Greece, always kept a regular garrison there. _Plutarch._――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 709.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Muræna=, a celebrated Roman, left at the head of the armies of the republic in Asia by Sylla. He invaded the dominions of Mithridates with success, but soon after met with a defeat. He was honoured with a triumph at his return to Rome. He commanded one of the wings of Sylla’s army at the battle against Archelaus near Chæronea. He was ably defended in an oration by Cicero, when his character was attacked and censured. _Cicero_, _for Lucius Murena_.――_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.――――A man put to death for conspiring against Augustus, B.C. 22.

=Murcia.= _See:_ Murtia.

=Murcus=, an enemy of the triumvirate of Julius Cæsar.――――Statius, a man who murdered Piso in Vesta’s temple in Nero’s reign. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 43.

=Murgantia=, a town of Samnium. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 27.

=Murrhēnus=, a friend of Turnus, killed by Æneas, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 529.

=Mursa=, now _Essek_, a town of Hungary, where the Drave falls into the Danube.

=Murtia=, or =Myrtia= (_a_ μυρτος), a supposed surname of Venus, because she presided over the _myrtle_. This goddess was the patroness of idleness and cowardice. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 32.

=Mus=, a Roman consul. _See:_ Decius.

=Musa Antonius=, a freedman and physician of Augustus. He cured his imperial master of a dangerous disease under which he laboured, by recommending to him the use of the cold bath. He was greatly rewarded for this celebrated cure. He was honoured with a brazen statue by the Roman senate, which was placed near that of Æsculapius, and Augustus permitted him to wear a golden ring, and to be exempted from all taxes. He was not so successful in recommending the use of the cold bath to Marcellus, as he had been to Augustus, and his illustrious patient died under his care. The cold bath was for a long time discontinued, till Charmis of Marseilles introduced it again, and convinced the world of its great benefits. Musa was brother to Euphorbus the physician of king Juba. Two small treatises, _de herbâ Botanicâ_, and _de tuendâ Valetudine_, are supposed to be the productions of his pen.――――A daughter of Nicomedes king of Bithynia. She attempted to recover her father’s kingdom from the Romans, but to no purpose, though Cæsar espoused her cause. _Paterculus_, bk. 2. ――_Suetonius_, _Julius Cæsar_.

=Musæ=, certain goddesses who presided over poetry, music, dancing, and all the liberal arts. They were daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, and were nine in number: Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene, Terpsichore, Erato, Polyhymnia, Calliope, and Urania. Some suppose that there were in ancient times only three Muses, Melete, Mneme, and Aœde; others four, Telxiope, Aœde, Arche, Melete. They were, according to others, daughters of Pierus and Antiope, from which circumstance they are called _Pierides_. The name of Pierides might probably be derived from mount Pierus, where they were born. They have been severally called _Castalides_, _Aganippides_, _Lebethrides_, _Aonides_, _Heliconiades_, &c., from the places where they were worshipped, or over which they presided. Apollo, who was the patron and the conductor of the Muses, has received the name of _Musagetes_, or leader of the Muses. The same surname was also given to Hercules. The palm tree, the laurel, and all the fountains of Pindus, Helicon, Parnassus, &c., were sacred to the Muses. They were generally represented as young, beautiful, and modest virgins. They were fond of solitude, and commonly appeared in different attire, according to the arts and sciences over which they presided. _See:_ Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene, &c. Sometimes they were represented as dancing in a chorus, to intimate the near and indissoluble connection which exists between the liberal arts and sciences. The Muses sometimes appear with wings, because by the assistance of wings they freed themselves from the violence of Pyrenæus. Their contest with the daughters of Pierus is well known. _See:_ Pierides. The worship of the Muses was universally established, particularly in the enlightened parts of Greece, Thessaly, and Italy. No sacrifices were ever offered to them, though no poet ever began a poem without a solemn invocation to the goddesses who presided over verse. There were festivals instituted in their honour in several parts of Greece, especially among the Thespians, every fifth year. The Macedonians observed also a festival in honour of Jupiter and the Muses. It had been instituted by king Archelaus, and it was celebrated with stage plays, games, and different exhibitions, which continued nine days, according to the number of the Muses. _Plutarch_, _Amatorius_.――_Pollux._――_Aeschines_, _Against Timarchus_. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 310.――_Homer_, _Hymn 25 to the Muses and Apollo_.――_Juvenal_, satire 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1. ――_Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 14.

=Musæus=, an ancient Greek poet, supposed to have been son or disciple of Linus or Orpheus, and to have lived about 1410 years before the christian era. Virgil has paid great honour to his memory by placing him in the Elysian fields attended by a great multitude, and taller by the head than his followers. None of the poet’s compositions are extant. The elegant poem of the loves of Leander and Hero was written by a Musæus, who flourished in the fourth century, according to the more received opinions. Among the good editions of Musæus two may be selected as the best; that of Rover, 8vo, Leiden, 1727, and that of Schroder, 8vo, Leovard, 1743. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 677. ――_Diogenes Laërtius._――――A Latin poet, whose compositions were very obscene. _Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 96.――――A poet of Thebes who lived during the Trojan war.

=Musonius Rufus=, a stoic philosopher of Etruria in the reign of Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 81.

=Mustēla=, a man greatly esteemed by Cicero. _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12.――――A gladiator. _Cicero._

♦=Muta=, a goddess who presided over silence, among the Romans. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 580.

♦ corrected alphabetic order.

=Muthullus=, a river of Numidia. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 48.

=Mutia=, a daughter of Quintus Mutius Scævola, and sister of Metellus Celer. She was Pompey’s third wife. Her incontinent behaviour so disgusted her husband, that at his return from the Mithridatic war, he divorced her, though she had borne him three children. She afterwards married Marcus Scaurus. Augustus greatly esteemed her. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――――A wife of Julius Cæsar, beloved by Clodius the tribune. _Suetonius_, _Julius Cæsar_, ch. 50.――――The mother of Augustus.

=Mutia lex=, the same as that which was enacted by Licinius Crassus, and Quintus Mutius, A.U.C. 657. _See:_ Licinia lex.

=Mutica=, or =Mutyce=, a town of Sicily west of the cape Pachynus. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 43.

=Mutilia=, a woman intimate with Livia Augusta. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Mutĭna=, a Roman colony of Cisalpine Gaul, where Marcus Antony besieged Decimus Brutus, whom the consuls Pansa and Hirtius delivered. Two battles on the 15th of April, B.C. 43, were fought there, in which Antony was defeated, and at last obliged to retire. Mutina is now called _Modena_. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 41; bk. 7, li. 872.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 592.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 822. ――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 14; _Brutus_, ltr. 5.

=Mutīnes=, one of Annibal’s generals, who was honoured with the freedom of Rome on delivering up Agrigentum. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 41; bk. 27, ch. 5.

=Mutinus.= _See:_ Mutunus.

=Mutius=, the father-in-law of Caius Marius.――――A Roman who saved the life of young Marius by conveying him away from the pursuit of his enemies in a load of straw.――――A friend of Tiberius Gracchus, by whose means he was raised to the office of a tribune.――――Caius Scævola, surnamed _Cordus_, became famous for his courage and intrepidity. When Porsenna king of Etruria had besieged Rome to reinstate Tarquin in all his rights and privileges, Mutius determined to deliver his country from so dangerous an enemy. He disguised himself in the habit of a Tuscan, and as he could fluently speak the language, he gained an easy introduction into the camp, and soon into the royal tent. Porsenna sat alone with his secretary when Mutius entered. The Roman rushed upon the secretary and stabbed him to the heart, mistaking him for his royal master. This occasioned a noise, and Mutius, unable to escape, was seized and brought before the king. He gave no answer to the inquiries of the courtiers, and only told them that he was a Roman; and to give them a proof of his fortitude, he laid his right hand on an altar of burning coals, and sternly looking at the king, and without uttering a groan, he boldly told him that 300 young Romans like himself had conspired against his life, and entered the camp in disguise, determined either to destroy him or perish in the attempt. This extraordinary confession astonished Porsenna; he made peace with the Romans, and retired from their city. Mutius obtained the surname of _Scævola_, because he had lost the use of his right hand by burning it in the presence of the Etrurian king. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――Quintus Scævola, a Roman consul. He obtained a victory over the Dalmatians, and signalized himself greatly in the Marsian war. He is highly commended by Cicero, whom he instructed in the study of civil law. _Cicero._――_Plutarch._――――Another, appointed proconsul of Asia, which he governed with so much popularity, that he was generally proposed to others as a pattern of equity and moderation. Cicero speaks of him as eloquent, learned, and ingenious, equally eminent as an orator and as a lawyer. He was murdered in the temple of Vesta, during the civil war of Marius and Sylla, 82 years before Christ. _Plutarch._――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 48. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 22.

=Mutūnus=, or =Mutīnus=, a deity among the Romans, much the same as the Priapus of the Greeks. The Roman matrons, and particularly new married women, disgraced themselves by the obscene ceremonies which custom obliged them to observe before the statue of this impure deity. _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 9; bk. 6, ch. 9.――_Lactantius_, bk. 1, ch. 20.

=Mutuscæ=, a town of Umbria. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 711.

=Muzeris=, a town of India, now _Vizindruk_. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.

=Myagrus=, or =Myodes=, a divinity among the Egyptians, called also Achor. He was entreated by the inhabitants to protect them from flies and serpents. His worship passed into Greece and Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 28.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 26.

=My̆căle=, a celebrated magician, who boasted that she could draw down the moon from her orb. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 263.――――A city and promontory of Asia Minor opposite Samos, celebrated for a battle which was fought there between the Greeks and Persians on the 22nd of September, 479 B.C., the same day that Mardonius was defeated at Platæa. The Persians were about 100,000 men, that had just returned from the unsuccessful expedition of Xerxes in Greece. They had drawn their ships to the shore and fortified themselves, as if determined to support a siege. They suffered the Greeks to disembark from their fleet without the least molestation, and were soon obliged to give way before the cool and resolute intrepidity of an inferior number of men. The Greeks obtained a complete victory, slaughtered some thousands of the enemy, burned their camp, and sailed back to Samos with an immense booty, in which were seventy chests of money among other very valuable things. _Herodotus._――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 14.――_Diodorus._――――A woman’s name. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 141.

=Mycalessus=, an inland town of Bœotia, where Ceres had a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 19.

=My̆cēnæ=, a town of Argolis, in Peloponnesus, built by Perseus son of Danae. It was situate on a small river at the east of the Inachus, about 50 stadia from Argos, and received its name from Mycene, a nymph of Laconia. It was once the capital of a kingdom, whose monarchs reigned in the following order: Acrisius, 1344 B.C.; Perseus, Electryon, Mæstor, and Sthenelus, and Sthenelus alone for eight years; Atreus and Thyestes, Agamemnon, Ægysthus, Orestes, Æpytus, who was dispossessed 1104 B.C., on the return of the Heraclidæ. The town of Mycenæ was taken and laid in ruins by the Argives, B.C. 568; and it was almost unknown where it stood in the age of the geographer Strabo. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 839.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. The word _Mycenæus_ is used for Agamemnon, as he was one of the kings of Mycenæ.

=Mycēnis= (idis), a name applied to Iphigenia, as residing at Mycenæ. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 34.

=Mycerīnus=, a son of Cheops king of Egypt. After the death of his father he reigned with great justice and moderation. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 129.

=Myciberna=, a town of the Hellespont. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.

=Mycithus=, a servant of Anaxilaus tyrant of Rhegium. He was entrusted with the care of the kingdom, and of the children of the deceased prince, and he exercised his power with such fidelity and moderation, that he acquired the esteem of all the citizens, and at last restored the kingdom to his master’s children when come to years of maturity, and retired to peace and solitude with a small portion. He is called by some Micalus. _Justin_, bk. 4, ch. 2.

=Mycon=, a celebrated painter, who with others assisted in making and perfecting the _Pœcile_ of Athens. He was the rival of Polygnotus. _Pliny_, bks. 33 & 35.――――A youth of Athens changed into a poppy by Ceres.

=Mycŏnos= (or e), one of the Cyclades between Delos and Icaria, which received its name from Myconus, an unknown person. It is about three miles at the east of Delos, and is 36 miles in circumference. It remained long uninhabited on account of the frequent earthquakes to which it was subject. Some suppose that the giants whom Hercules killed were buried under that island, whence arose the proverb of _everything is under Mycone_, applied to those who treat of different subjects under one and the same title, as if none of the defeated giants had been buried under no other island or mountain about Mycone. Strabo observes, and his testimony is supported by that of modern travellers, that the inhabitants of Mycone became bald very early, even at the age of 20 or 25, from which circumstance they were called, by way of contempt, _the bald heads of Mycone_. Pliny says that the children of the place were always born without hair. The island was poor, and the inhabitants very avaricious; whence Archilochus reproached a certain Pericles, that he came to a feast like a Myconian, that is, without previous invitation. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 76.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 37; bk. 12, ch. 7; bk. 14, ch. 1.――_Athenæus_, bk. 1.――_Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 29.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 463.

=Mydon=, one of the Trojan chiefs who defended Troy against the Greeks. He was killed by Antilochus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 580.

=Myecphŏris=, a town in Egypt, in a small island near Bubastis.

=Myēnus=, a mountain of Ætolia. _Plutarch_, _de Fluviis_.

=Mygdon=, a brother of Amycus, killed in a war against Hercules.――――A brother of Hecuba. _See:_ Mygdonus.

=Mygdŏnia=, a small province of Macedonia, near Thrace, between the rivers Axius and Strymon. The inhabitants, called _Mygdones_, migrated into Asia, and settled near Troas, where the country received the name of their ancient habitation. Cybele was called _Mygdonia_, from the worship she received in Mygdonia in Phrygia. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 12, li. 22; bk. 3, ode 16, li. 41.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 45.――――A small province of Mesopotamia bears also the name of Mygdonia, and was probably peopled by a Macedonian colony. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10. ――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 20.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 12.

=Mygdŏnus=, or =Mygdon=, a brother of Hecuba, Priam’s wife, who reigned in part of Thrace. His son Corœbus was called _Mygdonides_, from him. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 341.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3.――――A small river running through Mesopotamia.

=Mylassa= (orum), a town of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 39.

=Myle=, or =Mylas=, a small river on the east of Sicily, with a town of the same name. _Livy_, bk. 24, chs. 30 & 31.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 16.――――Also a town of Thessaly, now _Mulazzo_. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 54.

=Myles=, a son of Lelex.

=Mylitta=, a surname of Venus among the Assyrians, in whose temples all the women were obliged to prostitute themselves to strangers. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 131 & 199.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Myndus=, a maritime town of Caria near Halicarnassus. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltr. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16. ――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Mynes=, a prince of Lyrnessus, who married Briseis. He was killed by Achilles, and his wife became the property of the conqueror. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3.

=Myniæ.= _See:_ Minyæ.

=Myŏnia=, a town of Phocis. _Pausanias._

=Myonēsus=, a town and promontory of Ionia, now _Jalanghi-Liman_. _Livy_, bk. 37, chs. 13 & 27.

=Myra= (orum, or æ), a town of Lycia, on a high hill, two miles from the sea. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Myriandros=, a town of Seleucia in Syria, on the bay of Issus, which is sometimes called _Sinus Myriandricus_. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 108.

=Myrīna=, a maritime town of Æolia, called also _Sebastopolis_, and now _Sanderlic_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 47.――_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 30.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――――A queen of the Amazons, &c. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――――A town of Lemnos, now _Palio Castro_. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――A town of Asia, destroyed by an earthquake in Trajan’s reign.――――The wife of Thoas king of Lemnos, by whom she had ♦Hypsipyle.

♦ ‘Hipsipyle’ replaced with ‘Hypsipyle’ for consistency

=Myrīnus=, a surname of Apollo, from Myrina in Æolia, where he was worshipped.――――A gladiator. _Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 29.

=Myriœ=, a town of Arcadia, called also Megalopolis.

=Myrlææ=, or =Apamea=, a town of Bithynia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.

=Myrmecĭdes=, an artist of Miletus, mentioned as making chariots so small that they could be covered by the wing of a fly. He also inscribed an elegiac distich on a grain of Indian sesamum. _Cicero_, bk. 4, _Academica._――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1.

=Myrmĭdŏnes=, a people on the southern borders of Thessaly, who accompanied Achilles to the Trojan war. They received their name from Myrmidon, a son of Jupiter and Eurymedusa, who married one of the daughters of Æolus son of Hellen. His son Actor married Ægina the daughter of the Asopus. He gave his name to his subjects, who dwelt near the river Peneus in Thessaly. According to some, the Myrmidons received their name from their having been originally ants, μυρμηκες. _See:_ Æacus. According to Strabo, they received it from their industry, because they imitated the diligence of the ants, and like them were indefatigable, and were continually employed in cultivating the earth. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 654.――_Strabo._ ――_Hyginus_, fable 52.

=Myron=, a tyrant of Sicyon.――――A man of Priene, who wrote a history of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 6.――――A celebrated statuary of Greece, peculiarly happy in imitating nature. He made a cow so much resembling life, that even bulls were deceived and approached her as if alive, as is frequently mentioned by many epigrams in the Anthologia. He flourished about 442 years before Christ. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 319.――_Pausanias._――_Juvenal_ satire 8. ――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 41.

=Myronianus=, an historian. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Myronides=, an Athenian general who conquered the Thebans. _Polyænus._

=Myrrha=, a daughter of Cinyras king of Cyprus. She became enamoured of her father, and introduced herself into his bed unknown. She had a son by him, called Adonis. When Cinyras was apprised of the incest he had committed, he attempted to stab his daughter, and Myrrha fled into Arabia, where she was changed into a tree called myrrh. _Hyginus_, fables 58 & 275.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 298. ――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.

=Myrsĭlus=, a son of Myrsus, the last of the Heraclidæ who reigned in Lydia. He is also called Candaules. _See:_ Candaules.

=Myrsus=, the father of Candaules. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A Greek historian in the age of Solon.

=Myrtăle=, a courtesan of Rome, mistress to the poet Horace, bk. 1, ode 33.

=Myrtea=, a surname of Venus. _See:_ Murtia.

=Myrtĭlus=, son of Mercury and Phaetusa, or Cleobule, or Clymene, was arm-bearer to Œnomaus king of Pisa. He was so experienced in riding and in the management of horses, that he rendered those of Œnomaus the swiftest in all Greece. His infidelity proved at last fatal to him. Œnomaus had been informed by an oracle that his daughter Hippodamia’s husband would cause his death, and on that account he resolved to marry her only to him who should overcome him in a chariot race. This seemed totally impossible, and to render it more terrible, Œnomaus declared that death would be the consequence of a defeat in the suitors. The charms of Hippodamia were so great, that many sacrificed their life in the fruitless endeavour to obtain her hand. Pelops at last presented himself, undaunted at the fate of those who had gone before him, but before he entered the course he bribed Myrtilus, and assured him that he should share Hippodamia’s favours if he returned victorious from the race. Myrtilus, who was enamoured of Hippodamia, gave an old chariot to Œnomaus, which broke in the course and caused his death. Pelops gained the victory, and married Hippodamia; and when Myrtilus had the audacity to claim the reward promised to his perfidy, Pelops threw him headlong into the sea, where he perished. The body of Myrtilus, according to some, was carried by the waves to the sea-shore, where he received an honourable burial, and as he was the son of Mercury, he was made a constellation. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 84 & 224. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.

=Myrtis=, a Greek woman who distinguished herself by her poetical talents. She flourished about 500 years B.C., and instructed the celebrated Corinna in the several rules of versification. Pindar himself, as some report, was also one of her pupils.

=Myrtōum mare=, a part of the Ægean sea which lies between Eubœa, Attica, and Peloponnesus, as far as cape Melea. It receives this name from Myrto, a woman; or from Myrtos, a small island opposite to Carystos in Eubœa; or from Myrtilus the son of Mercury, who was drowned there, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.――_Hyginus_, fable 84. ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Myrtuntium=, a name given to that part of the sea which lies on the coast of Epirus, between the bay of Ambracia and Leucas.

=Myrtūsa=, a mountain of Libya. _Callimachus_, _Hymn to Apollo_.

=Mys= (Myos), an artist famous in working and polishing silver. He beautifully represented the battle of the Centaurs and Lapithæ, on a shield in the hand of Minerva’s statue made by Phidias. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 28.――_Martial_, bk. 8, ltrs. 34 & 51; bk. 14, ltr. 93. ――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 14.

=Myscellus=, or =Miscellus=, a native of Rhypæ in Achaia, who founded Crotona in Italy according to an oracle, which told him to build a city where he found rain with fine weather. The meaning of the oracle long perplexed him, till he found a beautiful woman all in tears in Italy, which circumstance he interpreted in his favour. According to some, Myscellus, who was the son of Hercules, went out of Argos without the permission of the magistrates, for which he was condemned to death. The judges had put each a black ball as a sign of condemnation, but Hercules changed them all and made them white, and had his son acquitted, upon which Myscellus left Greece and came to Italy, where he built Crotona. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 19.――_Strabo_, bks. 6 & 8.――_Suidas._

=Mysia=, a country of Asia Minor, generally divided into major and minor. Mysia minor was bounded on the north and west by the Propontis and Bithynia, and Phrygia on the southern and eastern borders. Mysia major had Æolia on the south, the Ægean on the west, and Phrygia on the north and east. Its chief cities were Cyzicum, Lampsacus, &c. The inhabitants were once very warlike, but they greatly degenerated; and the words _Mysorum ultimus_ were emphatically used to signify a person of no merit. The ancients generally hired them to attend their funerals as mourners, because they were naturally melancholy and inclined to shed tears. They were once governed by monarchs. They are supposed to be descended from the Mysians of Europe, a nation which inhabited that part of Thrace which was situate between mount Hæmus and the Danube. _Strabo._――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_.――_Flaccus_, ch. 27.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5. ――_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.――――A festival in honour of Ceres, surnamed Mysia from Mysias, an Argive, who raised her a temple near Pallene in Achaia. Some derive the words ἀπο του μυσιαν, _to cloy_, or _satisfy_, because Ceres was the first who satisfied the wants of men by giving them corn. The festival continued during seven days, &c.

=Myson=, a native of Sparta, one of the seven wise men of Greece. When Anacharsis consulted the oracle of Apollo, to know which was the wisest man in Greece, he received for answer, he who was now ploughing his fields. This was Myson. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.

=Mystes=, a son of the poet Valgius, whose early death was so lamented by the father, that Horace wrote an ode to allay the grief of his friend. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 9.

=Mythecus=, a sophist of Syracuse. He studied cookery, and when he thought himself sufficiently skilled in dressing meat, he went to Sparta, where he gained much practice, especially among the younger citizens. He was soon after expelled the city by the magistrates, who observed that the aid of Mythecus was unnecessary, as hunger was the best seasoning.

=My̆tilēne.= _See:_ Mitylene.

=Myus= (_Myuntis_), a town of Ionia on the confines of Caria, founded by a Grecian colony. It is one of the 12 capital cities of Ionia, situate at the distance of about 30 stadia from the mouth of the Mæander. Artaxerxes king of Persia gave it to Themistocles to maintain him in meat. Magnesia was to support him in bread, and Lampsacus in wine. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Themistocles_.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 142.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11.

N

=Nabazanes=, an officer of Darius III., at the battle of Issus. He conspired with Bessus to murder his royal master, either to obtain the favour of Alexander or to seize the kingdom. He was pardoned by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 3, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Năbăthæa=, a country of Arabia, of which the capital was called Petra. The word is often applied to any of the eastern countries of the world by the poets, and seems to be derived from Nabath the son of Ishmael. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 61; bk. 5, li. 163. ――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 63.――_Juvenal_, satire 11, li. 126.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Œtaeus_, li. 160, &c.

=Nābis=, a celebrated tyrant of Lacedæmon, who in all acts of cruelty and oppression surpassed a Phalaris or a Dionysius. His house was filled with flatterers and with spies, who were continually employed in watching the words and the actions of his subjects. When he had exercised every art in plundering the citizens of Sparta, he made a statue, which in resemblance was like his wife, and was clothed in the most magnificent apparel, and whenever any one refused to deliver up his riches, the tyrant led him to the statue, which immediately, by means of secret springs, seized him in its arms, and tormented him in the most excruciating manner with bearded points and prickles, hid under the clothes. To render his tyranny more popular, Nabis made an alliance with Flaminius the Roman general, and pursued with the most inveterate enmity the war which he had undertaken against the Achæans. He besieged Gythium and defeated Philopœmen in a naval battle. His triumph was short; the general of the Achæans soon repaired his losses, and Nabis was defeated in an engagement, and treacherously murdered, as he attempted to save his life by flight, B.C. 192, after a usurpation of 14 years. _Polybius_, bk. 13.――_Justin_, bks. 30 & 31. ――_Plutarch_, _Philopœmen_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 8.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A priest of Jupiter Ammon, killed in the second Punic war, as he fought against the Romans. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 672.

=Nabonassar=, a king of Babylon, after the division of the Assyrian monarchy. From him the _Nabonassarean epoch_ received its name, agreeing with the year of the world 3237, or 746 B.C.

=Nacri campi=, a place of Gallia Togata near Mutina. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 18.

=Nadagara.= _See:_ ♦Nagara.

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=Nænia=, the goddess of funerals at Rome, whose temple was without the gates of the city. The songs which were sung at funerals were also called _nænia_. They were generally filled with the praises of the deceased, but sometimes they were so unmeaning and improper, that the word became proverbial to signify nonsense. _Varro_, ♦_Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum_.――_Plautus_, _Asinaria_. ♠act 4,