CHAPTER XVI

THE LAST PHASE

If we attempt to sum up in few words the story of the Jesuits during the first few decades after their suppression, we must say that there was little change in their spirit, and that they were wholly bent on returning to their former position. In actual conduct there is a material change. The industrial and commercial system, which had formed one of the most irregular roots of their power in the earlier centuries, has disappeared; they no longer haunt the courts of kings as they had done; they, as a rule, show less arrogance to the non-Jesuit clergy and the bishops; they are less lax in their casuistry; they shrink from regicide. Much of this change is, however, plainly attributable to their new situation. There is, for instance, hardly a single country where they enjoy an unbroken prosperity for even thirty years during the first half of the nineteenth century, so that we could hardly look for large estates or traffic; and their foreign missions are only slowly and laboriously constructed. As to regicide, the new age has a more humane way of dealing with superfluous kings. If they do not counsel kings, it is clearly not from lack of desire to do so. On the whole, let us say that the dreadful age, as they conceive it, into which they are reborn has improved their conduct in spite of themselves.

We have now to see how, as the age increases in wickedness, to use their phrase, the Jesuits continue to improve: how they retain their worst features only in lands which they pronounce godly and just, and are so innocent as to cast suspicion on the dark legends about them where heresy and unbelief abound. This last phase of Jesuit activity is very important, yet too close to us for proper historical study. Enough can be said, however, to show that what may be called the intermediate view of Jesuit degeneration is disputable. There are those (_i.e._ all Jesuits and their admirers) who hold that the Jesuits were never open to grave censure as a body; and there are those who maintain that the Jesuit of the nineteenth or twentieth century is as bad as the Jesuit of the seventeenth, and would poison a pope or forge a cheque complacently in the interest of the Society. A third view is that their heavy and repeated chastisements have made their evil features a thing of history. During the first half of the nineteenth century, however, we have seen that they had no idea of burying their past; they were to co-operate with kings in restoring the old order, and we have not the least ground to think that, had they restored it, they would have used their power otherwise than they did in the seventeenth century. It remains to see if they become wiser in the next half-century.

We left them on the eve of the revolution of 1848. Except in Switzerland, where their obstinacy in asserting their rights had been one of the chief causes of a civil war and made their prospects worse than ever, they still dreamed of erasing the revolution from the chronicle of Europe and beginning again at 1750. Hence the fearful storm of 1848 broke on them almost unexpectedly. They had only recently been forced to retire from France, so that the outbreak in that country affected them little. But the storm passed on to Austria and Italy, even Rome, and drove the Jesuits before it. A Jesuit writer observes sadly that "the first attack of the revolutionaries everywhere was on the Jesuits." Naturally; there were no more vehement opponents in Europe of the new age which the revolutionary movement represented. They had themselves traced the revolutionary spirit to their temporary absence from the schools of Europe, and the revolutionaries[44] concluded that the reign of terror had had their support. So from Rhineland, Austria, Galicia, Venice, Turin, Rome, Naples, and Sicily--the only Provinces of the Society which seemed secure--the Jesuits were driven by armed and angry crowds, and a vast colony of bewildered refugees shuddered in Belgium.

The Emperor of Austria was forced on 7th May to sign their expulsion from the whole of his empire, but it was in Italy that they suffered most. Since 1840 the authorities of the Society had received a succession of painful shocks. The Carlists had lost and the fathers had been driven from Spain: in 1845 they had been forced to dissolve the communities in France: in 1847 the Swiss Catholics had lost, and the Jesuit houses had been wrecked. They had attached themselves everywhere to losing causes. Manning was in Rome in the winter 1847-48, and his diary records the coming of the revolution to Rome, and flight of the Jesuits. Pius IX. had exhausted his Liberalism, and the Romans were uneasy and suspicious. Then, in January and February 1848, news came that the revolutionaries had triumphed in Sicily and Naples, and the Jesuits were flying north. By March the Jesuits at Rome were ready to fly at a moment's notice, as Manning found when he visited them. On 29th March they were expelled; and in the same month the Viennese conquered their Emperor, the Venetians rebelled and drove out the Jesuits, and the Piedmontese won a Liberal Constitution from Charles Albert. Manning speculates on the causes of the intense hostility to the Jesuits, and traces it to their alliance with ultramontanism and political reaction.

As the historian tells, the revolution of 1848 had in most countries only a temporary triumph, and in the course of 1849 and 1850 the Jesuits returned to their provinces. In very many places they returned to find their comfortable home a heap of ruins, but the storm had had one consoling effect. It had proved that the Jesuits were the chief enemies of Liberalism, and to the Jesuits must be entrusted the task of extinguishing such sparks as remained of the revolutionary fire. Pius IX. had been driven to Gaeta, while the Romans set up their short-lived Triumvirate and declared papal rule at an end. He returned to Rome in the spring of 1850, when French troops had cleared out his opponents, and from that moment he became the closest ally of the Jesuits. His first act was to canonise several members of the Society. He took a Jesuit confessor, and, with the aid of Cardinal Antonelli and the Society, set up the selfish and repressive system which the English ambassador described as "the opprobrium of Europe."

At last, it seemed, the spectre of revolution was definitively laid, and a prospect of real restoration lay before the Society. At Rome the Jesuits had enormous power. Their influence is seen in the declaration of the Immaculate Conception in 1854 and the appalling Encyclical against modern culture and aspirations of 1864. To them in 1866 the Pope entrusted his chief organ, the _Civiltà Cattolica_, and they had a large part in agitating for, and ultimately passing, the declaration that the Pope is infallible in 1870. During all this period they controlled Catholic culture, if not the Papacy. Their power was at the same time restored in Sicily, Naples, and Venice, so that Italy (except Piedmont) was covered with their colleges and residences. In Austria the Emperor, embittered by his hour of humiliation, now opened the whole of his dominions to them, and they collected fathers from all parts of the world to come and restore the prosperity of the Austrian Province. In Belgium they prospered luxuriantly; and they made quiet and stealthy progress in Holland, Bavaria, Switzerland, Saxony, and Prussia, where they were not authorised. In France Napoleon III. cancelled the decrees against them, and cherished them as one of the supports of his throne. In England they found a friend in Wiseman and made rapid progress; in the United States they were growing with the phenomenal growth of the population. The age of trouble was over. The sage old fathers at the Gesù and the Roman College saw chaos returning to order.

In 1853, at the beginning of this happier turn of their fortunes, Roothaan died, and Beckx, the son of a Belgian shoemaker, was elected General. The one cloud on the horizon was Piedmont, where the earlier affection for the Jesuits had died, but it had been proved, apparently, that France and Austria would check the ambition of that State. But France was drawn to Sardinia, and in 1859 Victor Emmanuel began to extend his rule over Italy. From that time until 1870 the Society heard of nothing but disaster. In 1860 Victor Emmanuel annexed Tuscany, Emilia, and Romagna, and the Jesuits were driven from their homes into the Papal States. In the same year Garibaldi landed in Sicily, put an end to the brutal rule of the Catholic King, and ejected the 300 Jesuits from their palatial college at Palermo and other residences. In the autumn he entered Naples, and swept further hundreds of the Jesuits before him. We learn from a letter of protest which Father Beckx addressed to Victor Emmanuel, that in the two years the Society had lost 3 institutions in Lombardy, 6 in Modena, 11 in the Papal States, 19 in Naples, and 15 in Sicily. Of 308 Jesuits in their most prosperous Province of Sicily only 8 aged and ailing fathers were allowed to remain on the island. Of 5500 members of the Society no less than 1500 were homeless, and were not even allowed to find shelter in Catholic houses in their native Provinces. In 1866 the Austrians were ejected from Venice, and further scores of Jesuits were driven from their homes. In 1868, it may be added, the Jesuits were again banished from Spain, to which they had returned under Isabella II.

There was a great concentration of Jesuits in Rome and the remaining Papal States, and desperate efforts were made to secure that at least this remnant of earthly principality should remain loyal to the Pope. To the great joy of the Jesuits an OEcumenical Council gathered at the Vatican, and the design of declaring the Pope personally infallible in matters of faith or morals was eagerly pressed. In the long and heated conflict of affirming bishops and denying bishops, and bishops who thought a declaration inexpedient, the Jesuits were very active, scorning the idea that it could be imprudent to enhance the power of the Pope. Then came the Franco-German War, the withdrawal of the one Catholic force which could save Rome from Victor Emmanuel, and the clouds gathered more thickly than ever. The Jesuits had declared their opinion of the "usurper" too freely to have any illusion as to the issue.

When the Piedmontese troops entered by the breach at the Porta Pia on 20th September, the Jesuits knew that they were doomed. A detachment of soldiers at once proceeded to the house attached to the Gesù and took up quarters there. Whatever the reason was, the new Italian Government proceeded very slowly in the work of expelling the Jesuits. For some weeks soldiers and fathers lived together at the Gesù--the fathers afterwards said that the soldiers chose the General's room for practising the drum and trumpet--and the various residences were confiscated "in the public interest" at wide intervals. In October the novitiate at St. Andreas, with its large estates, was taken and the novices forced to enlist. In January 1772 one of their smaller churches was handed over to the secular clergy; in January 1873 a second church and the Roman College (which was used by the Ministry of War) were annexed.

At last, in June 1873, a law was published enacting that the monks and religious of all orders must quit Italy. One house was to be reserved at Rome for each order, so that they might communicate with the Vatican, but this privilege was refused to the Jesuits. They were hated by the great majority of the educated Italians, who recalled with anger their support of the bloody reigns of Ferdinand of Naples, Ferdinand VII. of Spain, Miguel of Portugal, and Gregory XVI. and Pius IX. They had sided with reaction and lost. There was no general sympathy when, in October, Father Beckx, now a feeble old man of seventy-eight, went sorrowfully to his exile in Florence, and the remaining Italian Jesuits were pensioned and scattered. The novitiate at Sant Andreas was rented by the American Seminary (and Father Beckx was allowed to die there some years later). The Gesù was entrusted to other priests, and the sacred rooms of Ignatius and the other saints of the Society were respectfully preserved. The Roman College became a State school: I remember seeing a vast Congress of Freethinkers hold their fiery meetings in its dark chambers and airy quadrangle thirty years afterwards, at the invitation of the civic authorities of Rome.

It was just one hundred years since the Roman Jesuits had been scattered by Clement XIV. But the catastrophe in Italy was not the only affliction to mark that dark centenary. They had in the previous year, when they were awaiting the sentence of Victor Emmanuel, heard that their fathers were expelled from the new German Empire. For some years they had made quiet, but considerable, progress in Prussia, Bavaria, and Saxony, as well as Austria. They had opened a number of colleges at Cologne and in the Rhine Province, always a rich field for their work, and had institutions at Posen, Münster, Metz, Mayence, Bonn, Strassburg, Essen, Aix-la-Chapelle, Marienthal, Ratisbon, and many other places. From the Rhine Province and Bavaria and Baden they sent so many recruits to the German College at Rome, who would return to work in Germany and further the influence of the Jesuits in seminaries and bishoprics and universities, that Frederick William III. was compelled to forbid any of his subjects to go to the German College or any other Jesuit institution. Frederick William IV. genially overlooked their progress, and they spread over the States which were presently to form the German Empire.

But the birth of the German Empire coincided with the declaration of papal infallibility, and a strong agitation for the expulsion of the Jesuits arose. The prolonged check on Jesuit activity in Germany had permitted the growth of a more virile and honest culture among the secular clergy, and many of the best Catholic scholars were amazed at the papal claim. Politicians and Protestants generally were concerned about this victory of ultramontanism, and attributed it largely to the intrigues of the Jesuits. Even before 1870 the Catholic statesmen of Bavaria were in conflict with the Church over its extreme pretensions. When, in 1870, two more Catholic Provinces were added to Germany, bringing its Catholic population up to fifteen millions, Bismarck watched attentively every step in the growth of ultramontanism. The dissenters at the Vatican Council had very serious ground indeed for their plea of inexpediency, as far as Germany was concerned. Even Austria threatened to break its Concordat with the Papacy when the news of the declaration of infallibility arrived. Over Protestant Germany a feeling of intense hostility spread, and the Old Catholics joined in the outcry.

Petitions for the expulsion of the Jesuits began to reach the Reichstag, and the Government proceeded to act. A measure was debated in the Reichstag in June 1872, and on the 4th of July it was signed and promulgated. Six months were allowed for the settlement of their affairs, and in the course of that time the whole of their communities were dissolved. As communities they retired upon Switzerland, Austria, Holland, and Belgium, but the law permitted them to enter the Empire as individual citizens, and Bismarck knew that it availed little to expel Jesuits with a fork. Dr. Falk, a strenuous Liberal, was made Minister of Public Instruction, and he framed a series of measures (the "May Laws") for the complete control of education by the State and for determining the qualifications of teachers in such a way that no disguised Jesuit could return to his desk. The control of schools had hitherto been left generally to the bishops, on whose indulgence or zeal, as far as the Catholic schools were concerned, the Jesuits could generally rely.

A stormy controversy ended in the passing of the Laws, and Germany entered upon that long and bitter struggle of the Catholics against the Government which is known as the _Kulturkampf_. To this day the Jesuits have been unable, in spite of the most industrious intrigue, to secure readmission into the German Empire. They still hover about the frontiers, in Holland, Austria, and Belgium, and maintain large colleges in which hundreds of the sons of the wealthier Catholics are educated in orthodox principles. Individually, they live frequently in Berlin and control the incessant demand of the Centre Party for their rehabilitation. "Exile" has no effect on their growth and prosperity, for the 755 expelled Jesuits of 1872 now number 1186. It is not impossible that they will secure return by some such bargain as that which contributed to the ending of the _Kulturkampf_. Bismarck saw a "red terror" growing more rapidly and threateningly than the "black terror," and he made peace with the Catholic clergy and Rome on the understanding that they would combat Socialism in Germany. Socialism continues to grow, and it would not be surprising if the Emperor at length enlists the sons of Ignatius in his desperate struggle against it. If he does, the Society will find a luxuriant field for growth among the 22,000,000 Catholics of the Empire, until the last deadly struggle with Social Democracy sets in.

For the inner spirit and character of the modern German Jesuits I must refer the reader to Count von Hoensbroech's invaluable _Fourteen Years a Jesuit_ (2 vols., Engl. transl., 1911). The whole story from beginning to end is a sober but pitiful indictment of the Jesuits, and shows how little change there is below their accommodating expressions. We find the Jesuits hovering about the houses of the wealthy, using their influence with the women, extorting money by the most questionable means, practising and teaching mental reservation at every turn, and intriguing for political power through the Catholic laity, as they had done through three centuries. When Father Anderledy (a future General of the Society) was convicted, in the 'forties, of maintaining studies in the Cologne residence, contrary to Prussian law, he flatly denied the charge, making the mental reservation that from that moment the school should cease to exist. The Jesuit historian who records the fact says: "What presence of mind!" When Hoensbroech, intending to enter the German service, asked the learned Jesuit Franzelin whether he might take an oath to observe the laws (which then included the May Laws), he was told that he might, with the mental reserve that he did not respect any laws denounced by the Church. Numbers of instances of deliberate lying (with mental reserve) are given, and the work exhibits the character, the training, and the educational activity of the Jesuits in an extremely unattractive light. It is an indispensable document for the study of modern Jesuit character.

The German Jesuits were, as I said, expelled in 1872; the Italian Jesuits followed in 1873. At that time the Jesuits of France were enjoying the reaction of public opinion which followed the attempts of the Communists. Under Napoleon III. they had quickly recovered, and as early as 1855 there had once more been appeals for their expulsion. They returned to their schools and colleges after the disturbances of 1871, and the Conservative Government permitted them to prosper. A reaction set in in the later 'seventies, when Gambetta vigorously led the anti-clerical forces and began to denounce the Society. The Catholics had almost succeeded in overthrowing the Republic and enthroning the Duc de Chambord. When (in 1877) they went on to demand the employment of French troops for the re-establishment of the Pope in his temporal power, they lost the cause of their Church. From that year Catholicism has decreased in France, shrinking from 30,000,000 to about 5,000,000 followers in thirty years.

Within two years there was an enormous growth of the anti-clerical feeling, especially against the Jesuits. They, and the great majority of the religious orders, had no legal right to existence in France. Only three or four Congregations, of a philanthropic character, were authorised by French law. Yet these useful bodies made no progress, while the unauthorised Congregations held property of the value of 400,000,000 francs. Jules Ferry now became Minister of Education, and framed a law to prevent any member of an unauthorised Society from teaching. When the Catholic Senate rejected it, the unauthorised Congregations were dissolved by decree (1880). Once more the Jesuits were banished from France, and 2904 members of the Society were added to the number of exiles. In 1880 more than half the Jesuits--or 7400 Jesuits--were excluded from their respective countries.

As France was still overwhelmingly Catholic, the successive Governments were unable to enforce the law, and the Jesuits quietly returned to their work. It is enough to say that during the next twenty years, until France had become predominantly non-Catholic and disposed to insist on their exclusion, the 2900 Jesuits actually increased their number; the property of the unauthorised Congregations rose in value from 400,000,000 to 1,000,000,000 francs; the higher education was controlled to a great extent by the Jesuits, whose pupils passed largely into the army and navy. It is hardly necessary to recall the successive blunders by which the Jesuits (and other religious) brought on themselves the sentence of expulsion in 1901. In 1886 Boulanger became Minister of War and popular idol. His Radical friends soon distrusted him, and the Monarchists and Catholics fanned the popular agitation to have him made Dictator. In this case we have positive and sufficient information of the complicity of the Jesuits. Count von Hoensbroech, then a young Jesuit, heard from the lips of Father du Lac, the most prominent of the French Jesuits, that he had collected large sums of money for the "Deliverer of France" and the overthrow of the "dirty and impious Republic."[45] We can hardly doubt that they had been equally zealous for the Duc de Chambord, and were later as zealous for the cause of the Duc d'Orleans.

Boulanger fled, to escape arrest, in 1889, and the Republicans added to the reckoning against the Jesuits. In 1897-99 occurred the famous agitation for the retrial of Dreyfus, and once more the Jesuits ranged themselves on the losing side of tyranny and prejudice. By the end of the century France had become overwhelmingly non-Catholic, and was not disposed to tolerate further the intrigues and wealth of bodies which had no legal existence in the country. The Jesuits, in particular, were a menace to the Republic. The new century opened therefore with an anti-clerical campaign which is still fresh in our memories. Waldeck-Rousseau passed his Associations' Bill in 1901, and the Jesuits now were once more expelled. Combes and Rouvier completed the work in subsequent years. There is, however, no very drastic action taken against invading religious, and the Jesuits frequent Paris as they do Berlin. The number of members of the French Provinces of the Society has risen to 3071 (many of whom are on the foreign missions), and from comfortable homes in England (where we have 226) and other countries, with their funds safely invested, they await the day of recall. But the general collapse of the Church in France makes it certain that they will never be readmitted.

Apart from the Latin-American Republics, in connection with which it would be tedious to enumerate the various expulsions and recalls of the Jesuits, and Portugal the Society has made great progress in other countries. Of Portugal little need be said; the situation is similar to that in France. The Jesuits had no authorised existence in the country, and, when Portugal was at length enabled to assert its will (after the revolution of 1910), it sharply dismissed them. Here again the country is predominantly non-Catholic, if we confine our attention to voters, and the Jesuits are never likely to return.

Spain has become the refuge, and almost the last hope in the Latin world, of the expatriated Jesuits. In the corrupt and worthless reign of Isabella II. they had been suffered to return to their posts and prosper. Properly speaking, they have had no legal right to exist in Spain since they were abolished by Christina in 1835. The Concordat of 1852 stipulates for the admission of the Oratorians and Vincentians and "one other" Congregation; but casuistic skill has interpreted this to mean "one for each diocese," and all have been admitted. The abominable rule of their patroness Isabella ended in revolution in 1868; the frivolous Queen was deposed, and the Jesuits shared the fate of her other strange favourites. With the accession of Alfonso XII., however, they returned to Spain, and obtained the wealth and power which they enjoy to-day.

The secrecy of the Society emboldens its apologists to make the most audacious denials of these constant charges of wealth, power, and intrigue, but it constantly happens that some confiscated document or disaffected admirer betrays them. Such an instance may be quoted in connection with the Spanish Jesuits. In 1896 a devout Catholic, a former pupil and employee of the Jesuits, Señor Ceballos y Cruzada, quarrelled with and turned against them. In the little work in which he expounds his grievances (_El Imperio del Jesuitismo_) he tells us some interesting facts about their wealth and activity. There is in Spain a vast Catholic Society known as the Association of Fathers of Families, which is quite as much concerned with sound politics as sound morals. Señor Ceballos shows how the Jesuits secretly use and direct it for their political aims, and for thwarting rival ecclesiastical bodies. As to their wealth, he says that they have 11 colleges worth from 1,000,000 to 12,000,000 _reales_ each, while their chief house at Loyola has property of incalculable value. At his own college, at Deusto, there were about 300 pupils paying 1500 _pesetas_ a year each; in none of them is education gratuitous. The schooling is very poor and antiquated, and few of their scholars later rise to any distinction. It is curious to know that these wealthy Jesuit institutions have the British flag ready to be hoisted in case of revolution (which they yearly expect).

There is, however, little need for proof of the wealth and political influence of the Jesuits in Spain. In the struggle which is proceeding between the reformers, of all parties, and the supporters of the deeply corrupt political system, the Jesuits use their whole strength as educators, and intrigue far beyond their schools, in the interest of corruption; and, true to their maxim of educating and capturing the sons of the wealthier classes, they have permitted the mass of the people to remain at an appalling level of illiteracy. The great majority of the men of Spain, in the large towns, hate them intensely, and await with impatience the day when, like their Portuguese neighbours, they will expel their insidious enemies. A few years ago a drama entitled _Paternidad_ was put upon the stage of one of the chief theatres at Barcelona, and received with the wildest enthusiasm. It was written by a Catholic priest, Segismondo Pey-Ordeix, and represented the Jesuits of modern Spain as practising the most corrupt devices known in the history of the Society. The sternly critical works of the great Spanish writer, Perez Galdos, are just as enthusiastically received at Madrid and in all the cities. Spaniards watch with indignation the concentration of exiled Jesuits on their territory. To the exiled French communities of 1880 were added the 147 Jesuits of Cuba and the Philippines in 1898, and these are now reinforced by the Portuguese. They now number 3859. In 1901, 1906, and recently, the Liberals have attempted or threatened to deal with them; but there is too much collusion in the Cortes between the opposing parties, and the Jesuits have too strong an influence at the Palace: I am informed that the present Queen has surrendered entirely to the pressure of the Queen-mother and the Jesuits. Unless the King has the courage to lighten the labouring vessel of royalty by sacrificing the Jesuits, which would give him immense popularity, Spain will, within ten years, follow the example of Portugal.

Several of the South American Republics, and Mexico, have already reached a state of permanent triumph of the Liberal elements, and expelled the Jesuits for ever. As this work proceeds with the growth of education, it is natural to presume that they will all in time exclude the Jesuits. Italy also will return to its strict law, when the Government discovers that the shrinking influence of the Papacy is no longer a valuable ally against advanced schools. At present the law is not enforced, and there are large numbers of Jesuits in the country; the Italian Province numbers more than a thousand members. At Rome they control the Gregorian University, the German and Latin-American Colleges, the Biblical Institute, and other papal establishments. Restrained in some measure by Leo XIII., they have recovered all their influence at the Vatican under the present mediæval Pontiff, and they are amongst the most ardent supporters of the reactionary policy with which he is paralysing higher culture in the Church of Rome. The higher secular clergy are little less anxious than the Socialists and Freemasons to see them suppressed. The same forces are at work against them in Belgium, where they number 1200 (including foreign missionaries), and Austria. A coalition of Liberals and Socialists in Belgium would at any time put an end to the Catholic power, as the anti-clerical voters are in the majority, and the Jesuits would not long survive the change.

Yet one of the most singular features of the whole singular story of the Jesuits is that they have increased enormously during this half-century of afflictions. The growth of the Society during the last hundred years is seen in the following table:--

1838 3,067 members. 1844 4,133 " 1853 5,209 " 1861 7,144 " 1884 11,840 members. 1906 15,661 " 1912 16,545[46] "

Of the present members, 3531 are on the foreign missions; and the re-opening of these fields, under less adventurous conditions, accounts for much of the growth of the Society. The advance of the United States and the British Colonies, with their large percentage of Irish and Italian immigrants, accounts for a good deal of the remainder. The Jesuits of the United States now number 2300; and there are 373 in Canada and 100 in Australasia. It is most probable that the future of the Jesuits lies in the Protestant countries. Probably the Jesuits will, in twenty years' time, be excluded from every "Catholic" kingdom, yet number more than 20,000.

Their progress and activity in England may be more closely described in illustration of this tendency. We saw how the survivors of the old English mission joined with the Fathers of the Faith in 1814 and 1815 to re-establish the Society. They then numbered 73, and had several chapels, besides the estate and house at Stonyhurst. They advanced with the general body of the Roman Catholics, especially when the stronger current of immigration from Ireland began in the forties. The secular clergy were still very much opposed to them, however, and Dr. Griffiths, the Vicar Apostolic of the London district, refused to allow them to set up a community in the metropolis. After years of pressure at Rome they secured the interest of Dr. (later Cardinal) Wiseman, and were admitted to settle in Farm St., among the wealthiest Catholics. When Wiseman succeeded Griffiths in 1847 (and the hierarchy was established in 1850) they were cordially patronised and made greater progress. They then numbered 554. With the accession of Manning the patronage ceased and their work was restricted. They were eager to found schools for middle-class boys; but Manning sternly refused, in defiance of the favour of Pius IX., and they were compelled to establish their schools at such places as Beaumont and Wimbledon, outside his jurisdiction. When they pressed for a school of higher studies, a kind of Catholic university, Manning hastily founded his ill-fated school at Kensington and refused their co-operation, with the natural result that the wealthier Catholics, under the influence of the Jesuits, would not support it. Bishop Vaughan of Salford was not much more indulgent to them.

The secret of Manning's opposition is said by his biographer to have been his wish to raise the dignity of the secular priesthood, which Catholics are too apt to think lower than the monastic state. This was, however, not merely a mystic theory on the part of the Cardinal. He despised the comparative indolence and petty hypocrisies of the religious orders generally, and had a particular dislike of the intrigue, the secrecy, the insubordination, and the pursuit of wealthy people, of the Jesuits.[47] Manning refused sacerdotal faculties to his nephew, Father Anderdon, and forced the Jesuits to surrender a site in West London for which they had paid more than £30,000. Cardinal Vaughan, however, relaxed his coercive policy when he was transferred to Westminster.

The English Province has now (1912) 729 members, and about fifty churches; though the _Catholic Directory_ gives only 285 English Jesuit priests, and 226 French refugees, in this country. The feeling against them amongst the secular clergy and the other religious Congregations is almost as strong as ever. Their obvious preference for the wealthier quarters of cities is sneeringly discussed in clerical circles, and it is said that they intrigue incessantly to draw the more comfortable Catholics from other parishes. The poverty of their literary and scholastic output,--mainly, a number of slight and superficial controversial works, more intent on making small points than on substantial and accurate erudition,--and their remarkable failure to produce men of distinction, are regarded as a grave reflection on their body, in view of their wealth, numbers, and leisure. It is not, however, believed that they indulge any other intrigue than an amiable zeal among the Catholic laity to add to their own comfort and prestige.[48]

Returning, in conclusion, to the question at the beginning of this chapter, we find it impossible to give a general answer and embrace all the existing Jesuits in a formula. The Jesuits of Spain, with their political machinations, their sordid legacy-hunting, and their eagerness to support the Spanish Government in the judicial murder of their enemies, are a very different body from the Jesuits of England or Germany or the United States. The Jesuits of Cuba and the Philippines were, until 1898, little different from the more parasitical Jesuit missionaries of the seventeenth or eighteenth century. The modern age has affected the Jesuits much as some ancient revolution in the climate of the earth modified its living inhabitants. Where the old tropical conditions more or less linger (say, in Chile or Peru) the Jesuits are hardly changed; and we find the alteration in exact proportion to the environment. There is no change in the inner principles and ideals. "All for the Glory of the Society," as Mgr. Talbot sardonically translated their Latin motto, is still the ruling principle; the Society remains the Esau of the Roman clerical world. It still chiefly seeks the wealthy and powerful; it is the arch-enemy of progress and liberalism in Catholic theology; its scholarship is singularly undistinguished in proportion to its resources;[49] it embarks on political intrigue, even for the destruction of State-forms, whenever its interest seems to require; it is hated by a very large proportion of the Catholic clergy and laity in every country. Let a liberal Pope again come to power and Modernism prevail, and it is not impossible that Catholicism itself will again angrily suppress the perverse and irregular construction of the Spanish soldier-diplomatist, and insist that religious ideals shall be pursued only by scrupulously clean and unselfish exertions.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 44: I use the phrase of historians, but may observe that this was, in the main, a middle-class movement to secure liberty of opinion and other elementary political rights.]

[Footnote 45: _Fourteen Years_, ii. 164.]

[Footnote 46: It must be borne in mind always that "members" does not necessarily mean priests. Rather less than half are priests: the remainder are scholastics or lay coadjutors.]

[Footnote 47: I am speaking here on what I heard, in clerical days, from men who were intimate with Manning. Purcell's _Life_ is misleading. The author intended to be candid, but the Jesuits and others made such threats, when it became known what disclosures the book would contain, that he was compelled to omit much. The suppression of truth has greatly injured its historical value.]

[Footnote 48: There are in Count von Hoensbroech's book some scathing reflections on the character and culture of the English Jesuits. The Count underwent part of his Jesuit training in England.]

[Footnote 49: Let me recall that I do not personally expect the Society to produce anything but theologians, and of these it has produced many in the nineteenth century. In controversial theology, however, the work of the Jesuits is grossly unscholarly and casuistic; truth seems to be a secondary consideration. But it is so often claimed that the Jesuits are a learned body in the more general sense, that it is necessary to invite reflection on their record. Of the fifteen thousand living Jesuits, and their predecessors for a century, who has won even secondary rank in letters, history, or philosophy? In science there are only Father Secchi, the single distinguished product of their science-schools, and Father Wasmann, whose philosophy (apart from his observations) is the laughing-stock of biology.]

INDEX

Abyssinia, the Jesuits in, 52, 78, 140, 296.

Acosta, Father, 114, 115.

Acquaviva, General, 106-140.

Adorno, Father, 96.

Aiguillon, the Duc d', 350.

Alberoni, Cardinal, 270, 271.

Alcalà, the Jesuits at, 10, 42, 44, 85.

Alessandrini, Cardinal, 84, 87.

Alexander I., 377, 378, 380, 381.

Allen, Cardinal, 144, 152.

Almeida, Father, 136.

Alphonso VI., 256-7.

" XII., 437.

Alva, Duke of, 88, 91.

Anderledy, General, 434.

Anna, Queen, 266, 297.

Annat, Father, 238.

Antonelli, Cardinal, 427.

Aranda, 275, 276, 277.

Araoz, Father, 38, 42, 72, 84.

Armada, the, 152, 153.

Arnauld, Angélique, 222, 223, 236.

" Antoine, 223, 225, 227, 231, 237, 243.

Arrowsmith, Father E., 199.

Aubeterre, Marquis d', 343.

Auger, Father, 89, 90, 99, 117, 118.

_Augustinus_, the, 224, 230.

Austria, the Jesuits in, 92, 93, 101, 132, 324-7, 360, 417, 426, 428.

Azpeitia, 3, 17.

Azpuru, Mgr., 343.

Bañez, 135.

Barrière, 123.

Barry, Mme du, 350.

Bathori, Stephen, 101, 131.

Bavaria, the Jesuits in, 327, 328.

Bay, Michel de, 100, 130.

Bayle, 176, 238.

Bayonne, the Conference of, 88.

Beaumont, Archbishop de, 360.

Beckx, General, 417, 428, 429.

Bedloe, 210, 211.

Belgium, the Jesuits in, 48-9, 75, 91-2, 100, 128, 130, 180, 421-2.

Bellarmine, Cardinal, 100, 113.

Benedict XIV., 262, 287, 295, 339.

Benislawski, Bishop, 373.

Bermudez, Father, 271, 272.

Bernis, Cardinal, 343, 344, 346, 350.

Bérulle, Cardinal de, 177, 178.

Bismarck, 432, 433.

Blackwell, G., 158, 159.

Bobadilla, 14, 20, 40, 49, 50, 56-8, 94, 106.

Bodler, Father, 316.

Borgia, Francis, 43, 71-2, 80-94.

Borromeo, Charles, 67, 68, 69, 96-9.

" Frederic, 69.

Bosgrave, Father, 149.

Bossuet, 236, 241.

Boulanger, General, and the Jesuits, 436.

Bourbon, Cardinal de, 88, 99.

Bourg Fontaine, the Plot of, 230.

Brazil, the Jesuits in, 52, 78, 104, 139, 304.

Briant, Father, 151.

Britto, Father, 291.

Broglie, Abbé Count de, 382, 413.

Brouet, Paschase, 16, 20, 36, 41, 47, 58.

Buckingham, Countess of, 199.

Burnet, 38, 39.

Bzrozowski, General, 378, 381.

California, the Jesuits in, 308.

Camara, Gonzales da, 70, 71, 86.

Campion, Father E., 143, 144-9, 150.

Campmüller, Father, 351.

Canada, the Jesuits in, 193, 308-9.

Canisius, Peter, 49, 50, 75, 92.

Cano, Melchior, 42, 43.

Caraffa, Cardinal, 17, 53.

Caravita, Father, 383.

Cardenas, Bishop, 299-302.

Carlists, the, and the Jesuits, 408, 409, 426.

Carroll, John, 414.

Catesby, 157, 159, 160, 161-4.

Catherine de Medici, 73, 74, 88-91.

Catherine of Portugal, 71, 86.

Catherine the Great and the Jesuits,370-4.

Catholic League, the, 117, 118, 119.

Caussin, Father, 176.

Chambord, the Duc de, 435.

Charles I., 201, 202.

" II., 205, 206, 209, 212, 268.

" III., 274-7, 349, 351.

" IV., of Lorraine, 179.

" X., 402-4.

Charles Albert, 393.

" Felix, 393.

Chastel, Jean, 123.

Chateaubriand, 234.

Cheminot, Father, 179, 180.

China, the Jesuits in, 78, 104, 138-40, 190-1, 281-8, 423.

"Chinese Rites," the, 281-8.

Choir, 29, 31.

Choiseul, 348, 349, 350.

Christina of Spain, 408, 409.

Christina of Sweden, 312-4.

Cisneros, 8.

Cistercians, the, and the Jesuits, 187.

Civiltà Cattolica, the, 427.

Clarke, Father, 272.

Claver, Father, 297.

Clavius, Father, 107, 133.

Clement VIII., 114, 115, 155.

" XI., 284, 286, 339.

" XII., 295.

" XIII., 262, 264, 277, 339, 340, 342.

" XIV., 345, 346, 347, 348, 350, 352-7, 358, 368.

Clément, Jacques, 119, 126.

Clenock, Dr., 144.

Clermont College, the, 75.

Cochin China, the Jesuits in, 289-90.

Cock, Archbishop, 322.

Codacio, 21, 25.

Codde, Archbishop, 321-2.

Codure, 16, 20, 36.

Cogardan, 58, 73.

Coimbra, the Jesuits at, 46, 70.

Coleman, 208, 209, 211.

Colleges, 31.

Colmar, the Jesuit college at, 331.

Cologne, the Jesuits at, 49, 361.

Condé, 73, 74.

Congo, the Jesuits in the, 52, 78, 296.

Congregation of the Holy Virgin, 398, 402.

Congregation of the Sacred Heart, 382, 384.

Consalvi, Cardinal, 391, 392.

Constitutions, the Jesuit, 24, 28-31, 59.

Contarini, Cardinal, 24, 25.

Contzen, Adam, 216.

Copts, Mission to the, 296.

Cordara, Father, 168, 274, 347.

Coster, Father, 129.

Coton, Father, 125, 127, 128, 178.

Cottam, Father, 149, 150.

Coxe, 269, 273, 275.

Cracow, the Jesuits at, 185.

Crétineau-Joly, vi, 4, 23, 38, 50, 56, 69, 77, 85, 96, 98, 120, 165, 168, 171, 178, 183, 215, 225, 228, 238, 285, 305, 344, 349, 353, 360, 373, 391, 402, 405.

Crichton, Father, 64, 149, 151.

Cromwell and the Jesuits, 203, 204.

D'Alembert, 351, 365, 366.

Damiens, 248.

D'Andilly, Arnauld, 225.

Darbyshire, Thomas, 142.

Daubenton, Father, 268, 269, 271.

Declaration of the Gallican Clergy, 241, 250.

Democracy, the Jesuits and, 400, 401.

Despotism of the Jesuit general, 335.

Destelbergen, 421.

Dillingen, the University of, 76, 92.

"Doleful even-song," the, 200.

_Dominus ac Redemptor Noster_, the bull, 353-8.

Douai fraud, the, 243.

Drury, Father, 200.

Dubois, Cardinal, 246.

Edict of Nantes, Revocation of the, 242, 321.

"Edifying Letters," the, 279, 299.

Eguia, 17.

Elizabeth, Queen, 145, 148, 152.

Emerson, Ralph, 144, 151.

England, the Jesuits in, 38-9, 64, 142-66, 198-219, 412-4, 441-3.

Épernon, the Duc d', 127.

Espartero, 409.

Falk, Dr., 432.

Farnese, Cardinal A., 33.

Farnese, Elizabeth, 270, 271.

Fathers of the Faith, 383-5, 397, 399, 406.

Favre, Peter, 13, 20, 22, 25, 32, 43, 46.

Fawkes, Guy, 158.

Ferdinand II., 182, 186, 324, 325, 417.

" IV., (Naples), 342, 378.

" VI., 272-4, 302.

" VII., 389, 406-8.

Fernandez, Father, 254-6.

Ferry, Jules, 435.

Figueroa, Gomez de, 39.

Florida Blanca, Count, 350.

Fortis, General, 392, 394, 400.

Fourth vow, the, 24, 29.

France, the Jesuits in, 47-8, 72-5, 87-91, 99, 117-28, 174-9, 220-252, 397-407, 434-7.

Franco, Father, 254.

Frederic Augustus I., 317, 318.

Frederick the Great and the Jesuits, 351, 364-70.

Freiburg, the Jesuits at, 361, 418, 420.

Franzelin, Father, 434.

Gaeta, flight of the Pope to, 427.

Galitzin, Prince, 379, 380, 381.

Galicia, the Jesuits in, 417.

Gambar, Father, 66.

Gambetta, 434.

Ganga, Cardinal della, 391, 392, 393.

Garibaldi, 428.

Garnet, Father H., 152, 153, 157, 158, 159-64.

General, authority of the Jesuit, 30.

Gerard, Father J., 153, 158.

Gerbillon, Father, 283.

Germany, the Jesuits in, 49, 50, 75-6, 92, 101, 130-3, 184-7, 364-70, 416-7, 431-4.

Gesù, the, 33, 107.

Gilbert, George, 146, 147.

Gioberti, 397.

Giussano, 96, 97.

Godfrey, Sir E. Berry, 209-12.

Gonzalez, General, 335-6, 339.

Good, William, 64, 103, 143.

Gouda, Nicholas, 64, 65.

Greenway, Father, 154, 157, 162-4.

Gregorian Calendar, the, 107, 133.

Gregory XIII., 94, 95, 107.

" XVI., 353, 394, 395, 396.

Griffiths, Dr., 441.

Gruber, Father, 374, 376, 377, 378.

Guéret, Father, 123, 124.

Guerrero, Archbishop, 289.

Guiddiccioni, Cardinal, 24, 25, 26.

Guignard, Father, 124.

Guise, the Duc de, 117, 118.

Gunpowder Plot, the, 158-64.

Hagenbrunn, 382, 384.

Hay, Father Edmund, 64, 118, 142.

Henriquez, Leo, 70.

Henry III., 117-9.

" IV., 117, 119, 121, 122-5.

Hernandez, Father, 109.

Heywood, Father, 149, 151.

Hoensbroech, Count von, 120, 433, 436, 443.

Holland, the Jesuits in, 128-30, 180-1, 320-3, 422.

Holt, Father, 149, 151, 154.

Hozes, 17, 20.

Hume, Major, 266, 408.

Hungary, the Jesuits in, 330-1, 417.

Ignatius, St., birth of, 1.

" at Barcelona, 9.

" canonisation of, 169.

" and Cardinal Pole, 38, 39.

" character of, 5, 27, 28, 33, 34, 53.

" conversion of, 4, 6.

" daily life of, 34, 35.

" death of, 54.

" diplomacy of, 28, 45.

" early disciples of, 9, 10, 11, 14.

" early morals of, 5.

" election of, 32.

" founds his Society, 15.

" and the Inquisition, 10, 11, 22, 40.

" at London, 12.

" at Manresa, 7, 8.

" in Palestine, 9.

" at Paris, 11-16.

" at Rome, 9, 20-35.

" secrecy of, 14, 16, 28, 43.

" at Venice, 9, 17.

" at Vicenza, 19.

" and women, 21.

" wounding of, 2.

_Imago Primi Sæculi_, the, 180.

Immaculate Conception, the, 100.

_In Coena Domini_, the bull, 348.

India, the Jesuits in, 51, 77-8, 103-4, 188-90, 291-5, 422-3.

Infallibility, papal, and the Jesuits, 429.

Innocent X., 305, 307, 308.

" XI., 240, 241, 336.

" XIII., 287.

Inquisition, Jesuits and the, 10, 11, 22, 40, 45, 110, 258.

_Interim_, the, 50.

Ireland, the Jesuits in, 35-7, 64, 149.

Italy, the Jesuits in, 40-2, 65-76, 93-4, 96-9, 169-70, 334-60, 383-9, 390-7, 426-31.

James I., 157, 198, 199.

" II., 206, 211, 213-8.

" V., 35, 36.

Jansen, Bishop, 221, 222, 223, 224, 229.

Jansenists, character of the, 225-6.

Japan, the Jesuits in, 51, 78, 136-8, 191, 280.

Jessopp, Dr., 143, 153.

Jesuits, the, and the Papacy, 24, 35, 50, 57, 60, 61, 82-4, 95, 110-4, 240, 277, 285, 286-8, 289, 295, 307, 339, 353-63, 367, 371-3, 412.

" casuistry of the, 43, 61, 75,81, 100, 119, 129, 136, 179, 183, 205, 232-4, 280, 281, 284-95, 316, 319, 335-7, 411.

" and the Catholic clergy, 39, 44, 85, 97, 110, 154, 177, 178, 181, 201, 202, 237, 244, 283, 285, 289, 290, 299-302, 305-8, 321-2, 323, 442, 443.

" and church-dignities, 44, 45, 93, 215, 254, 267, 272, 330.

" commerce of the, 52, 81, 137, 172, 192-3, 202, 248-9, 255, 269, 283, 288, 290, 294, 298-9, 307, 308, 309, 319, 328, 331, 339, 373.

" learning of the, 140-1, 196, 281, 326-7, 366, 395.

" morality of the, 46, 65, 66, 68, 69, 109, 110, 171, 177, 226, 238, 246, 272, 274, 280, 282, 285, 289, 290, 300-2, 306, 327, 329, 351, 359, 362.

" and national decay, 314-5.

" obedience of the, 58, 72, 110, 169, 336-7.

" political activity of the, 70, 71, 86-7, 89, 103, 117-21, 134, 149, 153-7, 176, 182, 203, 215, 256-7, 267-72, 316, 317, 325, 328, 330, 376, 436, 438.

Jesuits, quarrels of the, 58-9, 72, 106, 107, 110, 114-7, 167, 336-7, 362, 391-2.

" untruthfulness of the, 75, 102, 153-4, 157, 161, 164, 171, 179, 180, 186-7, 188-9, 229, 230, 240, 243, 260, 272, 273, 291, 292, 305, 316, 339, 349, 353-4, 360, 368, 372, 373, 380, 434.

" wealth of the, 41, 81, 85, 86, 92, 109, 122, 132, 136, 186, 269, 283, 290, 294, 298, 304, 307, 325, 326, 328, 331, 362, 436, 438.

John III., 45, 59.

" IV., 254, 255.

" VI., 389, 409.

John Casimir, 316.

Jones, Dom, 202.

Joseph II. (Austria), 345, 350.

Joseph of Portugal, 259, 260, 261-5.

Jouvency, Father, 116, 245.

Julius III., 53.

July Revolution, the, 394, 404.

Kaempfer, 138.

Kang Hi, 282, 287.

Kaunitz, Count, 344, 350.

Keene, Sir B., 273.

Kelly, Father, 415.

King, Thomas, 64.

Kulturkampf, the, 433.

La Chaise, Father, 208, 238, 243.

Lainez, Diego, 14, 20, 22, 25, 41, 49, 53, 56-65, 72, 76-9.

Lamennais, Abbé de, 400, 401.

Lamormaini, Father, 186, 324, 325.

Lang, K. von, 325.

Lavalette, bankruptcy of, 248-9, 251.

Law, T., 143, 154.

Le Jay, 16, 20, 49.

Leo XII., 393.

Letellier, Father, 243, 244, 245.

Leu, 419, 420.

Lippomani, 41.

Lisbon, the earthquake at, 261.

Louis XIII., 174, 176, 183.

" XIV., 206, 207, 208, 236, 238, 239, 242, 245.

Louis XV., 247, 248, 251.

" XVIII., 389, 398.

Louis Philippe, 402, 403, 404.

Louvain, the Jesuits at, 48, 75, 100, 130.

Loyola, the house at, 1, 2, 3, 16.

Lucerne, the Jesuits at, 360, 419-20.

Luisa, Queen, 254, 255, 270.

Luynes, Cardinal, 343.

Macedo, Father, 313.

Maggio, Father, 124.

Maintenon, Mme de, 242.

Maistre, Joseph de, 377, 379.

Malabar Rites, the, 293-4.

Malagrida, Father, 265.

Maldonat, Father, 100.

Malta, Jesuits expelled from, 170, 342.

Malvezzi, Cardinal, 352.

Manares, Oliver, 88, 89, 91, 95, 106.

Manning, Cardinal, 426, 441, 442.

Manresa, 7, 8.

Marcenius, Father, 110.

Margaret of Parma, 76.

Maria Theresa, 326, 344, 350, 351, 360.

Mariana, Father, 108, 114, 119, 120, 126.

Marianne, Archduchess, 382, 384, 385.

Marie Isabelle, Queen, 256, 257.

Marie de Medici, 125, 128, 175.

Mary Queen of Scots and the Jesuits, 64, 142, 151, 153.

Maryland, the Jesuits in, 218, 308.

Martignac, 402, 403.

Martin, Commandant, 280, 294.

Martini, the Jesuit Mandarin, 283.

Matthieu, Father Claude, 117.

Maurice of Nassau, 128.

May Laws, the, 432, 434.

Mayenne, the Duc de, 121.

Mazzarino, Father, 97.

Mendoza, 148, 149, 151, 344.

Mental reservation (_see_ Untruthfulness of the Jesuits), 164.

Mercurian, General, 94-104.

Metternich, 417.

Mexico, the Jesuits in, 139, 305-8, 416.

Mezzabarba, Mgr., 286, 287.

Michael Angelo, 33.

Michelet, 405.

Miguel, King, 410, 411.

Milan, the Jesuits at, 67-70, 96-9.

Missions, the Jesuit, 51-2, 77, 103-4, 135-40, 187-94, 279-310, 422-3.

Molinism, 135.

Monita Privata, the, 184.

Monod, Father, 176.

Montepulciano, the Jesuits expelled from, 65.

Montespan, Mme de, 236, 238.

Montmartre, the vows on, 15.

Montserrat, 6.

Morality, Catholic, in the seventeenth century, 49.

More, Father, 143.

Müller, H., 8.

Naples, the Jesuits at, 66.

" Jesuits expelled from, 342.

Napoleon and the Jesuits, 376.

Natalis, Father, 56, 72.

Navarro, 275.

Neale, Bishop, 414.

Neercassel, Archbishop, 321.

Netterville, Father, 203, 204.

Nicolai, Father, 102, 103.

Nicolini, 46.

Nidhard, Father, 267, 268.

Noailles, Cardinal, 244, 245, 246.

Nobili, Robert de, 188-90.

Nouet, Father, 226.

Oates, Titus, 207, 209, 211.

Obedience, Jesuit [see Jesuits], 29, 34.

Ogilvie, Father, 149.

Oldcorne, Father E., 153, 164.

Oliva, General, 257, 336.

Oratorians, the, 177-8.

Orlandini, 25, 37, 38.

Orsini, Princess, 268, 269, 270.

Ortiz, 18, 21, 25.

Otho, Cardinal, 62.

Paccanari, 383-5.

Paccanarists, the, 383-5, 397, 398, 402.

Pacheco, Cardinal, 59.

Palafox, Bishop, 172, 274, 305-8, 351.

Palermo, the Jesuits at, 93.

Palmio, Father, 95.

Pamiers, Bishop of, 237, 240.

Panne, Peter, 128, 129.

Panzani, 201, 202, 203.

Paraguay, the Jesuits in, 140, 191-3, 260, 273, 297-304.

Pardo, Archbishop, 289.

Pariahs, Jesuit, 293.

Parsons, Father Robert, 112, 143-53, 155-7, 165.

Pascal, Blaise, 231-5.

Pasquier, 86.

Paul I., 374, 376.

" III., 18, 20, 23, 24, 53.

" IV., 53, 57, 58, 60, 62.

Pedro I., 256, 257.

" II., 411.

Percy, Father, 199.

Persia, Jesuits penetrate, 296.

Petre, Father E., 214, 215, 216.

Petrucci, Father, 390, 391, 392.

Phaulcon, 291.

Philip II., 96, 110, 121, 152, 153.

" IV., 266.

" V., 268, 270, 271.

Philippines, the Jesuits in the, 288-9.

Piazza Margana, house in the, 22, 23, 33.

Piedmont, the Jesuits in, 388, 393.

Pigenat, Fr. Odon, 118.

Pius IV., 63, 70, 82.

" V., 82, 83, 84.

" VI., 369, 372, 373, 374, 382, 383.

" VII., 375, 376, 386, 387, 392.

" IX., 396, 397, 426, 427.

Poissy, colloquy at, 74.

Polanco, 38, 94, 95.

Poland, the Jesuits in, 101, 131, 185, 314-20, 361, 370-1.

Pole, Cardinal, 38, 39.

Polignac, 404.

Pollock, J., 208, 209, 211.

Polotzk, College at, 377, 378, 380.

Pombal, Marquis de, 259-65.

Pompadour, Mme de, 247.

Popish Plot, the, 207, 208, 209-12.

Port Royal, 222-4, 229, 231, 236, 237, 243.

Portugal, the Jesuits in, 45-7, 70-1, 86-7, 174, 254-65, 409-11, 437.

Possevin, Father, 87, 88, 90, 103, 122, 131, 132.

Postel, 48.

Privileges of the Jesuits, 31, 48, 63.

Probabilism, 235 (note), 336-7.

Professed houses, 31.

_Provincial Letters_, the, 231-5.

Prussia, the Jesuits in, 364-70.

Purgatory, Jesuit view of, 100.

Puritans, the, and the Jesuits, 203.

Puteo, Cardinal, 61.

Quesnel, 244, 245.

Rabago, Father, 272, 273, 303.

_Ratio Studiorum_, the, 140, 395.

Ravaillac, 125, 126.

Ravignan, Father de, 404, 405.

Reductions, the, 192, 193, 297-9.

Reformation, the, 1, 16, 20.

Regale controversy, the, 239-42.

Regicide, Jesuit doctrine of, 120, 126.

Rhodes, Father de, 289.

Ribadeneira, Father, 33, 38, 39, 48, 75, 169.

Ribera, Father, 68.

Ricci, Father, 138, 139.

Ricci, General, 251, 262, 275, 339, 340, 341, 343, 345, 357, 359.

Richelieu, 174, 175, 176, 177, 183, 224.

Ripperdá, 271, 272.

Robinet, Father, 269, 270, 271.

Rodriguez, Simon, 14, 20, 25, 45, 46, 57.

Rohan, Anne de, 224, 225.

Rome, Jesuits expelled from, 430, 440.

Roothaan, General, 294, 400, 405, 406.

Rossi, Count, 396, 406.

Royal confessor, instructions to, 324.

Rozaven, Father, 391, 392.

Russia, the Jesuits in, 370-81.

Sacchini, Father, 47, 55, 57, 59, 61, 65.

Saint Simon, 244, 245, 269.

Salamanca, the Jesuits at, 11, 42.

Saldanha, Cardinal, 262, 264.

Salerno, Father, 330.

Salmeron, Alfonso, 14, 20, 36, 37, 41, 49, 67, 94.

Sammier, Fr. Henri, 118.

Saniassi, the Jesuit, 188-90, 291-2.

Saragossa, the Jesuits at, 44.

Sasbold, Archbishop, 181.

Savelli, Cardinal, 68.

Saxony, the Jesuits in, 329.

Schall, Adam, 190, 281-2.

Schoppe, Caspar, 69.

Scotland, the Jesuits in, 35-7, 64, 65, 142, 149.

Sebastian I., 87.

Secular education, the Dutch clergy and, 422.

Sens, the Archbishop of, 237.

Seville, Jesuit bankruptcy at, 171-4.

Siam, the Jesuits in, 290-1.

Sicily, the Jesuits in, 333, 342, 378, 386, 395, 428.

Sigismund III., 132.

Simpson, R., 143, 148.

Sixtus V., 107, 110-3, 121.

Sobieski, 317.

Socialism and the Jesuits, 433.

Society of the Faith of Jesus, 383-5.

Society of Jesus, establishment of the, 15, 22, 25.

Society of Jesus, origin of the name, 20.

_Sollicitudo_, the bull, 387.

Sonderbund, the, 420.

Southwell, Father R., 152, 153.

Spain, the Jesuits in, 42-5, 71-2, 84-6, 96, 107-12, 170-4, 265-78, 389, 406-9, 437-9.

Spiritual Coadjutors, 29, 30.

"Spiritual Exercises," the, 7.

Spying in Jesuit houses, 30.

Sta. Maria della Strada, 33.

St. Bartholomew Massacre, the, 89-91.

St. Cyran, the Abbé de, 221, 222, 224, 225, 227.

St. Omer, the college of, 145, 209, 219.

St. Petersburg, the Jesuits at, 377-9.

Steinmetz, 92.

Stonyhurst, 412, 413.

Sunderland, the Earl of, 215, 216.

Suppression of the Society, 353-63.

Sweden, the Jesuits in, 101-3, 312-4.

Switzerland, the Jesuits in, 321-2, 360-1, 418-20.

Taicosama, 137, 138.

Talbot, Mgr., 443.

Talleyrand, 398.

_Taly_, the, 293.

Tamburini, General, 339.

Taunton, E.L., 143, 201, 203.

Tavora plot, the, 263.

_Teatro Jesuitico_, the, 171.

Theatine order, the, 18.

Theiner, Father, 327, 342, 344, 353, 396.

Thibet, Jesuits penetrate, 295.

Thirty Years' War, the, 182-3, 325.

Thompson, Francis, 13, 37.

Thorn, Edward, 92.

Thorn, the massacre of, 318-20.

Thorpe, Father, 412.

Tilly, the Jesuits and, 182, 183.

Toledo, Cardinal, 101, 115, 122.

Tonge, Dr., 209.

Torres, Miguel de, 70, 71.

Tournon, Cardinal de, 284, 285, 294.

Transylvania, the Jesuits in, 131, 132.

Trent, the Council of, 49, 50, 77.

Trevisani, Archbishop, 66.

Turks, Ignatius and the, 4, 7, 9, 15, 18.

_Unigenitus_, the bull, 244, 245, 246.

United States, the Jesuits in the, 414-6, 441.

Urban VIII., 224, 227.

Valais, the Jesuits in, 418, 419.

Valignani, Father, 137.

Vallière, Mlle de la, 236, 238.

Valtellina, the Jesuits expelled from the, 65.

Vatican Council, the, 429.

Venice, the Jesuits at, 18, 41-2, 66, 133-4, 337-8.

Verbiest, Father, 282.

Vermi, Onufrio de, 169.

Victor Emmanuel I., 388.

" " II., 428, 429.

Vieira, Father, 255, 256, 304.

Villalon, Friar, 299, 300.

Villanueva, Father, 42.

Villèle, 402.

Vincent de Paul, St., 178, 226.

Vitelleschi, Mutio, 167, 168, 179.

Viterbo, the prophetess of, 359.

Vota, Father, 317, 318.

Vows, the Jesuit, 24, 30, 82.

Vrillière, Father de la, 360.

Waldeck-Rousseau, 436.

Walpole, Father H., 154.

Warner, Father, 211, 215.

Warsevicz, Father, 102, 103.

Weld, Thomas, 412, 413.

Weston, Father, 151, 152, 153, 154.

Whitbread, Fattier, 210.

William of Orange, 129.

Wisbeach, the quarrels at, 154-6.

Wiseman, Cardinal, 441.

Woulfe, David, 64.

Xavier, Francis, 13, 16, 20, 25, 45, 51.

Zahorowski, Jerome, 184.

Zapata, 34, 36.

_Printed by_ Morrison & Gibb Limited _Edinburgh_

Mr. EVELEIGH NASH'S LIST OF NEW BOOKS

"MY PAST"

_MR. EVELEIGH NASH has acquired the world-rights of a sensational autobiography written by a relative of one of the reigning monarchs of Europe._

_The memoirs, which are now in active preparation, will be published under the above title during the London season, but, owing to the terms of his agreement with the personage in question, Mr. Nash is unable to give particulars at present. The identity of the author and full details regarding the book will be announced in April._

_MR. EVELEIGH NASH'S NEW BOOKS_

ADVENTURES BEYOND THE ZAMBESI

Of the O'Flaherty, the Insular Miss, the Soldier-Man, and the Rebel Woman.

By MRS. FRED MATURIN

(Edith Cecil-Porch)

With Illustrations Price 10_s._ 6_d._ net.

Four widely diverse, yet up-to-date people agreed to seek together the risks, excitements, discomforts and delights of sport, adventure and companionship beyond the Zambesi. One of these was Mrs. Fred Maturin (Mrs. Cecil-Porch) whose previous book "Petticoat Pilgrims on Trek" showed that she possesses a rare power of vivid and amusing narrative. Wanderers and stay-at-homes will revel in her lively description of the six months' trip of this delightful quartette in quest of big game and sport in the African wilds. Her buoyant optimism and her rich sense of humour found full play in the many adventures that befel them, and it is just this humorous, friendly and intrepid outlook of hers that lends such charm to her written record. The book is illustrated with some remarkably good photographs.

SPORTING RECOLLECTIONS OF AN OLD 'UN

By FRANK N. STREATFIELD, C.M.G.

(_Author of "Reminiscences of an Old 'Un."_)

Illustrated Price 7_s._ 6_d._ net.

A book after the heart of all good sportsmen, brimming over with cheerfulness and good fellowship. The author, who has been a universally popular figure in sporting circles for over a quarter of a century, relates many amusing anecdotes on shooting of every description, fishing, falconry and cricket, and has packed his book with incidents of interest to all who use the rod and gun.

THE ROMANCE OF THE ROTHSCHILDS

By IGNATIUS BALLA

Illustrated Price 7_s._ 6_d._ net.

A full and picturesque narrative of the rise of the House of Rothschild. The characteristics and early vicissitudes of the famous Five Frankfurters who laid the foundations of the House are shown, and many amusing anecdotes are related of them in Mr. Balla's book.

Some Early Press Opinions

"The author takes us, in a sense, behind the scenes, gives us a hundred details of the Rothschilds' methods, and shows us, step by step, how the accumulation of these enormous sums was made possible."--_The Globe._

"Extremely interesting."--_Daily Express._

"Interesting all the way through."--_Standard._

"Abounds in interesting quotations and anecdotes."--_Liverpool Daily Post._

THE MARRIED LIFE OF QUEEN VICTORIA

By CLARE JERROLD

_Author of "The Early Court of Queen Victoria," etc._

Illustrated. Price 15_s._ net.

In this volume Mrs. Jerrold carries a stage further her interesting study of Queen Victoria's life. She endeavours to tell the real truth regarding the Queen's married life and her relations with the Prince Consort, and in doing so relies on their own recorded actions and words rather than upon the highly coloured and in many cases exaggerated pictures presented by the "lives" of Prince Albert which were authorised by the Queen.

The result is a human and fascinating story. The relations of the Queen and Prince with those around them, with their children and with their ministers--especially their hatred and fear of Palmerston--their love for Louis-Philippe, for the German confederation, and their complacency towards Russia are all dealt with and throw a strong new light upon the English Court during the years in which Prince Albert was virtually King.

THE SAILOR WHOM ENGLAND FEARED

Being the Story of Paul Jones, Scotch Naval Adventurer and Admiral in the American and Russian Fleets.

By M. MACDERMOT CRAWFORD.

_Author of "The Wife of Lafayette."_

Illustrated. Price 15_s._ net.

John Paul Jones was unquestionably one of the most striking characters of the eighteenth century. Born in 1747, the son of a gardener in Kirkcudbrightshire, he was, at the age of seventeen, third mate on a slaver, at twenty a merchant captain; at twenty-eight lieutenant in the United States Revolutionary Navy; at twenty-nine a captain; at thirty-two commodore, "the ocean hero of the Old World and the New," spoiled, adulated, petted by great and small. A vice-admiral in the Russian Navy at forty-three--at forty-five he was dead!

A traitor who terrorised his countrymen, known alternately as "rebel," "corsair," and "pirate," Paul Jones was none the less a man of rare distinction and ability--a brilliant seaman endowed with courage and determination; and the record of his deeds is a story of unflagging interest.

A CANDID HISTORY OF THE JESUITS

By JOSEPH McCABE.

_Author of "The Decay of the Church of Rome," "Twelve Years in a Monastery," &c._

Price 10_s._ 6_d._ net.

It is curious, in view of the endless discussion of the Jesuits, that no English writer has ever attempted a systematic history of that body. Probably no religious body ever had so romantic a history as the Jesuits, or inspired such deadly hatred. On the other hand, histories of the famous society are almost always too prejudiced, either for or against, to be reliable. Mr. McCabe, whose striking book "The Decay of the Church of Rome" attracted such widespread and well-merited attention, has attempted, in his new book, to give the facts impartially, and to enable the inquirer to form an intelligent idea of the history and character of the Jesuits from their foundation by Loyola to the present day. Every phase of their remarkable story--including the activity of political Jesuits and their singular behaviour on the foreign missions--is carefully studied, and the record of the Jesuits in England is very fully examined.

A KEEPER OF ROYAL SECRETS

Being the Private and Political Life of Madame de Genlis.

By JEAN HARMAND

Illustrated. Price 15_s._ net.

The career of Madame de Genlis is one of the baffling enigmas of history. For the greater part of her life she played an important _role_ in the social and political life of France.

By virtue of her intimate association with Philip Egalité, Duc d'Orleans, and her high position as the Governor of Louis Philippe and the other Orleans children, the influence she wielded practically amounted to royal power.

She cast her spell over a wide circle, winning admiration even from her enemies, and yet her life has been the subject of a storm of scandalous reports and speculations.

What was her exact relationship to the Duke? was she the mother of the famous "Pamela" whom Lord Edward Fitzgerald married? what was her share in the astounding affair of "Maria Stella"? what part did she play in the Revolution?--these are some of the mysteries surrounding her on which M. Harmand, with the help of many unpublished letters and documents, throws much new light.

The whole truth will probably never be known, but M. Harmand in his elaborate biography gives us an immensely fascinating and vivid story, and unearths many new details regarding her curious and romantic life.

THE TRUTH ABOUT WOMEN

By C. GASQUOINE HARTLEY

(Mrs. Walter M. Gallichan)

Price 6_s._

This book is the outcome of twelve years' careful study of the conditions of women in this country and abroad. Believing that the time has now arrived when women must speak out, fearlessly, the truth about their own sex, the author has endeavoured to review the situation as it appears to her after her lengthy study of the subject. Her book is divided into three parts--the biological consideration of the question--the historical consideration, and the present day aspects of the woman problem. It is a book of much plain speaking and closely reasoned argument and, whether or not one agrees with its conclusions and directness, it is a work which undoubtedly merits the attention of every responsible person, male and female.

BY-PATHS IN COLLECTING

By VIRGINIA ROBIE.

Profusely illustrated. Price 7_s._ 6_d._ net.

Every enthusiast over rare and unique things which have passed the century-old mark will want this delightful book by Virginia Robie. It contains a wealth of sound advice upon the quest of the quaint, and much reliable information is given upon the collecting of such things as china, furniture, pewter, copper, brass, samplers, and sundials.

PRINTS AND THEIR MAKERS

Essays on Engravers and Etchers Old and Modern

Edited by FITZROY CARRINGTON

With 200 Illustrations. Price 10_s._ 6_d._ net.

A volume exquisite in every detail of the planning and making. The chapters--contributed by notable authorities--discuss various phases of etching and engraving from the time of Raphael and Durer to the close of the nineteenth century. The plates for the illustrations (200) have all been made with unusual care from original engravings and etchings, and together form a valuable collection.

_New Six-Shilling Novels._

VEILED WOMEN

By MARMADUKE PICKTHALL

_Author of "Saïd the Fisherman," "Children of the Nile," etc._

A fine novel of the East telling the life story of an English girl who marries an Egyptian noble and lives the harem life. The gradual mental and physical effect of the secluded life of the harem upon a healthy western woman is shown with great effect, while the story of her ineffectual appeal to the Commander-in-Chief of the British Army of Occupation to take her back, of her escape from the harem and flight into the desert, of her return and eventual relapse into a state of resigned contentment with her lot, will appeal strongly to every woman. The wonderful world of the Cairene women, their comings and goings, their intrigues, their pleasures and pastimes, the gorgeous colouring and the subtle perfume of their surroundings, the mystery, the charm and the insidious influence of the harem life are depicted with the brilliance of characterisation and richness of detail that one has come to expect from the author of "Saïd the Fisherman."

LADY OF THE NIGHT

By BENJAMIN SWIFT

A charming story centreing round the romantic attachment of two delightful people--Ysmyn Veltry, the daughter of a wealthy French perfume manufacturer and Vivian Darsay, a great-grandson of an old Crimean veteran, Colonel Darsay--whom, years before the story opens, chance had brought together and made playmates of among the perfumed fields of roses, jasmine and all the other fragrant flowers which surrounded Veltry's world-renowned distillery at Grasse.

At the instigation of an ambitious sister-in-law, Veltry has come to London to inaugurate, on lines which shall outvie in magnificence any similar establishment, a shop in which to sell his perfumes. Ysmyn and Vivian meet again under dramatic and greatly changed conditions to find their path to happiness beset with difficulties, and it is not until the "Maison Merveille," which has quickly become the talk of fashionable London and developed into a veritable "palace of beauty culture" is, in the height of its success, overtaken by disaster, that the "Lady of the Night"--so called after jasmine, her father's favourite flower--becomes the wife of her erstwhile playmate.

THE EMPEROR'S SPY

By HECTOR FLEISCHMANN

"The Emperor's Spy," which deals with the struggle between Napoleon Bonaparte's secret police, headed by a beautiful woman spy--Elvire--and a gang of daring Royalist conspirators led by Georges Cadoudal and the Chevalier Lahaye Saint Hilare, is one of the most exciting, vivid and elaborate historical novels since Dumas's "Three Musketeers."

Famous historical characters, from Napoleon downwards, crowd its pages. Incident follows incident in quick succession, and plot is met by counter-plot, until, at last, under the shadow of the wild cliffs of Brittany the Emperor's Spy, having achieved the crowning triumph of her life, meets with a swift and tragic death at the hands of the last of the Royalists. The book is 576 pages long and there is not one page of this tremendous story which does not glow with living, human interest.

GLOOMY FANNY AND OTHER STORIES

By MORLEY ROBERTS

_Author of "Thorpe's Way," "David Bran," etc._

Readers of Mr. Morley Roberts's novel "Thorpe's Way" will remember that "Gloomy Fanny," otherwise the Hon. Edwin Fanshawe, was one of the most amusing characters in that very amusing story.

I'D VENTURE ALL FOR THEE

By J.S. FLETCHER

_Author of "The Town of Crooked Ways," "The Fine Air of Morning," etc._

A story of the Yorkshire coast, 1745.

THE LOST MILLION

by WILLIAM LE QUEUX

_Author of "The Mystery of Nine," "Without Trace," etc., etc._

CARNACKI THE GHOST-FINDER

By WILLIAM HOPE HODGSON

_Author of "The Night Land," "The Boats of Glen Carig," etc._

A NEW NOVEL

By LADY TROWBRIDGE

A HAREM ROMANCE

By E. DE LA VILLENEUVE

A very lifelike picture of the Young Turk Revolution is contained in this novel. A double love story, full of thrilling incidents, is woven into the web of public events, the two heroines, one a lovely Turkish girl, the other a beautiful Armenian, having each been prisoners in the Palace of Yildiz. The personality of Abdul Hamid is vividly realised, and the cruel oppression to which he subjected the inmates of his harem is graphically described.

_Three-and-Sixpence Net Novels._

POISON

By ALICE AND CLAUDE ASKEW

_Authors of "The Shulamite," "The Woman Deborah," etc._

ROADS OF DESTINY

By O. HENRY

_Author of "Cabbages and Kings," "Heart of the West," etc._

_Two-Shilling Net Novels._

QUEEN SHEBA'S RING

By H. RIDER HAGGARD

_Author of "King Solomon's Mines," etc._

THE MYSTERY OF NINE

By WILLIAM LE QUEUX

_Author of "Without Trace," etc., etc._

SETH OF THE CROSS

By ALPHONSE COURLANDER

_Author of "Mightier than the Sword."_

End of Project Gutenberg's A Candid History of the Jesuits, by Joseph McCabe