Chapter 10
_Negro Emigration and Deportation_ as advocated by Bishop H.M. Turner and Senator Morgan of Alabama during the nineties. Professor William O. Scroggs of Louisiana University has in the _Journal of Political Economy_, Volume XXV, page 1034, an article entitled _Interstate Migration of Negro Population_. Mr. Epstein has published a helpful pamphlet, _The Negro Migrant in Pittsburgh_. Most of the material for this work, however, was collected from the various sources mentioned below.
BOOKS OF TRAVEL
Brissot de Warville, J. P. _New Travels in the United States of America: including the Commerce of America with Europe, particularly with Great Britain and France_. Two volumes. (London, 1794.) Gives general impressions, few details.
Buckingham, J.S. _America, Historical, Statistical, and Descriptive_. Two volumes. (New York, 1841.)--_Eastern and Western States of America_. Three volumes. (London and Paris, 1842.) Contains useful information.
Olmsted, Frederick Law. _A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, with Remarks on their Economy_. (New York, 1859.)--_A Journey in the Back Country_. (London, 1860.)
--_Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom_. (London, 1861.) Olmsted was a New York farmer. He recorded a few important facts about the Negroes immediately before the Civil War.
Woolman, John. _Journal of John Woolman, with an Introduction by John G. Whittier_. (Boston, 1873.) Woolman traveled so extensively in the colonies that he probably knew more about the Negroes than any other Quaker of his time.
LETTERS
Boyce, Stanbury. _Letters on the Emigration of the Negroes to Trinidad_.
Jefferson, Thomas. _Letters of Thomas Jefferson to Abbé Grégoire, M.A. Julien, and Benjamin Banneker. In Jefferson's Works, Memorial Edition_, xii and xv. He comments on Negroes' talents.
Madison, James. _Letters to Frances Wright_. In _Madison's Works_, vol. iii, p. 396. The emancipation of Negroes is discussed.
May, Samuel Joseph. _The Right of the Colored People to Education_. (Brooklyn, 1883.) A collection of public letters addressed to Andrew T. Judson, remonstrating on the unjust procedure relative to Miss Prudence Crandall.
McDonogh, John. "_A Letter of John McDonogh on African Colonization addressed to the Editor of the New Orleans Commercial Bulletin_." McDonogh was interested in the betterment of the colored people and did much to promote their mental development.
BIOGRAPHIES
Birney, William. _James G. Birney and His Times_. (New York, 1890.) A sketch of an advocate of Negro uplift.
Bowen, Clarence W. _Arthur and Lewis Tappan_. A paper read at the fiftieth anniversary of the New York Anti-Slavery Society, at the Broadway Tabernacle, New York City, October 2, 1883. An honorable mention of two friends of the Negro.
Drew, Benjamin. _A North-side View of Slavery. The Refugee: or the Narratives of Fugitive Slaves in Canada. Related by themselves, with an Account of the History and Condition of the Colored Population of Upper Canada_. (New York and Boston, 1856.)
Frothingham, O.B. _Gerritt Smith: A Biography_. (New York, 1878.)
Garrison, Francis and Wendell P. _William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879. The Story of his Life told by his Children_. Four volumes. (Boston and New York, 1894.) Includes a brief account of what he did for the colored people.
Hammond, C.A. _Gerritt Smith, The Story of a Noble Man's Life_. (Geneva, 1900.)
Johnson, Oliver. _William Lloyd Garrison and his Times_. (Boston, 1880. New edition, revised and enlarged, Boston, 1881.)
Mott, A. _Biographical Sketches and Interesting Anecdotes of Persons of Color; with a Selection of Pieces of Poetry_. (New York, 1826.) Some of these sketches show how ambitious Negroes succeeded in spite of opposition.
Simmons, W.J. _Men of Mark; Eminent, Progressive, and Rising, with an Introductory Sketch of the Author by Reverend Henry M. Turner_. (Cleveland, Ohio, 1891.) Accounts for the adverse circumstances under which many antebellum Negroes made progress.
AUTOBIOGRAPHIES
Coffin, Levi. _Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, reputed President of the Underground Railroad_. Second edition. (Cincinnati, 1880.) Contains many facts concerning Negroes.
Douglass, Frederick. _Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, as an American Slave_. Written by himself. (Boston, 1845.) Gives several cases of secret Negro movements for their own good.
--_The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass from 1817 to 1882_. (London, 1882.) Written by himself. With an Introduction by the Eight Honorable John Bright, M.P. Edited by John Loeb, F.R.G.S., of the _Christian Age_. Editor of _Uncle Tom's Story of his Life_.
HISTORIES
Bancroft, George. _History of the United States_. Ten volumes. (Boston, 1857-1864.)
Brackett, Jeffrey R. _The Negro in Maryland_. Johns Hopkins University Studies. (Baltimore, 1889.)
Collins, Lewis. _Historical Sketches of Kentucky_. (Maysville, Ky., and Cincinnati, Ohio, 1847.)
Dunn, J.P. _Indiana; A redemption from Slavery_. (In the American Commonwealths, vols. XII, Boston and New York, 1888.)
Evans, W.E. _A History of Scioto County together with a Pioneer Record of Southern Ohio_. (Portsmouth, 1903.)
Farmer, Silas. _The History of Detroit and Michigan or the Metropolis Illustrated_. A chronological encyclopedia of the past and the present including a full record of territorial days in Michigan and the annals of Wayne County. Two volumes. (Detroit, 1899.)
Harris, N.D. _The History of Negro Servitude in Illinois and of the Slavery Agitation in that State, 1719-1864,_. (Chicago, 1904.)
Hart, A.B. _The American Nation; A History, etc_. Twenty-seven volumes. (New York, 1904-1908.) The volumes which have a bearing on the subject treated in this monograph are W.A. Dunning's _Reconstruction_, F.J. Turner's _Rise of the New West_, and A.B. Hart's _Slavery and Abolition_.
Hinsdale, B.A. _The Old Northwest; with a view of the thirteen colonies as constituted by the royal charters_. (New York, 1888.)
Howe, Henry. _Historical Collections of Ohio_. Contains a collection of the most interesting facts, traditions, biographical sketches, anecdotes, etc., relating to its general and local history with descriptions of its counties, principal towns and villages. (Cincinnati, 1847.)
Jones, Charles Colcook, Jr. _History of Georgia_. (Boston, 1883.)
McMaster, John B. _History of the United States_. Six volumes. (New York, 1900.)
Rhodes, J.F. _History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Final Restoration of Home Rule in the South_. (New York and London, Macmillan & Company, 1892-1906.)
Steiner, B.C. _History of Slavery in Connecticut_. (Johns Hopkins University Studies, 1893.)
Stuve, Bernard, and Alexander Davidson. _A Complete History of Illinois from 1673 to 1783_. (Springfield, 1874.)
Tremain, Mary M.A. _Slavery in the District of Columbia_. (University of Nebraska Seminary Papers, April, 1892.)
_History of Brown County, Ohio_. (Chicago, 1883.)
ADDRESSES
Garrison, William Lloyd. _An Address Delivered before the Free People of Color in Philadelphia, New York and other Cities during the Month of June, 1831_. (Boston, 1831.)
Griffin, Edward Dore. _A Plea for Africa,_. (New York, 1817.) A Sermon preached October 26, 1817, in the First Presbyterian Church in the City of New York before the Synod of New York and New Jersey at the Request of the Board of Directors of the African School established by the Synod. The aim was to arouse interest in colonization.
REPORTS AND STATISTICS
_Special Report of the Commissioner of Education on the Improvement of Public Schools in the District of Columbia_, containing M. B. Goodwin's "History of Schools for the Colored Population in the District of Columbia." (Washington, 1871.)
_Report of the Committee of Representatives of the New York Yearly Meeting of Friends upon the condition and wants of the Colored Refugees_, 1862.
Clarke, J. F. _Present Condition of the Free Colored People of the United States_. (New York and Boston, the American Antislavery Society, 1859.) Published also in the March number of the _Christian Examiner_.
_Condition of the Free People of Color in Ohio. With interesting anecdotes_. (Boston, 1839.)
_Institute for Colored Youth_. (Philadelphia, 1860-1865.) Contains a list of the officers and students.
Jones, Thomas Jesse. _Negro Education: A study of the private and higher schools for colored people in the United States. Prepared in cooperation with the Phelps-Stokes Fund_. In two volumes. (Bureau of Education, Washington, 1917.)
_Official Records of the War of Rebellion_.
_Report of the Condition of the Colored People of Cincinnati_, 1835. (Cincinnati, 1835.)
_Report of a Committee of the Pennsylvania Society of Abolition on Present Condition of the Colored People, etc_., 1838. (Philadelphia, 1838.)
_Statistical Inquiry into the Condition of the People of Color of the City and Districts of Philadelphia_. (Philadelphia, 1849.)
_Statistics of the Colored People of Philadelphia in 1859_, compiled by Benj. C. Bacon. (Philadelphia, 1859.)
_Statistical Abstract of the United States_, 1898. Prepared by the Bureau of Statistics. (Washington, D. C., 1899.)
_Statistical View of the Population of the United States, A_ 1790-1830. (Published by the Department of State in 1835.)
_Trades of the Colored People_. (Philadelphia, 1838.)
_United States Censuses_.
_A Brief Statement of the Rise and Progress of the Testimony of Friends against Slavery and the Slave Trade_. Published by direction of the Yearly Meeting held in Philadelphia in the Fourth Month, 1843. Shows the action taken by various Friends to elevate the Negroes.
_A Collection of the Acts, Deliverances and Testimonies of the Supreme Judicatory of the Presbyterian Church, from its Origin in America to the Present Time_. By Samuel J. Baird. (Philadelphia, 1856.)
American Convention of Abolition Societies. _Minutes of the Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies established in different Parts of the United States_. From 1794-1828.
_The Annual Reports of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Societies, presented at New York, May 6, 1847, with the Addresses and Resolutions_. From 1847-1851.
_The Annual Reports of the American Anti-Slavery Society_. From 1834 to 1860.
_The Third Annual Report of the Managers of the New England Anti-Slavery Society presented June 2, 1835_. (Boston, 1835.)
_Annual Reports of the Massachusetts (or New England) Anti-Slavery Society, 1831-end_.
_Reports of the National Anti-Slavery Convention, 1833-end_.
_Reports of the American Colonisation Society_, 1818-1832.
_Report of the New York Colonisation Society_, October 1, 1823. (New York, 1823.)
_The Seventh Annual Report of the Colonization Society of the City of New York_. (New York, 1839.)
_Proceedings of the New York State Colonization Society_, 1831. (Albany, 1831.)
_The Eighteenth Annual Report of the Colonization Society of the State of New York_. (New York, 1850.)
_Minutes and Proceedings of the First Annual Convention of the People of Color. Held by Adjournment in the City of Philadelphia, from the sixth to the eleventh of June, inclusive_, 1831. (Philadelphia, 1831.)
_Minutes and Proceedings of the Second Annual Convention for the Improvement of the Free People of Color in these United States. Held by Adjournments in the City of Philadelphia, from the 4th to the 13th of June, inclusive_, 1832. (Philadelphia, 1832.)
_Minutes and Proceedings of the Third Annual Convention for the Improvement of the Free People of Color in these United States. Held by Adjournments in the City of_ _Philadelphia, in 1833_. (New York, 1833.) These proceedings were published also in the _New York Commercial Advertiser_, April 27, 1833.
_Minutes and Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Convention for the Improvement of the Free People of Color in the United States. Held by Adjournments in the Asbury Church, New York, from the 2nd to the 12th of June, 1834_. (New York, 1834.)
_Proceedings of the Convention of the Colored Freedmen of Ohio at Cincinnati, January 14, 1852_. (Cincinnati, Ohio, 1852.)
MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS
Adams, Alice Dana. _The Neglected Period of Anti-Slavery in America_. Radcliffe College Monographs No. 14._ (Boston and London, 1908) Contains some valuable facts about the Negroes during the first three decades of the nineteenth century.
Agricola (pseudonym). _An Impartial View of the Real State of the Black Population in the United States_. (Philadelphia, 1824.)
Alexander, A. _A History of Colonisation on the Western Continent of Africa_. (Philadelphia, 1846.)
Ames, Mary. _From a New England Woman's Diary in 1865_, (Springfield, 1906.)
_An Address to the People of North Carolina on the Evils of Slavery, by the Friends of Liberty and Equality, 1830_. (Greensborough, 1830.)
_An Address to the Presbyterians of Kentucky proposing a Plan for the Instruction and Emancipation of their Slaves by a Committee of the Synod of Kentucky_. (Newburyport, 1836.)
Baldwin, Ebenezer. _Observations on the Physical and Moral Qualities of our Colored Population with Remarks on the Subject of Emancipation and Colonization_. (New Haven, 1834.)
Bassett, J. S. _Slavery and Servitude in the Colony of North Carolina_. (Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science. Fourteenth Series, iv-v. Baltimore, 1896.)
_Slavery in the State of North Carolina_. (Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science. Series XVII., Nos. 7-8. Baltimore, 1899.)
_Anti-Slavery Leaders of North Carolina_. (Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science. Series XVI., No. 6. Baltimore, 1898.)
Benezet, Anthony. _A Caution to Great Britain and Her Colonies in a Short Representation of the calamitous State of the enslaved Negro in the British Dominions_. (Philadelphia, 1784.)
_The Case of our Fellow-Creatures, the oppressed Africans, respectfully recommended to the serious Consideration of the Legislature of Great Britain, by the People called Quakers_. (London, 1783.)
_Observations on the enslaving, Importing and Purchasing of Negroes; with some Advice thereon, extracted from the Epistle of the Yearly-Meeting of the People called Quakers, held at London in the Year 1748_. (Germantown, 1760.)
_The Potent Enemies of America laid open: being some Account of the baneful Effects attending the Use of distilled spirituous Liquors, and the Slavery of the Negroes_. (Philadelphia.)
_A Short Account of that Part of Africa, inhabited by the Negroes. With respect to the Fertility of the Country; the good Disposition of many of the Natives, and the Manner by which the Slave Trade is carried on_. (Philadelphia, 1792)
_Short Observations on Slavery, introductory to Some Extracts from the Writings of the Abbé Raynal, on the Important Subject_.
_Some Historical Account of Guinea, its Situation, Produce, and the General Disposition of its Inhabitants. With an Inquiry into the Rise and Progress of the Slave Trade, its Nature and Lamentable Effects_. (London, 1788.)
Birney, James G. _The American Churches, the Bulwarks of American Slavery, by an American_. (Newburyport, 1842.)
Birney, William. _James G. Birney and his Times. The Genesis of the Republican Party, with Some Account of the Abolition Movements in the South before 1828_. (New York, 1890.)
Brackett, Jeffery B. _The Negro in Maryland. A Study of the Institution of Slavery_. (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University, 1889.)
Brannagan, Thomas. _A Preliminary Essay on the Oppression of the Exiled Sons of Africa, Consisting of Animadversions on the Impolicy and Barbarity of the Deleterious Commerce and Subsequent Slavery of the Human Species_. (Philadelphia: Printed for the Author by John W. Scott, 1804.)
Brannagan, T. _Serious Remonstrances Addressed to the Citizens of the Northern States and their Representatives, being an Appeal to their Natural Feelings and Common Sense; Consisting of Speculations and Animadversions, on the Recent Revival of the Slave Trade in the American Republic_. (Philadelphia, 1805.)
Campbell, J. V. _Political History of Michigan_. (Detroit, 1876.)
_Code Noir ou Recueil d'edits, declarations et arrêts concernant la Discipline et le commerce des esclaves Nègres des isles francaises de l'Amérique (in Recueils de réglemens, edits, declarations et arrêts, concernant le commerce, l'administration de la justice et la police des colonies francaises de l'Amérique, et les engages avec le Code Noir, et l'addition audit code)_. (Paris, 1745.)
Coffin, Joshua. _An Account of Some of the principal Slave Insurrections and others which have occurred or been attempted in the United States and elsewhere during the last two Centuries. With various Remarks. Collected from various Sources_. (New York, 1860.)
Columbia University _Studies in History, Economics and Public Law_. Edited by the faculty of political science. The useful volumes of this series for this field are:
W.L. Fleming's _Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama_, 1905.
W.W. Davis's _The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida_, 1913.
Clara Mildred Thompson's _Reconstruction in Georgia, Economic, Social, Political_, 1915.
J.G. de R. Hamilton's _Reconstruction in North Carolina_, 1914.
C.W. Ramsdell. _Reconstruction in Texas_, 1910.
_Connecticut, Public Acts passed by the General Assembly of_.
Cromwell, J.W. _The Negro in American History: Men and Women Eminent in the Evolution of the American of African Descent_. (Washington, 1914.)
Davidson, A., and Stowe, B. _A Complete History of Illinois from 1673 to 1873_. (Springfield, 1874.) It embraces the physical features of the country, its early explorations, aboriginal inhabitants, the French and British occupation, the conquest of Virginia, territorial condition and subsequent events.
Delany, M.R. _The Condition, Elevation, Emigration and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States: politically considered_. (Philadelphia, 1852.)
DuBois, W.E.B. _The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study. Together with a special report on domestic service by Isabel Eaton_. (Philadelphia, 1899.)
Atlanta University Publications, _The Negro Common School_. (Atlanta, 1901.)
_The Negro Church_. (Atlanta, 1903.)
and Dill, A.G. _The College-Bred Negro American_. (Atlanta, 1910.)
_The Negro American Artisan_. (Atlanta, 1912.)
De Toqueville, Alexis Charles Henri Maurice Clerel De. _Democracy in America_. Translated by Henry Reeve. Four volumes. (London, 1835, 1840.)
Eaton, John. _Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen: reminiscences of the Civil War with special reference to the work for the Contrabands, and the Freedmen of the Mississippi Valley_. (New York, 1907.)
Epstein. _The Negro Migrant in Pittsburgh_. (Pittsburgh, 1917.)
_Exposition of the Object and Plan of the American Union for the Belief and Improvement of the Colored Race_. (Boston, 1835.)
Fee, John G. _Anti-Slavery Manual_. (Maysville, 1848.)
Fertig, James Walter. _The Secession and Reconstruction of Tennessee_. (Chicago, 1898.)
Frost, W.G. "Appalachian America." (In vol. i of _The Americana_.) (New York, 1912.)
Garnett, H.H. _The Past and Present Condition and the Destiny of the Colored Race_. (Troy, 1848.)
Greely, Horace. _The American Conflict_. A history of the great rebellion in the United States of America, 1860-64, its causes, incidents and results: intended to exhibit especially its moral and political phases, with the drift of progress of American opinion respecting human slavery from 1776 to the close of the war for its union. (Chicago, 1864.)
Hammond, M.B. _The Cotton Industry: an Essay in American Economic History_. It deals with the cotton culture and the cotton Trade. (New York, 1897.)
Hart, A.B. _The Southern South_. (New York, 1906.)
Henson, Josiah. _The Life of Josiah Henson_. (Boston, 1849.)
Hershaw, L.M. _Peonage in the United States_. This is one of the American Negro Academy Papers. (Washington, 1912.)
Hickok, Charles Thomas. _The Negro in Ohio, 1802-1870_. (Cleveland, 1896.)
Hodgkin, Thomas A. _Inquiry into the Merits of the American Colonization Society and Reply to the Charges brought against it with an Account of the British African Colonization Society_. (London, 1833.)
Howe, Samuel G. _The Refugees from Slavery in Canada West. Report to the Freedmen's Inquiry Committee_. (Boston, 1864.)
Hutchins, Thomas. _An Historical Narrative and Topographical Description of Louisiana and West Florida, comprehending the river Mississippi with its principal Branches and Settlements and the Rivers Pearl and Pescagoula_. (Philadelphia, 1784.)
_Illinois, Laws of, passed by the General Assembly of_.
_Indiana, Laws passed by the State of_.
Jay, John. _The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay. First Chief Justice of the United States and President of the Continental Congress, Member of the Commission to negotiate the Treaty of Independence, Envoy to Great Britain, Governor of New York, etc., 1782-1793. (New York and London, 1801.) Edited by Henry P. Johnson, Professor of History in the College of the City of New York.
Jay, William. _An Inquiry into the Character and Tendencies of the American Colonisation and American Anti-Slavery Societies_. Second edition. (New York, 1835.)
Jefferson, Thomas. _The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Memorial Edition. Autobiography, Notes on Virginia, Parliamentary Mannual, Official Papers, Messages and Addresses, and other writings Official and Private, etc._ (Washington, 1903.)
_Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science_. H.B. Adams, Editor. (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press.) Among the useful volumes of this series are: J.R. Ficklen's _History of Reconstruction in Louisiana_, 1910.
H.J. Eckenrode's _The Political History of Virginia during Reconstruction_, 1904.
Langston, John M. _From the Virginia Plantation to the National Capital; or, The First and Only Negro Representative in Congress from The Old Dominion_. (Hartford, 1894.)
Locke, M.S. _Anti-Slavery in America from the Introduction of African Slaves to the Prohibition of the Slave Trade, 1619-1808_. Radcliffe College Monographs, No. ii. (Boston, 1901.) A valuable work.
Lynch, John R. _The Facts of Reconstruction_. (New York, 1913.)
Madison, James. _Letters and Other Writings of James Madison Published by Order of Congress_. Four volumes. (Philadelphia, 1865.)
May, S.J. _Some Recollections of our Anti-Slavery Conflict_.
Monroe, James. _The Writings of James Monroe, including a Collection of his public and private Papers and Correspondence now for the first time printed_. Edited by S. M. Hamilton. (Boston, 1900.)
Moore, George H. _Notes on the History of Slavery in Massachusetts_. (New York, 1866.)
Needles, Edward. _Ten Years' Progress or a Comparison of the State and Condition of the Colored People in the City of and County of Philadelphia from 1837 to 1847_. (Philadelphia, 1849.)
_New Jersey, Acts of the General Assembly of_.
_Ohio, Laws of the General Assembly of_.
Ovington, M.W. _Half-a-Man_. (New York, 1911.) Treats of the Negro in the State of New York. A few pages are devoted to the progress of the colored people.
Parrish, John. _Remarks on the Slavery of the Black People; Addressed to the Citizens of the United States, particularly to those who are in legislative or executive Stations, particularly in the General or State Governments; and also to such Individuals as hold them in Bondage_. (Philadelphia, 1806.)
Pearson, E.W. _Letters from Port Royal, written at the Time of the Civil War_. (Boston, 1916.)
Pearson, C.C. _The Readjuster Movement in Virginia_. (New Haven, 1917.)
_Pennsylvania, Laws of the General Assembly of the State of_.
Pierce, E.L. _The Freedmen of Port Royal, South Carolina, Official Reports_. (New York, 1863.)
Pike, James S. _The Prostrate State: South Carolina under Negro Government_. (New York, 1874.)
Pittman, Philip. _The Present State of European Settlements on the Mississippi with a geographic description of that river_. (London, 1770.)
Quillen, Frank U. _The Color Line in Ohio_. A History of Race Prejudice in a typical northern State. (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1913.)
Reynolds, J.S. _Reconstruction in South Carolina_. (Columbia, 1905.)
_Rhode Island, Acts and Resolves of_.
Rice, David. _Slavery inconsistent with Justice and Good Policy: proved by a Speech delivered in the Convention held at Danville, Kentucky_. (Philadelphia, 1792, and London, 1793.)
Scherer, J.A.B. _Cotton as a World Power_. (New York, 1916.) This is a study in the economic interpretation of History. The contents of this book are a revision of a series of lectures at Oxford and Cambridge universities in the Spring of 1914 with the caption on Economic Causes in the American Civil War.
Siebert, Wilbur H. _The Underground Railroad from Slavery_ _to Freedom_, by W.H. Siebert, Associate Professor of History in the Ohio State University, with an Introduction by A.B. Hart. (New York, 1898.)
Starr, Frederick. _What shall be done with the people of color in the United States?_ (Albany, 1862.) A discourse delivered in the First Presbyterian Church of Penn Yan, New York, November 2, 1862.
Still, William. _The Underground Railroad_. (Philadelphia, 1872.) This is a record of facts, authentic narratives, letters and the like, giving the hardships, hair-breadth escapes and death struggles of the slaves in their efforts for freedom as related by themselves and others or witnessed by the author.
_The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1619-1791. The Original French, Latin, and Italian Texts with English Translations and Notes illustrated by Portraits, Maps, and Facsimiles_. Edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites, Secretary of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. (Cleveland, 1896.)
Thompson, George. _Speech at the Meeting for the Extension of Negro Apprenticeship_. (London, 1838.)
_The Free Church Alliance with Manstealers. Send back the Money. Great Anti-Slavery Meeting in the City Hall, Glasgow, containing the Speeches delivered by Messrs. Wright, Douglass, and Buffum from America, and by George Thompson of London, with a Summary Account of a Series of Meetings held in Edinburgh by the above named Gentlemen._ (Glasgow, 1846.)
Torrey, Jesse, Jr. _A Portraiture of Domestic Slavery in the United States with Reflections on the Practicability of restoring the Moral Rights of the Slave, without impairing the legal Privileges of the Possessor, and a Project of a Colonial Asylum for Free Persons of Color, including Memoirs of Facts on the Interior Traffic in Slaves and on Kidnapping, Illustrated with Engravings by Jesse Torrey, Jr., Physician, Author of a Series of Essays on Morals and the Diffusion of Knowledge_. (Philadelphia, 1817.)
_American Internal Slave Trade; with Reflections on the project for forming a Colony of Blacks in Africa_. (London, 1822.)
Turner, E.R. _The Negro in Pennsylvania_. (Washington, 1911.)
_Tyrannical Libertymen: a Discourse upon Negro Slavery in the United States, composed at ------ in New Hampshire: on the Late Federal Thanksgiving Day_. (Hanover, N. H., 1795.)
Walker, David. _Walker's Appeal in Four Articles, together with a Preamble to the Colored Citizens of the World, but in particular and very expressly to those of the United States of America, Written in Boston, State of Massachusetts, September 28, 1829_. Second edition. (Boston, 1830.) Walker was a Negro who hoped to arouse his race to self-assertion.
Ward, Charles. _Contrabands_. (Salem, 1866.) This suggests an apprenticeship, under the auspices of the government, to build the Pacific Railroad.
Washington, B.T. _The Story of the Negro_. Two volumes. (New York, 1909.)
Washington, George. _The Writings of George Washington, being his Correspondence, Addresses, Messages, and other papers, official and private, selected and published from the original Manuscripts with the Life of the Author, Notes and Illustrations, by Jared Sparks_. (Boston, 1835.)
Weeks, Stephen B. _Southern Quakers and Slavery. A Study in Institutional History_. (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1896.)
_The Anti-Slavery Sentiment in the South; with Unpublished Letters from John Stuart Mill and Mrs. Stowe_. (Southern History Association Publications, Volume ii, No. 2, Washington, D.C., April, 1898.)
Williams, G.W. _A History of the Negro Troops in the War of the Rebellion, 1861-1865, preceded by a Review of the military Services of Negroes in ancient and modern Times_. (New York, 1888.)
_History of the Negro Race in the United States from 1619-1880. Negroes as Slaves, as Soldiers, and as Citizens: together with a preliminary Consideration of the Unity of the Human Family, an historical Sketch of Africa and an Account of the Negro Governments of Sierra Leone and Liberia_. (New York, 1883.)
Woodson, C.G. _The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861_. (New York and London, 1915.) This is a history of the Education of the Colored People of the United States from the beginning of slavery to the Civil War.
Woolman, John. _The Works of John Woolman. In two Parts, Part I: A Journal of the Life, Gospel-Labors, and Christian Experiences of that faithful Minister of Christ, John Woolman, late of Mount Holly in the Province of New Jersey_. (London, 1775.)
_Same, Part Second. Containing his last Epistle and other Writings_. (London, 1775.)
_Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes. Recommended to the Professors of Christianity of every Denomination_. (Philadelphia, 1754.)
_Considerations on Keeping Negroes; Recommended to the Professors of Christianity of every Denomination. Part the Second_. (Philadelphia, 1762.)
Wright, R.R., Jr. _The Negro in Pennsylvania_. (Philadelphia, 1912.)
MAGAZINES
_The African Methodist Episcopal Church Review_. The following articles:
_The Negro as an Inventor_. By R. R. Wright, vol. ii, p. 397.
_Negro Poets_, vol. iv, p. 236.
_The Negro in Journalism_, vols. vi, p. 309, and xx, p. 137.
_The African Repository_; Published by the American Colonization Society from 1826 to 1832. A very good source for Negro history both in this country and Liberia. Some of its most valuable articles are:
_Learn Trades or Starve_, by Frederick Douglass, vol. xxix, p. 137. Taken from Frederick Douglass's Paper.
_Education of the Colored People_, by a highly respectable gentleman of the South, vol. xxx, pp. 194, 195 and 196.
_Elevation of the Colored Race_, a memorial circulated in North Carolina, vol. xxxi, pp. 117 and 118.
_A lawyer for Liberia_, a sketch of Garrison Draper, vol. xxxiv, pp. 26 and 27.
_The American Economic Review_.
_The American Journal of Social Science_.
_The American Journal of Political Economy_.
_The American Law Review_.
_The American Journal of Sociology_.
_The Atlantic Monthly_.
_The Colonizationist and Journal of Freedom_. The author has been able to find only the volume which contains the numbers for the year 1834.
_The Christian Examiner_.
_The Cosmopolitan_.
_The Crisis_. A record of the darker races published by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
_Dublin Review_.
_The Forum_.
_The Independent_.
_The Journal of Negro History_.
_The Maryland Journal of Colonization_. Published as the official organ of the Maryland Colonization Society. Among its important articles are: _The Capacities of the Negro Race_, vol. iii, p. 367; and _The Educational Facilities of Liberia_, vol. vii, p. 223.
_The Nation_.
_The Non-Slaveholder_. Two volumes of this publication are now found in the Library of Congress.
_The Outlook_.
_Public Opinion_.
_The Southern Workman_. Volume xxxvii contains Dr. R. R. Wright's valuable dissertation on _Negro Rural Communities in India_.
_The Spectator_.
_The Survey_.
_The World's Work_.
NEWSPAPERS
District of Columbia. _The Daily National Intelligencer_.
Louisiana. _The New Orleans Commercial Bulletin_. _The New Orleans Times-Picayune_.
Maryland. _The Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser_. _The Maryland Gazette_. _Dunlop's Maryland Gazette or The Baltimore Advertiser_.
Massachusetts. _The Liberator_.
Mississippi. _The Vicksburg Daily Commercial_.
New York. _The New York Daily Advertiser_. _The New York Tribune_. _The New York Times_.
INDEX
Adams, Henry, leader of the exodus to Kansas,
Akron, friends of fugitives in,
Alton Telegraph, comment of,
Anderson, promoter of settling of Negroes in Jamaica,
Anti-slavery, leaders of the movement, became more helpful to the refugees,
Anti-slavery sentiment, of two kinds,
American Federation of Labor, attitude of, toward Negro labor,
Appalachian highland, settlers of, aided fugitives; exodus of Negroes to,
Arkansas, drain of laborers to,
Ball, J.P., a contractor,
Ball, Thomas, a contractor,
Barclay, interest of, in the sending of Negroes to Jamaica,
Barrett, Owen A., discoverer of a remedy,
Bates, owner of slaves at St. Genevieve,
Beauvais, owner of slaves, Upper Louisiana,
Benezet, Anthony, plan of, to colonize Negroes in West; interest of, in settling Negroes in the West,
Berlin Cross Roads, Negroes of,
Bibb, Henry, interest of, in colonization,
Birney, James G., promoter of the migration of the Negroes; press of, destroyed by mob in Cincinnati,
Black Friday, riot of, in Portsmouth,
Blackburn, Thornton, a fugitive claimed in Detroit,
Boll weevil, a cause of migration,
Boston, friends of fugitives in,
Boyce, Stanbury, went with his father to Trinidad in the fifties,
Boyd, Henry, a successful mechanic in Cincinnati,
Brannagan, Thomas, advocate of colonizing the Negroes in the West; interest of, in settling Negroes in the West,
Brissot de Warville, observations of, on Negroes in the West,
British Guiana, attractive to free Negroes,
Brooklyn, Illinois, a Negro community,
Brown, John, in the Appalachian highland,
Brown County, Ohio, Negroes in,
Buffalo, friends of fugitives in,
Butler, General, holds Negroes as contraband; policy of, followed by General Wood and General Banks,
Cairo, Illinois, an outlet for the refugees
Calvin Township, Cass County, Michigan, a Negro community; note on progress of
Campbell, Sir George, comment on condition of Negroes in Kansas City
Canaan, New Hampshire, break-up of school of, admitting Negroes,
Canada, the migration of Negroes to; settlements in,
Canadians, supply of slaves of; prohibited the importation of slaves,
Canterbury, people of, imprison Prudence Crandall because she taught Negroes,
Cardoza, F.L., return of from Edinburgh to South Carolina,
Cassey, Joseph C., a lumber merchant,
Cassey, Joseph, a broker in Philadelphia,
Chester, T. Morris, went from Pittsburgh to settle in Louisiana,
Cincinnati, friends of fugitives in; mobs; successful Negroes of,
Clark, Edward V., a jeweler,
Clay, Henry, a colonizationist,
Code for indentured servants in West, note,
Coffin, Levi, comment on the condition of the refugees,
Coles, Edward, moved to Illinois to free his slaves; correspondence with Jefferson on slavery,
Colgate, Richard, master of James Wenyam who escaped to the West,
Collins, Henry M., interest of, in colonization; a real estate man in Pittsburgh,
Corbin, J.C., return of, from Chillicothe to Arkansas,
Colonization proposed as a remedy for migration, in the West; organization of society of; failure to remove free Negroes; opposed by free people of color; meetings of, in the interest of the West Indies; impeded by the exodus to the West Indies; a remedy for migration,
Colonization Society, organization of; renewed efforts of,
Colonizationists, opposition of, to the migration to the West Indies,
Columbia, Pa., friends of fugitives in,
Compagnie de l'Occident in control of Louisiana,
Condition of fugitives in contraband camps,
Congested districts in the North,
Connecticut, exterminated slavery; law of; against teaching Negroes,
Conventions of Negroes,
Cook, Forman B., a broker,
Crandall, A.W., interest in checking the exodus to Kansas,
Crandall, Prudence, imprisoned because she taught Negroes,
Credit system, a cause of unrest,
Crozat, Antoine, as Governor of Louisiana,
Cuffé, Paul, an actual colonizationist,
Davis, comment on freedmen's vagrancy,
De Baptiste, Richard, father of, in Detroit,
Debasement of the blacks after Reconstruction,
Delany, Martin R., interest of, in colonization,
De Tocqueville, observation of, on the condition of free Negroes in the North,
Delaware, disfranchisement of Negroes in,
Detroit, Negroes in; friends of fugitives in; a gateway to Canada; the Negro question in; mob of, rises against Negroes; successful Negroes of,
Dinwiddie, Governor, Fears of, as to servile insurrection,
Diseases of Negroes in the North,
Distribution of intelligent blacks,
Douglass, Frederick, the leading Negro journalist; advice of, on staying in the South to retain political power; comment of, on exodus to Kansas,
Downing, Thomas, owner of a restaurant,
Drain of laborers to Mississippi and Louisiana; to Arkansas and Texas,
Eaton, John, work of, among the refugees,
Economic opportunities for the Negro in the North; economic opportunities for Negroes in the South,
Educational facilities, the lack of,
Elizabethtown, friends of fugitives in,
Elliot, E.B., return of, from Boston to South Carolina,
Elmira, friends of fugitives in,
Emancipation of the Negroes in the West Indies, the effect of,
Epstein, Abraham, an authority on the Negro migrant in Pittsburgh,
Exodus, the, during the World War; causes; efforts of the South to check it; Negroes divided on it; whites divided on it; unfortunate for the South; probable results; will increase political power of Negro; exodus of the Negroes to Kansas,
Fear of Negro domination to cease,
Ficklen, comment on freedmen's vagrancy,
Fiske, A.S., work of, among the contrabands,
Fleming, comment of, on freedmen's vagrancy,
Floods of the Mississippi, a cause of migration,
Foote, Ex-Governor of Mississippi, liberal measure of, presented to Vicksburg convention,
Fort Chartres, slaves of,
Forten, James, a wealthy Negro,
Freedman's relief societies, aid of,
Free Negroes, opposed to American Colonization Society; interested in African colonization; National Council of,
French, departure of, from West to keep slaves; welcome of, to fugitive slaves of the English colonies; good treatment of,
Friends of fugitives,
Fugitive Slave Law, a destroyer of Negro settlements,
Fugitives coming to Pennsylvania,
Gallipolis, friends of fugitives in,
Georgia, laws of, against Negro mechanics; slavery considered profitable in,
Germans antagonistic to Negroes; favorable to fugitives in mountains; opposed Negro settlement in Mercer County, Ohio; their hatred of Negroes,
Gibbs, Judge M.W., went from Philadelphia to Arkansas,
Gilmore's High School, work of, in Cincinnati,
Gist, Samuel, settled his Negroes in Ohio,
Goodrich, William, owner of railroad stock,
Gordon, Robert, a successful coal dealer in Cincinnati,
Grant, General U.S., protected refugees in his camp; retained them at Fort Donelson; his use of the refugees,
Greener, R.T., comment of, on the exodus to Kansas; went from Philadelphia to South Carolina,
Gregg, Theodore H., sent his manumitted slaves to Ohio,
Gulf States, proposed Negro commonwealths of,
Guild of Caterers, in Philadelphia,
Halleck, General, excluded slaves from his lines,
Harlan, Robert, a horseman,
Harper, John, sent his slaves to Mercer County, Ohio,
Hamsburg, Negroes in; reaction against Negroes in,
Harrison, President William H., accommodated at the café of John Julius, a Negro,
Hayden, a successful clothier,
Hayti, the exodus of Negroes to,
Henry, Patrick, on natural rights,
Hill of Chillicothe, a tanner and currier,
Holly, James T., interest of, in colonization,
Hood, James W., went from Connecticut to North Carolina,
Hunter, General, dealing with the refugees in South Carolina
Illinois, the attitude of, toward the Negro; race prejudice in; slavery question in the organization of; effort to make the constitution proslavery,
Immigration of foreigners, cessation of, a cause of the Negro migration,
Indian Territory, exodus of Negroes to,
Indiana, the attitude of, toward the Negro; counties of, receiving Negroes from slave states; slavery question in the organization of; effort to make constitution of pro-slavery; race prejudice in; protest against the settlement of Negroes there,
Indians, attitude of, toward the Negroes,
Infirmary Farms, for refugees,
Intimidation, a cause of migration,
Irish, antagonistic to Negroes; their hatred of Negroes,
Jamaica, Negroes of the United States settled in,
Jay's Treaty,
Jefferson, Thomas, his plan for general education including the slaves; plan to colonize Negroes in the West; natural rights theory of; an advocate of the colonization of the Negroes in the West Indies,
Jenkins, David, a paper hanger and glazier,
Johnson, General, permitted slave hunters to seek their slaves in his lines,
Julius, John, proprietor of a cafe in which he entertained President William H. Harrison,
_Kansas Freedmen's Relief Association_, the work of,
Kansas refugees, condition of; treatment of,
Kaokia, slaves of,
Kaskaskia, slaves of,
Keith, George, interested in the Negroes,
Kentucky, disfranchisement of Negroes in; abolition society of, advocated the colonization of the blacks in the West,
Key, Francis S., a colonizationist,
Kingsley, Z., a master, settled his son of color in Hayti,
Ku Klux Klan, the work of,
Labor agents promoting the migration of Negroes,
Lambert, William, interest of, in the colonization of Negroes,
Land tenure, a cause of unrest; after Reconstruction,
Langston, John M., returned from Ohio to Virginia,
Lawrence County, Ohio, Negroes immigrated into,
Liberia, freedmen sent to,
Lincoln, Abraham, urged withholding slaves,
Louis XIV, slave regulations of,
Louisiana, drain of laborers to; exodus from; refugees in,
Lower Camps, Brown County, Negroes of,
Lower Louisiana, conditions of; conditions of slaves in,
Lundy, Benjamin, promoter of the migration of Negroes,
Lynching, a cause of migration; number of Negroes lynched,
McCook, General, permitted slave hunters to seek their Negroes in his lines,
Maryland, disfranchisement of Negroes in; passed laws against Negro mechanics; reaction in,
Massachusetts, exterminated slavery,
Meade, Bishop William, a colonizationist,
Mercer County, Ohio, successful Negroes of; resolutions of citizens against Negroes,
Miami County, Randolph's Negroes sent to,
Michigan, Negroes transplanted to; attitude of, toward the Negro,
Migration, the, of the talented tenth; handicaps of; of politicians to Washington; of educated Negroes; of the intelligent laboring class; effect of Negroes' prospective political power; to northern cities,
Miles, N.E., interest in stopping the exodus to Kansas,
Mississippi, drain of laborers to; exodus from; refugees in; slaves along,
Morgan, Senator, of Alabama, interested in sending the Negroes to Africa,
Movement of the blacks to the western territory; promoted by Quakers,
Movements of Negroes during the Civil War; of poor whites,
Mulber, Stephen, a contractor,
Murder of Negroes in the South,
Natural rights, the effect of; the discussion of, on the condition of the Negro,
Negro journalists, the number of
Negroes, condition of, after Reconstruction; escaped to the West; those having wealth tend to remain in the South; migration of, to Mexico; exodus of, to Liberia; no freedom of speech of; not migratory; leaders of Reconstruction, largely from the North; mechanics in Cincinnati; servants on Ohio river vessels,
New Hampshire, exterminated slavery,
New Jersey, abolished slavery
New York, abolition of slavery in; friends of fugitives in; mobs of, attack Negroes; Negro suffrage in; restrictions of, on Negroes,
North Carolina, Negro suffrage in; Quakers of, promoting the migration of the Negroes; reaction in,
North, change in attitude of, toward the Negro; divided in its sentiment as to method of helping the Negro; favorable sentiment of; trade of, with the South; fugitives not generally welcomed; its Negro problem; housing the Negro in; criminal class of Negroes in, loss of interest of, in the Negro; not a place of refuge for Negroes;
Northwest, few Negroes in, at first; hesitation to go there because of the ordinance of 1787,
Noyes Academy, broken up because it admitted Negroes,
Nugent, Colonel W.L., interest in stopping the exodus to Kansas,
Occupations of Negroes in the North,
Ohio, Negro question in constitutional convention of; in the legislature of 1804; black laws of; protest against Negroes,
Oklahoma, Negroes in; discouraged by early settlers of,
Ordinance of 1784 rejected,
Ordinance of 1787, passed; meaning of sixth article of; reasons for the passage of; did not at first disturb slavery; construction of,
Otis, James, on natural rights,
Pacific Railroad, proposal to build, with refugee labor,
Palmyra, race prejudice of,
Pelham, Robert A., father of, moved to Detroit,
Penn, William, advocate of emancipation,
Pennsylvania, effort in, to force free Negroes to support their dependents; effort to prevent immigration of Negroes; increase in the population of free Negroes of; petitions to rid the State of Negroes by colonization; era of good feeling in; exterminated slavery; the migration of freedmen from North Carolina to; Negro suffrage in; passed laws against Negro mechanics; successful Negroes of,
Peonage, a cause of migration,
Philadelphia, Negroes rush to; race friction of; woman of color stoned to death; Negro church disturbed; reaction against Negroes; riots in; successful Negroes of; property owned by Negroes,
Pierce, E.S., plan for handling refugees in South Carolina,
Pinchback, P.B.S., return of, from Ohio to Louisiana to enter politics,
Pittman, Philip, account of West, of,
Pittsburgh, friends of fugitives in; Negro of, married to French woman; kind treatment of refugees; respectable mulatto woman married to a surgeon of Nantes; riot in,
Platt, William, a lumber merchant,
Political power, not to be the only aim of the migrants; the mistakes of such a policy,
Polities, a cause of unrest,
Pollard, N.W., agent of the Government of Trinidad, sought Negroes in the United States,
Portsmouth, friends of fugitives of,
Portsmouth, Ohio, mob of, drives Negroes out; progressive Negroes of,
Prairie du Rocher, slaves of,
Press comments on sending Negroes to Africa,
Puritans, not much interested in the Negro,
Quakers, promoted the movement of the blacks to Western territory; in the mountains assisted fugitives,
Race prejudice, the effects of; among laboring classes,
Randolph, John, a colonizationist; sought to settle his slaves in Mercer County, Ohio,
Reaction against the Negro,
Reconstruction, promoted to an extent by Negro natives of North,
Redpath, James, interest of, in colonization,
Refugees assembled in camps; in West; in Washington; in South; exodus of, to the North; fear that they would overrun the North; development of; vagrancy at close of war,
Renault, Philip Francis, imported slaves,
Resolutions of the Vicksburg Convention bearing on the exodus to Kansas,
Rhode Island, exterminated slavery,
Richards, Benjamin, a wealthy Negro of Pittsburgh,
Richard, Fannie M., a successful teacher in Detroit,
Riley, William H., a well-to-do bootmaker,
Ringold, Thomas, advertisement of, for a slave in the West,
Rochester, friends of fugitives in,
Saint John, Governor, aid of, to the Negroes in Kansas,
Sandy Lake, Negro settlement in,
Saunders of Cabell County, Virginia, sent manumitted slaves to Cass County, Michigan,
Saxton, General Rufus, plan for handling refugees in South Carolina,
Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, favorable to fugitives,
Scott, Henry, owner of a pickling business,
Scroggs, Wm. O., referred to as authority on interstate migration,
Segregation, a cause of migration,
Shelby County, Ohio, Negroes in,
Sierra Leone, Negroes of, settled in Jamaica,
Simmons, W.J., returned from Pennsylvania to Kentucky,
Singleton, Moses, leader of the exodus from Kansas,
Sixth Article of Ordinance of 1787,
Slave Code in Louisiana,
Slavery in the Northwest; slavery in Indiana; slavery of whites,
Slaves, mingled freely with their masters in early West,
Smith, Gerrit, effort to colonize Negroes in New York,
Smith, Stephen, a lumber merchant,
South Carolina, slavery considered profitable there,
South, change of attitude of, toward the Negro; drastic laws against vagrancy,
Southern States divided on the Negro,
Spears, Noah, sent his manumitted slaves to Greene County, Ohio,
Starr, Frederick, comment of, on the refugees,
Steubenville, successful Negroes of,
Still, William, a coal merchant,
St. Philippe, slaves of,
Success of Negro migrants,
Suffrage of the Negroes in the colonies,
Tappan, Arthur, attacked by New York mob,
Tappan, Lewis, attacked by New York mob,
Terrorism, a cause of migration,
Texas, drain of laborers to; proposed colony of Negroes there,
Thomas, General, opened farms for refugees,
Thompson, A.V., a tailor,
Thompson, C.M., comment on freedmen's vagrancy,
Topp, W.H., a merchant tailor,
Trades unions, attitude of, toward Negro labor,
Trinidad, the exodus of Negroes to; Negroes from Philadelphia settled there,
Turner, Bishop H.M., interested in sending Negroes to Africa,
Upper and Lower Camps of Brown County, Ohio, Negroes of,
Upper Louisiana, conditions of; conditions of slaves in,
Unrest of the Negroes in the South after Reconstruction; causes of; credit system a cause; land system a cause; further unrest of intelligent Negroes,
Utica, mob of, attacked anti-slavery leaders,
Vagrancy of Negroes after emancipation; drastic legislation against,
Vermont, exterminated slavery,
Vicksburg, Convention of, to stop the Exodus,
Viner, M., mentioned slave settlements in West,
Virginia, disfranchisement of Negroes in; Quakers of, promoting the migration of the Negroes; reaction in; refugees in,
Vorhees, Senator D.W., offered a resolution in Senate inquiring into the exodus to Kansas,
Washington, Judge Bushrod, a colonizationist,
Washington, D.C., refugees in; the migration of Negro politicians to,
Wattles, Augustus, settled with Negroes in Mercer County, Ohio,
Watts, steam engine and the industrial revolution,
Wayne County, Indiana, freedmen settled in,
Webb, William, interest of, in colonization,
Wenyam, James, ran away to the West,
West Indies, attractive to free Negroes,
West Virginia, exodus of Negroes to,
White, David, led a company of Negroes to the Northwest,
White, J.T., left Indiana to enter politics in Arkansas,
Whites of South refused to work,
Whitfield, James M., interest of, in colonization,
Whitney's cotton gin and the industrial revolution,
Wickham, executor of Samuel Gist, settled Gist's Negroes in Ohio,
Wilberforce University established at a slave settlement,
Wilcox, Samuel T., a merchant of Cincinnati,
Yankees, comment of, on Negro labor,
York, Negroes of; trouble with the Negroes of,
End of Project Gutenberg's A Century of Negro Migration, by Carter G. Woodson