xx. 28), as also the grandson of Moses; (iii) the iniquity

of Gibeah is mentioned, Hos. x. 9, as the first open sin of Israel in Canaan. See Angus’ _Bible Handbook_, 460 _n._

174 – Kitto’s _Bibl. Illus._ II. 447.

175 – See p. 218.

176 – Mr Thomson compares it with the soil of the lower portion of the Mississippi; “even now the region produces large crops of wheat, barley, maize, sesame, rice, and other plants, with very little labour ... while horses, cattle, and sheep fatten on the rich pastures, and large herds of black buffaloes luxuriate in the streams and in the deep mire of the marshes.” Thomson’s _Land and the Book_, p. 214; Robinson, _Bib. Res._ III. 396; Blunt’s _Coincidences_, Pt. II. 108–110.

177 – In the English version the reading is _the son of Manasseh_ (Judg. xviii. 30), a name probably substituted out of respect for the great Lawgiver, whose name is preserved in several Hebrew MSS. and the Vulgate. See Articles _Micah_, _Jonathan_, _Manasseh_, and _Laish_ in Smith’s _Bib. Dict._

178 – Comp. Livy, XXX. 7; XXVIII. 37; in XXXIII. 46, XXXIV. 61 they are called _judices_. Stanley’s _Lectures_, p. 292.

179 – See p. 216.

180 – See Blunt’s _Coincidences_, Pt. II. v. 114–117.

181 – Stanley’s _Lectures on Jewish History_, p. 317.

182 – “The ploughman still carries his goad――a weapon apparently more fitted for the hand of the soldier than the peaceful husbandman. The one I saw was of the ‘oak of Bashan,’ and measured upwards of 10 feet in length. At one end was an iron spear, and at the other a piece of the same metal flattened. One can well understand how a warrior might use such a weapon with effect in the battle-field.” Porter’s _Syria and Damascus_, II. 35. Comp. Homer, _Il._ VI. 135.

183 – Identified by Thomson with _Harothieh_, the Arabic form of the Hebrew Harosheth, an enormous double mound about 8 miles from Megiddo, exactly in the line of the retreat of the Canaanites, at the entrance of the pass to Esdraelon from the plain of Acre. “It was,” he writes, “probably called Harosheth _of the Gentiles_, or _nations_, because it belonged to those Gentiles of Acre and the neighbouring plains whom we know from Judg. i. 31 the Hebrews could not subdue.” _The Land and the Book_, p. 437.

184 – Compare the family name of Hannibal, Barca = fulmen belli. See _Barak_ in Smith’s _Bib. Dict._; Joseph. _Ant._ V. 5, § 2.

185 – Probably = _height_, “rising abruptly to a height of about 1000 ft. from the north-eastern arm of the plain of Esdraelon, and standing entirely insulated, except on the W., where a narrow ridge connects it with the hills of Nazareth.” See Robinson, _Bib. Res._ II. 352.

186 – See pp. 78, 194.

187 – See note 109.

188 – Or the “Oak of the Unloading of Tents,” Stanley’s _Lectures_, p. 326. “The black tents of the Turkman and Kurds, strangers like the Kenites, may still be seen pitched among the oaks and terebinths that encompass the little plain of Kedesh; proving that after the lapse of more than 3000 years the state of society in the country is but little changed.” Porter’s _Handbook of Syria and Palestine_, II. 444. For the forests of Naphtali, see p. 219.

189 – See p. 226.

190 – Thomson, _Land and the Book_, p. 435.

191 – Josephus, _Ant._ V. 5, § 4. See Thomson, p. 436.

192 – “As in like case in the battle of Cressy.” Stanley’s _Lectures_, p. 324.

193 – “I have seen this stream swollen and rapid, after heavy rains, when the winter torrents of Galilee and Carmel flow into it; then it is a river ‘with waters to swim in, a river that cannot be passed over;’ and I can well imagine the hosts of Sisera, his chariots and horses, struggling there.” _Domestic Life in Palestine_, pp. 111, 112. “When largely swollen during the great rains of winter it is _spongy_ enough――much easier to find than to get over――I once crossed through the lower part of Esdraelon ... and had no little trouble with its _bottomless mire_ and _tangled grass_.” Thomson, _L. and B._, p. 435; and compare Van de Velde, I. p. 289. Some of the results of this battle were nearly reproduced in the battle of Mount Tabor, April 16, 1799, when many of the fugitive Turks were drowned in the Kishon. See Smith’s _Bib. Dict._, Article _Kishon_.

194 – See Thomson, _The Land and the Book_, p. 441.

195 – See p. 194.

196 – “In precisely the same manner do the Bedawîn Arabs, these modern Midianites, come up the Wady of Jezreel and Wady Sherrar, _after the people have sown_, and destroy the increase of the earth; and not only destroy the increase of the field, but commit wholesale murder, as these did upon the brethren of Gideon at Tabor.... Both these valleys are now swarming with these _children of the East_, come over Jordan to consume the land.” Thomson, _The Land and the Book_, p. 448; _Domestic Life in Palestine_, pp. 178, 179. “This is one of the chief causes of the present poverty of the country.”

197 – Stanley, _S. and P._ p. 151; Smith’s _Dict._, Article _Caves_.

198 – “The summer threshing-floors are in the open country, and on an elevated position, to catch the wind when winnowing the grain, and of course they would be altogether unsafe at such a time, while the vineyards are hid away in the wadies and out on the wooded hills, and thus adapted for concealment. Indeed, I myself have seen grain thus concealed in this same country, during the lawless days of civil war.” Thomson, _The Land and the Book_, p. 448.

199 – “It is worthy of remark that the men of Issachar are not mentioned, and we can from this point readily imagine the reason. The people of Issachar lived here on this great plain (Esdraelon), and were, of course, altogether surrounded by and at the mercy of the Midianites, as these villages of Sulan, Shŭtta, Zer’in, &c., now are in the power of these Bedawîn. They therefore _could not_ join the army of Gideon.” Thomson, _The Land and the Book_, p. 449; Stanley’s _Lectures_, p. 344.

200 – Thomson, _The Land and the Book_, p. 449.

201 – The _Zabit_ or _Agha_ of the police at Cairo carries with him at night “a torch which burns soon after it is lighted, without a flame, excepting when it is waved through the air, when it suddenly blazes forth: it therefore answers the same purpose as our dark lantern. _The burning end_ is sometimes concealed in a small pot or jar, or covered with something else, where not required to give light.” Lane’s _Modern Egyptians_, I. ch. iv.; Smith’s _Bib. Dict._

202 – For similar stratagems, see Liv. xxii. 16; Sall. _de Bell. Jug._ ch. 99.

203 – See p. 55.

204 – See Article _Zebah_, in Smith’s _Bib. Dict._; Josephus, _Ant._ V. 6, § 5.

205 – Rendered in Isai. xvii. 13 a “_rolling_ thing.” Probably the allusion is to the wild artichoke which “in growing throws out numerous branches of equal size and length in all directions, forming a sort of sphere or globe, a foot or more in diameter. When ripe and dry in autumn, these branches become light and dry as a feather, the parent stem breaks off at the ground, and the wind carries these vegetable globes whithersoever it pleaseth.... The Arabs derive one of their many forms of cursing from this plant; ‘May you be whirled like the ’akkûb (wild artichoke), before the wind, until you are caught in the thorns, or plunged into the sea.’” Thomson, _Land and the Book_, p. 564.

206 – For subsequent mention of this deliverance, see 1 Sam. xii. 11; Ps. lxxxiii. 11; Isai. ix. 4, x. 26; Heb. xi. 32.

207 – See pp. 31, 55.

208 – See p. 209.

209 – “Several lofty precipices of Gerizim literally overhang the city, any one of which would answer Jotham’s purpose. Nor would it be difficult to be heard, as everybody knows who has listened to the _public crier_ of villages on Lebanon. In the stillness of the evening, after the people have returned home from their distant fields, he ascends the mountain-side above the place, or to the roof of some prominent house, and then _lifts up his voice and cries_ as Jotham did. Indeed, the people in these mountainous countries are able, from long practice, so to pitch their voices as to be heard distinctly at distances almost incredible. They talk with persons across enormous wadies, and give the most minute directions, which are perfectly understood; and in doing this they seem to speak very little louder than their usual tone of conversation. Jotham, therefore, might easily be heard by the greater part of the inhabitants of Shechem.... The very trees which most abound at Nablous (Shechem) are the olive, the fig, the vine, and the bramble.” Thomson, _The Land and the Book_, p. 474; Stanley’s _Lectures_, p. 350; Tristram, p. 150.

210 – See Calendar, p. 155.

211 – “Situated 13 Roman miles from Shechem, on the road to Scythopolis. There it still is; its name――_Tubâs_――hardly changed; the village on a rising ground to the left of the road, a thriving, compact, and strong-looking place, surrounded by immense woods of olives.” See Robinson, _Bib. Res._ III. p. 305; Smith’s _Bib. Dict._, Article _Thebez_.

212 – See 2 Sam. xi. 21.

213 – Lev. xviii. 21; Deut. xii. 31.

214 – Signifying 1st _an ear of corn_, and 2ndly _a stream or flood_.

215 – The PHILISTINES, a race of “strangers,” appear to have made three immigrations into the fertile south-western Lowland of Palestine, just as there were different immigrations of Saxons and Danes into England. (i) The _first_ came from the _Casluhim_ (Gen. x. 14); (ii) the _second_ and chief from the _Caphtorim_ (Deut. ii. 23; Jer. xlvii. 4; Am. ix. 7), either from some part of Egypt, or of Asia Minor and its adjacent islands, probably Crete; (iii) the _third_ from the _Cherethim_ (1 Sam. xxx. 14). The earliest immigrants having expelled the _Avim_ (Deut.