ix. 11), and were then or afterwards colonised by strangers

(Is. ix. 1), who increased in number during the Captivity and the times of the Maccabees (1 Macc. v. 20–23), and chiefly consisted of Syrians, Phœnicians, Arabs, and Greeks. It was probably from contact with this large body of foreigners that the pronunciation of the Jews residing in Galilee became peculiar (Mtt. xxvi. 73; Mk. xiv. 70).

220 ‒ A region extending from the Arnon to the Hieromax.

221 ‒ _Auranitis_ was the Greek form of the old name Hauran (Ezek. xlvii. 16), and was the name of the district in the upper valley of the Hieromax.

222 ‒ _Gaulanitis_ derived its name from the ancient Levitical city of refuge (Jos. xx. 8; xxi. 27), Golan, in the territory of Manasseh (Deut. iv. 43), and included the district immediately east of the lake of Gennesaret, and the Upper Jordan. Its principal cities were Golan, Hippos, Gamala, Bethsaida-Julias (Mark viii. 22) and Seleucia.

223 ‒ _Trachonitis_ was the Greek form of the Hebrew Argob = _stony_. See _Class-Book of O. T. History_, p. 185.

224 ‒ _Batanæa_, the Græcized form of the Hebrew Bashan, included, probably, the mountain-district east of Auranitis.

225 ‒ _Ituræa_ was a little province lying between Gaulanitis on the south, Trachonitis on the east, Hermon on the west, and the plain of Damascus on the north. It derived its name from _Jetur_, a son of Ishmael, who colonised it (Gen. xxv. 15, 16). His descendants were conquered by the half-tribe of Manasseh (1 Chr. v. 19–23) but not annihilated, for, as we have seen, above, p. 61, ♦Aristobulus re-conquered their colony, then called Ituræa, and gave them their choice between Judaism or banishment (Jos. _Ant._ XIII. 11. 3). Remnants, however, still survived, and retiring to the neighbouring rocky fastnesses “became known as skilful archers and daring plunderers” (Virgil, _Georg._ II. 448; Cic. _Phil._ II. 24; VIII. 19; XLIV. 112; V. 18). When Pompeius came into Syria it was ceded to the Romans, and was heavily taxed by M. Antonius; it then fell into the hands of a chief called Zenodorus, but about B.C. 20 was bestowed by Augustus on Herod the Great (see above, p. 93), who bequeathed it to his son Philip. Jos. _Ant._ XVII. 8. 1; Smith’s _Bibl. Dict._ and _Dict. Geog._

226 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ II. 6. 3.

227 ‒ According to Dion Cassius he was banished by Augustus to Vienne in Gaul, in the consulship of Marcus Æmilius Lepidus and L. Arruntius, after reigning from A.U.C. 750 to A.U.C. 759, Wieseler, _Chronol. Synop._ p. 50.

228 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ II. 7. 3; Lewin’s _Fasti Sacri_, p. 146.

229 ‒ From the time of Augustus (B.C. 27) the provinces subject to the Roman sway were divided into two classes, (i) _Senatorial_, and (ii) _Imperial_.

(i) _Senatorial_ provinces were governed by a _Proconsul_, called in Greek Ἀνθύπατος (Acts xiii. 7; xviii. 12;