Chapter I;

permanent among the lower animals, 17, 18; perhaps it may become less troublesome among men, 18, 19; its action in the rise and fall of civilizations, 22, 23; its rule in civil life is inferior to Nature’s beautiful order in her cellular commonwealths, 19, 25, 40-3; yet sentimentalists believe in the illusion called peace and do infinite harm by their canting hostility to national defence, 33, 34, 35, 351, 360-1; see also the last chapter on the evolution of unfortified bridges.

BAUDOUIN, the Elector, in 1344, built the Moselle Bridge at Coblentz, 260.

BAVARIA, bridge over the Main at Würzburg, 259-60.

BEAUCAIRE, PONT DE, a great suspension bridge, 344-5.

BEAVERS, their great intelligence, 110; much human work in bridge-building has shown less intelligence than that which we find in the beaver’s contests against running water, 131.

BECKER, his views on the bridges in ancient Rome, 193.

BECKET, ST. THOMAS À, the Gothic chapel on Old London Bridge was dedicated to him, 216.

BEDDOES, MR. THOMAS, traveller and trader in Equatorial Central Africa, his remarks on tree-bridges made by the natives, 123; and on other primitive bridges, 148-9.

BEDFORD BRIDGE, her old chapel, now destroyed, 231.

BEEHIVE TOMBS at Mycenae, 158-9.

BEES, their intelligence, 110.

BEFFARA, a French architect, in 1752 builds a very remarkable bridge near Ardres, in the Pas-de-Calais, 305-6.

BELGIUM, the Jeanne d’Arc of nations, 34 _footnote_; her old bastille bridges, 289-91.

BELLE CROIX, THE, formerly on the old bridge at Orléans, 246-7.

BENEDICT XIII, expelled from Avignon, 239.

BÉNÉZET, SAINT, his bridge at Avignon. Frontispiece, 81, 82, 83, 236-9; parallel bands of stone in the vaults of the arches, 81, 82, 83; perhaps Bénézet had some correspondence with Peter Colechurch, who began Old London Bridge, 217; the line of his bridge made an elbow pointing upstream, 237, 297; in a bird’s-eye view the design looks like a bridge of boats, 262, 297; Bénézet died before his work was finished, and was buried in the chapel on his bridge, 236; see also the footnote on 280.

BÉRANGER, CHARLES, French publisher, his excellent books on bridges, 318-19.

BERMUDEZ, CEAN, quoted by George Edmund Street, 286.

BERNINI, GIOVANNI L. (1598-1680), his sculpture for the Ponte Sant’ Angelo in Rome, 195; this sculpture is a burden to the bridge rather than a beauty to it, 324.

BERWICK-ON-TWEED, its mediæval bridge fell many times, 49.

BESILLIS, SIR PERIS, helps to build the bridge at Abingdon, 252.

BÉZIERS, its twelfth-century bridge, 92.

BHUTAN, India, its primitive timber bridges with defensive gateways, 73, 272-3.

BIDEFORD BRIDGE, formerly it was graced with a chapel, 231; its twenty arches were built in the 14th century with help from indulgences sanctioned by Grandison, Bishop of Exeter, 305 _footnote_.

BISHOP’S BRIDGE, Norwich, has a double arch ring, 305.

BLASPHEMERS were ducked in the Tarn from the Pont des Consuls at Montauban, 256.

BLUDGET, an American engineer, takes hints from the brothers Grubenmann, 142.

BOARD OF TRADE, London, its report on the Tay Bridge Disaster, 340.

BOATS ought to be added to the remarks on page 58, or to the first section of the second chapter (pp. 109-12), for primitive man got his first boats from Nature. The earliest were floating branches and trees on which men sat astride, drifting with the current of rivers; the later were trees hollowed out by decay, which became models for dug-outs. “Between the primitive dug-out and a modern man-of-war there is, apparently, an impassable gulf; but yet the two are connected by an unbroken chain of successive improvements all registering greater efficiency in mechanical skill. Each of those intermediate increments constitutes a numbered milestone in the history and development of navigation.”--Dr. Robert Munro.

BOATS, BRIDGE OF, at Cologne, 1. It will be remembered that Julius Cæsar frequently made use of boat-bridges, and that Xerxes, four hundred and eighty years before the Birth of Christ, made a bridge of boats across the narrowest part of the Hellespont, between the ancient cities of Sestus and Abydus. So the boat-bridge at Cologne, like the wooden pontoon, has an old and fascinating lineage, yet a modern bridge was going to displace it when the present Great War began. “Kultur” cancels history.

BOFFIY, GUILLERMO, architect of the immense nave in Gerona Cathedral, 28.

BOISSERON, on the little river Bénovie, its disfigured Roman bridge, 179.

BOKYNS, JOHN, in 1483, bequeathed three and fourpence to a chapel to be built on Rotherham Bridge, 233.

BOOKS ON BRIDGES, 318, 319, 320; William Hosking, 317; Emiland Gauthey’s “Traité de la Construction des Ponts,” 127; Colonel Emy’s “Traité de l’Art de la Charpenterie,” 143 _footnote_; Professor Fleeming Jenkin’s “Bridges,” see “Jenkin”; E. Degrand’s “Ponts en Maçonnerie,” 88.

BOOTHS OR SHOPS on Chinese bridges, 210 _footnote_; on European bridges, 210.

BORDEAUX, PONT DE, its length and its cost, 356.

BOUGHS, FORKED, in primitive bridge-building, 135, 148.

BOWER BIRDS, Australian, their architecture is a model to all primitive men, 112.

BRACKETS, below the parapet of the Pont Neuf at Paris, 321. Brackets are ornamental projections from the face of a wall, to support statues and other objects. Some are adorned only with mouldings, while many are carved into angels, or foliage, or heads, or animals. Parker says: “It is not always easy to distinguish a bracket from a corbel; in some cases, indeed, one name is as correct as the other.” See Brangwyn’s drawing of the Pont Neuf facing page 320.

BRADFORD-ON-AVON, Wiltshire, the bridge there has a tiny oratory, 231-2, which was profaned after the Reformation, becoming a “lock-up,” and then a powder magazine, 232. The bridge has nine arches; the two pointed ones uniting the oratory to the bankside have ribbed vaults, and the others are round-headed arches with double rings of voussoirs, 305 _footnote_. Originally the bridge was a narrow one for packhorses, but it was widened in 1645, or thereabouts. A hospital used to stand at one end of the bridge, and doles of charity for it may have been collected in the little place of prayer. Leland admired this bridge, and noted its nine fair arches of stone, and a fair large parish church standing beneath the bridge on Avon ripe.

BRAIN, THE HUMAN, its large size and its infrequent greatness, 110, 111, 112, 239-40; see also the second chapter.

BRANCH RAILWAY LINES over strategic rivers, they are necessary in national defence now that bridges may be damaged seriously with bombs falling from airships and aeroplanes, 355-6.

BRANDRYTH OR BRANDERETH, a mediæval name for a cofferdam, 253, and _footnote_.

BRANGWYN, FRANK, vi, 6, 15, 23, 29, 34, 78, 79, 92, 160, 162, 179, 194, 201, 202, 208, 209, 212, 223, 224, 236, 247, 254, 258, 272, 279, 291, 299, 307, 331; see also the Lists of Illustrations.

BRECON, its bridge has safety recesses built into the piers from the parapet, 258 _footnote_.

BRICK AQUEDUCTS, Roman, 189-90.

BRICK BRIDGES, Persian, 265-6, 270; European, the Pont des Consuls at Montauban, fourteenth century, 255; and the covered bridge over the Ticino at Pavia, 308.

BRIDGE-BUILDING, Roman, 26-30; see also Chapter III; mediæval, 26-30, 33-6, 85-106, 264; see also “Ballad of Abingdon Bridge”; Chinese, see “Marco Polo”; Persian, see “Kâredj,” “Khaju,” and “Ali Verdi Khan”; Primitive, see “America, South,” “Beddoes,” “Bhutan,” “Criss-Cross Piers,” “Kashmír,” “Kurdistan,” and Chapter II.

BRIDGE BUILT WITH ARCHES, its anatomy. Professor Fleeming Jenkin says: “An arch may be of stone, brick, wood, or metal. The oldest arches are of stone or brick. They differ from metal and from wooden arches, inasmuch as the compressed arc of materials called the _ring_ is built of a number of separate pieces having little or no cohesion. Each separate stone used in building the _ring_ has received the name of _voussoir_, or archstone. The lower surface of the ring is called the _soffit_ of the arch. The _joints_, or bed-joints, are the surfaces separating the voussoirs, and are normal to the soffit. A brick arch is usually built in numerous rings, so that it cannot be conceived as built of voussoirs with plane joints passing straight through the ring. The bed-joints of a brick arch may be considered as stepped and interlocked. This interlocking will affect the stability of the arch only in those cases where one voussoir tends to slip along its neighbour. The _ring_ springs from a course of stones in the abutments, called _quoins_. The plane of demarcation between the ring and the abutment is called the _springing_ of the arch. The _crown_ of an arch is the summit of the ring. The voussoirs at the crown are called _keystones_. The _haunches_ of an arch are the parts midway between the springing and the crown. The upper surface of the ring is sometimes improperly called the extrados, and the lower surface is more properly called the intrados. These terms, when properly employed, have reference to a mathematical theory of the arch little used by engineers. The walls which rest upon the ring along the arch, and rise either to the parapet or to the roadway, are called _spandrils_. There are necessarily two outer spandrils forming the faces of a bridge; there may be one or more inner spandrils. The _backing_ of an arch is the masonry above the haunches of the ring; it is carried back between the spandrils to the pier or to the abutment. If the backing is not carried up to the roadway, as is seldom the case, the rough material employed between the backing and the roadway is called the _filling_. The _parapet_ rests on the outer _spandrils_.”

BRIDGE CHAPELS AND ORATORIES, 82, 208, 209, 216-17, 218-19, 225-39, 241-6, 256.

BRIDGE CROSSES AND CRUCIFIXES, 96, 230, 246-7.

BRIDGE DECORATION, 193-4, 195-6, 201, 215, 227, 286, 304, 305, 311, 312, 316, 318-28.

BRIDGE FRIARS, or Pontist Brothers, the _Frères Pontifes_, 93, 236, 296, and _footnote_.

BRIDGENORTH, formerly the bridge there had a chapel, 231; it has shelter-places for foot-passengers, 258 _footnote_.

BRIDGES WITH WIDE ARCHED SPANS, 309-10.

BRIDGE-WRECKERS, 352, 355. It is worth noting that the King of the Belgians in the present Great War has used a cyclist corps of bridge-wreckers, whose work is described in the _Daily Mail_, December 14, 1914, page 4. “The cyclists led the way. The explosives followed in a car. The charge was fixed to the girders under the bridges, an electric wire affixed, you touched a button and the near span of the bridge was in a moment no more than a gap. Their greatest achievement ... was a railway bridge between Courtrai and Audenarde. It needed two charges.” The cyclists regarded their work as “fun,” because no bridge was at all difficult to destroy.

BRIG OF AYR, 94.

BRIG O’ DOON, 45, 94.

BRISTOL BRIDGE, OLD, a copy of Old London Bridge, had a chapel, 231.

BRITANNIA BRIDGE over the Menai Straits, its great defects, 77-8; its length and its cost, 357.

BRITISH AND FRENCH BRIDGES contrasted, 256-8, 281, 294-5; the French genius in architecture often superior to the British, 294-5.

BRITISH APATHY, see “Apathy, British.”

BRIVES-CHARENSAC, on the Loire, its ruined Roman bridge, 179, 180; the arch has a double ring of voussoirs, 305 _footnote_.

BRONZE PERIOD, MEN OF THE, 21; approximate date of this period, 21; pastoral life of the Bronze Age on Dartmoor, 100, 101; this life rendered bridges necessary, 101, 103.

BROOKLYN BRIDGE, at New York, described and criticised, 354.

“BROWN BESS,” the Old Musket, displaced for a better weapon in 1857, 334.

BUCHAN, DR. WILLIAM, one of Lister’s little-known forerunners, 58 _footnote_.

BUCKLER, J. C. AND C., their “Remarks on Wayside Chapels,” 228 _footnote_.

BUDAPEST, the chains of its great suspension bridge pass _through_ the towers instead of _over_ the summits, 346.

BUJUCO BRIDGES in South America, described by the Spanish Admiral Don Antonio de Ulloa, 146, 147.

BULLEID, A., a writer on the Glastonbury Lake Village, 139 _footnote_.

BUNSEN, on the bridges of ancient Rome, 193, 197.

BURDON, ROWLAND, in 1796, designed Wearmouth Bridge, 349.

BURNSALL BRIDGE in Wharfedale, its shelter-places for foot-passengers, 258 _footnote_.

BUSH-ROPE, in Equatorial Central Africa, its use in bridge-building, 123.

CABLE BRIDGES OF BAMBOO in China, 145; of ox-hide thongs in Peru, 146; and also in the Andes, 147.

CÆSAR AND THE BRITISH TRIBES, 22; he speaks of the Gaulish bridges, 70, 71.

CAHORS, THE PONT VALENTRÉ AT, a fortified bridge of the thirteenth century, 27, 92, 263-4, 282-5; See also the illustrations facing pages 16 and 264; There was another great old bridge at Cahors, but it perished in a storm of local party politics, 44.

CAILLE, PONT DE LA, famous modern suspension bridge, 344.

CALAHORRA, the big tower guarding an entrance to the bridge at Córdova, 188.

CANADA, devoted to very vulnerable bridges, 354.

CANAL BRIDGE in Venice, 329.

CANALS, their construction has been a phase of war claiming a great many lives, 17, and _footnote_.

CANE VINES used in Africa in the making of bush-rope, 123.

CÁNGAS DE ONIS, the gabled bridge at, 27.

CANINA, his attempt to reconstruct the Pons Sublicius differs from Colonel Emy’s, 140.

CANNON, the slow improvement in their manufacture, 333.

CANNON STREET RAILWAY BRIDGE, the colour plate facing p. 48.

CANOES, they often take the place of bridges in Africa, 123.

CANTERBURY, THE ARCHBISHOP OF, in 1318, owned the land adjoining Old Shoreham Bridge, 41; His name was Walter Reynolds.

CAPAC YUPANQUI, the fifth Ynca, and his bridge of rushes, 146-7.

CAPPUCINA, PONTE DI PORTA, a Roman bridge at Ascoli-Piceno, 201.

CARACALLA, 129.

CARCASSONNE, OLD BRIDGE AT, dating from the 12th century, 92; see also the plate facing page 104.

CARMAGNOLA destroyed the great old bridge spanning the Adda at Trezzo, 309.

CARTARO, PONTE, a mediæval bridge at Ascoli-Piceno, 201.

CASTRO GONZALO, THE OLD BRIDGE OF, blown up by Moore’s rearguard, 334-5.

CATHERINE, ST., the chapel on the Pont des Consuls at Montauban was dedicated to her, 256.

CATTERICK BRIDGE had a chapel, 231; the Contract Deed for the building of this bridge, 253.

CAVE-DWELLINGS, the earliest were stolen from cave-lions and cave-bears, 111.

CAVES, with arched entrances, 150 _footnote_.

CELLS, COMMUNITIES OF, in the human body; the beautiful harmony of their competitive life, how it differs from the social rule in the civilizations bungled by mankind, 18, 19, 25.

CENTRES OR CENTRING, the curved scaffolding upon which arches are built. The voussoirs rest on the centres while the ring is in process of being constructed. When the centres are not rigid enough, arches sink a good deal while the masons are at work and after the scaffolding is carefully struck. In Perronet’s bridge at Neuilly-sur-Seine, for example, the sinking amounted to twenty-three inches, 338; thirteen inches while the centre was in its place, and ten inches after the centre was removed. On the other hand, when the centres of Waterloo Bridge were taken down, no arch sank more than 1½ inches. There is reason to believe that modern centres are more complicated than were the mediæval. See page 264 and page 286.

CERCEAU, DU, ANDROUET, French architect and builder of the fortified bridge at Châtellerault, 331-4; see also the colour plate facing page 332.

CESTIUS, PONS, at Rome, 196-7.

CHÂLON-SUR-SAÔNE, the quaint citizenship of its mediæval bridge, 224.

CHAMAS, SAINT, in France, and its famous Roman bridge, 176-7.

CHAMBERS OR ROOMS built in bridges, Paris examples, 225; a Persian example, 267-8.

CHAPEL OF ST. CATHERINE on the Pont des Consuls at Montauban, 256.

CHAPEL OF ST. NICHOLAS on the Pont St. Bénézet at Avignon, 237.

CHAPEL OF ST. THOMAS À BECKET on Old London Bridge, 216-17.

CHAPELS ON BRIDGES, 82, 208, 209, 216-17, 218-19, 225-39, 241-6, 256.

CHARACTER, THE DRAMA OF, among the progenitors of Man, 115-19.

CHARACTER OF A GREAT BRIDGE, its principal traits, 15-16, 256-7, 320-8.

CHARING CROSS, THE RAILWAY VIADUCT FROM, disgraces the Thames, 256.

CHARITY, a Builder of Bridges in the Middle Ages, 251-2.

CHARLEMAGNE, his friendly attitude to roads and bridges, 26, 86-7.

CHARLES THE FIFTH, Emperor, in 1521, armed his troops with the musket, 333.

CHARLES THE SECOND, routed at Worcester, fled by Old Pershore Bridge into the Bredon Hills, 355.

CHÂTEAU-THIERRY, BRIDGE AT, built by Perronet, 338 _footnote_.

CHÂTELLERAULT, PONT HENRI IV AT, built by Androuet du Cerceau, perhaps the latest fortified bridge in Europe, 331-2; see also the colour plate facing page 332.

CHATSWORTH, A FINE BRIDGE AT, is troubled by pretence in decoration, 322.

CHAUCER, and Old Bow Bridge, 98, 99.

CHEESE AND CHICKENS, eaten by mediæval workmen who allowed their bridge at Abingdon to be built by charity, 252 _footnote_.

CHENONCEAUX, THE NOBLE CASTLE OF, erected on bridges, 300.

CHESTER, the Old Dee Bridge, 258 _footnote_, and 305 _footnote_.

CHINA, STAIRCASE BRIDGE IN, 248.

CHINESE BRIDGES, 126, 145, 210, 211, 247-9, 291, 310-16, 344-8.

CHIPIEZ, his fine restoration of the doorway into the Treasury of Atreus, 158.

CHO-GAN, THE BRIDGE OF, in China, 313.

CHOLLERFORD, near Hexham, its ruins of a Roman bridge, 173.

CHURCH, MEDIÆVAL, protected bridges, 40, 51, 96, 207; see also “Bridge Chapels and Oratories,” “Bridge Crosses and Crucifixes,” and “Indulgences.”

CHURCH, MEDIÆVAL, what England owed to her, 233.

CIRCLES AND CURVES AND ANGLES, their varied symbolism, 153-5.

CISTERCIANS, they introduced ribbed vaulting into the English churches, 94-5; so why not into bridges also as a development therefrom? 96; Their bridges at Fountains Abbey, 96.

CITIZENSHIP, ENGLISH, in the Middle Ages, was often slack and dishonest, 49-51; the citizenship of mediæval bridges, which were connected in a self-evident manner with all the principal motive-powers of social life, 208, 209, 210 _et seq._

CIVILIZATIONS, their rival ideals tested and proved on stricken fields, vii; the five phases of their evolution, 22-3; their social rule has differed deplorably from Nature’s social order in her communities of living competitive cells, 18, 19, 25.

CLAIN, RIVER, AND ITS BRIDGE, see the illustration facing page 56.

CLAMPS, IRON, said to have been used in the bridge at Babylon, 274; in Roman bridges, 172-3; Perronet used them sometimes, 283.

CLAPPER BRIDGES, DARTMOOR, 100-4; rather similar bridges in Lancashire, 60-4; in Spain at Fuentes de Oñoro, 104-5; in ancient Egypt, 126, and Babylon, 127; and in China, 126-7.

CLAPTRAP, the drum of controversy, 89; British claptrap and its dangers, 33 _et seq._, 360.

CLASSIC AND GOTHIC, their rivalry, 336-7.

CLIFTON SUSPENSION BRIDGE, 346.

CLUNY, ABBEY OF, commissioned the Pontist Brothers to build the Pont St. Esprit, 297.

COALBROOKDALE BRIDGE, the earliest European bridge of cast iron, 348-9.

COBHAM, SIR JOHN, in 1387, helped to build Rochester Bridge, 244.

COBLENTZ, the Moselle Bridge, dating from 1344, 260.

COCLES, HORATIUS, and the Pons Sublicius, 64, 355.

COFFERDAMS, 251, 253; their structure described, 253 _footnote_.

COLECHURCH, PETER, priest and chaplain, the first architect of Old London Bridge, 217, 280 _footnote_.

COLNE, near, a Roman bridge, 162.

COLOGNE, BRIDGE OF BOATS AT, 1; an absurd railway bridge there, 323.

COMYN, JOHN, his fight on the Ouse Bridge at York, 241.

CONSERVATISM, when carried to excess, turns most people into other people, see section iii, Chapter I, 53-84.

CONSTANTINE, Algeria, Pont Sidi Rached at, 53.

CONSTANTINE THE GREAT, the Pons Sublicius was still extant in his time, 140.

CONSTANTINO, THE ROMAN BRIDGE OF, in Spain, 285 _footnote_, 335.

CONSTANTINOPLE, a bridge there in the fourth century A.D. was named after the Pons Sublicius, 140.

CONSULS, PONT DES, AT MONTAUBAN, 254-7; and the illustration facing page 256.

CONTROVERSIES, section iv, Chapter I, 85-106.

CONVENTIONS among men are often inferior to the instincts of animals, 76; Acts of Parliament might force them to progress, 76-7; see also section iii, Chapter I, 53-84.

CONWAY CASTLE, and its bad Suspension Bridge, 323.

COOKE, JOHN, in 1379, bequeathed twenty marks to the fortified bridge at Warkworth, 10.

CÓRDOVA, its famous bridge, 188, and the illustration.

CORSICA, a very curious military bridge, 238.

COURTRAI, THE PONT DE BROEL AT, a fortified bridge, 290, and _footnote_.

COVERED BRIDGES, 195, 211, 291-2, 308, 358.

COX, THE REV. DR., 232.

CRAIGELLACHIE, TELFORD’S BRIDGE AT, 349.

CRAWFORD, FRANCIS M., 64.

CREEPING PLANTS used in the Making of Primitive Bridges, 123.

CREEPING PROGRESS OF MANKIND, 110; see also section iii, Chapter I, 53-84.

CRISS-CROSS PIERS, 70, 71, 72, 73, 135.

CRITICISM OF ART, ENGLISH, its pretty defects, 167-8.

CROC, THE ROOK, King of the Alemans, may have regarded the Pont du Gard as a work of the devil, 170.

CROCKETT, S. R., his book on Spain and his remarks on bridges, 180-1.

CROFTON, H. T., a student of bridges, vi, also _footnote_.

CROMFORD BRIDGE had a chapel, 231.

CROMLECHS, 100; the clapper bridges over Dartmoor rivers are flat cromlechs built over water, 104; see also “Iberians.”

CROSSES AND CRUCIFIXES ON BRIDGES, 96, 230, 246-7.

CROSSING, WILLIAM, his remarks on Dartmoor bridges, 102-3.

CROWLAND BRIDGE, 302-5.

CRUSADES, their presumed effect on bridge-building, 88 _et seq._

CURZON, LORD, his excellent remarks on Persian bridges, 214, 268-70.

CUSTOM sends reason to sleep, 16, 39, 40; see also section iii, Chapter I, 53-84.

CUTWATERS, 262, 316. The French words for cutwaters, _avant-bec_ and _arrière-bec_, would be very useful to us if we translated them as “forebeak” and “aftbeak.” British pontists need a good many technical terms.

CYCLOID ARCHES, in Ammanati’s great bridge over the Arno, 316.

CYCLOPEAN STYLE, so called, in the Porta dell’ Arco at Arpino, 157.

DALQUIÉ, his translation of Kircher’s book on China, 314, 345 _footnote_.

DAM, ARCADED, Old London Bridge was an, 220.

DANBY, JOHN, in 1444, left six and eightpence to Warleby Bridge, 10.

DARBY, ABRAHAM, in 1779, bridged the Severn with an arch of cast-iron, the earliest in Europe, 348-9.

DARTEIN, F. DE, French architect and engineer, his books on bridges, 319, 320.

DARTMOOR, and its Clapper Bridges, 60, 100-4.

DARWIN, references to his teaching, 32, 69, 70, 106, 109, 111-12, 118.

DATES IN HISTORY, the Bronze Age, 21; Iron Age, 21; Palæolithic Art, 62; the inestimable value of dates to students, 119; approximate date of the Pliocene tools unearthed on the East Anglian coast, 120; approximate date for the Neolithic Period, 136; age of the Pont du Gard, 174; of the bridge at Saint-Chamas, 177; dates of some Lancashire bridges, 250 _footnote_.

DEATH, NATURE’S ATTITUDE TO, 3, 4, 36, 37.

DECORATION OF BRIDGES, 193-4, 195-6, 201, 215, 227, 286, 304, 305, 311, 312, 316, 318-28.

DEE BRIDGE, Chester, the Jolly Miller’s Bridge, 258 _footnote_, 305 _footnote_.

DEFENCE, NATIONAL, in its relation to Bridges, vii, 14-16, 331-61; see also “War-Bridges.”

DEFENCELESS BRIDGES, their Evolution, 331-61; their frequent make-believe of defence shown in trumpery imitations of mediæval towers and machicolations, 275, 323, 349.

DEGRAND, E., his book “Ponts en Maçonnerie,” 88; on the bridge at Espalion, 88-9; on Albi Bridge, 89, 90, 91; refers to primitive arches in Mexico, 157 _footnote_; on the Treasury of Atreus at Mycenae, 159 _footnote_; other references to his views, 199 _footnote_, 212 _footnote_; and on Chinese bridges, 314-15.

DERBY, a chapelled bridge is extant there, 258.

DERWENT PACKHORSE BRIDGE, Derbyshire, on its parapet, a few years ago, the stump of a mediæval cross remained, 230-1.

DESCENT OF MAN, in its relation to nature-made bridges, 3, 4, and