BOOK XV.
THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY. (A.D. 1629‒1631.)
The first of these extracts is from Rev. Francis Higginson’s “True Relation of the Last Voyage to New England, written from New England, July 24, 1629,” reprinted in Young’s “Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay:” Boston, 1846 (pp. 235‒237). The second is from the same work: (Young, pp. 232‒235). The third is from “New England’s Plantation; or, A Short and True Description of the Commodities and Discommodities of that Country,” by Francis Higginson: London, 1630: (Young, pp. 242‒256). This pamphlet attracted so much attention, that three distinct editions of it were published in a year.
The next two passages are from “Life and Letters of John Winthrop” (vol. ii. pp. 15‒16, 64‒65). The last passage is from the “Memoirs of Captain Roger Clap:” (Young, pp. 351‒354).
THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY.
I.――THE VOYAGE OF THE MASSACHUSETTS COLONISTS.
[The first large colony of the Massachusetts Bay Company sailed from England in April, 1629, with two hundred people; Governor Endicott, with “a few men,” having preceded them the year before. The Reverend Francis Higginson was the leader of this larger party. These were the colonists properly called Puritans, as distinct from the Pilgrims, who settled Plymouth.]
NOW in our passage divers things are remarkable.
First, through God’s blessing, our passage was short and speedy; for whereas we had a thousand leagues, that is, three thousand miles English, to sail from Old to New England, we performed the same in six weeks and three days.
Secondly, our passage was comfortable and easy, for the most part, having ordinarily fair and moderate wind, and being freed, for the most part, from rough and stormy seas, saving one night only, which we that were not used thought to be more terrible than indeed it was; and this was Wednesday at night, May 27.
Illustration: FRANCIS HIGGINSON.
Thirdly, our passage was also healthful to our passengers, being freed from the great contagion of the scurvy and other maledictions,[443] which in other passages to other places had taken away the lives of many. And yet we were, in all reason, in wonderful danger all the way, our ship being greatly crowded with passengers; but, through God’s great goodness, we had none that died of the pox, but that wicked fellow that scorned at fasting and prayer. There were, indeed, two little children,――one of my own, and another beside: but I do not impute it merely to the passage; for they were both very sickly children, and not likely to have lived long if they had not gone to sea. And take this for a rule, if children be healthful when they come to sea, the younger they are, the better they will endure the sea, and are not troubled with sea-sickness as older people are, as we had experience in many children that went this voyage. My wife, indeed, in tossing weather, was something ill; ... but in calm weather she recovered again, and is now much better for the sea-sickness. And for my own part, whereas I have for divers years past been very sickly, ... and was very sick at London and Gravesend, yet from the time I came on shipboard to this day I have been strangely healthful; and now I can digest our ship diet very well, which I could not when I was at land.... Also divers children were sick of the smallpox, but are safely recovered again; and two or three passengers, towards the latter end of the voyage, fell sick of the scurvy, but, coming to land, recovered in a short time.
Fourthly, our passage was both pleasurable and profitable; for we received instruction and delight in beholding the wonders of the Lord in the deep waters, and sometimes seeing the sea round us appearing with a terrible countenance, and, as it were, full of high hills and deep valleys; and sometimes it appeared as a most plain and even meadow. And ever and anon we saw divers kinds of fishes sporting in the great waters, great grampuses and huge whales going by companies, and puffing up water-streams. Those that love their own chimney-corner, and dare not go far beyond their own town’s end, shall never have the honor to see these wonderful works of Almighty God.
II.――THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONISTS IN SALEM HARBOR.
FRIDAY a foggy morning, but after clear, and wind calm. We saw many schools of mackerel, infinite multitudes on every side of our ship. The sea was abundantly stored with rockweed and yellow flowers like gilliflowers. By noon we were within three leagues of Cape Ann; and, as we sailed along the coasts, we saw every hill and dale, and every island, full of gay woods and high trees. The nearer we came to the shore, the more flowers in abundance,――sometimes scattered abroad, sometimes joined in sheets nine or ten yards long, which we supposed to be brought from the low meadows by the tide.[444] Now what, with fine woods and green trees by land, and these yellow flowers painting the sea, made us all desirous to see our new paradise of New England, whence we saw such forerunning signal[445] of fertility afar off. Coming near the harbor towards night, we tacked about for sea-room.
Saturday a foggy morning, but, after eight o’clock in the morning, very clear. The wind being somewhat contrary at south and by west, we tacked to and again with getting little, but with much ado. About four o’clock in the afternoon, having with much pain compassed the harbor, and being ready to enter the same, (see how things may suddenly change!) there came a fearful gust of wind and rain, and thunder and lightning, whereby we were borne with no little terror and trouble to our mariners, having very much ado to loose down the sails when the fury of the storm struck us. But, God be praised! it lasted but a while, and soon abated again. And hereby the Lord showed us what he could have done with us, if it had pleased him. But, blessed be God! he soon removed this storm, and it was a fair and sweet evening.
We had a westerly wind, which brought us, between five and six o’clock, to a fine and sweet harbor[446] seven miles from the head-point of Cape Ann. This harbor twenty ships may easily ride therein; where there was an island,[447] whither four of our men with a boat went, and brought back again ripe strawberries and gooseberries, and sweet single roses. Thus God was merciful to us in giving us a taste and smell of the sweet fruit as an earnest of his bountiful goodness to welcome us at our first arrival. This harbor was two leagues and something more from the harbor at Naimkecke,[448] where our ships were to rest, and the plantation is already begun. But because the passage is difficult, and night drew on, we put into Cape Ann harbor.
Illustration: GOVERNOR ENDICOTT.
The sabbath, being the first we kept in America, and the seventh Lord’s Day after we parted with England.
Monday we came from Cape Ann to go to Naimkecke, the wind northerly. I should have told you before, that, the planters spying our English colors, the governor[449] sent a shallop with two men to pilot us. These rested the sabbath with us at Cape Ann; and this day, by God’s blessing and their directions, we passed the curious and difficult entrance into the large, spacious harbor of Naimkecke. And, as we passed along, it was wonderful to behold so many islands, replenished with thick wood and high trees, and many fair, green pastures. And, being come into the harbor, we saw the “George,” to our great comfort, there being come on Tuesday, which was seven days before us. We rested that night with glad and thankful hearts that God had put an end to our long and tedious journey through the greatest sea in the world.
The next morning, the governor came aboard to our ship, and bade us kindly welcome, and invited me and my wife to come on shore, and take our lodging in his house, which we did accordingly.
III.――FIRE, AIR, EARTH, AND WATER IN NEW ENGLAND.
[As described by Francis Higginson, 1629.]
LETTING pass our voyage by sea, we will now begin our discourse on the shore of New England. And because the life and welfare of every creature here below, and the commodiousness of the country whereas such creatures live, doth, by the most wise ordering of God’s providence, depend, next unto himself, upon the temperature and disposition of the four elements, earth, water, air, and fire, ... therefore I will endeavor to show you what New England is, by the consideration of each of these apart; and truly endeavor, by God’s help, to report nothing but the naked truth, and that both to tell you of the discommodities as well as of the commodities. Though, as the idle proverb is, “Travellers may lie by authority,” and so may take too much sinful liberty that way, yet I may say of myself, as once Nehemiah did in another case, Shall such a man as I lie? No, verily....
Of the Earth of New England.
It is a land of divers and sundry sorts all about Masathulets[450] Bay; and at Charles River is as fat black earth as can be seen anywhere; and in other places you have a clay soil; in other, gravel; in other, sandy, as it is all about our plantation at Salem; for so our town is now named.
Illustration: FIRST CHURCH IN SALEM.
The form of the earth here, in the superficies of it, is neither too flat in the plainness, nor too high in hills, but partakes of both in a mediocrity, and fit for pasture, or for plough or meadow ground, as men please to employ it. Though all the country be, as it were, a thick wood for the general, yet in divers places there is much ground cleared by the Indians, and especially about the plantation; and I am told, that, about three miles from us, a man may stand on a little hilly place, and see divers thousands of acres of ground as good as need to be, and not a tree in the same....
In our plantation we have already a quart of milk for a penny. But the abundant increase of corn proves this country to be a wonderment. Thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, are ordinary here: yea, Joseph’s increase in Egypt is outstripped here with us. Our planters hope to have more than a hundred-fold this year. And all this while I am within compass: what will you say of two-hundred-fold, and upwards? It is almost incredible what great gain some of our English planters have had by our Indian corn. Credible persons have assured me, and the party himself avouched the truth of it to me, that, of the setting of thirteen gallons of corn, he hath had increase of it fifty-two hogsheads, every hogshead holding seven bushels of London measure; and every bushel was by him sold and trusted to the Indians for so much beaver as was worth eighteen shillings; and so of this thirteen gallons of corn, which was worth six shillings eightpence, he made about £327 of it the year following, as by reckoning will appear: where you may see how God blesseth husbandry in this land. There is not such great and plentiful ears of corn, I suppose, anywhere else to be found but in this country, being also of variety of colors, as red, blue, and yellow, &c.; and of one corn there springeth four or five hundred. I have sent you many ears of divers colors, that you might see the truth of it.
Little children here, by setting of corn, may earn much more than their own maintenance....
For beasts, there are some bears, and they say some lions also; for they have been seen at Cape Ann. Also here are several sorts of deer, some whereof bring three or four young ones at once, which is not ordinary in England; also wolves, foxes, beavers, martens, great wildcats, and a great beast called a molke,[451] as big as an ox. I have seen the skins of all these beasts since I came to this plantation, excepting lions. Also here are great store of squirrels,――some greater, and some smaller and lesser: there are some of the lesser sort, they tell me, that by a certain skin will fly from tree to tree,[452] though they stand far distant.
Of the Water of New England.
New England hath water enough, both salt and fresh. The greatest sea in the world, the Atlantic Sea, runs all along the coast thereof. There are abundance of islands along the shore, some full of wood and mast, to feed swine, and others clear of wood, and fruitful, to bear corn. Also we have store of excellent harbors for ships, as at Cape Ann, and at Masathulets Bay, and at Salem, and at many other places; and they are the better, because for strangers there is a very difficult and dangerous passage into them; but unto such as are well acquainted with them they are easy and safe enough. The abundance of sea-fish are almost beyond believing; and sure I should scarce have believed it, except I had seen it with mine own eyes. I saw great store of whales, and grampuses, and such abundance of mackerels, that it would astonish one to behold; likewise codfish, abundance on the coast, and in their season are plentifully taken. There is a fish called a bass, a most sweet and wholesome fish as ever I did eat: it is altogether as good as our fresh salmon; and the season of their coming was begun when we came first to New England in June, and so continued about three months’ space. Of this fish our fishers take many hundreds together, which I have seen lying on the shore, to my admiration. Yea, their nets ordinarily take more than they are able to haul to land; and, for want of boats and men, they are constrained to let a many go after they have taken them; and yet sometimes they fill two boats at a time with them. And, besides bass, we take plenty of skate and thornback, and abundance of lobsters; and the least boy in the plantation may both catch and eat what he will of them. For my own part, I was soon cloyed with them, they were so great and fat and luscious. I have seen some myself that have weighed sixteen pound; but others have had, divers times, so great lobsters as have weighed twenty-five pound, as they assured me....
Of the Air of New England.
The temper of the air of New England is one special thing that commends this place. Experience doth manifest that there is hardly a more healthful place to be found in the world that agreeth better with our English bodies. Many that have been weak and sickly in Old England, by coming hither have been thoroughly healed, and grown healthful and strong; for here is a most extraordinary clear and dry air, that is of a most healing nature to all such as are of a cold, melancholy, phlegmatic, rheumatic temper of body. None can more truly speak hereof by their own experience than myself. My friends that knew me can well tell how very sickly I have been, and continually in physic....
And I that have not gone without a cap for many years together, neither durst leave off the same, have now cast away my cap, and do wear none at all in the daytime. And whereas beforetime I clothed myself with double clothes and thick waistcoats to keep me warm, even in the summer-time, I do now go as thin clad as any.... Besides, I have one of my children, that was formerly most lamentably handled with sore breaking out of both his hands and feet, of the king’s-evil; but since he came hither he is very well [as] ever he was, and there is hope of perfect recovery shortly, even by the very wholesomeness of the air, altering, digesting, and drying up the cold and crude humors of the body; and therefore I think it is a wise course for all cold complexions to come to take physic in New England; for a sup of New England’s air is better than a whole draught of Old England’s ale.
In the summer-time, in the midst of July and August, it is a good deal hotter than in Old England; and in winter January and February are much colder, so they say; but the spring and autumn are of a middle temper.
Fowls of the air are plentiful here, and of all sorts as we have in England, as far as I can learn, and a great many of strange fowls which we know not. Whilst I was writing these things, one of our men brought home an eagle which he had killed in the wood: they say they are good meat. Also here are many kinds of excellent hawks, both sea-hawks and land-hawks; and myself walking in the woods, with another in company, sprung a partridge so big, that through the heaviness of his body could fly but a little way: they that have killed them say they are as big as our hens. Here are likewise abundance of turkeys often killed in the woods, far greater than our English turkeys, and exceeding fat, sweet, and fleshy; for here they have abundance of feeding all the year long, as strawberries,――in summer all places are full of them,――and all manner of berries and fruits. In the winter-time I have seen flocks of pigeons, and have eaten of them. They do fly from tree to tree, as other birds do, which our pigeons will not do in England. They are of all colors, as ours are; but their wings and tails are much longer; and therefore it is likely they fly swifter to escape the terrible hawks in this country. In winter-time this country doth abound with wild geese, wild ducks, and other sea-fowl, that a great part of winter the planters have eaten nothing but roast meat of divers fowls which they have killed.
Of the Fire of New England.
Thus you have heard of the earth, water, and air of New England. Now it may be you expect something to be said of the fire, proportionable to the rest of the elements.
Indeed, I think New England may boast of this element more than of all the rest. For though it be here somewhat cold in the winter, yet here we have plenty of fire to warm us, and that a great deal cheaper than they sell billets and fagots in London: nay, all Europe is not able to afford to make so great fires as New England. A poor servant here, that is to possess but fifty acres of land, may afford to give more wood for timber and fire, as good as the world yields, than many noblemen in England can afford to do. Here is good living for those that love good fires. And although New England have no tallow to make candles of, yet, by the abundance of the fish thereof, it can afford oil for lamps. Yea, our pine-trees, that are the most plentiful of all wood, doth allow us plenty of candles, which are very useful in a house; and they are such candles as the Indians commonly use, having no other; and they are nothing else but the wood of the pine-tree cloven in two little slices something thin, which are so full of turpentine and pitch, that they burn as clear as a torch. I have sent you some of them that you may see the experience of them.
New England’s Discommodities.[453]
Thus of New England’s commodities. Now I will tell you of some discommodities that are here to be found.
First, in the summer season, for these three months June, July, and August, we are troubled much with little flies called mosquitoes, being the same they are troubled with in Lincolnshire and the fens; and they are nothing but gnats, which, except they be smoked out of their houses, are troublesome in the night season.
Secondly, in the winter season, for two months’ space, the earth is commonly covered with snow, which is accompanied with sharp, biting frosts, something more sharp than is in Old England, and therefore are forced to make great fires.
Thirdly, this country, being very full of woods and wildernesses, doth also much abound with snakes and serpents, of strange colors and huge greatness. Yea, there are some serpents, called rattlesnakes, that have rattles in their tails, that will not fly from a man as others will, but will fly upon him, and sting him so mortally that he will die within a quarter of an hour after, except the party stinged have about him some of the root of an herb called snake-weed to bite on; and then he shall receive no harm. But yet seldom falls it out that any hurt is done by these. About three years since, an Indian was stung to death by one of them; but we heard of none since that time.
Illustration: OLD PLANTER’S HOUSE AT SALEM.
Fourthly and lastly, here wants as yet the good company of honest Christians, to bring with them horses, kine, and sheep, to make use of this fruitful land. Great pity it is to see so much good ground for corn and for grass as any is under the heavens, to lie altogether unoccupied, when so many honest men and their families in Old England, through the populousness thereof, do make very hard shift to live one by the other.
IV.――A SEA-ADVENTURE OF THE PURITAN COLONISTS.
[Governor John Winthrop, with a large number of colonists, sailed from England in April, 1630. Seventeen vessels came to the Massachusetts Colony that year, bringing nearly a thousand people. England was then at war with Spain; and many Spanish cruisers made their rendezvous at Dunkirk, and other ports in the Spanish Netherlands, whence they were called “Dunkirkers.”]
APRIL 9.――In the morning we descried from the top, eight sail astern of us, whom Captain Lowe told us he had seen at Dunnose in the evening. We supposing they might be Dunkirkers, our captain caused the gunroom and gundeck to be cleared. All the hammocks were taken down, our ordnance loaded, and our powderchests and fireworks made ready, and our landmen quartered among the seamen, and twenty-five of them appointed for muskets, and every man written down for his quarter.[454]
The wind continued north, with fair weather; and after noon it calmed, and we still saw those eight ships to stand towards us. Having more wind than we, they came up apace: so as our captain, and the masters of our consorts, were more occasioned to think they might be Dunkirkers; for we were told at Yarmouth that there were ten sail of them waiting for us. Whereupon we all prepared to fight with them, and took down some cabins which were in the way of our ordnance; and out of every ship were thrown such bed-matters as were subject to take fire; and we heaved out our long-boats, and put up our waist-cloths,[455] and drew forth our men, and armed them with muskets and other weapons, and instruments for fireworks; and, for an experiment, our captain shot a ball of wildfire, fastened to an arrow, out of a crossbow, which burnt in the water a good time.
The Lady Arbella[456] and the other women and children were removed into the lower deck, that they might be out of danger. All things being thus fitted, we went to prayer upon the upper deck. It was much to see how cheerful and comfortable all the company appeared. Not a woman or child that showed fear, though all did apprehend the danger to have been great, if things had proved as might well be expected; for there had been eight against four, and the least of the enemy’s ships were reported to carry thirty brass pieces. But our trust was in the Lord of hosts; and the courage of our captain, and his care and diligence, did much encourage us.
It was now about one of the clock, and the fleet seemed to be within a league of us: therefore our captain, because he would show he was not afraid of them, and that he might see the issue before night should overtake us, tacked about, and stood to meet them. And, when we came near, we perceived them to be our friends,――the “Little Neptune,” a ship of some twenty pieces of ordnance, and her two consorts, bound for the straits; a ship of Flushing, and a Frenchman, and three other English ships, bound for Canada and Newfoundland. So, when we drew near, every ship, as they met, saluted each other, and the musketeers discharged their small shot; and so, God be praised! our fear and danger was turned into mirth and friendly entertainment.
V.――GOVERNOR WINTHROP’S NIGHT OUT OF DOORS.
Illustration: GOVERNOR WINTHROP.
THE governor, being at his farm-house at Mistick,[457] walked out after supper, and took a piece[458] in his hand, supposing he might see a wolf; for they came daily about the house, and killed swine and calves, &c. And, being about half a mile off, it grew suddenly dark, so as in coming home he mistook his path, and went till he came to a little house of Sagamore John,[459] which stood empty. There he staid; and, having a piece of match in his pocket,――for he always carried about him match and a compass, and, in summer-time, snakeweed,――he made a good fire near the house, and lay down upon some old mats which he found there, and so spent the night, sometimes walking by the fire, sometimes singing psalms, and sometimes getting wood, but could not sleep. It was, through God’s mercy, a warm night,[460] but, a little before day, it began to rain; and, having no cloak, he made shift by a long pole to climb up into the house. In the morning, there came thither an Indian squaw; but, perceiving her before she had opened the door, he barred her out: yet she staid there a great while, essaying to get in, and at last she went away, and he returned safe home, his servants having been much perplexed for him, and having walked about, and shot off pieces, and hallooed in the night; but he heard them not.
VI.――THE PRIVATIONS OF THE PURITANS.
NOW coming into this country, I found it a vacant wilderness in respect of English. There were, indeed, some English at Plymouth and Salem, and some few at Charlestown, who were very destitute when we came ashore; and, planting-time being past shortly after, provision was not to be had for money. I wrote to my friends, namely, to my dear father, to send me some provision; which accordingly he did, and also gave order to one of his neighbors to supply me with what I needed, he being a seaman, who, coming hither, supplied me with divers things.... Fish was a good help to me and others. Bread was so very scarce, that sometimes I thought the very crusts of my father’s table would have been very sweet unto me. And, when I could have meal and water and salt boiled together, it was so good, who could wish better?
Illustration: FAMINE AMONG THE PILGRIMS.
In our beginning, many were in great straits for want of provision for themselves and their little ones. Oh the hunger that many suffered, and saw no hope in an eye of reason to be supplied, only by clams and mussels and fish! We did quickly build boats, and some went a-fishing. But bread was with many a very scarce thing, and flesh of all kind as scarce.
And in those days, in our straits, though I cannot say God sent a raven to feed us, as he did the prophet Elijah, yet this I can say to the praise of God’s glory, that he sent not only poor ravenous Indians, who came with their baskets of corn on their backs to trade with us, which was a good supply unto many; but also sent ships from Holland and Ireland with provisions, and Indian corn from Virginia, to supply the wants of his dear servants in this wilderness, both for food and raiment. And when people’s wants were great, not only in one town, but in divers towns, such was the godly wisdom, care, and prudence――not selfishness, but self-denial――of our Governor Winthrop and his assistants, that, when a ship came laden with provisions, they did order that the whole cargo should be bought for a general stock; and so accordingly it was, and distribution was made to every town, as every man had need. Thus God was pleased to care for his people in times of straits, and to fill his servants with food and gladness. Then did all the servants of God bless his holy name, and love one another with pure hearts fervently.
In those days God did cause his people to trust in him, and to be contented with mean things. It was not accounted a strange thing in those days to drink water, and to eat samp or hominy without butter or milk. Indeed, it would have been a strange thing to see a piece of roast beef, mutton, or veal; though it was not long before there was roast goat. After the first winter, we were very healthy, though some of us had no great store of corn. The Indians did sometimes bring corn, and truck with us for clothing and knives; and once I had a peck of corn, or thereabouts, for a little puppy-dog. Frost-fish, mussels, and clams, were a relief to many. If our provision be better now than it was then, let us not, and do you, dear children, take heed that you do not, forget the Lord our God. You have better food and raiment than was in former times; but have you better hearts than your fore-fathers had? If so, rejoice in that mercy, and let New England then shout for joy. Sure, all the people of God in other parts of the world, that shall hear that the children and grandchildren of the first planters of New England have better hearts and are more heavenly than their predecessors, they will doubtless greatly rejoice, and will say, “This is the generation whom the Lord hath blessed.”
INDEX.
A.
Agouhanna, 115. Air of New England, The, 350, 351. Alaniz, De, 90. Amadas, Captain Philip, 177, 179, 199. Ameyro, 44. Amonate, 252. Anderson’s “Norsemen in America,” 9. Anne, Queen (of England), 258, 259, 260, 262. Appamatuck, Queen of, 245. Aquixo, 132. Argall, Captain Samuel, 262. Arias, Peter, 121. Asher, G. M., 54, 280. Audusta, King, 150, 153.
B.
Bancroft’s “History of the United States,” 60. Barentsen, Pieter, 307. Barlowe, Arthur, 177. Barré, Nicolas, 152. Bartholomew, 164. Bassaba, 223. Bay of Chaleur visited, 99. Beaufort River, Ruins on, 148. Beauhaire, Monsieur De, 161. Beñalosa, Captain, 77, 81. Bennet, 298, 300, 301. Biarni, 3, 4, 5, 6. Billington, Francis, 332. Birds, American, 352. Bouwensz, Tymen, 307. Bradford, Governor William, 314, 318. Brereton, John, 202, 203, 213. Brodhead, J. R., 280. Bute, Michael, 300, 301, 302.
C.
Cabot and Verrazzano, 53‒70. John, 55. J. Elliot, 2. Sebastian, 56‒59. Cabeza de Vaca, Voyage of, 71‒96. Canada, The French in, 97‒118, 267. Cape Cod visited by Standish, 312. Caribbees, The, 21, 23, 28, 29, 35, 39, 50. Cartier, Jacques, 58, 97‒118. Carver, Governor, 319, 337. Cassen, George, 237, 238. Castillo, Alonzo del, 77, 90. Champlain, Samuel de, on the war-path, 267‒278. Chanca, Dr., 26. Charlesfort, 148, 149, 152. Chemin, John du, 165. Children, Indian, 251. Clap, Captain Roger, 339, 358‒361. Clement, Francis, 301. Cleveland, H. R., 280. Cogswell, J. G., 54. Coleridge’s “Ancient Mariner,” 83. Coligny, Admiral De, 143. Colman, John, 284. Colonies in New England, unsuccessful, 201‒228. Colonies, The lost, of Virginia, 175‒200. Colonists in Virginia, Smith’s description of, 234. Colony, Massachusetts Bay, 339‒362. Plymouth, 225, 309‒338. Popham, 223. Virginia (first), 186; (second) 189; Captain John Smith’s, 229‒263. Columbus, Christopher, Letters of, 19‒39; appeal of in his old age, 51; and his companions, 17‒52. Columbus, Diego, 51. Company, London, 222. Massachusetts Bay, 341. Plymouth, 222. West India, 303. Cooke, Captain, 198. Coppin, Master, 326. Corn, Indian, Profitableness of, 348. Couexis, King, 150. Croatoan, 192, 193, 197. Crol, S. J., 305. Cudruaigny, 110.
D.
Danusco, John, 136. Dare, Ananias, 194. Eleanor, 194. Virginia, 194, 200. Davies, James, 223. Captain Richard, 223. Captain Robert, 223, 224. De Costa, B. F., 9. De Soto, Ferdinando, 96, 119, 140. Digby, 224. Domagaia, 105, 106, 109, 110. Donnacona, 105, 106, 107, 110. Dorantes, Andres, 77, 90. Drake, Sir Francis, 187. Dudley, Governor, 357. Dunkirkers, 355. Dutch chronicles of the New Netherlands, 303‒308.
E.
Earth of New England, The, 347. Earthly paradise, The, 26. Eirek, the Red, 312. Endicott, Governor John, 341, 345, 346. Escobar, 40.
F.
Fabian, Robert, 56. Faner, Sidrack, 302. Ferdinand and Isabella, 18, 25, 27, 37, 51, 52. Ferdinando, 190, 191. Ferdinando, Simon, 179. Fire of New England, The, 352. “First encounter,” The, of Pilgrims, 319. Fish in New England, 350. Florida visited, 73, 125, 141. Francis I. (of France), 60, 99, 103. Frederycke, Master Kryn, 305. French in Canada, The, 97‒118; in Florida, The, 141‒212.
G.
Gallegos, Baltasar de, 124, 126, 131. Gardar, 3. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 169‒174. Captain Raleigh, 222‒227. Gloucester (Mass.) harbor, 344, 349. Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 335. Gosnold (or Gosnoll), Bartholomew, 203‒213, 222, 231, 232. Gourgues, Dominic de, 166. Granganimeo, 180. Wife of, 184. Greene, Henry, 296‒301. Gregory XIII., Pope, 290, 328. Grenville (or Greenville), Sir Richard, 188, 190, 193. Guachoya, Caçique of, 135, 139. Gudrid, 14. Guernache, 151.
H.
Hackit, Thomas, 143. Hais, John de, 165. Hakluyt Society, Publications of, 18, 54, 120, 142, 202, 280. Hakluyt’s voyages, 54, 98, 142, 169, 176. Harlow, Captain, 223. Hawkins, Captain John, 161. Heckewelder, Reverend John, 290. Henry VII., King (of England), 57, 58. Heriulf, 3, 6. Higginson, Reverend Francis, 341‒355. Hillard, G. S., 230. Hochelaga (now Montreal), 111. Holland, Lords States-General of, 303. Hopkins, Steven, 314, 334. Howe, George, 191. Huarco, 43. Hudson, Henry, and the New Netherlands, 279‒308; last voyage of, 296‒303. Hudson, John, 302. Hunt, Captain, 335. Robert, 231. Huyck, Jan, 305.
I.
Indians, Canadian, 100, 105, 108, 111, 114. Caribbean, 21, 23, 29, 35, 39, 50. Florida, 124, 127, 144, 149, 156. Gulf of Mexico, 75, 83, 88, 91, 93. Hudson River, 283, 290. Mississippi River, 131, 135, 138. New England, 11, 65, 204, 213, 225, 320, 333, 357. Virginia, 79, 184, 192, 232, 237, 242, 251. Boats of, 24, 65, 183. Children of, 251. Ill-treatment of, by colonists, 11, 64, 124, 188, 219, 234, 307, 335. Kindness of, to colonists, 22, 61, 84, 101, 105, 111, 180, 186, 234, 286. Mode of warfare of, 29, 92, 124, 270, 325. Religious ceremonies of, 242, 250. Taken to England, 57, 221, 257, 335. Village, 184.
J.
James I. (of England), 222. Jean, Francis, 163. John, Sagamore, 357. Johnson, Isaac, 356. Lady Arbella, 356. Jones, Master, 314, 319, 326, 332. Juet, Robert, 281, 300, 303.
K.
Karlsefni, 12‒15. Kendall, George, 233. Kennebec River, Colony on, 222. King, Henry, 302. John, 299, 300. Kingsley, Henry, 72. Kohl’s “History of Discovery,” 9, 98. Krieckebeck, Commander, 307.
L.
La Chère, 151. La Grange, Monsieur, 162. La Vigne, Monsieur, 162. Lane, Master Ralph, 189, 191. Laudonnière, Captain, Narrative of, 149‒166. Le Beau, 166. Lebenoa, 225. Leif the Lucky, 6‒9, 12. Lempo, Jan, 305. Lincoln, Earl of, 355. Lions, Supposed, 171, 349. Lobillo, John R., 124, 126. Lodlo, Arnold, 300, 302. Longfellow, H. W., poem quoted, 168. Lowe, Captain, 355. Lymer, Richard, 223. Lys, Monsieur Du, 159, 161.
M.
Maccou, King, 151, 153. Maine Historical Society, 98. Major, R. H., 18. Malaga, Monks of, 335. Mannitto, 291, 293. Manteo, 192, 199. Martin, John, 233. Massachusetts Bay Colony, 339‒362. Massasoit, 334. Mendez, Diego, his daring deeds, 39‒50. Menendez, Don Pedro, 159, 164, 166. Minuit, Honorable Pieter, 305. Mississippi River, Discovery of, 79, 96, 132. Mocoço, 128, 129, 130, 131. Molemaecker, François, 305. Moore, Adam, 302. Moose (Molke), 349. Moscoso, Luys de, 138, 139. Moter, 298. Mourt’s Relation, 310. Mouy, Sir Charles of, 99.
N.
Nantaquond, 258. Narvaez, Pamphilo de, 122, 127. New England’s Discommodities, 353. New style (calendar), 290, 328. New York Historical Society, 54. Newport, Captain Christopher, 231, 233. Northmen, Legends of, 1‒16.
O.
O’Callaghan, Dr. E. B., 268, 280. Opechankanough, 239. Ortelius, 99. Ortiz, John, 127‒130. Ottigny, 158. Ouade, 150. Oviedo, Lope de, 83, 90, 91.
P.
Pamaunkee, King of, 238. Pantoja, Captain, 80. Parkman, Francis, “Pioneers of France,” 98, 99, 142, 149, 268. Pasqualigo, Lorenzo, 55. Penobscot River visited, 213. Perce, Michael, 298. Pierria, Captain Albert de la, 148, 149, 151. Pilgrims at Plymouth, 309‒338. Pizarro, Fernando, 121. Plymouth (Mass.) Colony, 309‒338. Plymouth Rock, first landing on, 326; final disembarkation on, 328. Pocahontas, 241, 245, 252, 257‒259. Popham, George, Captain, 222, 225. Sir John, 225. Colony, The, 222‒225. Powhatan, 233, 244‒248, 252, 257, 258, 261, 262. Prickett, Abacuk, 296. Princess, Indian, visit to, 184, 249. Ptolemy, 36. Purchas, William, 57. Puritans, leaving Delft Haven, 341; sea-adventure of, 355; privations of, 358.
Q.
Quigalta, Caçique of, 136, 137. Quiyougkcosoucks, 238.
R.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 169, 177, 186, 188, 189, 190, 203, 220. Ramusius, John B., 58. Ratliffe, J., Captain, 232, 233. Rawhunt, 246. Ribaut, Captain Jean, in Florida, 143‒166. Rolfe, John, 257. Thomas, 263. Rosier, James, 202.
S.
Saint Cler, Monsieur, 162. Salem (Mass.) harbor, 343, 349. Samoset, 337. Sanchez, Raphael, 19. Satouriona, 157, 158. Scribner’s Monthly, on “Pocahontas,” 245. Sea-adventure of Puritans, 355. Shakspeare, William, 55, 221. Skraelings, The, 13, 14. Smith, Buckingham, 72. Captain John, 200, 229‒266. Snorri, 14. Southey’s “History of Brazil,” 96. Sparks, Jared, 142. Spicer, Edward, 191. Stadacona (Quebec), 104. Staffe, Philip, 302. Stafford, Master, 192. Standish, Miles, 312‒319. Stowe, John, 57. Strachey, William, 200, 202, 222, 230, 245. Stukely, Sir Thomas, 263.
T.
Taignoagny, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110. Tellez, Captain, 77, 81. Theodoro, Don, 76. Thomas, John, 298, 300, 301. Thorvald, 10‒12. Tilley, Edward, 314, 319. Tobacco used by Indians, 336. Tyrker, 8.
U.
Ucita, 127, 128, 129, 130.
V.
Vaca, Cabeza (or Cabeça) de, Voyage of, 71‒94, 122. Vasconselos, Andrew de, 122, 124. Verrazzano, John de, Letter of, 60‒69, 54, 99. Vetamatomakkin, 261. Vinland, 2, 9, 10. Virginia, Colonies in, 186, 189, 229, 263.
W.
Wassenaer’s “Historie van Europa,” 280. Water of New England, The, 349. Waymouth, Captain George, Voyage of, 202, 213‒221. “Welcome, Englishmen!” 333. White, Governor John, 189, 196. Whittier’s “Norsemen,” 2. Wilson, William, 296, 298, 299, 300, 302. Wingfield, E. M., 231, 233. Wingma, 180. Winslow, Governor Edward, 310. Winthrop, Governor John, 355, 357, 360. Worthington, William, 59. Wydhouse, Thomas, 302.
Y.
Young’s “Chronicles of Plymouth,” 310; of Massachusetts, 340.
_UNIFORM WITH THE “BOOK OF AMERICAN EXPLORERS.”_
YOUNG FOLKS’ HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
BY
THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON.
Square 16mo. 380 pp. With over 100 Illustrations. Price $1.50.
_The theory of the book can be briefly stated: it is, that American history is in itself one of the most attractive of all subjects, and can be made interesting to old and young by being presented in a simple, clear, and graphic way. In this book only such names and dates are introduced as are necessary to secure a clear and definite thread of connected incident in the mind of the reader; and the space thus saved is devoted to illustrative traits and incidents, and the details of daily living. By this means it is believed that much more can be conveyed, even of the philosophy of history, than where this is overlaid and hidden by a mass of mere statistics._
“Compact, clear, and accurate.... This unpretending little book is the best general history of the United States we have seen.”――_The Nation._
“The book is so written, that every child old enough to read history at all will understand and like it, and persons of the fullest information and purest taste will admire it.”――_Boston Daily Advertiser._
“It is marvellous to note how happily Mr. Higginson, in securing an amazing compactness by his condensation, has avoided alike superficiality and dulness.”――_Boston Transcript._
AS A TEXT-BOOK IN SCHOOLS.
One of the most successful teachers in Boston says, “I am confident that the textbook has proved itself as reliable and comprehensive as it certainly is suggestive and entertaining. I know no book more helpful in promoting that crystallizing process in the student’s own mind by which the accessories and details group themselves around the main facts and ideas of the narration. On this account, it is equally valuable to teachers and scholars, to the examined and the examiners.”
This work has been translated into German, and has been received with marked favor. The Leipsic literary correspondent of the “New-York Staats-Zeitung” says, that, in its German version, it is pronounced exceedingly interesting (_höchst anziehende_); and predicts that it will inspire universal delight (_allgemeine Beliebtheit_) in German readers.
The Berlin “International Gazette” says, “Mr. Higginson has executed his task in a very clear and lucid manner, not making use of any hard aphorisms, so puzzling to the young, but placing himself on their level, and explaining every thing in so easy and gentle a manner, that he must be a very dull, or a very perverse scholar, who does not find his attention riveted.”
⁂ _Sold by all Booksellers, and sent by mail on receipt of price._
LEE & SHEPARD, Publishers,
41 FRANKLIN STREET, BOSTON.
T. W. HIGGINSON’S MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.
OLDPORT DAYS. With ten Heliotype Illustrations. 12mo Cloth. $2.00.
“In none of Mr. Higginson’s literary works has he been more happy than in ‘Oldport Days,’ the subject giving full scope to his playful, delicate fancy, and to his rare descriptive faculty.”――_Worcester Spy._
“The whole work is exquisitely done.”――_Congregationalist._
“Under the very obvious disguise of ‘Oldport,’ Colonel Higginson has given in his best style an elaborate description of the most celebrated watering-place in America.”――_Arcadian._
OUT-DOOR PAPERS. 12mo. Cloth. $1.50.
“These essays are full of genial humor and wholesome satire. They will lengthen the lives of their readers by a twofold process,――by their own fun, and by the impulse they will give the ‘patient’ to educate himself in the science of health. Read, all ye dyspeptic and headache subjects, all ye veterans in the ranks of General Debility, read and reform.”――_Portland Transcript._
ATLANTIC ESSAYS. 12mo. Cloth. $1.50.
“The perfection of Mr. Higginson’s style, the healthiness and robustness of his thought, the breadth of his sympathies, the common-sense that dominates his culture and varied scholarship, the fearless honesty with which he utters his most radical opinions, and the genuine love of humanity which glows in all he writes, give a charm to this volume that few of the books of the day possess.”――_Woman’s Journal._
ARMY LIFE IN A BLACK REGIMENT. 12mo. Cloth. $1.50.
“Colonel Higginson, an enthusiastic advocate for colored troops, went himself to the tented field, ate army hard-tack, and saw and recorded the merits of the troops, and failed not also to note their shortcomings.”――_Chicago Republican._
“His account of swimming Corsen River at midnight, solitary and alone, to inspect the enemy’s pickets, is one of the finest chapters we have read for years.”――_Woonsocket Patriot._
MALBONE; AN OLDPORT ROMANCE. 1 vol. 16mo. $1.50.
“As a romance, it seems to us the most brilliant that has appeared in this country since Hawthorne (whom the author, in some points, has the happiness to resemble) laid down the most fascinating pen ever held by an American author.”――_John G. Saxe._
“One singularly clever and original sketch [‘Malbone’] has been brought out here ... and is winning the highest praise. It pleases the severer tastes of the best school of critics, and, small as it is, insensibly heightens the whole estimate of American national literature.”――_London Correspondence, Chicago Tribune._
Sold by all booksellers, and sent by mail on receipt of price.
LEE & SHEPARD, _Publishers, Boston_.
FOOTNOTES.
1 – i.e., his sailors asked.
2 – Custom.
3 – Or “made ready,” as we say a ship is bound for Liverpool.
4 – Disappeared below the horizon.
5 – Mountains. This has been supposed to be Cape Cod.
6 – i.e., sailed away from the land.
7 – Possibly Nova Scotia.
8 – Possibly Newfoundland.
9 – Cape, or _nose_, of land.
10 – Went.
11 – Great.
12 – Perhaps Labrador, where flat stones abound, or Newfoundland.
13 – Form.
14 – Perhaps Nova Scotia.
15 – Perhaps honey-dew, a sweet substance left on grass by an insect called _aphis_.
16 – Cape.
17 – i.e., was left aground.
18 – Cots used to sleep in, and made of skin.
19 – Surveyed.
20 – Large.
21 – German.
22 – Foster-father, or perhaps foster-brother.
23 – Mountains.
24 – There has been much difference of opinion as to where Vinland was. Some think that it was Nantucket; others, the island of Conanicut in Narragansett Bay; and others, some place much farther north and east. See Costa’s “Pre-Columbian Discovery of North America,” Anderson’s “Norsemen in America,” Kohl’s “History of the Discovery of the East Coast of North America,” published by the Maine Historical Society.
25 – Cape.
26 – Possibly Cape Cod.
27 – Bays.
28 – i.e., as quickly as possible.
29 – Probably Esquimaux, or Indians.
30 – Cross Cape, or Cape of the Cross.
31 – i.e., in equal shares.
32 – Milk, butter, &c.
33 – Cape.
34 – Columbus always supposed that he had reached India, and therefore always called the natives Indians.
35 – Cuba.
36 – Or Tartary.
37 – Or Hispaniola, meaning Little Spain. The island is now called Hayti.
38 – The natives.
39 – Instead.
40 – A small coin, worth less than a cent. A noble was a gold coin, worth about $1.60.
41 – A bank of oars is a bench on which rowers sit, and there may have been four rowers on each bench.
42 – No such race has ever been found.
43 – Dominica, so named from being discovered on Sunday.
44 – Marigalante, so named from the ship in which Columbus sailed.
45 – St. Martin, one of the Caribbee Islands.
46 – Hayti, or Española.
47 – Probably a species of _capromys_, an animal of the rat kind.
48 – Probably an alligator.
49 – About nine, P.M., the last hour of Roman Catholic prayers.
50 – Now called Cape Galeota, the south-east point of Trinidad.
51 – Discharge.
52 – A small vessel.
53 – The coast of Cumana (South America), distant seven miles from Trinidad.
54 – Mouth.
55 – Point Peña Blanca.
56 – Point Peña.
57 – Boca Grande. The fresh water was river water.
58 – Now called Point Alcatraz, or Point Pelican.
59 – Atlas.
60 – Columbus.
61 – President, or governor.
62 – Ship-worm.
63 – Firm land, or continent.
64 – The name then given to the sovereign of Tartary, now called “Khan.” Shakspeare, in “Much Ado about Nothing,” written about 1600, says, “Fetch you a hair off the great Cham’s beard.”
65 – John.
66 – 1498.
67 – Henry VII.
68 – Cabot.
69 – Verrazzano.
70 – i.e., from Brittany, in France.
71 – Cathay.
72 – But these papers never were printed.
73 – One of the Dezertas. Dishabited means uninhabited.
74 – Probably the South Carolina coast.
75 – At anchor.
76 – To land.
77 – Beans, or peas.
78 – Traps.
79 – Probably Narragansett Bay.
80 – i.e., somewhat encouraged.
81 – Deer’s.
82 – Various ornaments.
83 – Mirrors.
84 – Various exclamations.
85 – Probably the coast of Maine.
86 – Cedars.
87 – The side of the vessel.
88 – The Bay of Horses, probably Choctawhatchee Bay, communicating with Pensacola Bay by Santa Rosa Inlet; but some suppose it to have been Appalachicola Bay.
89 – St. Michael’s Day, Sept. 29.
90 – It is thought that this river may have been the Mississippi.
91 – i.e., that it would be as much as he could do.
92 – This strange incident of the revival of the men who seemed to have died may possibly have suggested to the poet Coleridge that passage in his “Ancient Mariner” where the dead sailors rise up again:――
“They groaned, they stirred, they all uprose, Nor spake, nor moved their eyes: It had been strange, even in a dream, To see those dead men rise.”
93 – i.e., of being offered as a sacrifice.
94 – The sea-snails and conches (or conchs) were shells of various species.
95 – From 1528 to 1533.
96 – A small matchlock gun.
97 – Description.
98 – In the map of Ortelius, published in 1572, the name of New France is applied to the whole of both North and South America. “The application of this name dates back to a period immediately after the voyage of Verrazzano; and the Dutch voyagers are especially free in their use of it, out of spite to the Spaniards.”――PARKMAN.
99 – July.
100 – Boiled.
101 – Regular.
102 – _Chaleur_, signifying heat in French.
103 – July, 1534.
104 – Gaspé Bay.
105 – The arms of France.
106 – Motto.
107 – Attention.
108 – The object of the cross was to take possession of the country for the King of France; but Cartier did not hesitate to deceive the natives by saying that it was only for a beacon.
109 – The St. Croix River, now called St. Charles. The first name was given because Cartier reached it on the festival of the Holy Cross.
110 – Now Quebec.
111 – September.
112 – These were the two young Indians whom Cartier had carried off with him the year before.
113 – This village was where Montreal now stands.
114 – A small vessel.
115 – An ingenious trick.
116 – Explanation.
117 – On land, as we say, “ashore.”
118 – Montreal.
119 – Ramparts or palisades: they were made of trunks of trees, the outer and inner row inclining toward each other till they met, and the third row standing upright between, to support them.
120 – Crucifixion.
121 – Fine clothes.
122 – Please.
123 – Probably near the Hillsborough River in Florida.
124 – Men who carried swords and targets. Others carried matchlock guns (arquebuses) or cross-bows.
125 – Crossing.
126 – Made smooth.
127 – With the same joy.
128 – Of a good family.
129 – Split.
130 – Information.
131 – The wolf.
132 – Knowing.
133 – Surround.
134 – Treat.
135 – Chief.
136 – Attack.
137 – The Great River, or Mississippi.
138 – An awning.
139 – Persimmons.
140 – The place of crossing was probably near Helena, Arkansas.
141 – i.e., get rid of him.
142 – Sorely troubled.
143 – i.e., subdue the Indian chief.
144 – Military force.
145 – Confinement.
146 – Attack.
147 – i.e., their own reflection in a mirror.
148 – Admiral De Coligny.
149 – i.e., Cape Breton. The whole coast was then thought a part of India.
150 – Probably St. John’s River, Florida.
151 – i.e., one of the best in appearance.
152 – Saluted.
153 – Haberdashery, or small wares.
154 – Boundary stone.
155 – Probably Skull Creek.
156 – i.e., I had hardly.
157 – i.e., at the head.
158 – Port Royal Island.
159 – Acorns and other dried fruits.
160 – It is uncertain what kind of grain is here meant.
161 – Captain Albert.
162 – i.e., from week to week.
163 – Propriety.
164 – Tar.
165 – Content.
166 – June.
167 – St. John’s River.
168 – Chief.
169 – Grain of some kind.
170 – i.e., to satisfy skilful workmen.
171 – 1565.
172 – Captain John Hawkins, who had lately supplied the garrison with food.
173 – A musical instrument.
174 – Hour-glass.
175 – Guard.
176 – Muddied.
177 – Trumpeter.
178 – Knob or hill.
179 – Flags.
180 – Brandy.
181 – i.e., the north side, if the wind was south.
182 – Suspected.
183 – The “Delight,” the flag-ship.
184 – The “Squirrel.” The name “frigate” was first given to a kind of boat still used in the Mediterranean, propelled by both sails and oars. It was afterwards given to a war vessel, built also for speed.
185 – Sir Humphrey Gilbert.
186 – i.e., to retire.
187 – A good omen. This was probably a large seal, or sea-lion.
188 – Warlike preparations.
189 – This electric light is often called “St. Elmo’s fire.”
190 – Anno Domini.
191 – Afterwards.
192 – This was one of the islands on the North Carolina coast, probably Portsmouth Island.
193 – On board.
194 – Flag-ship.
195 – Appointing, or assigning.
196 – The king.
197 – Part.
198 – Bend.
199 – See the woodcut on page 65.
200 – Push.
201 – Pledge.
202 – Wheat boiled in milk.
203 – Boiled.
204 – Their hostess.
205 – Suspicion.
206 – Came to.
207 – Ashore.
208 – Vessels.
209 – Hatorask is supposed to have been an inlet, now closed, north of Cape Hatteras, on the North Carolina coast.
210 – In the year.
211 – Flag-ship, carrying the commander.
212 – A long, flat-bottomed, Dutch-built vessel.
213 – Did not benefit.
214 – Ashore.
215 – Flag-ship.
216 – Probably the island now called Ocracoke.
217 – Aim.
218 – Wherefore.
219 – Probably an arrow rubbed with some irritating ointment.
220 – A mistake of the pen. It was 1587.
221 – Established.
222 – Part of the rampart of a fort.
223 – Side fortifications.
224 – Different kinds of cannon-balls.
225 – A kind of cannon.
226 – i.e., partly drawn up, and hanging under the bow.
227 – The Massachusetts coast was still described as a part of Virginia.
228 – Hummocks, or small hills.
229 – Probably a boat obtained from some Basque vessel. The Basques, or Biscayans, were among the first to engage in the New England fisheries.
230 – A port in the Bay of Biscay.
231 – Cape Cod.
232 – Crowded.
233 – Whereas.
234 – No Man’s Land.
235 – Herons.
236 – Enumerated.
237 – Behavior.
238 – A belt with cartridge-boxes.
239 – Mainland.
240 – Slept.
241 – Then much valued as a medicine.
242 – Profitable.
243 – That.
244 – Now called by its Indian name of Cuttyhunk.
245 – Of armor.
246 – i.e., in the afternoon.
247 – Fed.
248 – Brandy.
249 – Prayers.
250 – i.e., any thing to truck or trade for.
251 – Smoked. This word was formerly much used in describing the use of tobacco.
252 – Trade.
253 – A kind of boat similar to what is now called a gig.
254 – Food.
255 – That.
256 – Probably the Penobscot.
257 – Agreed.
258 – Orinoco.
259 – This place was at one time supposed to have been what is now called Parker’s Island; but is now thought to have been Cape Small Point on the main land, near the site of the present Fort Popham.
260 – Higher chief.
261 – Gentleman.
262 – Vessel.
263 – Return.
264 – Chief.
265 – Rapids.
266 – Passenger.
267 – The guns were matchlocks, for which fire was necessary.
268 – Notching, putting the notch against the string.
269 – More often written “Gosnold.”
270 – Waited.
271 – A small sailing-vessel.
272 – Iguana.
273 – i.e., taken no observations of the sun.
274 – i.e., lie to.
275 – i.e., settle as planters.
276 – i.e., an explanation publicly given.
277 – Suspicion.
278 – The James River.
279 – Treated.
280 – Two cannon-balls joined by a short iron bar.
281 – Baskets.
282 – Surrounded with palisades.
283 – By day.
284 – Permission to go to and from England.
285 – i.e., persons occupied in lazy contemplation.
286 – i.e., in appealing to the captains of transports, or vessels.
287 – Talkative people.
288 – Persimmons.
289 – Fantastic fellows.
290 – Now Chickahominy.
291 – i.e., came near doing it.
292 – Lesser gods.
293 – Muddy.
294 – i.e., agreement.
295 – i.e., held with the notch against the strings, ready for use.
296 – “Bissom,” or “Bishion,” was a military term not now understood.
297 – Piece of armor to protect the lower part of the arm; from the French _avant-bras_. Smith elsewhere calls it “braces.”
298 – Puccoons.
299 – i.e., appetite.
300 – Note-book, or book containing tables.
301 – Sometimes called “Werawocomoco,” supposed to be on the north side of Pamaunkee, now York River, at a place still called “Powhatan’s Chimney.”
302 – Showy garments.
303 – Appomattox.
304 – Smith.
305 – Captain Smith, in another narrative relating to this same period, describes Pocahontas as “a child of ten years old, which, not only for feature, countenance, and proportion, much exceedeth any of the rest of his people, but for wit and spirit the only nonpareil of his country.” Nonpareil means unequalled. But Strachey, the secretary of the colony, gives a less poetical description of Pocahontas, describing her as a wild and ungoverned child, playing rather rudely about the fort with other children. See an article called “The True Pocahontas,” in Scribner’s Monthly for May, 1876.
306 – i.e., as well skilled.
307 – Cannon.
308 – i.e., resumed our interview.
309 – Subordinate chiefs.
310 – Watch.
311 – Arrow-shot, or bow-shot.
312 – Body-guard.
313 – Ornament for the forehead, or front.
314 – An Austrian princess.
315 – Regular entertainments.
316 – Went.
317 – Compare.
318 – Gay, or frolicsome.
319 – Capable.
320 – i.e., instead of.
321 – Shoals.
322 – Confining.
323 – Eastern merchants, as the Germans and Danes.
324 – i.e., for other commodities as mean.
325 – Pollocks.
326 – Worked.
327 – Trade.
328 – Equally curious.
329 – Keep out.
330 – Smoky.
331 – Ré or Rhé.
332 – Now Chambly, Canada East.
333 – A tribe of Algonquins.
334 – Lake Champlain.
335 – The gar-fish, or bony pike.
336 – Ticonderoga.
337 – Lake George.
338 – Hudson River.
339 – Indians east of Cape Cod.
340 – Parleyed or discussed.
341 – A name given to all the St. Lawrence Indians.
342 – Sandy Hook.
343 – A fathom is six feet.
344 – Sailed to windward.
345 – Flats covered by the tide.
346 – i.e., conspicuous to approach.
347 – North latitude.
348 – Anchorage.
349 – To.
350 – i.e., did not hold.
351 – Flood-tide.
352 – They used matchlock muskets, for which a match had to be kept burning.
353 – A small anchor.
354 – Observe.
355 – i.e., show that they knew it.
356 – Brandy.
357 – Straps, or strings.
358 – Staid.
359 – Probably near the present town of Hudson.
360 – New style. What was called the “new style” of reckoning by the Gregorian Calendar was not adopted in England till 1753, but by the other nations of Europe much earlier.
361 – Bottle.
362 – 1611.
363 – i.e., take out part of them.
364 – i.e., while heated with excitement.
365 – At once.
366 – Henry Greene.
367 – Robert Juet, author of the Diary previously given.
368 – i.e., distributing the food.
369 – Henry Hudson.
370 – Thin pieces, cut from horn, were used instead of glass.
371 – At the mouth of Hudson Bay.
372 – Plunder.
373 – A gun.
374 – The mutinous crew, on the ship.
375 – North latitude.
376 – Of Holland.
377 – Now Hudson River.
378 – These miles are Dutch, one being equal to three English.
379 – Manhattan Island.
380 – Trader, or shop-keeper. In German, _kaufmann_.
381 – Farmer.
382 – Mohawks.
383 – This is probably a romance.
384 – Establish themselves, as we say “country-seat.”
385 – Pamet River, Cape Cod.
386 – Sent.
387 – These guns were chiefly matchlocks, as afterwards appears.
388 – Probably at Stevens’s Point, at the western end of Cape Cod harbor.
389 – Footprints.
390 – Probably near Stout’s Creek, opposite Beach Point.
391 – Followed.
392 – East Harbor Creek, Truro.
393 – Probably sweet-gale, or wax-myrtle (_Myrica gale_).
394 – The pond near Highland Light.
395 – Sunk.
396 – Wandering.
397 – This corn of three colors is still common at Truro.――YOUNG.
398 – This they afterwards did.
399 – Pamet River.
400 – Sapling. The word is now used only for the _sprit_ of a small sail; that is, the pole which holds it up transversely.
401 – Rope-maker.
402 – Come.
403 – The end of Long Point.
404 – Possibly swooned, or ached.
405 – Traffic.
406 – Billingsgate Point, in Wellfleet, now an island.
407 – Entrance.
408 – In Eastham.
409 – Wellfleet harbor.
410 – Brooks; i.e., Indian Brook and Cook’s Brook.
411 – One of the dolphin family, sometimes twenty-five feet long.
412 – Great Pond, in Eastham.
413 – Lighted upon, or discovered.
414 – Boughs, or tops of young trees.
415 – Surrounded with palings.
416 – An Indian grave, where they had found corn.
417 – A flint-lock musket, then rare.
418 – Advantage.
419 – These were the Nauset Indians.
420 – Tide.
421 – Clark’s Island. It was named after the mate of the “Mayflower,” who is said to have been the first to land there.
422 – This was the “landing of the Pilgrims.” Allowing for the change in the calendar, called “New Style,” it corresponds to the 21st of December, though it was long considered to correspond to the 22d. “New Style” means the modern or Gregorian mode of reckoning time, which was proposed by Pope Gregory XIII. in 1582, but not adopted in England till September, 1752.
423 – Appoint, or propose.
424 – Guard-house.
425 – Split.
426 – Surrounded by palings.
427 – Requiring.
428 – It is still called Billington Sea.
429 – Town Brook.
430 – These houses were built on each side of Leyden Street, which now extends from the First Church to the harbor.
431 – It was, however, an unusually mild winter.
432 – Beware of.
433 – Monhegan, an island on the coast of Maine.
434 – Ardent spirits.
435 – Mallard-duck.
436 – Massasoit was the name of a sachem; but they mistook it for the name of a tribe.
437 – By.
438 – The fight took place at Martha’s Vineyard, July 1, 1620.
439 – This Captain Hunt had kidnapped Indians, and carried them to Spain as slaves. The monks of Malaga set them at liberty.
440 – Trade.
441 – Clowns.
442 – Smoked.
443 – Maladies.
444 – These may have been buttercups washed from the shore. It has also been supposed that they might be _actiniæ_, or sea-anemones, torn from the rocks.
445 – i.e., signs of fertility, seen in advance.
446 – Gloucester harbor.
447 – Ten-Pound Island.
448 – Afterwards Salem.
449 – John Endicott, who had arrived in September, 1628.
450 – Massachusetts.
451 – Probably the moose. The lions were imaginary.
452 – The flying-squirrel, which has a membrane connecting the fore and hind paws on each side.
453 – Inconveniences.
454 – i.e., assigned to a certain place in the ship.
455 – To protect the sides of the vessel.
456 – Lady Arbella Johnson, daughter of the Earl of Lincoln, and wife of Isaac Johnson, to whom the settlement of Boston was chiefly due. She died soon after her arrival.
457 – A part of Medford, Mass. The farm still retains the name which he gave it,――“Ten-Hills Farm.”
458 – Gun.
459 – This chief is described by Governor Dudley as “a handsome young man, conversant with us, affecting English apparel and houses, and speaking well of our God.”
460 – Oct. 11, 1631.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES.
Page 1: Sentence starting: These extracts are taken from.... – ‘Randa’ replaced with ‘Rauda’ (works called _Tháttr Eireks Rauda_)
Page 11: Sentence starting: Thorvald said then, “We.... – ‘Throvald’ replaced with ‘Thorvald’ (Thorvald said then,)
Page 82: Sentence starting: We sounded, and found.... – ‘ouselves’ replaced with ‘ourselves’ (and found ourselves in seven)
Page 95: Sentence starting: Notwithstanding all this.... – ‘Nowithstanding’ replaced with ‘Notwithstanding’ (Notwithstanding all this)
Page 115: Sentence starting: After he had with certain signs.... – ‘rubing’ replaced with ‘rubbing’ (rubbing them with his own hands)
Index Ferdinand and Isabella: – ‘16’ replaced with ‘18’ (Ferdinand and Isabella, 18, 25,)
Index Sanchez, Raphael: – ‘16’ replaced with ‘19’ (Sanchez, Raphael, 19.)